Major Project (Phase II(A)) Report on

Topic Name

Submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Bachelor of Technology in

Electronics and Telecommunication/ Electronics Engineering

Submitted by
Group Member 1 Name (Enter Group Member 1 Roll Number)
Group Member 2 Name (Enter Group Member 2 Roll Number)
Group Member 3 Name (Enter Group Member 3 Roll Number)

Under the guidance of

Prof./Dr. Guide Name

Usha Mittal Institute of Technology

S.N.D.T. Women’s University
Juhu Tara Road, Santacruz(West),
Mumbai-400049
2019-2020
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Group Member 1 Name, Group Member 2 Name,

Group Member 3 Name have completed the Major Project Phase-II(A) on the
topic “Enter the Topic name” satisfactorily in partial fulfillment for the Bach-
elor Degree in Electronics and Communication/ Electronics Engineering under
the guidance of Prof./ Dr. Enter guide Name during the year 2019-20 as
prescribed by S.N.D.T. Women’s University, Mumbai.

Guide Examiner 1 Examiner 2

Prof./ Dr. Guide Name

Contents

List of Tables ii

List of Figures iii

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Motivation and Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2 Basic Block Diagram 3

3 Literature Survey 5
3.1 Review of various papers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

4 System Design 8
4.1 Hardware Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.2 Software Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

5 Implementation 17
5.1 Hardware Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.2 Software Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

6 Project Road Map 20

References 22

i
List of Tables

ii
List of Figures

2.1 Basic Block Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

4.1 Arduino Uno . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

4.2 Solar Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.3 Motor Driver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.4 Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.5 Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.6 Bluetooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

5.1 Front page of Grass Cutter app . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

5.2 Second page of Grass Cutter app . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

6.1 Project Road Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

iii
Chapter 1

Introduction

The lawn mower is an aid in the mundane task of grass cutting and tending
to lawns.Due to the revolution of green movement in the present scenario the
industries with major campus areas are changing the percentage of greenery in the
campuses and increased greenery causes increased effort and money to tend to. A
lawn mower is a machine that uses one or more revolving blades to cut a lawn
to an even height.The blades may be powered either by hand; pushing the mower
forward to operate the mechanical blade(s), or may have an electric motor or an
internal combustion engine to spin their blades. Some mowers also include other
abilities,like mulching or collecting their clippings.
Two main styles of blades are used in lawn mowers.Lawn mowers employ-
ing a single blade that rotates about a single vertical axis are known as rotary
mowers,while those employing a multiple blade assembly that rotates about a sin-
gle horizontal axis are known as cylinder or reel mowers.There are several types
of mowers, each suited to a particular scale and purpose.The smallest types are
pushed by a human user and are suitable for small residential lawns and gar-
dens.Riding mowers are larger than push mowers and are suitable for large lawns.
The largest multi-gang mowers are mounted to tractors and are designed for large
expanses of grass such as golf courses and municipal parks. A transition from tra-
ditional hand-guided or ride-on mowers to automatic electric mowers is beginning
to take place, with the growth in robotic lawn mower.At current rates of growth
automated lawn mowers are set to soon reach the point of outselling traditional

1
mowers in some regions. Product life cycle is being reduced drastically due to
rapid changes in technology and customers requirements. The global marketplace
is changing so rapidly that industrialist needs to adopt new strategies to respond
customer’s requirement and in order to satisfy the market needs more efficiently
and quickly.

1.1 Motivation and Problem Statement

I.Problem Statement

Grass cutter machines have become essential in maintaining lawns.Furthermore,

environmental pollution keeps increasing and can be experienced in our daily life.
It is reported that 70 percent of citizens are utilizing fuel powered lawn mowers for
their daily cutting routine. Thus, high maintenance is needed in order to maintain
a lawn mower and the oil and fuel should be changed regularly to make the lawn
mower work efficiently. These issues will incur extra variable cost since the fuel
prices have increased.

II.Motivation

In order to overcome these issues, an eco-friendly lawn mower needs to be

designed and fabricated in order to support the green technology initiatives.In
this ease, a newly designed lawn mower is fabricated with the use of a solar panel.
Besides that,the grass cutter will be fabricated at low cost by taking consideration
on important aspects such as lightweight,durable and environmental friendly.This
project will reduce both environmental and noise pollution.This design is meant
to be an alternate green option to the popular and environmentally hazardous
fuel powered lawn mower.Ultimately, the consumer will be doing more for the
environment while doing less in their daily lives.The hope is to keep working on
this project until a suitable design can be implemented.

