1

leqcia #2
islamis eqspansia

arabuli dapyrobebi da pirveli imperia

muhamedi gardaicvala 632w., meqas SemoerTebidan ori wlis Semdeg. arabebi
rom Zvel gzas mibrunebodnen da uari eTqvaT mociqulis modelze, isini
ver Secvlidnen istoriul suraTs msoflioSi. muslimurma fraqciebma
daiwyes qiSpi, Tu vin moipovebda kontrols muslimur Temze. muhameds vaJi
ar darCenia; yuranSic ar iyo mocemuli instruqcia memkvidris Taobaze.
amitomac sakiTxi Riad rCeboda da mas fraqciebi gansxvavebulad
ganixilavdnen. nawili miiCnevda, rom memkvidre muhamedis ojaxidan unda
yofiliyo da aseT kandidatad miiCnevdnen muhamedis biZaSvilsa da siZes
(fatimas qmars) alis. alis momxreebi qmnidnen jgufs, romelic cnobilia
alis partiis saxeliT (Si’a ali). iyo gansxvavebuli azric. am azris
momxreebi iyvnen axlad gamuslimebuli meqeli vaWrebi, yureiSitebi,
romlebmac Tavis droze ar miiRes muhamedi da axla cdilobdnen, rom
kvlav upiratesi mdgomareoba moepovebinaT. mesame jgufi, romelic Tan
axlda mociquls, rodesac man awarmoa hijra da masTan erTad gadaitana
sirTuleebi, kandidatad asaxelebda maT erT_erT wevrs _ abu beqrs. abu
beqris kandidaturas mxari sxva fraqciebmac dauWires, Tumca, kamaTi,
romelic am sakiTxis garSemo wamoiWra, sabolood gadaizarda seriozul
konfliqtSi, romelmac seriozuli gavlena moaxdina ummas Semdgom bedsa
da ganviTarebaze.
abu beqri muslimuri Temis xelmZRvaneli iyo 632_34 w.w. mas ubralod ewoda
xalifa, rac sityvasityviT niSnavs moadgiles, Semcvlels. sabolood am
terminma miiRo islamuri sazogadoebis politikuri da religiuri
lideris mniSvneloba. saxelmwifos ki ewoda saxalifo. abu baqri (abu
beqri) da momdevno sami xalifa islamis istoriaSi Sevida raSidebis
(marTlmorwmune xalifebi) saxeliT. esenia: omari (634_644), osmani (644_656)
da ali (656_661). marTalia, ori maTgani mokles da maTi mmarTvelobis

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periodic savsea socialuri da politikuri mRelvarebiT, magram muslimebi

SemdgomSi am dros yovelTvis didi nostalgiiT ixsenebdnen. raSidebma
moamzades da wamoiwyes moZraoba, romlis Sedegadac arabebi gamovidnen
arabeTis n/k_dan da daimkvidres adgili msoflio istoriaSi.
abu beqris ZiriTad problemas warmoadgenda kontrolis mopoveba im
arabul tomebze, romlebic muhamedis sikvdilis Semdeg gamoeyvnen Tems da
Sewyvites savaldebulo gadasaxadis gadaxda. garda amisa, gamoCndnen
adamianebi, vinc Tavs mociqulad acxadebda. maT mimarT abu beqri
gansakuTrebiT Seuwynarebeli gaxldaT. omaris mTavari amocana ki iyo is,
rom moTareSe tomebis instinqtebi Sidasocialuri konfliqtebidan gareT
gadaetana. kerZod, bizantiis samxreT teritoriebisa da sasanianTa iranis
winaaRmdeg. ase daiwyo arabuli dapyrobebis epoqa da islamuri imperiis
Camoyalibeba.
arabuli dapyrobebis siswrafe da masStabebi gasaocaria. maT umokles
droSi waarTves teritoriebi sasanianebsa da bizantias. gailaSqres
indoeTisken iranis gavliT. daipyres damasko (635), ierusalemi (638),
egviptis soflis meurneobisTvis vargisi teritoria (641); 670 wels ki
wamoiwyes dasavluri kampania bizantiisa da berberebis winaaRmdeg;
miadgnen Tanamedrove tuniss da gavidnen atlantis okeanemde. arabTa
dasavluri kampaniis kulminacias warmoadgens espaneTis dapyroba VIII
saukunis I naxevarSi. amrigad, mociqulis gardacvalebidan daaxloebiT 100
wlis Semdeg arabulma Zalebma miaRwies dasavleTiT espaneTs (ufro
Sorsac wavidodnen, gadalaxes pirenei safrangeTSi, magram 732w.
damarcxdnen), xolo aRmosavleTiT indoeTs. am dapyrobebis pirveli
talRis Sedegad sasanianTa imperia mTlianad ganadgurda, xolo misi
teritoriebi moeqca arabul_muslimuri administraciuli mmarTvelobis
qveS. bizantiam ki dakarga teritoriebi axlo aRmosavleTsa da CrdiloeT
afrikaSi, magram SeinarCuna kontroli anatoliasa da balkaneTze; Tanac
xeli SeuSala muslimur eqspansias osmalebis gamoCenamde (XIV_XV sk).

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am dapyrobebis siswrafesa da masStabebze aranakleb gasaocaria maTi

xangrZlivoba. am eqspansiis Sedegad dapyrobili teritoriebi dRemde
islamuria da umetesi maTgani ki _ arabuli (espaneTis garda, sadac
arabul_islamuri mmarTveloba XV saukunemde gagrZelda). CrdiloeT
afrikaSi, egviptesa da xmelTaSuazRvis auzis regionSi, romelic
iudaizmisa da qristianobis centrs warmoadgens, aseve, erayis uZvelesi
droidan dasaxlebul regionSi, gabatonda arabuli ena da islamuri
rwmena. marTalia, sparsulma enam da kulturam sabolood daimkvidra Tavi
iranSi, magram mxolod islamur modelSi. imisaTvis, rom ufro ukeT
gavigoT muslimuri dapyrobebisa da islamis eqspansiis gamarjveba, cota
xniT kvlav unda mivubrundeT am regionSi islamamde arsebul
mdgomareobas.
rogorc ukve viciT, im periodSi, rodesac arabeTis n/k-ze iwyeba islamis
gamoCena, axlo aRmosavleTSi teritoriebi gadanawilebulia or moqiSpe
imperias Soris, romlebic marTaven am regions. esenia romis_bizantiis
imperia dasavleTSi da iranis sasanianTa imperia aRmosavleTSi. bizantiis
imperatorebi romis keisris STamomavlebi iyvnen da upiratesobas
aniWebdnen im kulturul da politikur tradiciul sistemebs, romelic
sakuTar TavSi aerTianebda berZnul ganaTlebas, romaul mmarTvelobas da
berZnul marTlmadideblur qristianobas. me-7 saukunis dasawyisSi
imperatoris teritoriebi mTels samxreT evropaze gadioda da gadaWimuli
iyo italiis n/k-dan mis didebul dedaqalaq konstantinepolamde. axlo
aRmosavleTSi imperiis provinciebi iyo egvipte, palestina, siria, aseve,
erayisa da anatoliis nawili. bizantiis mmarTvelebs zurgs umagrebdaT
mudmivi profesionaluri armia, umaRles doneze ganviTarebuli
administraciuli mmarTvelobis sistema da marTlmadidebluri eklesiis
samRvdeloeba, rac ganapirobebda maT usafrTxoebas da Zlierebas.
Tumca, samxedro, religiurma da administraciulma problemebma VI
saukunis bolosa da VII saukunis dasawyisSi daasusta bizantia. 540 wels
imperiuli metoqeoba bizantiasa da sasanianTa imperias Soris SeiaraRebul

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konfliqtSi gadaizarda, romelic TiTqmis uwyvetad gagrZelda 629 wlamde.

