© AUG 2019 | IRE Journals | Volume 3 Issue 2 | ISSN: 2456-8880
Design Calculation of Single-Phase Permanent Slip
Capacitor Induction Motor Used In Washing Machine
TIN ZAR AUNG1, EI EI CHO2
1, 2
Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Technological University, Myitkyina, Myanmar
Abstract- In today’s world, time of the people is
scarce and consequently it is very valuable. So the
role of washing machine is very important for
domestic application because of saving time. For a
very long time, efforts have been made to overcome
the difficulties associated with washing clothes
manually. It is painstaking, wearisome and time
consuming to constantly wash bulky clothes,
especially the very dirty ones. In this paper, a single
phase induction motor is designed for working the
operations of a domestic clothes washing machine.
There are two types of motor: single phase and three
phase. Among these, single phase induction motors
are used in many washing machines because of their
advantages. These motors are the most suitable for
washing machine which often depending of their size
is not an inexpensive option. To have long life of the
machine, costly high quality materials are to be used.
In practice electrical machines are designed to have
an operating life span of 5 to 10 years with low initial
cost. This paper presents single phase permanent slip
capacitor induction motor applications and design
calculation of single-phase, 373 W, 4 pole, 220 V, 50
Hz.
Indexed Terms- Design Calculation, Single Phase
Induction Machine, Permanent Slip Capacitor
Induction Motor, Washing Machine
I. INTRODUCTION
The washing machine operated by a motor, which is
connected to the agitator through a unit called a
transmission. The motor and transmission are near the
bottom of the machine, while the agitator extends up
through the middle of the machine.
Washing machine motor is a device used for driving
the clothes in the washing machine and induces the
machine to run at a predetermined speed. It runs with
the help of the AC induction motor. It is situated on
IRE 1701514 ICONIC RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING JOURNALS
the lower body of the machine and the motor forces
the belt to tumble the wash tub. The motor is
responsible for the tumbling, rotating and washing of
the clothes. The motor is empowered with running at
a low, medium and high level based on the
requirement of washing. It is also assigned with the
operation of spinning and drying the clothes. The
machine is installed in the washing machine in a
horizontal way and it is built up with high starting
torque. It offers a reliable operation and easy
maintenance. It can be used in a fully automatic
machine and also in the semi-automatic washing
machine.
Single-Phase Motors are suitable for applications in
domestic, commercial, entertainment, scientific,
industrial fields, powering small type machine tools
and water pumps. These motors are built with the best
quality materials with outstanding performance, easy
maintenance and reliable running. Single phase
capacitor motors are capacitor start, permanent split
capacitor and capacitor start capacitor run. These are
suitable for 220 V, 50 Hz single phase ac supply.
Capacitor run motors have high efficiency and power
factor which is suitable for machine tools, washing
machines and centrifugal pumps. This paper studied
the design calculation of single phase permanent slip
capacitor induction motor.
II. METHOD FOR CONTROLLING AN
ELECTRIC MOTOR USED IN WASHING
MACHINE
A circuit configuration in Figure 1 for driving an
electric motor, in particular of a washing machine,
includes power switches connected to connection
terminals of the electric motor and to a voltage
intermediate circuit. A driver circuit is connected to
the voltage intermediate circuit and to the power
switches. A control unit or a micro controller is
connected to the driver circuit. The control unit
206
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generates control signals for controlling at least one

rotation speed of the electric motor.

Main supply~220V

Circuit

Motor Valve Pump

Clothes Washing
Machine

Figure 2. Permanent Slip Capacitor Induction Motor:

Figure 1. Block Diagram of Washing Machine
(a) connection diagram and (b) torque-speed
characteristic
Figure 1 shows the block diagram of washing
machine. The driver circuit generates short-circuit Permanent split capacitor motors have several
control signals for driving the power switches, which advantages: since they do not require a starting
bring about a short circuit of the connection terminals
mechanism, they can be designed for easy reversing.
connected to the power switches, independently of the
They can also be designed for optimum efficiency and
control signals from the control unit. The driver circuit
high power factors at rated load. They are considered
generates the short-circuit control signals as a function
to be the most reliable single-phase motors, primarily
of a detection of an overvoltage of the voltage because a starting switch is not required. Permanent
intermediate circuit over a desired voltage range. A
split capacitor motors have a wide variety of
method for controlling an electric motor is also
applications depending on the design. Examples
provided.
include direct drive fans, blowers with low starting
torque requirements and intermittent cycling
III. PERMANENT SLIP CAPACITOR
applications such as adjusting mechanisms, valve
INDUCTION MOTOR
actuators, gate operators and garage door openers,
many of which also require reversing.
Permanent split capacitor (PSC) motors do not have a
starting switch or a capacitor strictly for starting.
IV. DESIGN CALCULATION OF
Instead, permanent split capacitor motors have a run-
PERMANENT SLIP CAPACITOR
type capacitor that is permanently connected in series INDUCTION MOTOR
with the start winding. This makes the start winding an
auxiliary winding after the motor reaches running
A. Specification of Single-phase Induction Motor
speed. Because the run capacitor must be designed for Rated output power : 373 W
continuous use, it cannot provide the short-term Rated voltage per phase : 220 volts
"boost" of a starting capacitor. Therefore, starting Speed : 1500 rpm
torque of a PSC motors is low, ranging from 30 to 150 Number of pole : 4 poles
percent of rated load, which makes the motors
Number of phase : single-phase
unsuitable for hard-to-start loads. However, unlike
Frequency : 50 Hz
split-phase motors, PSC motors have low starting Type : Permanent split capacitor
currents, usually less than 200 percent of rated full-
load current, making them excellent for applications
B. Main Dimension of Stator Frame
with high cycle rates.
Based on the rating of the motor and giving due
consideration to all the factors, following values are

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assumed for the design parameters involved in = 1.94 cm

equation.
h.p (iv) Width of the slot at top section
D 2 L  16.5 Co  K f K t 106 (1)
r.p.m Assuming parallel sided teeth and trapezoidal slots
Output coefficient, Co = 0.29 Tesla with flat bottom, the width of the slot at the mouth is
Frequency constant, Kf = 0.96 given by,
Values of type constant, Kt = 1.42 π(Di  2h10  h11 
b11   b t1 (5)
0.5 S1
D 2 L  16.5  0.29  0.96  1.42  106 = 2249
1450 = 0.77 cm
cm3
(v) Depth of the slot below the mouth,
The most favorable proportions between D0 and L, h14 = 0.5(Do  Di)  (h10 + h11 +dc1) (6)
L= 0.3D0 = 1.9 cm

3
Therefore, 0.3 Do =2249 (vi) Width of the slot at bottom,
b13 = b11 + 2h14tanα (7)
Do = 19.57
= 1.27 cm

Take, Do = 20 cm Length of Air Gap

L = 6 cm
0.0042Di
l g  0.013  (8)
p
The ratio of stator internal to outer diameter is
Di/Do =0.59 (for 4 pole) = 0.0382 cm

Thus, internal diameter of stator Di = 12 cm D. Design of Main Winding

Number of stator slot = 24 The main dimensions and all other details of the stator
punching have been decided above. With these details,
C. Details of Stator Punching the next step will be to design the main proper main
Parallel-sided teeth with flat bottom slot are assumed winding for the motor.
for the present case of single phase induction motor.
(i)Winding factor
(i) Slot opening The type of winding used for the motor is concentric.
For motor with 24 slots, slot opening, The sinusoidal distribution of the winding reduces the
b10 = 0.068 + 0.0175Di cm (2) harmonics in the air gap flux wave to a minimum.
Di = 6 cm The number of stator slots = 24
Therefore, b10 = 0.278 cm Thus, the number of stator slots per pole = 24/4 = 6
Depth of the tip of the slot, h 10 = 0.07 (assumed) Number of coils per slot =3
Depth of the mouth may be assumed 1 to 1.5 times the K p1T1  K p2T2  K p3T3
Winding factor, K wm  (9)
depth of the tip. Assuming this ratio as 1.3, T1  T2  T3
Depth of the mouth, h11 = 1.3  0.07 = 0.09 cm = 0.7988

(ii)Width of the tooth (ii) Total flux per pole

(1.27  0.035D i )D i Total flux per pole,  = 0.637 At Bt (10)
b t1  (3)
S1 = 0.637  bt1  Li  number of teeth per pole
= 0.77 cm  Bt
(iii) Stator core depth, = 2.34 m Wb
B t S1  b t1
d c1   (4)
BC πP (iii) Number of turns
E= 4.44 fKwmTm (11)