2
Chapter 2

Basic Block Diagram

3
Figure 2.1: Basic Block Diagram

4
Chapter 3

Literature Survey

3.1 Review of various papers

H.Weiss, K.Schopf, M.Zarkar [1] proposed states that a self-propelled battery pow-
ered lawn-mower is developed and assembled within a prototype project.Lithium
Ion batteries are the present optimal choice for mobile power from the techni-
cal side.In order to accomplish start-up of the induction machine some additional
circuits are included.Although this system works nicely there is some room for
improvement.
Taj Mohammad Baloch and Timothy Thien Ching Kae [2] states the robot
was made able to cover a specic area of at land by avoiding any obstacle along
the way.The PIC micro-controller was used to make the system cost-eective.The
robotic lawn mower was able to move according to the path dened by user while
avoiding any obstacle blocking its path.Interaction among the sensors,the micro-
controller and output drives was perfect as designed and they were communicating
to each other accordingly.
Adeodu A.,Daniyan I.,Ebimoghan T.S.[3]states that the research aimed at de-
velopment of an autonomous solar grass cutting robot that is capable of avoiding
obstacle on its way and equally achieve path planning.The microcontroller directs
the vehicle motors in forward motion and no obstacle is detected.Else,the infrared
sensor detects any obstacle ahead of it and sends a command to the microcon-
troller.

5
 Diego A.,Xavier Collazo,Miguel Goenaga,Kasandra Vazquez [4] states the de-
sign of an autonomous,GPS enabled lawn mower was tested successfully under
manual and autonomous operational modes.The autonomous operation of the lawn
mower resulted in a more ecient way of mowing the lawn,greatly reducing the mow-
ing time.
Yuki Iwano [5]in this paper produces the robot that can mow the wall side
proposing the mowing robot of the trimmer type.Therefore the edge of the trimmer
type is used to enable reaping the wall side.The mowing robot of trimmer type
was eective in mowing moist as well as wilting weed.
Yuki Iwano,Kojiro Iizuka [6]in this paper states that this prototype mowes
down a slope at around 45 degrees and the performance was experimentally ver-
ied.It has a performance similar to that of the LawnBot Evolution, and can perform
mowing at a bristly grass area.
Harshal S.,Gudadhe Lailesh R., Mundare Chetan, W. Jadhao [7] proposed that
the prototype is easy to move, speed of the machine can be changed, obstacles can
be detected. Thus,overall performance of this machine is good. It can also detect
obstacles in its path and is suitable for cutting and hence can be used for grass
cutting.
Sanjana Arunesh,Rasmika V.[8] suggest that in this paper the robotic vehicle
will mow in forward direction to cut the grass uniformly and also calculates the
distance of obstacle. If the obstacle is detected, it will deviate towards right.
Ashok Kumar,Manjunath K.[9] has the main objective of this project to reduce
the manual eort, maintenance, operating cost and to design and fabricate a multi-
ple cutting machine.This design is to be operated by partial automated movement,
i.e., forward backward movement. But in future this model can be developed as a
fully automated vehicle.
S.George, V. Kubendram [10] suggests that they have made a prototype model
of the hardware and software system with a demonstration with ultrasonic and
infrared sensor. The prototype is on a metal sheet chassis and the detection was
done using ultrasonic sensor and the output was obtained.

6
 Chandan Satam,Prakruti Kulkarni [11] proposes that in this prototype both
humidity and temperature sensors are used. The camera is also used for security
purposes of the eld.This camera and DHT11 sensors are connected to the Rasp-
berry pi 3 as the whole operation is done by using Raspberry pi3 and Arduino
UNO R3 by using Wi-Fi connectivity.
Yadav Rutuja,V.A. Mane [12] suggests that they used scotch yoke mechanism
which did not give expected eciency. The speed of the motor can be increased
by using light weight material and design of blades can be modied based on grass
type to be cut.