brZolebma daasusta orive imperiis armia, daacariela xazina da
uzarmazari zarali miayena maT miwebsa da qalaqebs, romlebic nilossa da
evfrats Soris mdebareobda. saomari moqmedebebi, romlebic Sesvenebis
gareSe mimdinareobda, did finansebTan iyo dakavSirebuli, ris gamoc
bizantiis imperatorebi periodulad zrdidnen gadasaxadebs, rac iwvevda
imperiis daqvemdebarebuli xalxebis gaucxoebas da daSorebas
saxelmwifosgan, romlebic isedac mZime ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi
imyofebodnen, radgan meomar jarebs gadaadgilebisas maT miwebze unda
gaevloT.
religiuri winaaRmdegobebi kidev ufro Zabavda urTierTobas bizantiis
saxelmwifosa da mis qveSevrdomebs Soris. mas Semdeg, rac IV saukunis
bolos bizantiis imperatorma berZnuli marTlmadidebluri qristianoba
saxelmwifo religiad gamoacxada, imperatorebica da eklesiac cdilobda
qristianobis es forma moexvia Tavs yvelasTvis. Tumca, imperiis
daqvemdebarebaSi myofi xalxebi inarCunebdnen sakuTar religiur
Sexedulebebs. bizantiaSi iyvnen ebraelebi da aseve, qristianebi, romlebic
qristianobis sxva mimdinareobebs ekuTvnodnen. isini mSobliur enaze
aRasrulebdnen saeklesio msaxurebas da mSobliur enaze kiTxulobdnen
biblias. saxelmwifo ar aRmoCnda mzad, rom tolerantoba gamoeCina
(Semwynarebluri yofiliyo) qristianobis sxva mimdinareobebis mimarT da
yvela qristiani, vinc ar aRiarebda berZnul marTlmadideblobas,
eretikosad Seracxa. daiwyo ebraelebis da aramarTlmadidebeli
qristianebis (eretikosebis) devna, ramac didi ukmayofileba gamoiwvia
imperiaSi da riTac nawilobriv aixsneba is faqti, rom bizantiis
daqvemdebarebaSi myofi xalxebi sixaruliT Sexvdnen muslimi mmarTvelebis
gamoCenas, romlebmac ufro meti religiuri tolerantoba gamoiCines.
rac Seexeba iranis sasanianTa imperias, misi dedaqalaqi iyo qtesifoni,
romelic md. tigrosze mdebareobda. sasanianTa irani metoqeobas uwevda
bizantias eraysa da egviptes Soris arsebul teritoriebze kontrolis

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mosapoveblad. is gaxldaT 1200 wliani aqemeniduri iranis msoflio

imperiis memkvidre da warmoadgenda absolutur monarqias. imperatori
iwodeboda mefeTa mefed (SahinSahi), romelic iyo miuwvdomeli,
yovlisSemZle da cxovrobda fufunebaSi mTeli Tavisi oficialuri
atributikiT. iranuli biurokratiuli saqmianoba daixvewa saukuneebis
manZilze da Camoyalibda gamocdil mwignobarTa mravalricxovani klasi,
romelic marTavda sasanianTa imperias. maTi bizantieli konkurentebis
msgavsad, sasanian imperatorebsac yavdaT kargad gawvrTnili mudmivi
profesiuli armia, romelic gamoirCeoda Tavisi SeiaraRebiT (kbilebamde
SeiaraRebuli) da javSniani kavaleriiT.
Tumca, bizantiis msgavsad, sasanianTa imperiac daasusta Sida
ukmayofilebam, romelic ZiriTadad religiur niadagze warmoiSva. VI
saukunis bolosTvis sasanianTa saxelmwifo religia zoroastrizmi
gadaiqca ritualur religiad, romelic mmarTveli elitisTvis ufro
mniSvnelovani iyo, vidre farTo mosaxleobisTvis. kerZod, imperiis
dasavleT nawilSi xalxi imperiis sasaxlis religiaze metad iudaizmma da
qristianobis sxavadsxva mimdinareobebma miizida. sasanianTa imperiis
daqvemdebarebaSi myofTagan bevri ar iziarebda sakuTari mmarTvelis
religias, ris gamoc maincdamainc arc am saxelmwifosadmi iyo erTguli.
602 wels sasanianma mmarTvelma xosrom ganaaxla didi xnis omi
bizantiasTan, rasac Sedegad moyva ierusalemis aReba da egviptis dapyroba.
Tumca, 622 wels bizantiis imperatorma heraklem ganaxorciela
kontrSeteva, romelic warmatebuli aRmoCnda. bizantiis armia Sevida
eraySi da marTalia droebiT, magram moaxdina qtesifonis okupacia. im
dros, rodesac es ori imperia awarmoebda omebs axlo aRmosavleTSi,
romelic auZlurebda da fitavda maT, meCxerad dasaxlebul arabeTis n/k-
ze iwyeboda moZraoba, romelmac gaanadgura orive imperia.
marTalia, bizantiaca da sasanianTa iranic gardamaval periodSi
imyofebodnen maSin, rodesac islami pirvelad Sevida am imperiebSi, magram
mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos im gavlenis Sesaxeb, rac maT moaxdines islamuri

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mmarTvelobis formasa da islamis religiur doqtrinaze. islamis

formirebaze gavlena moaxdina bizantiis berZnulma memkvidreobam, iranis
biurokratiulma sistemam da aseve, imperatoris cnebam, romelic
konstantinopolisa da qtesifonis sasaxleebSi Camoyalibda. islami ar
unda gavigoT mxolod rogorc im sazogadoebis produqti, romelSic
aRmocenda. islami unda gavigoT, rogorc produqti (Sedegi) im
sazogadoebebisa, romelSic is gavrcelda da aseve, im sazogadoebisa,
romelSic is aRmocenda.
amrigad, am dapyrobebis (arabul-islamuri) warmateba da xangrZlivoba
ganapiroba socialuri, ekonomikuri da religiuri faqtorebis
erTobliobam. kerZod: 1. rogorc viciT, dapyrobil teritoriebze xalxi
aRiarebda monoTeizms da islamis monoTeizmi aq arsebuli tradiciebis
rigSi moTavsda; 2. islami SedarebiT tolerantobas iCenda aramuslimebis
mimarT (yovel SemTxvevisTvis, Tavisi arsebobis pirvel saukuneebSi).
yurani avaldebulebda muslimebs daecvaT “wignis xalxi”, e.i. qristianebi
da ebraelebi, romlebsac gadaecaT RvTiuri kanoni manamde. es wesi
mogvianebiT gavrcelda zoroastrizmis mimdevrebsa (irani) da indusebzec
(indoeTi). arabuli dapyrobebis periodSi iSviaTad xdeboda iZulebiTi
gamuslimeba da pirveli ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi islamuri imperiis
mosaxleobis umravlesoba iyo aramuslimi. maT uwodebdnen zimmas (ahl
az_zimma), rac niSnavs im religiis warmomadgenlebs, romelTa mimarTac
kanoni Semwynarebluria. zimmas gaaCnda religiuri Tavisufleba da maT
Sida saqmeebs TavianTi religiuri liderebi xelmZRvanelobdnen. Tumca,
isini ar iTvlebodnen muslimebTan Tanasworad da ixdidnen suladobriv
gadasaxads, jizias. maT ar qondaT jarSi samsaxuris ufleba,
ekrZalebodaT garkveuli feris tansacmlis tareba; maTi sacxovrebeli da
salocavi adgilebic muslimurTan SedarebiT patara unda yofiliyo. es
da sxva SezRudvebi, rasakvirvelia, niSnavda diskriminacias, magram
bizantiis epoqasTan SedarebiT mainc bevrad tolerantuli iyo.

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gadasaxadebi, romelic daawesa arabul_muslimurma saxelmwifom,

SedarebiT naklebad Trgunavda mosaxleobas, vidre bizantielebis an
sasanianTa mier dawesebuli gadasaxadebi. ufro metic, arabma mmarTvelebma
ucvleli datoves is administraciuli institutebi, romlebic maT
daxvdaT; isini arc adgilobriv tradiciebSi Careulan; maT mxolod im
miwebis konfiskacia moaxdines, romlebic ekuTvnodaT bizantiisa da
sasanianTa samefo ojaxebs; an warCinebulebs, romlebmac miatoves TavianTi
mamulebi. am faqtorebis gamo adgilobrivi mosaxleoba arabebs aniWebda
upiratesobas. zogan qristianebi da ebraelebi exmarebodnen kidec arabebs
am dapyrobebSi (mag. siria, palestina, egvipte). marTalia, dapyrobili
xalxis nawilma aRiara islami, magram arabebs am procesisTvis xeli ar
SeuwyviaT TavianTi mmarTvelobis dasawyis etapze. nawilobriv es imiTac
aixsneba, rom jizia, romelsc aramuslimebi ixdidnen, xazinis Sevsebis
mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgenda. garda amisa, islamis ganviTarebis
adreul etapze is iTvleboda eqskluziurad arabul religiad.

