HV Generation and Testing 1.0 Slides PDF

BEK 4113/BEX 44503
High Voltage Engineering

‘‘HV
HV Generation & Testing 1.0
1.0’’
DR. RIE
BEE 3243 Electric Power Systems – Module 1
Lecture Plan
Objectives
To provide student with the knowledge of the

High Voltage generation
Also to introduce required testing techniques on

insulation that used the generation equipments
1
Lecture Plan
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this subject, the student should have the

ability to adopt the knowledge as follows:
(1) Understand the HV generation types
(2) Plan high voltage measurement and testing works of

high voltage electrical equipment
(3) Perform high voltage experiment setup or project to

complete a specific measurement
(4) Show concern to safety regulations in high voltage

measurement and testing works 3
Lecture Plan
Syllabus
• Subject 2 – Generation of High Voltages

• Subject 3 – High Voltage Measurements
and Diagnostic Testing of Insulation
2
HV Generations & Testing: Introduction
• High voltage is a field of engineering linking the

scientific principles and industrial practice.
• The major use of high voltage is in the area of power
systems.
• Increasing demand in power requires modern-system
operates at higher voltage.
• DC is used in long transmission lines and equipments
such as electron microscope, x-ray units, particles
accelerator, electrostatic precipitators and etc.
• Power system equipments (e.g. transformer, circuit

breaker, insulators, bushings etc.), cables and
overhead line with higher ac voltage ratings.
5
HV Generations & Testing: Problem
• Erecting the higher voltage levels exposing

equipment with high voltage / current stresses
• Major concern in insulating / separating these
equipment from the potential and earthed
structure / object
• The insulation provided must not only be able to
withstand the normal system voltage (with factor
of safety) but also from abnormal overvoltages
(i.e. impulse stresses)
• In this case, the system exposes with high
stresses magnitude from power frequency,
lightning and switching overvoltages
6
3
HV Generations & Testing: What to do?
• Hence, these equipments need to be

tested at higher voltages (normal and
overvoltages levels) before they can
actually put into use.
• It is therefore imperative that there must

be high voltage generators available to
test an insulation system.
HV Generations: Types
The common types of High Voltage

generators:
1) AC Generators
2) DC Generators
3) Impulse Generators
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8
4
Part 1
**High Voltage Testing**
High Voltage Testing: Introduction
• Power system equipment must withstand not only the

rated voltage (Ur), which corresponds to the highest
voltage of particular system, but also overvoltages.
• Accordingly, it is necessary to test HV equipment

during its development stage and commissioning.
• The magnitude and type of test voltage varies with

the rated voltage of particular apparatus.
• The standard methods of measurement of high-

voltage and the basic technique for application for
alternating voltages (AC), direct voltages (DC)
switching impulse voltages (SI) and lightning impulse
voltages (LI) are laid down in the national and
international standards. 10
5
High Voltage Testing
• In general, the amplitude of test voltages are

followed / stated as per national or international
standards (i.e. IEC & IEEE)
• The ‘type’ of high voltage testing will depend on:
- Type of equipment (e.g. transformer, insulator,

circuit breakers etc.)
- Voltage rating (Um, TOV, BSL, BIL etc.)
- Location in which is to be placed (indoor or
outdoor, altitude, coastal, industrial etc.)
11
High Voltage Testing: International Standard
Typically in testing the equipments (e.g.

transformer, insulator), most countries in
Europe (also adopted in Malaysia) used
IEC 60071 ‘Insulation Coordination’
standard as part of the design and
production process.
12
6
Test Required on Insulation According to System

Voltage Level
13
HV Generations & Testing: What to do?
• The levels of voltages used in high

voltage testing can be significantly
higher than those actually seen by test
equipment in practice.
• This is particularly true for AC and DC

voltages tests where a piece of
equipment is stressed with an
overvoltages for a set period of time.
14
7
HV Testing: Types
The common types of High Voltage tests:
1) HVAC tests
2) HVDC tests
3) Lightning impulse tests
4) Switching impulse tests
15
IEC 60071: Classification of Overvoltages by

Magnitude and Duration
16
8
IEC 60071: Classification of Overvoltages Shapes
17
HVAC Tests: General