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220 Length of mean turn of main winding,

Number of turns, T 
4.44  50  0.00234  0.7988 l mt1T1  L mt2T2  L mt3T3
Lmtm = (16)
= 530 turns T1  T2  T3
Total conductor in main winding = 530  2 = 1060 = 33.98 cm
Turn per pole = 530/4 = 133 Total number of turns = 530
ρL mtmTm
Resistance of main winding, r1m = = 4.66
(iv) Turns in various coil of winding am
The number of turns in series per pole = 530/4 =133 ohm
The maximum number of main winding conductors in Copper losses in main winding = (Im)2r1m = 82.2 watts
a slot is 59.
(v) Size of conductor E. Main Dimension of Rotor
h.p  746
Current in main winding, I1  (12) Length of air gap = 0.0382 cm
η  V  cosφ
International diameter of stator = 12cm
= 4.2 A Outer diameter of rotor, dr = Di – 2lg= 11.924 cm
Current density in the main winding can be assumed Rotor core length = stator core length = 6 cm
as 4.5 A/mm2.
Area of main winding conductor, Am = 4.2/4.5 = 0.93 Number of rotor slots should be chosen, so as to avoid
mm2 cogging, cusps and to minimize noise and vibration.
Diameter of bare conductor with 19 SWG wire = 1.02 The best number of rotor slots thus selected will be
mm equal to 36.
With enamel covering, the addition to diameter = Thus, Number of rotor slot, S2 = 36
0.075 mm
Insulated diameter of conductor = 1.02 + 0.075 = (a) Detail of rotor punching
1.095 mm (i) Width of teeth
Number of turns in series per pole = 126 0.95S1b t1
b t2  (17)
S2
(vi) Space factor = 0.54 cm
h (b  b11)  h14 (b11  b13 )
Gross slot area  11 10 (13) Slot opening in present case, b20 = 0.075 cm
2
Depth of the tip, h 20 = 0.08 cm
= 1.98 cm2
(ii) Radius of round slot
Space occupied by 59 strands of insulated diameter of π(Dr  2h 20 )  S2 b t2
1.095 mm r21  (18)
2(S2  π)
π
Space occupied  59   (1.095  10-3 ) 2 = 0.556 cm2 = 0.22 cm
4
(iii) Conductor diameter
Space occupied by insulated conductor
Space factor of the slot  dc = 2r21 – 0.038= 0.402 cm
Gross slot area
Nearest standard size is 8 SWG whose diameter, dc =
(14)
0.406 cm
= 0.28
Area of rotor conductor = 13 mm2
 0.3
A space factor of 0.3 for the stator is quite satisfactory.
(iv) Rotor core depth
Rotor core depth depend may be taken approximately
(vii) Resistance of main winding
95 percent of stator core depth.
The length of mean turn for each of the coils per pole
Thus, rotor core depth, dc2 = 0.95  1.94 = 1.843
of a concentric winding is given by,
cm
8.4(Di  h s )
L mt   slots spanned  2L (15)
S1
(b) Equivalent resistance of the rotor
Height of stator slot = h 11 + h14 = 0.09 + 1.9 = 1.99 cm

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Equivalent resistance of the rotor referred to stator