I samoqalaqo omi da raSidebis saxalifos dasasruli

dapyrobebis Sedegad islamuri mmarTvelobis qveS eqceoda sul ufo meti
teritoriebi, ramac meore da mesame xalifa, omari da osmani daayena
seriozuli problemis winaSe. kerZod, maT unda uzrunvelyoT efeqturi
administraciuli sistemis Seqmna da simdidris ganawileba; aseve,
daekmayofilebinaT arabuli tomebis Tavisufali suliskveTeba da
moeqciaT isini sakuTari kontrolis qveS. miuxedavad imisa, rom tomobrivi
organizacia icvleboda sazogadoebrivi modeliT, arabuli tomebi
ganagrZobdnen damoukideblad moqmedebas da cdilobdnen daecvaT maTi es
ufleba. isini ewinaaRmdegebodnen centraluri xelisuflebis mcdelobas,
Tavs moexvia maTTvis sakuTari Zalaufleba. mxolod TandaTan,
etapobrivad moxda am tomebis dasaxleba qalaqebSi, an sxva miwebze. omaris
periodSi daiwyo saerTo sakanonmdeblo bazis SemuSaveba, romelic saerTo

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iqneboda imperiis mTels teritoriaze; xolo osmanis saxels ukavSirdeba

yuranis saboloo redaqtirebuli versiis SemuSaveba.
adre wamowyebuli kamaTi xalifas memkvidris sakiTxis garSemo droebiT
daiviwyes, magram osmanis mkvlelobis Semdeg (656) is kvlav dadga dRis
wesrigSi. Tumca, amJamad am sakiTxis gadaWras daWirda samoqalaqo omi,
romelmac safuZveli Cauyara xangrZliv ganxeTqilebas ummaSi. mokluli
osmanis magivrad arCeuli iqna ali. muhamedis Semdeg ali yvelaze
seriozul muslimad iTvleboda: is iyo mociqulis biZaSvili, siZe,
erT_erTi pirveli muslimi, erTguli. ummas nawils miaCnda, rom muhamedis
survilis Tanaxmad, misi uSualo memkvidre unda yofiliyo ali. ali
sxvadasxva interesTa koalicias warmoadgenda. maTi moTxovna iyo daecvaT
Tanasworoba yvela muslims Soris (e.i. arab da ara_arab muslimebs Soris);
xolo islamuri sazogadoebis (umma) xelmZRvanelis arCeva momxdariyo
muhamedis ojaxidan. alis uflebas am memkvidreobaze SeewinaaRmdega moavia
_ siriis Zlieri mmarTveli, romelic imave klans ekuTvnoda, romelsac
mokluli osmani (usmani).
am ori adamianis pretenziebs liderobaze Sedegad moyva sifinis brZola
(657). brZolis Sedegi ar aRmoCnda damakmayofilebeli, ramac gamoiwvia
islamuri sazogadoebis xangrZlivi gayofa. wyaros mixedviT, gamarjveba
aSkarad alis Zalebis mxares iyo; maSin moavias momxreebma Subis wverze
wamoacves yurani da moiTxoves: “dae, RmerTma gadawyvitos”. ali daTanxmda,
magram sasamarTlom veraferi gadawyvita da alic da moaviac datova imave
poziciebze, romelic omamde ekavaT. alis momxreTa erTi jgufi ar
daeTanxma alis gadawyvetilebas, rom dava sasamarTlos gziT
mogvarebuliyo da gamoeyo mas. isini xarijitebis saxeliT arian cnobili.
maTi azriT, arc moavias da arc alis qmedeba ar iyo kanonieri da
iTvleboda urwmunoebad, rac imas niSnavda, rom maT winaaRmdeg
morwmuneebs unda ewarmoebinaT brZola. xarijitebma moaxdines mkacri
puritanizmisa da religiuri fundamentalizmis sinTezi, ramac isini
gadaaqcia ukompromiso moZraobad. islamis xarijitulma versiam ver

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moaxerxa politikuri srulyofilebis miRweva, magram seriozul Zalad

darCa da XX saukunis 70_iani wlebidan xelaxla gamovida asparezze,
rogorc Zalismieri islamuri dajgufebebis doqtrina egviptesa da sxva
islamur qveynebSi.
ramdenadac xarijitebi sustdebian, xolo moavias Zalaufleba ki
gavrcelda siriasa da egvipteze, alim veRar SeZlo daecva misi ufleba
saxalifos memkvidreobaze. man dedaqalaqi qufaSi gadaitana (erT_erTi
arabuli samxedro qalaqi qvemo eraySi), magram misi pozicia sustdeboda.
igi erT_erTma xarijitma mokla (661). alis saxalifo xanmokle da
winaaRmdegobrivi aRmoCnda, Tumca, xangrZlivi da seriozuli SedegebiT.
logikurad is warmoadgens islamur ummaSi xelisuflebis kanonier
pozicias da gaxlavT im mniSvnelovani muslimi umciresobis simbolo,
romelTa survilicaa, maTi sazogadoebis lideri iyos mociqulis uSualo
STamomavali. tragediam, romelic alis da mis ojaxs ukavSirdeba, moaxdina
ganxeTqileba ummaSi, romelic dRemde grZeldeba.

arabuli eqskluzivizmidan universalizmamde:

omaianTa da abasianTa imperiebi.
alis gardacvalebiT sruldeba islamuri sazogadoebis ganviTarebis
pirveli periodi da iwyeba axali periodi, romelsac SeiZleba ewodos
imperiuli eqspansiisa da konsolidaciis periodi. moavia mTel imperiaSi
aRiares xalifad. man daaarsa umaianTa dinastia (661_750). moavia iyo
pragmatikosi mmarTveli, romlis mTavar principsac warmoadgenda islamis
gavrceleba, saxelmwifos resursebis menejmenti da misi dinastiis
konsolidacia. misi mmarTvelobis periodSi imperiis politikuri centri
patara saqaravno qalaq meqadan uZvelesi tradiciebis mqone qalaq
damaskoSi gadaitanes. moaviam aiTvisa bizantiuri administraciuli sistema
da daiqirava bizantiis imperiis yofili administraciuli moxeleebi da
xelosnebi. amrigad, daiwyo arabuli imperiis transformacia bizantiis
memkvidre saxelmwifod; saxalifos ki Seemata monarqiuli niSnebi.

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dapyrobebs materialuri mogeba damaskoSi moavias memkvidreebis periodSic

moqonda, magram omaianTa imperia ganicdida Sida dapirispirebebs. amis
erT_erTi mizezi iyo arabuli eqskluzivizmis politika, romelsac
omaianTa mmarTveli elita atarebda. isini islams arabul prerogativad
Tvlidnen da am principiT marTavdnen imperiis saqmeebs. e.i. arabebs
eniWebodaT upiratesoba, rac niSnavda ara_arabi muslimebis (ara-arab
muslimebs ewodebaT mavalebi) diskriminacias, romelTa ricxvic
dRiTi_dRe izrdeboda. garda amisa, omaianebi did Zalisxmevas iyenebdnen,
raTa arabuli tomebi daemorCilebinaT centraluri xelisuflebisTvis. es
ki mRelvarebis kidev erTi wyaro iyo, rac mmarTveli dinastiisadmi
undoblobis zrdas iwvevda. es mRelvareba sabolood gadaizarda
ajanyebaSi, romelmac daamxo omaianTa dinastia da saxalifos saTaveSi
moiyvana abasianebi (750).
abasianebi marTaven 750_1258 wlebSi. maT periodSi dapyrobebis gmirulma
epoqam gza dauTmo administraciuli institutebis, komerciuli saqmianobis
da sakanonmdeblo sistemis ganviTarebas. arabi meomari, romelic
sazogadoebis privilegirebul elements warmoadgenda, Secvala qalaqelma
vaWarma, ganaTlebulma mosamarTlem da biurokratma moxelem. dapyrobebis
konsolidaciam ki im geografiul centrSi, romelic kulturuli da
religiuri tradiciebis mravalsaukunovan uZveles sinTezs warmoadgenda,
xeli Seuwyo axlo aRmosavluri ZirZveli kulturebisa da religiebis
kompleqsur urTierTkavSirs im energiasTan, romelic dinamiurad
Semoedineboda arabeTidan. swored am urTierTSexebis Sedegad warmoiSva
axali civilizacia, romelic gaxlavT absoluturad islamuri, magram
amasTanave aCvenebs im saukuneebis manZilze dagrovil gamocdilebas,
romelic daxvda islams am regionSi. islamuri sazogadoeba Seiqmna am ukve
arsebul safuZvlebze, romlebmac ganapiroba misi, e.i. islamuri
civilizaciis formireba. rogorc ira lapidusi aRniSnavs: “marTalia,
islamis civilizacia daibada meqaSi, magram mas winaprebi palestinaSi,
babilonsa da persepolisSic yavda. axalma islamurma civilizaciam