• Also known as the low frequency tests.
• In these tests, the insulation system required
to have the capability to withstand higher than
usual alternating voltages (AC) that present
on the power system during abnormal
conditions.
• The abnormal conditions could be in the form

of continuous power frequency or temporary
overvoltages or TOV.
• Frequency range at 50 or 60 Hz (countries

depended) for continuous and 10 < f < 500 Hz
for TOV tests. 18
9
HVAC Tests: General
• They are used to indentify manufacturing

defects in the insulation and also used for
partial discharge testing that can identify
incipient insulation fault.
• The voltage magnitude could be at the system

voltage and could reach up to 1.5 p.u for TOV.
• The duration of the test varies from 1 minute

to 1000hrs or more.
19
HVAC Tests: Example HV Application
The testing method using HVAC can be

categorised as:
1) Whole scale insulator test
2) Small scale insulation test
3) Long duration insulation test (small scale)
20
10
1) Whole scale insulation tests:
Typically conducted on ready-made product (e.g.

transformer, insulator etc.).
Can be categorised as dry and wet tests. Indoor

equipment is maybe tested in a dry condition but the
external insulation of outdoor equipment is usually
wet-tested by applying standardised rain to a test
object.
Use the working (normal) and abnormal voltage

stress level. Duration lasted about a minute or more.
Example: breakdown test, corona test.

21
Insulator breakdown during HVAC test
22
11
Insulation Sample Breakdown During

Dry HVAC Test
Flashover
23
Intense Corona Seen During Wet

HVAC Test
Intense Corona
24
12
HVAC Wet Test on Composite Sample
Water sprayed from nozzle
HVAC Wet Test
25
HVAC Wet Test on Composite Sample
Superhero handling the crane
26
13
Visual Data Captured using Night-

Vision Camera
Night-
Night-vision Camera
27
HVAC Test: System Setup
28
14
HVAC Test: Equipment Setup
29
Intense Corona Seen During Wet

HVAC Test
30
15
2) Small scale insulation tests:
Use small scale HV voltage on small scale sample.

Conducted to testing new product, verify
characteristic, scientific analysis etc.
Very popular as they are more economic (small scale

test, reliable, many options).
Duration varies from few second, minutes to long

hours or days.
Example: tracking test, electrical treeing test, partial

discharge test, corona test, electromagnetic test etc.
31
HVAC Test: Tracking Test Experimentation
32
16
Equipments Arrangement for Tracking Test
33
HVAC Test: Tracking Test Experimentation
Proud Superhero
34
17
Tracking: Samples Before Test
35
Tracking: Samples After Test
36
18
Tracking: Thermal Captured
(a)
37
(b)
Tracking: Data for Composite
700
Temperature >620°C 0.14
600
0.12
Leakage current (Amp)
Temperature (Celcius)
500 System cut off >=60mA

Composite 0.1
400
0.08
300
0.06
200 0.04
100 0.02
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
Test time (minute)
(a)
Maximum surface temperature Leakage current
38
19

3) Long duration insulation test:
Typically in small scale but could also be in full scale size
sample. Due to time limitation, the samples always being
tested in large number (bulk).
Testing the durability of the product / sample. Sometime

represent acceleration of aging concept of the particular
product over years of service.
Require sustainable supply of power and other resources

for a long duration. May also require large space and long
occupation of the test cage / chamber.
Test could be costly. Typically have group participant (join

venture companies / utilities). Testing could lasted around
1000hrs duration or more.
Example: the salt fog and atmospheric chambers tests. 39
HVAC Salt Fog Test
40
20
HVAC Salt Fog Test: Experiment Setup
41
Clean Fog Test: Experiment Result
Before
After
42
21
HVAC Salt Fog Test: Tested Samples
Surface damaged
No surface damaged
43
HVDC Tests
• The method of the tests are typically similar to the

AC tests, except the voltage supply is in DC
(magnitude equivalent to AC peak voltage).
• The observation result on the sample (e.g.

damage on the surface) usually worst than the
one shown in AC.
• Can be costly as power rectifier system is

required together with normal power supply.
Isolation of the circuit may be hard and
dangerous (non sinusoidal / zero crossing
waveform).
44
22
HVDC Tests: Continue
• Test may be limited to small scale project

(e.g. <100 kV HVDC).
• Less popular for higher / whole scale test

due to cost, safety, less application etc. If
so, interest may come from the high
equipped laboratory with high budget /
funding.
• Usually considered as focus project that

testing the high durable insulation material /
product.
45
HVDC Tests: Continue
• They also used to test alternating equipment

where it not possible to test with an
alternating voltages.
• Normally occurs when on-site tests of highly

capacitive loads such as power cables are
required.
• By using direct voltages, these loads may

be tested using test equipment a fraction of
the size of the alternating voltage required.
46
23
Impulse Tests
The testing method using negative or positive

polarity impulse waveform (either voltage or
current magnitude).
Can be categorised into two:
1) Lightning impulse test
2) Switching impulse test
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47
Impulse Voltages
• Apart from HVAC continuous and TOV,