7
Chapter 4

System Design

4.1 Hardware Design

ARDUINO UNO:

The Arduino UNO R3 is frequently used microcontroller board in the

family of an Arduino.The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based
on the ATmega328.It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be
used as PWM outputs),6 analog inputs,a 16 MHz quartz crystal,a USB
connection,a power jack,an ICSP header and a reset button.It contains
everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to
a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or
battery to get started.

SPECIFICATIONS -

• Operating Voltage: 5V

• Input Voltage (recommended): 7-12V

• DC Current per I/O Pin: 20 mA

• DC current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA

• Clock Speed: 16 MHz

8
 Figure 4.1: Arduino Uno

SOLAR PANEL :

A solar panel is actually a collection of solar (or photovoltaic) cells,which

can be used to generate electricity through photovoltaic effect.These
cells are arranged in a grid-like pattern on the surface of solar pan-
els.Thus,it may also be described as a set of photovoltaic modules,mounted
on a structure supporting it.Solar panel is definite solar photovoltaic
modules electrically connected and fixed on structure.A photovoltaic
module is a bunch, joined assembly of solar cells.The solar panel can
be used as a elements of a large photovoltaic system to generate and
supply electricity in commercial and residential applications.
SPECIFICATIONS -

• Max output power: 0.66W

• Max working voltage: 6V

9
 • Max charging current: 110mA

• Min output power: 0.55W

• Min working voltage: 5.5V

• Min charging current: 100mA

Figure 4.2: Solar Panel

MOTOR DRIVER :

The L298N is a dual H-Bridge motor driver which allows speed and
direction control of two DC motors at the same time.The module can
drive DC motors that have voltages between 5 and 35V, with a peak
current up to 2A.For controlling the rotation direction, we just need
to inverse the direction of the current flow through the motor,and the

10
most common method of doing that is by using an H-Bridge.An H-
Bridge is a circuit that can drive a current in either polarity and be
controlled by Pulse Width Modulation (PWM).An H-Bridge circuit
contains four switching elements, transistors or MOSFETs,with the mo-
tor at the center forming an H-like configuration.By activating two par-
ticular switches at the same time we can change the direction of the
current flow,thus change the rotation direction of the motor.
SPECIFICATIONS -

• Double H bridge Drive Chip: L298N

• Logical voltage: 5V

• Drive voltage: 5V-35V

• Logical current: 0-36mA

• Drive current: 2A (MAX single bridge)

• Max power: 25W

Figure 4.3: Motor Driver

11
 MOTOR :

DC motor is a device that converts direct current(electrical energy)

into mechanical energy. In the presented idea for grass cutter we will
be using different types of DC motor to interface different parts of the
system. For the working of the system we use DC motors, the voltage
limit of these geared DC motors is 5-12V which can be connected to
the Arduino microcontroller board through the Motor Driver IC.
SPECIFICATIONS -

• RPM: 100 at 12V

• Voltage: 4V to 12V

Figure 4.4: Motor

RELAY :

A relay is an electrically operated switch.It consists of a set of input

terminals for a single or multiple control signals, and a set of operat-
ing contact terminals.The switch may have any number of contacts in

12
multiple contact forms,such as make contacts, break contacts,or combi-
nations thereof.Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit
by an independent low-power signal, or where several circuits must be
controlled by one signal.Relays control one electrical circuit by opening
and closing contacts in another circuit.

Figure 4.5: Relay

BLUETOOTH :

HC-05 module is an easy to use Bluetooth SPP (Serial Port Protocol)

module,designed for transparent wireless serial connection setup.The
HC-05 Bluetooth Module can be used in a Master or Slave configura-
tion,making it a great solution for wireless communication.

• Typical -80dBm sensitivity.

• Up to +4dBm RF transmit power.

• 3.3 to 5 V I/O.