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sakuTari Tavis demonstrireba pirvelad abasianTa mmarTvelobis

aRmavlobis periodSi moaxdina (750_945).
abasianTa mmarTvelobis pirveli 150 weli (am periodis yvelaze cnobili
xalifebi: mansuri/754_775, harun al_raSidi/786_809, al_ma’muni/813_833)
warmoadgens politikuri stabilurobis, ekonomikuri ayvavebis da mzardi
universalizmis periods. am pirobebma, Tavis mxriv, xeli Seuwyo mdidari
da mravalferovani civilizaciis Camoyalibebas. abasianebma uari Tqves
arabul eqskluzivizmze, romelic uamravi dapirispirebis mizezi gaxda
omaianTa mmarTvelobis periodSi da es politika Secvales universalizmis
politikiT, rac niSnavda yvela muslimis Tanasworobas, ganurCevlad
rasobrivi niSnebisa. aseTma damokidebulebam xeli Seuwyo urbanuli
cxovrebis ayvavebas da komerciuli saqmianobis gavrcelebas; aseve
kosmopolitanizmis zrdas imperiaSi, radganac dapyrobili xalxebi,
romlebic aRiarebdnen islams, axerxebdnen srul integracias
saxelmwifos ekonomikur da politikur cxovrebaSi.
abasianTa universalizmis simboluri gamoxatuleba iyo imperiuli
dedaqalaqis kidev erTi transferi. dedaqalaqi im periodisTvis ukve
arabul qalaq damaskodan axladaSenebul qalaq baRdadSi gadaitanes
aRmosavleTiT. qalaqi daaarsa xalifa al_mansurma tigrosis dasavleT
sanapiroze, sasanianTa yofil dedaqalaq qtesifonTan axlos. am
cvlilebis Sedegad islamis politikuri centri ufro mWidrod
daukavSirda iranis imperiul tradiciebs, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebeli
iyo monarqiuli absolutizmi da biurokratiuloba. aman Tavis mxriv
gavlena moaxdina islamuri saxelmwifos arabul_bizantiur sinTezze.
abasianebma aiRes sasanianTa administraciuli modeli da maT
biurokratiul struqturaSi didi raodenobiT gamuslimebuli iranelebi
daiqiraves.
sasanianTa modelis gavlena mTel imperias Seexo. raSidi xalifebi
mokrZalebulad cxovrobdnen im modelis mixedviT, romelic daaarsa
muhamedma. omari ubralo, yavisferi mosasxamiT Sevida ierusalemSi; osmanis

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mkvlelobas ki xeli imanac Seuwyo, rom mas sakmarisi mcvelebi ar yavda.

sisadavis es forma omaianTa periodSi Seicvala. omaianebi daSordnen
xalxs da cxovrobdnen maqsimaluri fufunebiT, romelic damaskoSi
moedineboda sxvadasxva mxridan. isini gadaiqcnen TiTqmis avtoritarul
reJimad. abasianebma ki ufro didi interesi gamoamJRavnes iranuli “mefeTa
mefis” modelisadmi da saxalifo gadaaqcies uprecedento absolutur
monarqiad. abasiani xalifebi cxovrobdnen mdidrul sasaxleebSi da
garesamyarosgan absolutur izolaciaSi imyofebodnen; mxolod sasaxlis
karis viwro wresa da mrCevelebTan qondaT urTierToba. isini sakuTari
Tavis identifikacias axdendnen ara mxolod mociqulTan, aramed
RmerTTanac da Tvlidnen, rom iyvnen “RmerTis Crdilebi dedamiwaze”.
flobdnen udides Zalauflebas maT daqvemdebarebaSi myofebze. amrigad,
abasianebma politikuri xelisuflebis problemis gadasaWrelad airCies
Zalauflebis centralizacia da misi moTavseba absoluturi monarqis
xelSi, romelic iqneboda saero xelisufalic da islamuri sazogadoebis
sasuliero lideric. 750 wlis revoluciidan ori saukunis manZilze am
formulam kargad imuSava da imperias moutana warmoudgeneli simdidre,
inteleqtualuri miRwevebi da zogadad politikuri stabiluroba, rac
xalifas absolutizms emyareboda.
Tumca, verc erTi monarqi ver SeZlebda iseTi uzarmazari imperiis
absolutur kontrols, romelic gadaWimuli iyo marokodan indoeTamde.
Tavdapirvelad abasiani mmarTvelebi akontrolebdnen maTi uzarmazari
imperiis Soreul provinciebSi daniSnul mmarTvelebs, magram VIII saukunis
bolos egvipte da CrdiloeT afrika sabolood gamoeyvnen baRdadis
xelisuflebas da gadaiqcnen damoukidebel islamur saxelmwifoebad. IX
saukuneSi iranis teritoriaze xSirad Cndebodnen xanmokle damoukidebeli
dinastiebi. miuxedavad xelisuflebis axali centrebis aRmocenebisa,
abasiani xalifebi X saukunemde rCebian axlo aRmosavleTis ZiriTad
mmarTvelebad. baRdadis samefo karze SemuSavebuli samefo qcevis stili

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ki gadaiRes mTel islamur teritoriaze aRmocenebulma provinciulma

dedaqalaqebma da centrisgan gamoyofilma mmarTvelma dinastiebma.

*****
amrigad, istoriulad Zalian mokle monakveTSi _ mociqul muhamedis
gardacvalebidan (632) imperiuli dedaqalaqis damaskodan baRdadSi
gadatanamde (750) _ arabuli warmoSobis islamurma ummam Seqmna msoflio
imperia. arabuli dapyrobebis epoqa aRmoCnda gadamwyveti momenti msoflio
istoriisTvis: udabnos momTabare tomebi gadaiqcnen im imperiuli
struqturis mmarTvel elitad, romelic klasikuri antikurobis centrSi
mdebareobda. arabulma enam Secvala berZnuli, sparsuli, arameuli da
didi kulturisa da administraciuli funqciis mqone sxva mkvidri
saliteraturo enebi. islamma Caanacvla, Tumca, ar aRmofxvra iudaizmi,
qristianoba, zoroastrizmi da warmarTuli religiebi; da gadaiqca
gabatonebul religiad axlo aRmosavleTSi. am Canacvlebis procesi
mraval mniSvnelovan kiTxvas badebs: 1. rogor moaxerxa islamma (romelic
meqeli vaWris religia iyo da eyrdnoboda yuranis gamocxadebebs)
bizantiisa da iranis kulturul, religiur da administraciul
tradiciebTan urTierTkavSiris Sedegad SeenarCunebina xelmZRvaneli
administraciuli, ekonomikuri da socialuri poziciebi. 2. amasTanave,
sakuTari wesebisadmi (romelic RmerTma gadasca muhameds VII saukuneSi)
daemorCilebina dapyrobil teritoriebze mosaxle xalxi, romelsac
Tavisi sakuTari uZvelesi da mdidari tradiciebi qonda.
am kiTxvebze pasuxis Ziebisa da sxvadasxva modelebis Camoyalibebis
procesSi muslimebs kidev ufro ganumtkicdaT rwmena, rom muhamedis misia
iyo udidesi. maTi rwmenis ganmtkicebas xels uwyobda, aseve, axali
civilizaciis aRmocenebac, romelic yurans eyrdnoboda.

islamuri civilizaciis ganviTareba XV saukunemde

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qvemoT saubaria im modelebsa da institutebze, romlebmac SesaZlebloba

misca islams, gamxdariyo globaluri civilizacia.
islamur istorias xSirad ganixilaven, rogorc abasianTa imperiis
aRorZinebisa da dacemis istorias. am versiis Tanaxmad, es periodi
ganisazRvreba 750_945 w.w; imperiis centri am periodSi aris baRdadi,
romelic ganicdis ekonomikur da kulturul zrdas da xasiaTdeba
politikuri stabilurobiT. amis Sedegad is xdeba msoflio gabatonebuli
Zala. 945 w. iranulma buidebis dinastiam xelSi Caigdo samxedro
Zalaufleba baRdadSi da Seecada xalifas statusi nominaluramde
SeezRuda; aseve, iranel mmarTvels mieRo gadawyvetilebis ufleba
abasianTa imperiaSi. am interpretaciis mixedviT, X saukunis bolos
abasianTa sistemis dasustebis Sedegad daiwyo islamis politikuri da
kulturuli dacemis xangrZlivi periodi, ramac imperiis gauqmeba gamoiwvia
(1258). islamis dakninebis periodi gagrZelda osmaleTis imperiis
konsolidaciamde (XV sk.).
marTalia, zemoTmoyvanili argumentebi simarTles Seefereba, magram ar
iqneboda marTebuli islamis dacemis gaigiveba abasianTa imperiis
dacemasTan. im periodSic ki, rodesac abasianebi ganicdian ayvavebas,
paralelurad yalibdebian sxva islamuri dinastiebi da kulturebi,
romelTa miRwevebic iseTive mniSvnelovani iyo islamisTvis, rogorc
abasianTa miRwevebi. merilin voldmeni gvTavazobs islamis periodizaciis
Tanamedrove konceptualur analizs. misi azriT, imperia ar unda
ganvixiloT, rogorc birTvi, romlis garSemoc arsebobdnen patar_patara
islamuri saxelmwifoebi. piriqiT, yuradReba unda gavamaxviloT
regionaluri islamuri imperiebis mTel jgufze, romlebmac, TiToeulma
cal_calke, moaxdina islamuri da adgilobrivi tradiciebis unikaluri
sinTezi. am versiis Tanaxmad, im periodSi, rodesac ayvavebas ganicdis
baRdadi, aseve ganicdian ayvavebas mdidari da gamorCeuli samefo centrebi
deliSi, RaznaSi, kairoSi, kordovasa da sxva regionebSi. regionalurma
imperiebma (an dinastiebma, zogierTi mkvlevari asec moixseniebs maT)