electrical transmission and distribution system
are subjected to transient overvoltages,
amplitude of which may exceed the peak value
of the normal system voltage by a large
amount.
• The transient overvoltages are due to two

reasons;
- lightning stroke (direct strikes on lines
conductor causing shielding failure,
induced to equipment etc.)
- switching (improper opening / closing
circuit breaker, isolator, switching etc). 48
24
Impulse Voltages
• Overvoltages due to lightning are considered as an

external overvoltages and are dependent on the
system voltages. Also known as the fast-front
overvoltages or FFO.
• Low system voltages less than 132 kV or distribution

lines are more prone to lightning overvoltages impact
(failure by flashover).
• Switching overvoltages are internal overvoltages

cause by switching operations and are also always
related to system operating voltages.
• High voltage equipment or system voltages above

132 kV are prone to switching overvoltages impact.
Also known as slow-front overvoltages or SFO.
49
Impulse Voltages: Continue

• Impulse testing is used to assess the ability of
power system plant to withstand such lightning
and switching overvoltages.
• While it is clear that a test in the laboratory will not

fully represent the overvoltages observed on a
real power system, it does provide a criteria of
pass / fail based on accumulated experience.
• Both lightning and switching impulse test

developed for used in the laboratory use a double
exponential style waveform.
(
V = Vc e −αt − e − βt )
50
25
Double Exponential Waveform
(
V = Vc e −αt − e − βt )
51
Standard Lightning Impulse Voltage
• As mentioned that lightning impulse also known as

the fast-front overvoltages (FFO).
• This is due to very fast rise-time occur on the

waveform shape. The standard waveform used for
testing is 1.2 / 50 μs. The first number (1.2 μs)
represent the rise-time T1 and the second (50 μs) is a
decay-time T2.
• In the standard lightning waveform;
- T1 is determined at about ~93% level (~0.93) just

about to reach the peak voltage / current
magnitude
- T2 is measured at 50% off the peak magnitude.
52
26
Standard Lightning Impulse Voltage Shape
53
Chopped Lightning Impulse Waveforms
(a) FFO waveform chopped on the tail (b) FFO waveform chopped on the front
54
27
Standard Switching Impulse Voltage
• As mentioned that switching impulse also known as

the slow-front overvoltages (SFO).
• This is due to slower rise time occur on the waveform

shape in comparing with the FFO. The standard
waveform used for testing is 250 / 2500μs. The first
number (250 μs) represent the rise-time T1 and the
second (2500 μs) is a decay-time T2.
• In the standard switching waveform;
- T1 is determined at 100% level (1.0) or at a peak

voltage / current magnitude
- T2 is measured also measured at 50% off the
peak magnitude (same as FFO).
55
Standard Switching Impulse Voltage Shape
56
28
Switching & Lightning Impulse Waveforms

for 400kV System Voltage
57
Impulse Waveform: Tutorial
Question:
1)Draw and label a standard lightning impulse

waveform of 1.2/50 μs that having a peak
value of 850 kV.
2)Draw and label a standard switching impulse

waveform of 250/2500 μs that having a peak
value of 750 kV
58
29
Standard Impulse Voltage: Tolerance
• Due to many reasons such as equipments

accuracy / aging, weather condition, humidity etc.,
it may be difficult to generate an accurate impulse
waveforms in the laboratory that can follow
exactly the specific standard 1.2/50 μs of FFO
and 250/2500 μs of SFO.
• Therefore, there are tolerances set-up to these

standard waveforms (rarely applied):
– Lightning impulse waveform: ±30 % for front-

time T1 and of ± 20% for tail-time T2.
– Switching impulse waveform: ±20 % for front-

time T1 and of ± 60% for tail-time T2. 59
Standard Impulse Voltage: Tolerance
• However, researcher / tester usually ensure

the tests are conducted with the highest
accuracy as possible of the standard
waveforms.
60
30
Impulse Waveform: Tutorial
Question:

waveform originated from 1.2/50 μs having a
maximum tolerances of front-time T1 and tail-
time T2. The peak voltage value is 850 kV.

waveform originated from 250/2500 μs
having a minimum tolerances of front-time T1
and tail-time T2. The peak voltage value is
650 kV.
61
Impulse Waveform: Quiz
Question:

waveform originated from 1.2/50 μs having a
minimum tolerances of front-time T1 and tail-
time T2. The peak voltage value is 1050 kV.