main winding is given by, Weight of all the stator teeth = 233.36  7.8  10-3
 l 0.64Dm  = 1.82 kg
'
r2m  m(Nm ) 2 K 2wm ρ  b   (19) Thus, total losses in stator teeth = 6.1  1.82 =
 A b N b P 2 A e 
11.1Watts
= 6.785 ohm
Core losses in stator core;
Number of conductors in main winding, Nm = 1060 Flux density in stator core, Bc = 1.08 Tesla (wb/m2)
Winding factor for main winding, Kwm = 0.7998 Sectional area of stator core = 10.83 cm2
Number of rotor bar, Nb = 36 Mean diameter of stator core = 20 – 1.94 = 18.06 cm
Volume of the stator core = (π  18.06)  10.83
Allowance for skewing etc = 1.0cm
(assumed) = 614.46 cm3
Gross core length Weight of stator core = 614.46  7.8  10-3 = 4.79 kg
= 6 cm
Length of rotor bar, lb Thus total losses in stator core = 4.79  4.1
= 6 + 1 = 7 cm = 19.65 watts
Area of rotor bar, Ab
(ii)Surface losses
= 13 mm2
Total iron losses due to fundamental frequency flux
Outer diameter of rotor, dr = 11.924 cm
= 11.1 + 19.65 = 30.75 watts
Based on outer diameter of rotor, mean diameter of
end ring, Dm = 7 cm (assumed)
Surface losses may be assumed approximately 90% of
1 N  the above = 30.75  0.9 = 27.68 watts
Area of end ring, Ae =  b  A b (20)
π P  Total core losses = 30.75 + 27.68 = 58.43 watts
= 37.24 mm2
Equivalent rotor current, I2' = I1 Cos ϕ (approximately) The bearing friction and windage loss depends upon
(21) the type of bearing, load on the bearing and the
= 4.2  0.62 = 2.604 A peripheral speed of the bearing. For sleeve bearings
Total rotor copper losses = (I'2)2 r'2m (22) the loss is about to 5 to 8% of the output.
= (2.604)2  6.785 =46 watt
Friction and windage loss is assumed as 5% of output
F. Performance Calculation = 0.05  373=19 watts
The performance and design data sheet of the motor in
Table I is to be worked out at a certain slip, copper (iii) Copper losses
losses are to be calculated as per the given slip. To Forward impedance
complete the design the computation of core, copper  r2m
'
jX lm  jX m
 
and iron losses is required.  2s 4  2
Zf   (23)
 r2m
'
jX lm  jX m
(i) Core loss   
 2s 4  2
Core losses can be calculated exactly in the same 
manner as for three phase induction motor. Zf =37.75+j53.36=65.37 54.72
Core loss in stator tooth;
Flux density in stator teeth, Bt1 = 1.3 Tesla (wb/m2) Backward impedance
Number of stator teeth = 24  r2m

'
jX  jX
Area of the stator tooth = 5.58  0.845  lm  m
 2(2  s) 4  2
= 4.72 cm2 Zb   (24)
 r2m
'
jX  jX
Height of the stator teeth = 2.06 cm   lm   m
 2(2s) 4 
Volume of all the stator teeth = 24  4.72  2.06  2
= 233.36 cm3 Zb = 1.591+j3.186=3.56 63.46
Density of the material = 7.8 gm per cm3

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Current drawn by the motor from the mains Frequency f Hz 50

V Number of phase - - 1
I1  (25)
Z1m  ( Zf  Z b ) Number of poles P - 4
Speed Ns r.p. 1500
I1 =3A m
Magnitude of current drawn by the motor from the Type - - Permanent
mains is 3 A. split capacitor
2
Stator copper losses = I1 r1m (26)
2 Main Dimensions
= (3) (4.66) = 41.94 W
'
Output coefficient Co cm 0.29
r 2 2m Outer diameter of Do cm 20
Rotor copper losses (m) = I 1 (27)
k stator stampings
= 38.16 W Internal diameter of Di cm 12
Total core loss = 58.43 W stator stampings
Friction and windage loss = 19 W Gross length of stator L cm 6
Pin = Pout + Losses (28) core
= Pout + (Stator copper losses + Rotor copper losses +
Total core loss + Friction and windage loss) Details of Stator
= 373+58.43+41.94+38.16+19 = 530.53 W Punchings
Number of stator slots S1 - 24
Power factor 
Pin
 530.53 = 0.8
VI 1 220  3 Slot opening b10 cm 0.278
Pout Depth of the tip h10 cm 0.07
Efficiency   373
= 0.7 Depth of the mouth h11 cm 0.09
Pin 530.53
Width of the tooth bt1 cm 0.845
Pout
Full load torque  = 2.4565 Stator core depth dc1 cm 1.94
2π  N r
60 Width of the slot at the b11 cm 0.77
Nm top section
Pull out torque = 5.1 Nm Length of air gap lg cm 0.0382
Ratio = Pull out torque/Full load torque =5.1/2.5 =2.04 Width of the slot at the b13 cm 1.27
Which is about 200% of full load torque. bottom