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ganavrces da ganaviTares islamuri tradiciebi im teritoriebze, romelic

ar Sedioda abasianTa mflobelobaSi. amrigad, marTalia abasianTa dacemis
Semdeg (1258) warmoiSva patar_patara politikuri fragmentebi, mas ar
gamouwvevia islamuri kulturis “bneli xana” da arc politikuri vakuumi
ar Seuqmnia islamur teritoriaze.
rasakvirvelia, es sulac ar uaryofs im mniSvnelovan rols, romelsac
TamaSobs baRdadi, an abasianTa imperiis sxva didi qalaqebi islamuri
kanonmdeblobis, inteleqtualuri, politikuri da religiuri tradiciebis
ganviTarebaSi. Tumca, axali azri, romelic warmoiSoboda baRdadSi,
xSirad gansxvavebulad aRiqmeboda da viTardeboda sxva imperiul
dedaqalaqebSi da regionaluri imperiebis did qalaqebSi. mecnierebi,
romlebic cdiloben warmoaCinon regionaluri islamuri imperiebis
mniSvneloba, amtkiceben, rom arsebobda islamuri pluralizmi sxvadasxva
drosa da sivrceSi. islamur sazogadoebebs axasiaTebdaT dinamiuroba da
mravalferovneba da ar warmoadgendnen statikur da monoliTur
sazogadoebebs. islamuri samyaro moicavda sruliad gansxvavebul
teritoriebs, rogoricaa _ indoeTi, siria, egvipte, espaneTi da am
samyaroSi mimdinareobda ganaxlebis mudmivi procesebi. islami iyo
universaluri religia, amitomac, Tuki romelime regionSi ummas
ganviTareba Seferxdeboda sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo, es SeiZleboda
anazRaurebuliyo meore regionidan inteleqtualuri, ekonomikuri an
samxedro Zalis da energiis Sevsebis Sedegad.
amis dasadastureblad mravali magaliTis moyvana SeiZleba istoriidan.
magaliTad, 969 wels fatimianTa Siiturma dinastiam tunisidan abasian
mmarTvelebs waarTva egvipte da gardaqmna is dinamiur,
xmelTaSuazRvispira imperiad, ramac safrTxe Seuqmna abasianTa xalifas
moralur, politikur da ekonomikur pirvelobas islamuri imperiis
centrSi. fatimianebma daaarses kairo da marTavdnen egviptes, sicilias da
CrdiloeT afrikis did nawils 200 wlis ganmavlobaSi. maTi dasusteba

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gamoiwvia Sida dapirispirebebma, ris Sedegadac fatimianTa dinastia

Secvala qurTma mmarTvelma, saladinma.
aseve, rodesac XI saukunis bolosa da XII saukunis dasawyisSi CrdiloeT
espaneTis qristianulma samefoebma daipyres toledo da amzadebdnen
Tavdasxmas, raTa iberiis n/k_is darCenili nawilic daebrunebinaT, orma
islamurma dinastiam marokodan gibraltarze gaagzavna samxedro Zala. am
Carevis Sedegad qristianebma veRar SeZles win waweva da islamis batonoba
kidev or saukunes gagrZelda samxreT espaneTSi.
kidev erTi magaliTi, romlidanac kargad Cans regionaluri imperiis roli
islamuri tradiciis dacvaSi: kvlav egviptes davubrundeT; 1258 wels
hulagus Zalebma (mongolebi) alya Semoartyes baRdads da sicocxles
gamoasalmes abasianTa ukanaskneli xalifa. amis Semdeg ki SeiWrnen siriaSi,
sadac damarcxdnen (1260) sxva islamur ZalebTan, mamluqebTan
(axladaRmocenebuli islamuri imperia kairoSi).
es da sxva magaliTebi mowmoben, rom islamuri samyaros sxvadasxva
regionSi islamis ganaxlebisa da islamuri tradiciebis dacvis mudmivi
procesebi mimdinareobs. ueWvelia, rom abasianTa imperiis dacema da
abasianTa ukanaskneli xalifas sikvdili umniSvnelovanesi istoriuli
movlenaa, magram amas ar gamouwvevia islamis dacema. abasianTa memkvidre
saxelmwifoebma da regionalurma islamurma imperiebma SeinarCunes da
gaamdidres islamuri kulturuli da religiuri tradiciebi baRdadis
darbevis Semdegac.

simdidris dagroveba da gamoyeneba

abasianTa mmarTvelobis periodSi islamuri imperia ganicdis ekonomikur
ayvavebas, romelmac xeli Seuwyo urbanuli cxovrebis aRorZinebas,
vaWrobis da mrewvelobis gavrcelebas mTel islamur samyaroSi. baRdadi,
romlis arsebobasac ganapirobebda qvemo tigros_evfratis sairigacio
sistema, gadaiqca uzarmazar kosmopolitur qalaqad, romlis
mosaxleobamac IX saukuneSi 1 mln_s miaRwia. im periodis wyaroebis

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mixedviT, baRdadi iTvleboda samyaros centrad. is iyo uzarmazari

savaWro qselis centri, romelic akavSirebda mas CineTTan, indoeTTan,
afrikasTan da mTeli xmelTaSuazRvis auzTan. es sxvadasxva regionebi
erTmaneTTan rom ufro mWidrod daekavSirebinaT, muslimma vaWrebma Seqmnes
saerTaSoriso bazari, romelSic indoeTisa da samxreT_aRmosavleT aziis
saqoneli gadaicvleboda espaneTisa da xmelTaSuazRvis regionis
saqonelze. qalaqebi gadaiqcnen warmoebisa da moxmarebis centrebad;
urbanuli cxovreba ki yvaoda iseT portebSi, rogoricaa _ fustati,
almeria (espaneTi) da basra (sindbadis samSoblo, mezRvauri 1001 Ramis
zRaprebidan); Soreuli saqaravno vaWroba aRsdga damaskoSi, alepoSi,
ramac gamoiwvia mosaxleobisa da komerciis zrda marvSi, samaryandsa da
buxaraSi, romlebic satranzito rols TamaSobdnen CineTisken mimaval
abreSumis gzaze. saerTaSoriso bazari vaWrebs udides komerciul
SesaZleblobebs sTavazobda, ris Sedegadac maT uzarmazari simdidre
daagroves da mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSes islamuri sazogadoebis
ganviTarebaSi.
soflis meurneobis produqciis zrdam daaCqara didi urbanuli centrebis
aRmoceneba da xeli Seuwyo udidesi simdidris dagrovebas. soflis
meurneobis ganviTareba gamoiwvia saqonlis transferma indoeTidan axlo
aRmosavleTsa da xmelTaSuazRvis auzSi. am procesma moaxdina agraruli
revolucia msoflio istoriaSi (msgavsi revolucia, ufro didi
masStabebiT, moxda evropis mier amerikis aRmoCenis Semdeg). sindSi
(pakistani) arabuli dapyrobebis Sedegad (VIII saukunis dasawyisi)
subtropikuli indoeTidan mcenareebi Semoitanes egvipteSi, afrikaSi,
SuamdinareTsa da islamur espaneTSi. es transferi regionma ise gaiTavisa,
rom bevri maTgani Cven am kultivirebuli landSaftis sakuTreba gvgonia.
mag. brinji, Saqris Warxali, limoni, banani, qoqosi, palma, ispanaxi,
badrijani; aseve, samrewvelo mcenare bamba, romelic arabebma indoeTidan
Seitanes eraySi, saidanac CrdiloeT afrikis gavliT gavrcelda espaneTSi,
iqidan ki danarCen evropaSi.