waveform originated from 250/2500 μs
having a maximum tolerances of front-time
T1 and tail-time T2. The peak voltage value is
850 kV.
62
31
IEC 60071: Classification of Overvoltages Shapes
63
Non-standard Impulse Test
• As mentioned the standard lightning impulse

waveform is 1.2/50 μs and of 250/2500 μs for
switching.
• These basically the standard impulse waveforms

used to testing the commercial power system
insulation equipments.
• However, there are also testing that used non-

standard lightning and switching impulse waveforms
such as 10/70 μs for FFO and 200/3000 μs for SFO
tests. These are rare applications and more to
research purposes or country regulation basis.
• The voltage shapes of FFO are of 0.1 μs < T1 ≤ 20 μs

and of T2 ≤ 300 μs
64
32
Non-standard Impulse Test: Continue
• The voltage shapes of SFO are of 20 μs < T1 ≤ 5000

μs and of T2 ≤ 300 μs
• The used of non-standard waveforms may be not so

much practical in terms of determining and
standardising the reliability of the particular product
with other international-wise based product.
• Furthermore, a different front-time and tail-time of

waveform requires different value of power
resistances and capacitors. Cost !!
• A researcher / tester may have a problem with the

availability of these resistances and capacitors in the
market and the complexity to determine their correct
values.
65
High Voltage Testing: Overvoltages
Further analysis of the nature and type

of alternating (AC), direct (DC),
switching (SI) and lightning (LI)
overvoltages in power system will be
discussed in ‘Insulation Coordination’
subject.
66
33
Lightning Impulse Tests
• Testing with lightning impulse basically used to simulate

the capability of the insulation component / material in
withstanding the lightning surge strike.
• The usual strike source of a lightning overvoltage is a

lightning strike to an overhead line.
• The result is the production of a fast-front voltage and

travelling waves that propagate along the lines and
could arrive at the substation and without a proper
protection in-place possibly damage the equipment
(e.g. transformer, insulator, breaker etc).
• There are also a possibility direct strikes to the insulator

on the tower and causing damage to it (e.g. damage on
ceramic and glass, puncture on polymeric)
67
Direct Lightning Strike to the Shield Wire of

an Overhead Line
68
34
Lightning Impulse Tests: Continue
• Testing with lightning impulse voltage is important

for the equipment carries a system voltage less
than 132 kV.
• The capability of equipment to withstand the

specific standard lightning impulse level (system
voltage depending) is called ‘Basic Lightning
Insulation Level’ or BIL.
• The impulse voltage (either FFO or SFO) usually

having a magnitude at least about 3 times higher
than the normal system voltage. Therefore larger
clearances are required to prevent unnecessary
flashover and for also used for the safety purposes.
69
• Thus tests usually require an occupation of large space

area.
• Depending on the voltage magnitude scale, some high

voltage impulse (>1000 kV peak) require a huge
laboratory hall to safely conduct the test (the generator
and measurement devices are also in big size).
• Typically, the tests are conducted on the whole scale

ready-made product (e.g. power transformer, insulator,
surge arrester, circuit breaker etc.) to test its durability.
• Some small scale tests (with lower impulse voltage /

current magnitude) may also conducted following the
HVAC / HVDC tests (e.g. oil test, insulation samples
etc). 70
35

• The test may be conducted via the positive and
negative polarity impulse waveform.
• The tests with positive polarity are more popular as the

observation damage result typically worst than the one
shown via negative polarity. Also the breakdown
voltage level is lower than that observed by negative
polarity.
• The test duration usually lasted less than a few second

per-test and it typically being repeated many times
depending on the test method (e.g. 80 times repetitions
up-and-down test method for determining U50).
• Similar for HVAC / HVDC, the test also usually

conducted in laboratory in dry and simulate-wet
conditions. 71
Switching Impulse Tests

• Testing with switching impulse basically used to
simulate the capability of the insulation component /
material in withstanding the switching overvoltages
(SFO).
• The usual switching overvoltages source is due to fault

clearing or line opening (line isolation for maintenance
work etc.). These causing an opening / closing the
circuit breaker, switch / isolator devices that could
trigger the switching overvoltages.
• Typically occur in the substation.
• The result is the production of a slow-front voltages and

without a proper protection in-place possibly damage
the substation (e.g. transformer, insulator, breaker etc)
and overhead tower equipment (insulator). 72
36
Switching Flashovers:
Its…movie time!!!!
73
Switching Impulse Tests: Continue
• Testing with switching impulse voltage is important

for the equipment carries a system voltage above
132 kV.
• The capability of equipment to withstand the

specific standard switching impulse level (system
voltage depending) is called the ‘Basic Switching
Insulation Level’ or BSL.
• The impulse voltage (either FFO or SFO) typically

having a magnitude about 3 times higher than the
normal system voltage. Therefore larger
clearances are required to prevent unnecessary
flashover and for the safety purposes.
74
37