• Operating Voltage: 4V to 6V (Typically +5V)

13
 • Operating Current: 30mA

• Range: less than 100m

Figure 4.6: Bluetooth

Detail Design :

1) Selection of Motors :
DC motors are running at 100 rpm. Two motors are used to move
the mower in different directions. Another additional motor is placed
at the front of the frame, this motor has cylinder blade,so that grass is
cut when this motor turns on. The motors are controlled by Arduino
and a bluetooth app helps in navigating the mower efficiently.
N = 100 RPM
Current = 1 A
Volt = 12 V
P=VXI
P = 12 X 1 = 12 W
P X60
Torque, T =
2XpiXN

14
 12X60
=
2X3.14X100
= 1.49649 Nm

2) Design of Grass Cutter :

A cylinder lawn mower have anywhere between 5-12 exposed blades
at the front of mower that rotate trapping and slicing the grass blades
against a fixed bottom plate like a pair of scissors. Quality of cutting
due to slicing type action of cylinder lawn mower if maintained correctly
is superior to that of chopping by rotary mower.

3) Material selection for Base :

There are a few materials such as wood, aluminium, mild steel or
composite were considered beforehand for mower base.However,steel
was selected for base as it was locally available.We might reconsider
the material if it comes across as heavy or less in space to occupy the
components.
4) Selection of Battery :
For rechargeable battery, we have used a lead acid battery due to its
long lasting performance.Also, the battery was found compatible with
DC motors.
Operating Voltage - 12 V
Ampere hour - 1.3Ah
Initial Current - Less than 0.39A

15
4.2 Software Design
Algorithm and Flowchart :
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Initialize the Arduino
Step 3: Open the Bluetooth Application of Grass Cutter
Step 4: Check the connection of Bluetooth
Step 5: If connected then move the machine in required direction
Step 6: Stop

16
Chapter 5

Implementation

5.1 Hardware Implementation

5.2 Software Implementation

MIT App Inventor is a web application integrated development envi-
ronment originally provided by Google, and now maintained by the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).It allows newcomers to
computer programming to create application software(apps) for two op-
erating systems (OS): Android (operating system), and iOS.

17
Figure 5.1: Front page of Grass Cutter app

18
Figure 5.2: Second page of Grass Cutter app

19
Chapter 6

Project Road Map

The project roadmap is a graphical, high level overview of the project’s

goals and deliverables presented on a timeline. Unlike the project plan
where details are fleshed out, the roadmap should be simple and free
of minutiae. A timeline indicating the schedule. Important milestones
and deliverables. Represent the Project road map in pictorial form for
preceeding phases as shown in Fig. ?? and discribe about it in brief.

20
road map.png
Figure 6.1: Project Road Map

21
References
[1]”High Performance Lawn-Mower prototype with re-used Lithium
Iron-phospate”,H. Weiss, K.Schopf, M.Zarkar,2014 12th International
Conference.
[2]”Design and Modelling of a prototype of a Robotic Lawn Mower”,Taj
Baloch,Timothy Ching Kae,2008 IEEE.
[3]”Development of an Embedded Obstacle Avoidance and path plan
ning autonomous Solar Grass Cutting Robot for Semi-structural out-
door environment”,Adeodu A.O,Daniyan I.A,Ebimoghan T.S.,Dept.
of Mechatronics Engi-
neering, Nigeria.
[4]”Development and evaluation of a Remote Controlled Electric
Lawn Mower”,Diego
A.,Xavier Collazo, Miguel Goenga,Kasandra Vazquez,2018, IEEE.
[5]”Development of mowing robot of trimmer type”,Yuki Iwano,SICE,
Annual Conference 2010.
[6]”Development of trimmer-type mowing system against a slope”,Yuki
Iwano,Iizuka,2016,International Conference on Advanced Mechatronic
System.
[7]”Design of Automatic Solar based Grass Cutter by using Android
Application”,Harshal Gudadhe,Lailesh Mundare,Chetan Jadhao,March
2018,IJIACS.
[8]”Design and Implementation of Automatic Lawn Mower”,Sanjana
Arunesh,Rasmika V,March 2016, IJSTE.
[9]”Study and Fabrication of Solar Powered Multiple Crop Cut

22
ter”,Ashok Kumar, Manjunath K,June 2018, IJIRSET.
[10] ”A Fully Automated Lawn Mower using Solar Panel”,S.George,V.
Kubendram,2018,Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and
Control Systems.
[11] ”IOT based Smart Agricultural System”,Chandan Satam,Prakruti
Kulkarni,April 2019,IJRASET.
[12] ”Automated Solar Grass Cutter”,Yadav Rutuja,V.A.Mane,Feb
2017,IJSDR

23