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axali mcenareebis ganviTarebam regionSi mniSvnelovnad Secvala glexis

cxovrebis orientacia da ritmi; amasTanave, xeli Seuwyo soflis
meurneobis teqnologiebis ganviTarebas. islamamdel axlo aRmosavleTsa
da CrdiloeT afrikaSi soflis meurneobisTvis vargisi sezoni iyo
zamTari, radganac cxel da mSral zafxulSi mindvrebi gadaxriokebuli
iyo. mas Semdeg ki, rac Semoitanes mcenareebi, romlebic indoeTis cxel,
subtropikul klimatSi xarobdnen, zafxulis sezonmac SeiZina datvirTva.
aman ki mniSvnelovnad gazarda sakvebi maragi. gaizarda dasaqmebulTa
raodenoba da samuSao drois xangrZlivobac (glexi datvirTuli iyo
mTeli wlis manZilze). garda amisa, am procesebma xeli Seuwyo arsebuli
sairigacio sistemebis aRdgenas da Semdgom ganviTarebas, radganac es
mcenareebi indoeTis xSir wvimebs iyvnen SeCveuli; maTi moyvana dasavleT
aziasa da CrdiloeT afrikaSi ki swored sairigacio sistemebze iyo
damokidebuli. amas aseve Wirdeboda hidrologiuri teqnologiebis daxvewa
da centraluri mTavrobis seriozuli mxardaWera. dapyrobebis Sedegad
arabebi saxldebodnen sxvadasxva klimatur regionebSi da Seqmnes iseTi
savaWro qseli, romelic am regionebs daakavSirebda erTmaneTTan. amrigad,
arabebi, romelTa cxovrebac islamamde ar iyo agrarul kulturasTan
asocirebuli, xdebian agraruli revoluciis katalistebi, romelmac
gavlena moaxdina tansacmelze, sakvebze da saerTod, cxovrebisa da
muSaobis wesebze.
simdidre, romelic grovdeboda, erTis mxriv, miwidan (soflis meurneoba),
meores mxriv ki _ komerciuli mogebidan, saSualebas aZlevda abasianTa
umaRles fenas, aeTvisebina im periodis fufunebis sagnebi (regionaluri
Tu ucxouri warmoebis). samefo ojaxi mfarvelobda xelosnebs, eqimebs,
mwerlebs, gansakuTrebiT arab poetebs. es modeli mdidarma vaWrebma da
umaRlesma biurokratiam imperiis provinciul dedaqalaqebSic gadaitana,
ramac xeli Seuwyo mdidari literaturis Seqmnasa da mecnierebis
ganviTarebas. xolo islamuri sazogadoebis garkveul nawils
Camouyalibda Sexeduleba, rom “Zlieri” ar niSnavda mxolod Zlier armias.

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 19

es aseve niSnavda sasaxlis karze poetebis, eqimebis, mecnierebis yolas.

SemdgomSic adgilobrivi mmarTvelebi ganagrZobdnen literaturis
ganviTarebis xelSewyobas, maSinac ki, rodesac cdilobdnen abasianTa
xalifasgan politikuri damoukideblobis mopovebas. amiT isini xazs
usvamdnen im garemoebas, rom maTi xelisufleba emyareboda umaRles
islamur kulturul tradiciebs.
sulTani mahmudi (998_1030), romelic RaznavianTa imperiis (avRaneTi,
977_1186) sulTani iyo, patronobda xelovnebasa da mecnierebas. is monis
Svili gaxldaT da cdilobda Semoekriba poetebi da mecnierebi, raTa amiT
daemtkicebina, rom iyo WeSmariti muslimi mmarTveli. misi sasaxlis kari
RaznaSi gaxda epoqis erT_erTi mniSvnelovani inteleqtualuri centri. is
faqti, rom mahmuds SeeZlo ZaliT Camoeyvana zogierTi mwerali da rom
garkveuli nawili mwerlebisa sakuTari survilis gareSe imyofeboda misi
sasaxlis karze, imis maCvenebelia, rom sulTani udides mniSvnelobas
aniWebda amgvar mecenatobas sakuTari mmarTvelobis kanonierebis
xazgasasmelad.
umaRlesi islamuri sazogadoebis inteleqtualuri ganviTareba mxolod
literaturisa da dekoratiuli xelovnebis ganviTarebiT ar
Semoifargleboda. axali ideebi, iseve, rogorc materialuri saqoneli,
mTeli imperiis teritoriaze gadahqondaT saqaravno Tu sazRvao gzebiT,
xolo xalifebi da princebi sasaxlis karze qiraobdnen gamoCenil
mecnierebs. muslimma maTematikosebma, romlebic indur da iranul
wyaroebze muSaobdnen, udidesi wvlili Seitanes algebris (arab. al_jabr)
da trigonometriis ganviTarebaSi. muslimma astronomebma, eqimebma,
qimikosebma Seqmnes naSromebi, romlebmac gavlena moaxdina bunebrivi
mecnierebebis ganviTarebaze evropasa da muslimur samyaroSi. xalifa
al_mamunis (813_833) patronaJis Sedegad aRmoaCines udidesi berZeni
filosofosebisa da eqimebis, maT Soris aristoteles, platonis, galenisa
da sxvaTa Sromebi da Targmnes isini berZnulidan arabulad. amis Sedegad
msofliom miiRo aristoteles Suasaukuneebis epoqis ori yvelaze didi

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komentatori: ibn sina (avicena, 980_1037) _ eqimi, romelic mraval sasaxlis

karze moRvaweobda aRmosavleT iranSi da ibn ruSdi (averoesi, 1126_1198) _
muslimi iuristi kordovadan (espaneTi). aristoteles arabuli gamocemebis
arseboba erTmaneTisgan iseTi manZiliT daSorebul regionebSi, rogoricaa
espaneTi da irani, mowmobs, Tu ra swrafad vrceldeboda ideebi islamis
globalur civilizaciaSi. XII_XIII saukuneebSi CrdiloeT espaneTis
qristianma mmarTvelebma xeli Seuwyves berZnuli filosofiuri Sromebis
Targmnas arabulidan laTinurad. swored am gziT SeaRwia berZnulma
memkvidreobam dasavleT_evropul cnobierebaSi. platonisa da
aristoteles pirveli evropeli komentatorebi eyrdnobodnen arabul
Targmanebs.
sekularuli ideebisa da islamuri religiuri doqtrinis gavrcelebam
xeli Seuwyo manufaqturis ganviTarebas da qaRaldis gamoyenebas islamur
teritoriebze. qaRaldis warmoeba, rogorc cnobilia, daiwyo CineTSi
Cv.w.aR_iT I saukuneSi. islamur samyaroSi ki man SemoaRwia mas Semdeg, rac
arabebma daamarcxes CineTis Zalebi aralis zRvis aRmosavleTiT 751w;
tyved ayvanil Cinelebs Soris iyvnen qaRaldis mwarmoeblebic, romlebmac
TavianTi xeloba gadasces muslim xelosnebs. qaRaldi baRdadSi VIII
saukunis bolos gaCnda, espaneTSi ki _ 900-ian wlebSi (maSin, rodesac
dasavluri sazogadoebebi jer kidev papirussa da pergaments iyenebdnen).
qaRaldis warmoeba male gavrcelda mTel muslimur samyaroSi. misi
warmoebis centrebi iyo samaryandi centralur aziaSi da valensia
espaneTSi.
VIII saukunidan moyolebuli islami gaxda globaluri civilizacia,
romelSic codna, teqnologia da xelovnebis nimuSebi aqeT_iqiT
gadahqondaT. islami gaxda gabatonebuli religia uzarmazar teritoriaze,
romelic sakmaod mravalferovani iyo. regionaluri wes_Cveulebebis
mravalferovnebam ki islamur kulturas SesZina gansakuTrebuli niSnebi
msoflios sxvadasxva nawilSi. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, calkeuli
politikuri Tu kulturuli nawilebi ar ganapirobebdnen islamis

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totalurobas. amJamad mecnierebi miuTiTeben “mravali” islamis arsebobis

Sesaxeb, romlebic Tanaarsebobdnen cvalebadi mravalferovnebiT, Tumca,
maT aerTianebdaT yurani da savaldebulo ritualebi.

islamuri civilizaciis mokle mimoxilva XI_XV saukuneebSi

Turquli elementis mniSvneloba saxalifos samxedro da politikur
mmarTvelobaSi
XI saukuneSi islamur teritoriebze samxedro Zalaufleba da politikuri
mmarTveloba arabebidan Turqebis xelSi gadavida. Turqi mesaqonle
momTabareebi aziidan islams arabTa adreuli dapyrobebis periodidanve
icnobdnen. Turqebi msaxurobdnen abasianTa armiaSi. Turquli tomebis
didma nawilma, romelic md. okas midamoebSi saxlobda, miiRo sunituri
islami da rodesac Turqebi Sevidnen islamur teritoriaze, motivad
daasaxeles islamis dacva.
XI saukunis Sua periodisaTvis Turquli tomebis konfederaciam, romelic
seljukebis saxeliTaa cnobili, daamyara kontroli iranze da 1055w.
abasianTa xalifam seljukTa lideri baRdadSi moiwvia, raTa gadaeca
administraciuli da samxedro xelisufleba. Turqi seljukebi gaxdnen
xalifas samxedro maRalCinosnebi da islamuri tradiciebis damcvelebi.
seljukma sulTnebma (droebiTi mmarTveli) Seqmnes uzarmazari imperia,
romelic gadaWimuli iyo Crdilo_aRmosavleT iranidan arabul
teritoriebze. seljukTa xelisuflebis periodSi sxva Turquli tomebic
daiZrnen dasavleTisken da dasaxldnen Crd. iransa da kavkasiis regionSi.
1071w manzikertis brZolaSi seljukTa mier bizantiis armiis damarcxebis
Semdeg es migranti tomebi gadavidnen anatoliaSi da daiwyes am
teritoriebis transferi berZnulenovani qristianuli teritoriidan
Turqulenovan islamur teritoriad.
miuxedavad imisa, rom seljukebi adrec Sediodnen mmarTvel aparatSi, maT
ver moaxerxes xangrZlivi centraluri xelisuflebis damyareba im
teritoriebze, romelic maTi kontrolis qveS imyofeboda. 1157 wlisTvis