• Same as the FFO, switching impulse tests also require
an occupation of large space area.
• Especially for EHV level, the tests under switching
impulse require a huge laboratory hall to safely conduct
the test (the generator and measurement devices are
also in big size). The required clearances normally
defined based on the SFO level.
• Similar as FFO, the test usually conducted on the whole

scale ready-made product (e.g. power transformer,
insulator, surge arrester, circuit breaker etc.) to test its
durability.
• Some small scale tests (with lower impulse voltage /
current magnitude) may also conducted that follow the
HVAC / HVDC test (e.g. oil test, insulation samples
etc). 75
• Same as FFO, the test may be conducted via the

positive and negative polarity impulse waveform.
• The tests with positive polarity are more popular as the

observation damage result typically worst than the one
shown via negative polarity. Also the breakdown
voltage level (+ve) is lower than that observed in (-ve)
• The tests duration lasted less than a few second per

test and it typically being repeated many times
depending on the test method (e.g. 80 times repetitions
up-and-down test method for determining U50).
• Same as for HVAC / HVDC, the test also usually

conducted in laboratory using dry and simulate-wet
conditions. 76
38
Switching & Lightning Impulse Test:

System Setup
77
Switching & Lightning Impulse Test:

Impulse Waveforms
78
39
Switching Impulse Test: Experiment Setup
79
Switching Impulse Test: Flashover between

Grading Rings
80
40
Switching Impulse Test: Flashover as

Streamers
81
Switching Impulse Test: Flashover to

the Floor (Ground)
82
41
Electrical Flashovers from Positive

Switching Impulse
83
Switching Impulse Test: Flashover on

Prototype (Insulation Failure)
84
42
Note References
1. Subir Ray, An Introduction to High Voltage

Engineering, Prentice Hall India, 2004
2. E. Kuffel, High Voltage Engineering: Fundamentals,

Newness, 2000
3. I. Cotton, An Introduction to High Voltage Testing,

MSc. Lecture Note, The University of Manchester,
2006
85
43

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BEK 4113/BEX 44503

High Voltage Engineering

BEE 3243 Electric Power Systems – Module 1

To provide student with the knowledge of the

Also to introduce required testing techniques on

At the end of this subject, the student should have the

(1) Understand the HV generation types

(2) Plan high voltage measurement and testing works of

(3) Perform high voltage experiment setup or project to

(4) Show concern to safety regulations in high voltage

BEE 3243 Electric Power Systems – Module 1

• Subject 2 – Generation of High Voltages

HV Generations & Testing: Introduction

• High voltage is a field of engineering linking the

• Power system equipments (e.g. transformer, circuit

BEE 3243 Electric Power Systems – Module 1

HV Generations & Testing: Problem

• Erecting the higher voltage levels exposing

HV Generations & Testing: What to do?

• Hence, these equipments need to be

• It is therefore imperative that there must

BEE 3243 Electric Power Systems – Module 1

The common types of High Voltage

j|ÄÄ ux w|ávâááxw ÄtàxÜ

**High Voltage Testing**

BEE 3243 Electric Power Systems – Module 1

High Voltage Testing: Introduction

• Power system equipment must withstand not only the

• Accordingly, it is necessary to test HV equipment

• The magnitude and type of test voltage varies with

• The standard methods of measurement of high-

High Voltage Testing

• In general, the amplitude of test voltages are

• The ‘type’ of high voltage testing will depend on:

- Type of equipment (e.g. transformer, insulator,

BEE 3243 Electric Power Systems – Module 1

High Voltage Testing: International Standard

Typically in testing the equipments (e.g.

Test Required on Insulation According to System

BEE 3243 Electric Power Systems – Module 1

HV Generations & Testing: What to do?

• The levels of voltages used in high

• This is particularly true for AC and DC

The common types of High Voltage tests:

3) Lightning impulse tests

4) Switching impulse tests

BEE 3243 Electric Power Systems – Module 1

IEC 60071: Classification of Overvoltages by

IEC 60071: Classification of Overvoltages Shapes

BEE 3243 Electric Power Systems – Module 1

HVAC Tests: General

• The abnormal conditions could be in the form

• Frequency range at 50 or 60 Hz (countries

HVAC Tests: General

• They are used to indentify manufacturing

• The voltage magnitude could be at the system

• The duration of the test varies from 1 minute

High Voltage Testing