Stator Main Winding

R a  R m 2  X lm  X la  X c 2
Is  Ism (29) Windings factor Kwm - 0.7988
R a2  X la  X c 2 Flux per pole  web 0.00234
= 14.69 A er
Number of turns Tm - 530
This is about 3.5 times full load current. Maximum number of - - 59
conductors in a slot
V. DESIGN CALCULATION RESULT OF Conductor section αm mm2 0.811
PERMANENT SLIP CAPACITOR Wire used for - - 19SWG
INDUCTION MOTOR conductor
Number of strands - - 1
Table I Design Data Sheet of (373 W) Single-phase Diameter of insulated di cm 1.095
Induction Motor conductor
Space factor for slot - - 0.3
Specifications Symbol Unit Design value Length of mean turn lmtm cm 33.98
Resistance of winding r1m ohm 4.66
Full load output - W 373 Copper losses of the Po watt 82.2
Line voltage V volts 220 winding s

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The first step is based on the main data and the

Details of Rotor properly assumed values of specific loadings the
Punching process of design is initiated with the determination of
Outer diameter of Dr cm 11.924 the main dimensions of the motor, which in turn decide
rotor punching the design of other parts of the motor. The second step
Number of rotor slots S2 - 36 is the design data for the various parts of the motor and
Width of the tooth bt2 cm 0.54 then used to calculate the performance. The
Slot opening b20 cm 0.075 performance thus calculated should satisfy the service
Shape of slot - - Round conditions the calculated performance of the designed
Radius of round slot r21 cm 0.22 motor must be within certain expected values.
Conductor diameter dc cm 0.402
This paper calculates the 373 W single-phase
Equivalent resistance ' ohm 6.785 induction motor design and with starting torque
r2m
of rotor section. The speed of this motor is 1500 r.p.m. The
Rotor core depth dc2 cm 1.843 recommended approach to designing a single-phase
induction motor has the dimension of the stator and
Performance rotor and the design of main winding. In this motor,
Iron losses in stator - Watts 11.1 the internal diameter of the stator is 12 cm and the
teeth gross core length is 6 cm. Assuming depth of tip is
Iron losses in stator - Watts 19.65 0.07 cm and depth of mouth is 0.09 cm. Rotor diameter
core of the motor is 11.924 cm. So, the length of air-gap is
Total iron losses due - Watts 30.75 0.0382 cm. This motor is the permanent split capacitor
to fundamental type motor. In this design, the full-load slip is 3 %,
frequency flux power factor is 0.8 and full-load efficiency is 67 %, so
Surface losses - Watts 27.68 that, this machine design can be able best
Total core losses Watts 58.43 performance. Therefore, this design calculation is
Friction and windage Watts 19 provided for designers and electrical engineering
losses students.
Slip S Percent 3
Current drawn by the I1 Amps 2.7 REFERENCES
motor from the main
Stator copper losses - Watts 41.94 [1] Anicolas Wadih Chbat.: Clothes Load Estimation
Rotor copper losses - Watts 38.16 Method and Washing Machine,
Input to the motor - Watts 530.53 http://www.freepatentsonline.com, November,
Torque T Nw-m 2.45 (2010).
Efficiency η Percent 70 [2] Haresh Khemani.: Parts of the Washing Machine
Power factor cos - 0.8 and their Working,
http://www.landlordprofits.com/washing machine,
VI. CONCLUSION on Jun 16, (2009).
[3] Veinott, C.G.: Theory and Design of Small
Motor design must be provided with a suitable Inductions, McGraw Hill Book Company, Inc,
controller that will be capable of starting and stopping New York, (1989).
the motor and of performing other control functions [4] H. Huang, E. F. Fuchs, Z. Zak.: Optimization of
that are required for the satisfactory operation of the Single Phase Induction Motor Design, Part I + II,
motor. The choice depends upon the size of motor and IEEE Trans. Vol. EC-3, pp. 349-366, (1988).
severity of the duty.
[5] Longhurst Rey.: Repair Master for Frigidaire
Automatic Washers:
UnimaticandPulsamaticDesign, February, (2009).

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[6] Kumaravel S.: Design optimization of single phase

capacitor run induction motor, XXXII National
System Conference, NSC (2008).

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