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maTi imperia daiSala patar_patara saxelmwifoebad, romelTa

umetesobasac seljuki princebi marTavdnen. Tumca, seljukTa
mmarTvelobis gavlena aRmoCnda xangrZlivi: Turqebma maleve aiTvises
urbanuli cxovrebis stili da islamis kulturuli tradiciebi. kerZod,
xelovnebisa da arqiteqturis patronaJi; SariaTisa da ulamas pativiscema.
garda amisa, seljukebi iyvnen pasuxismgebelni islamis ganaxlebazec.
magaliTad, seljukma ministrma nizam al_mulqim daaarsa madrasas istema,
romelic gaxlavT saxelmwifo dafinansebaze myofi ganaTlebis sistema
ulamasaTvis. seljukebma kidev ufro ganavrces islamis batonoba aRm.
anatoliaSi da amrigad, moamzades safuZveli .osmaleTis imperiisaTvis.
seljukTa imperiis daSlis Semdeg centraluri irani da ZiriTadi arabuli
teritoriebi daiyo mraval mmarTvel dinastiebad. eseni ar iyvnen Zlieri
saxelmwifoebi, ufro qalaq saxelmwifoebi iyvnen, magram sakmarisi
resursebi gaaCndaT imisaTvis, rom sasaxlis kars fufunebaSi ecxovra da
gaegrZelebina mwerlebis, xelovnebisa da mecnierebis patronaJi.
politikurad danawevrebul axlo aRmosavleTSi XI_XII saukuneebSi
pirvelad gamoCndnen evropeli jvarosnebi da daaarses oTxi laTinuri
samefo: edesa, antioqi, tripoli da ierusalemi. Tumca, regionis
okupaciidan daaxl. 200 wlis Semdeg evropelebi gandevnil iqnen
aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTidan. unda aRiniSnos, rom maT yofnas
regionSi faqtiurad aranairi gavlena ar mouxdenia am regionze (Tu ar
CavTvliT egviptisa da siriis mmarTvelTa gaerTianebas jvarosnebis
winaaRmdeg).
ufro didi saSiSroeba islams aRmosavleTidan daemuqra. XIII saukuneSi
mTelma islamurma samyarom indoeTidan siriamde ganicada mongolTa
Semosevebi. arabi dampyrobebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebmac regionSi
Semoitanes axali religia; aseve Turqi seljukebisagan gansxvavebiT,
romlebmac ganamtkices da gaaZlieres regionSi arsebuli religiuri
institutebi, mongolur Semosevebs dapyrobisa da ganadgurebis garda
aranairi mizani ar qonia. maT aaoxres erayi da irani. pirveli Semoseva

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ganxorcielda Cingiz xanis xelmZRvanelobiT, rasac moyva misi armiis

gagzavna dasavleTisken; aseve mniSvnelovani komerciuli qalaqebis
buxarasa da samaryandis dapyroba; mongolTa kontrolis qveS moeqca
mTeli iranic. 1256 wels kidev erTi mongoluri laSqroba ganxorcielda
dasavleTisken Cingiz xanis vaJis, hulagus xel_lobiT, romlis mizansac
warmoadgenda mTeli islamuri teritoriebis dapyroba egviptis CaTvliT.
1258 wels misma Zalebma daamarcxes xalifas Zalebi, aaoxres baRdadi,
mokles abasianTa xalifa da amiT daamxes instituti, romelic 500 wlis
ganmavlobaSi iyo islamis simbolo. amasTanave, baRdadma dakarga is
mniSvnelovani roli, romelsac TamaSobda regionis komerciul da
inteleqtualur cxovrebaSi. marTalia baRdadi mongolebamdec sakmaod
iyo dasustebuli, magram mainc rCeboda xalifas sataxtod da islamis
simbolur centrad. 1258 wlis Semdeg odesRac ayvavebuli imperiuli
dedaqalaqi gadaiqca provinciul qalaqad; misi mosaxleoba, ekonomika da
misi gavlena regionze mkveTrad Semcirda.
hulagum ver SeZlo egviptis dapyroba. 1260 wels mamluqTa Zalebma,
romlebmac kairoSi daaarses ax. Turquli samxedro sasulTno, daamarcxes
monRolebi. am gamarjvebis Sedegad mamluqebi daepatronnen siriasac da
marTavdnen sirias da egviptes 1517w.mde. mamluqTa mmarTvelobas
mRelvarebisa da areulobebis gareSe ar Cauvlia. Tumca, Tavad is faqti,
rom es mmarTveloba 250w.ze met xans gagrZelda, kidev erTxel metyvelebs
Turquli elementis mniSvnelobaze islamuri saxelmwifoebis marTvaSi,
romelic XI saukunidan Cndeba.
hulagus monRoluri Zalebis damarcxebiT ar dasrulebula SemosevaTa
talRa aRmosavleTidan. 1381_1404 w.w. Temur lengis jarebma aaoxres iranis
udidesi nawili, daamarcxes anatolieli Turqi princebi da aaoxres
damasko. marTalia Temuri muslimi iyo da Turqul toms ekuTvnoda, magram
misi saomari taqtika ufro monRolur xasiaTs atarebda (terori,
sasaklaoebi, Zarcva). Temurma uzarmazari teritoriebi daipyro, magram
stabiluri imperia ar Seuqmnia. misi sikvdilis Semdeg 1405w. anatolia da

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ZiriTadi arabuli teritoriebi kvlav daiSala mraval patar_patara

dinastiur saxelmwifoebad.
amrigad, mas Semdeg, rac arabma meomrebma miaRwies samxedro warmatebebs,
yureiSitma vaWrebma da administratorebma moaxdines am dapyrobaTa
konsolidacia da icavdnen balanss dapyrobil teritoriebze. am
konsolidaciis procesSi ar ikrZaleboda adgilobrivi tradiciebi,
romelTa nawilma islamSic SeaRwia. Tumca, saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis
organizacia eyrdnoboda islams. elitis zogierTi warmomadgenlis uRirs
saqciels ar gamouwvevia ummas koncefciis uaryofa. yuranis moraluri
imperativi safuZvlad daedo islamur kanonmdeblobas_SariaTs, romelmac
gansazRvra muslimTa religiuri movaleobebi. arabuli ena, romelic
yuranis enaa, gaxda imperiuli administraciis, diskusiebis da sayovelTao
ena. ulama, romelic warmoadgenda muslim mecnierTa, iuristTa da
maswavlebelTa fenas, valdebuli iyo daecva doqtrinaluri siwminde;
adgenda da avrcelebda normebs, romlebic unda daecva islamur
sazogadoebas. saxalxo doneze islamurma religiam Taviseburi
gamoxatuleba pova sufiur ordenebSi da maTTan dakavSirebul
ritualebSi. marTalia arsebobda garkveuli daZabuloba ulamas
oficilur islamsa da sufebis saxalxo islams Soris, ummam moirgo da
SeiTvisa orives Sexedulebebi.
Temurisa da mongolebis Semosevebma udidesi zarali miayena regions da
safrTxe Seuqmna islamur wyobas, Tumca ar gamouwvevia misi ganadgureba.
am qaosisa da arastabilurobis fonze, romelic gagrZelda XIV_XV
saukuneebSi, anatoliidan indoeTamde aRmocenda sami udidesi islamuri
imperia (osmaleTis, sefianTa iranis, did mogolTa), romlebmac aRadgines
wesrigi da politikuri stabiluroba islamur teritoriebze; aRadgines
da ganaaxles religiuri da kulturuli cxovreba. amis Semdeg iwyeba
axali eqspansiis epoqa islamis istoriaSi.

Suasaukuneebis imperiebi: stabiluroba da muslimuri kulturis ayvaveba

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muslimuri civilizacia manamdec vrceldeboda sufiuri saZmoebisa da

vaWrebis mier, magram farTod misi gavrceleba msoflioSi sxvadasxva
sasulTnoebs ukavSirdeba, romlebic (es calkeuli sasulTnoebi)
sabolood sam udides imperiad Camoyalibdnen. rogorc ukve aRiniSna,
esenia: sefianTa imperia iranSi, did mogolTa imperia indoeTSi da
osmaleTis imperia (Turquli), romelic gadaWimuli iyo dasavleT aziaSi,
CrdiloeT afrikasa da aRmosavleT evropaSi.
XV saukunidan dasavleTSi iwyeba moZraoba, romelic renesansis saxeliTaa
cnobili, rasac Tan axlavs udidesi aRmoCenebi, mecnierebis aRorZineba da
ganmanaTlebloba. am movlenebis udidesi nawili islams ar Sexebia.
muslimuri samyaro, romelmac renesansamde bevrad adre miaRwia
ganviTarebis oqros xanas, Sevida stagnaciis fazaSi da ganicdida
daRmasvlas. marTalia, is ngreva, rac moyva mongolTa Semosevebs,
axladaRmocenebulma muslimurma imperiebma daZlies, mecnierul
revoluciasa da ganmanaTleblobas muslimur sazogadoebaSi ar SeuRwevia.
es procesi aq mogvianebiT, XIX saukunidan iwyeba, rodesac evropuli
saxelmwifoebi iwyeben muslimur miwebze SeWras. amis miuxedavad,
muslimuri mmarTveloba vrceldeboda aRmosavleT evropasa da indoeTSic.
marTalia, modernizmi ar aRmocenebula, magram muslimuri tradiciuli
kultura axlo aRmosavleTSi, indoeTsa da malaiziur_indoneziur
arqipelagSi udides ayvavebas ganicdida. faqtiurad, am teritoriebma
muslimuri mmarTvelobis Suasaukuneebis imperiul modelSi manamde
arnaxul sidiades miaRwies.
XIII saukunis bolos Turqma osmanma (gard. 1326 w.) daaarsa osmalTa
dinastia mcire aziaSi. osmalebma xelaxla daipyres islamuri ummas Zveli
teritoriebis udidesi nawili, daimorCiles patara muslimuri samTavroebi
da xelSi Caigdes wminda qalaqebis meqasa da medinas kontroli. maT
moaxdines tradiciuli mongolur_Turquli sabrZolo tradiciebisa da
islamuri misionerobis sinTezi da gamovidnen islamis damcvelebad (da
gamavrceleblebad). maleve isini SeiWrnen qristianul evropaSi: 1453 wels

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osmalma sulTanma mehmeT II_m aiRo konstantinopoli, xolo 1550 wlisTvis

osmalebi akontrolebdnen balkanebs, ungreTis udides nawils da samxreT
ruseTis garkveul teritoriebs. islamuri talRis agorebas reformaciis
periodis qristianuli evropis erTgvari panika moyva. Tumca, unda
aRiniSnos, rom zogadad qristianuli Temi Tavs kargad grZnobda Turquli
mmarTvelobis modelSi; xolo ebraelebi, romlebic evropaSi devnas
gaurbodnen, usafrTxo samoTxes poulobdnen osmalTa mmarTvelobis qveS.
osmalTa saxalifo gamocxadda 1517 wels, rogorc muslimuri ummas
xelmZRvaneli da didxans iarseba (es arseboba moicavs daRmasvlis
xangrZliv periodsac). is Tavad Turqma xalxma gaauqma 1924 wels.
islamuri wyaroebis mixedviT, gamorCeulad iTvleba suleiman brwyinvales
mmarTveloba (1520_1566). is iyo udidesi meomari da saxelmwifo moRvawe,
ganaxorciela kanonis sayovelTao kodifikacia (SemoiRo da moawesriga
kanoni), aago udidesi arqiteqturuli Zeglebi istanbulSi/stambolSi
(yofili konstantinopoli), xels uwyobda musikis, poeziis da xelovnebis
ganviTarebas mis mdidrul sasaxlis karze. religiis mecnierebi (‘ulama)
umniSvnelovanes rols TamaSobdnen sunituri osmaleTis imperiaSi,
romelsac axasiaTebda religiisa da saxelmwifos mWidro urTierTkavSiri,
magram maT (‘ulamam) TandaTan dakarges damoukidebloba da gadaiqcnen
klerikalur biurokratiad osmalur sistemaSi.
osmaleTis imperiis aRmosavleTiT, iranSi (sparseTSi) kidev erTi axali
imperia warmoiSva. iranSi arsebobda sufiuri saZmo (safavia), romlis
mizansac islamis siwmindis dacva (islamis ganwmenda) warmoadgenda. isini
dainteresdnen Siituri mesianizmiT da wamoiwyes SeiaraRebuli brZolebi.
1501 wels sefianTa ojaxis meTaurma Sah ismailma (1487_1524) daipyro
Tabrizi, Tavi iranis Sahad gamoacxada da daaarsa sefianTa dinastia.
ismaili pretenzias acxadebda, rom meTormete imamis STamomavali iyo da
Tavi RvTiuri ZaliT STagonebul reformatorad miaCnda; man irans Zalis
gamoyenebiT Tavs moaxvia axali religiur_politikuri identoba; ase gaxda
Siizmi imperiis religia (mmarTveli religia), rac dRemde grZeldeba.

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iraneli Sahebis udides kulturul miRwevebs Soris, pirvel rigSi, unda

aRiniSnos dedaqalaqi _ isfahani, romelic Sah ‘abasma (marTavda 1588_1629)
daaarsa. Sah ‘abasi sefian sulTnebs Soris yvelaze cnobilia. umSvenieresi
baRebis simravliT, monumentebiT, meCeTebiTa da islamuri skolebiT
isfahani izidavda mogzaurebsa da muslim mecnierebs mTeli msofliodan.
X saukunidan muslimi meomrebi ipyroben indoeTs. maT daaarses delis
sasulTno, romelic CrdiloeT indoeTs akontrolebda. pirveli
muslimebi, romlebic indoeTSi SeiWrnen, induizmsa da budizms
poliTeistur religiebad miiCnevdnen da maTi daxvewili taZrebi, mravali
RmerTisadmi Tayvaniscema, budebi da bodisatvebi (bodisatva_mahaiana
budizmSi aris RvTaeba) aseve warmarTulad miaCndaT. amitom, gaZarcves
taZrebi da daangries monastrebi.
mongolebma miiRes islami, xolo XVI saukunis dasawyisSi maTma armiam,
romelsac xelmZRvanelobda baburi (gard. 1530 wels, Cingiz xanis
STamomavali iyo), daipyro indoeTi da CrdiloeT indoeTSi daaarsa
mogolTa imperia. cnobilma mmarTvelma aqbarma (marTavda 1556_1605),
romelic baburis SviliSvili iyo, misi mmarTveloba TiTqmis mTel
indoeTSi ganavrco. aqbari muslimi iyo, magram mas Zalian tolerantuli
damokidebuleba qonda indusebis mimarT. Tavadac daqorwinda or indus
princesaze da gaauqma indusebis winaaRmdeg arsebuli diskriminaciuli
kanoni. aqbarma SeimuSava universaluri religiuri tolerantobis
politika da xeli Seuwyo sasaxlis karze religiur diskusiebs, romelSic
monawileobas iRebdnen muslimebi, indusebi, zoroastrizmisa da jainizmis
mimdevrebi, aseve, qristianebi. rogorc Cans, aqbars Tavisi mmarTvelobis
meore etapze surda axali religiis _ RvTiuri sibrZnis _ Camoyalibeba,
romelic iqneboda am yvela religiis erTgvari sinTezi.
aqbaris memkvidreebma gaacnobieres, rom aqbari Zalian gascda islamis
CarCoebs da aRadgines muslimuri religia/rwmena. misi erT_erTi memkvidre
Sah jahani (marTavda 1628_1658) cnobili gaxda taj mahalis agebiT, romelic
islamuri xelovnebis Sedevrad iTvleba. Tumca, mogolTa xelisufleba

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swrafad irRveoda da rodesac britaneTis Zalebma dominanti poziciebi

moipoves indoeTSi XVIII saukuneSi, did mogolTa imperiis narCenebze
iolad moaxerxes sakuTari administraciuli mmarTvelobis damyareba. im
periodSi, rodesac iSleba politikuri erTianoba, sufma liderma Sah vali
alam (1703_1762) daaarsa muslimuri aRorZinebis moZraoba, romelic miznad
isaxavda muslimuri sazogadoebis gaerTianebas da islamuri religiuri
wes_Cveulebebis damkvidrebas. Sah vali ala ukve arsebul da
Camoyalibebul kanonis oTx skolas ar dayrdnobia da islamuri rwmenisa
da wesebis adreuli formis aRorZinebas Seecada. man yuranic ki Targmna
sparsulad, raTa ukeT gasagebi yofiliyo xalxisTvis. mogolTa imperiis
memkvidreoba indoeTSi (romelic muslimebis udidesi monojgufia mTel
msoflioSi) dRes gayofilia samad: indoeTi, pakistani da bangladeSi.

ლეილა კიკნაძე, ისლამი