ELECTRICAL SUBSTATION

Seminar Submitted for the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of
the degree of

Bachelor of Technology
in
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow

Submitted by

AMRIT KUMAR YADAV (1709120018)

Under the Guidance of

Mr. Nirmal Kumar Agarwal

Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering

2019-20 (Odd- Sem)Semester-5th

JSS MAHAVIDYAPEETHA
JSS ACADEMY OF TECHNICAL
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
C-20/1, SECTOR – 62, NOIDA- 201301

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
No.
DECLARATION iii
CERTIFICATE iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v
ABSTRACT vi
LIST OF FIGURES viii

CHAPTER-1
1 .1 INTRODUCTION OF ELECTRICAL SUBSTATION
1.2 SALIENT FEATURES

CHAPTER-2
2.1 COMPONENTS AND OPERATIONAL FEATURES OF
SUBSTATION
2.2 DIFFERENT TYPES OF SUBSTATION

CHAPTER-3
3.1 WORKING PRINCIPLE
3.2 ADVANTAGES

CHAPTER-4
4.1 APPLICATIONS
4.2 CONCLUSION

FUTURE SCOPE

REFERENCES

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 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my
knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by
another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the
award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher
learning except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.

Signature of Student:

Student’s Name: Amrit Kumar Yadav

Roll No: 1709120018

Date: 10/11/2019

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project entitled “Electrical Substation” which is

submitted by Amrit Kumar Yadav in partial fulfillment of the requirement for
the award of degree B. Tech in Department of Electrical Engineering of J.S.S
Academy of Technical Education, Noida, affiliated to Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
University, Lucknow is a record of the candidates own work carried out by
them under my supervision. The matter embodied in this thesis is original and
has not been submitted for the award of any other degree.

Date: 10/11/2019

Name & Signature of Mentor Name & Signature of HOD

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With immense please I, Amrit Kumar Yadav of B.tech 3 rd yr presenting

“ELECTRICAL SUBSTATION” seminar report as part of the curriculum of “B.tech
- Electrical Engineering”. I wish to thank all the people who gave me an unending
support.
I express my profound thanks to Assistant professor Mr. Nirmal Kumar
Agarwal and all those who have indirectly guided and helped me in preparation of
this seminar.

Amrit Yadav
1709120018

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 ABSTRACT

Electrical substations are the interface between parts of the distribution

grid and transmission systems. These fenced off areas (see Figure Electrical
substations are the interface between parts of the distribution grid and transmission
systems. step down the voltage in the transmission.

They are also equipped with circuit breakers to protect the distribution system, and
can be used to control the flow of current in various directions.  They also smooth
and filter voltage fluctuations caused by, for example, an increased load step down
the voltage in the transmission lines to one that is suitable for the distribution grid.
They are also equipped with circuit breakers to protect the distribution system, and
can be used to control the flow of current in various directions.  They also smooth
and filter voltage fluctuations caused by, for example, an increased load.

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 LIST OF FIGURES

CHAPTER 1
Fig 1.1 Small Electrical Substation
Fig 1.2 Layout of Electrical Substation

CHAPTER 2
2.1 Busbar
2.1 Power Transformer
2.3 Relay
2.4 Isolator

CHAPTER 3
3.1 Flow Diagram of Substation
3.2 Single line Circuit Diagram

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 CHAPTER 1

ELECTRICAL SUBSTATION

1.1 INTRODUCTION
A Substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission,
and distribution system. Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the
reverse, or perform any of several other important functions. Between the generating
station and consumer, electric power may flow through several substations at
different voltage levels. A substation may include transformers to change voltage
levels between high transmission voltages and lower distribution voltages, or at the
interconnection of two different transmission voltages.

Substations may be owned and operated by an electrical utility, or may be owned by

a large industrial or commercial customer. Generally substations are unattended,
relying on SCADA for remote supervision and control.

The word substation comes from the days before the distribution system became
a grid. As central generation stations became larger, smaller generating plants were
converted to distribution stations, receiving their energy supply from a larger plant
instead of using their own generators. The first substations were connected to only
one power stations where generators were housed.

Electrical substations are the interface between parts of the distribution

grid and transmission systems They are also equipped with circuit breakers to
protect the distribution system, and can be used to control the flow of current
in various directions. They also smooth and filter voltage fluctuations caused
by, for example, an increased load.

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 INTRODUCTION

Sub-station is a component of a Power System which includes various

Equipments and is responsible for stepping up voltage levels for transmission or
stepping down voltage levels for distribution purpose. A transformer is the heart
of a sub-station which is responsible for changing the voltage levels without
changing the frequency. Another Equipments in a Sub-Station includes Circuit
Breakers, Instrument Transformers (Current transformer & Potential
transformer), Isolator, Lightening arrester etc.

In India power is generated at 11kV in generating stations. It is not economical

to transmit the power at the generating voltage due higher loss. Therefore, a sub-
station is used in house to the generating stations to step-up the voltage level for
Transmission. If the voltage level is further to be increased for long distance
transmission then another sub-station is employed for stepping up the voltage.
Again, the power which is being transmitted at very high voltage is not suitable
for consumer end (Domestic or Industrial) and there the distribution sub-station
comes to play. It steps down the voltage to a level that is suitable for
distribution, say 440 V, 3.3 kV, 6.6 kV, 11 kV depending upon the type of
consumer.

An input power to a sub-station is may be from a generating station, another sub-

station. The input is provided to the transformer through various protecting and
measuring Equipments. The transformer then Steps-up or Steps-down the voltage
level and then the through some protecting and measuring Equipments the power is
distributed or transmitted. The Equipments in a sub-station may be Automatic or
hand operated, although for high voltage sub-stations ranging from 132 kV Hand
operation or manual operation of Equipments is not preferred for safety and
protective purposes. Bus system is used in sub-station for continuity and smooth
operation. There present a control room having control panels which continuously
monitors the sub-station and does action whenever necessary.

A typical Sub-Station has there circuits viz. Power Circuit, Control Circuit and
Measurement Circuit.

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1.2 Salient Features

1 - Supply of required electrical power.

2 - Maximum possible coverage of the supply network.
3 - Maximum security of supply.
4 - Shortest possible fault-duration.
5 - Optimum efficiency of plants and the network.
6 - Supply of electrical power within targeted frequency limits, (49.5 Hz and
50.5 Hz).
7 - Supply of electrical power within specified voltage limits.
8 - Supply of electrical energy to the consumers at the lowest cost.
www.sayedsaad.com

FIG 1.1 Typical Small Electrical Substation

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CHAPTER 2

 
1.1.1 Components and Operational Features

• Instrument Transformers
• Current Transformer
• Potential Transformer
• Conductors
• Insulators
• Isolators
• Busbars
• Lightning Arrestors
• Circuit Breakers
• Relays
• Capacitor Banks
• Batteries
• Switch Yard

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 FIG 1.2 Typical Layout of Substation

2.2 DIFFERENT TYPES OF ELECTRICAL SUBSTATION

Here there are some Improtant types of Substation
• Transmission
• Distribution
• Collector
• Switching
• Converter
• Mobile

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Transmission Substation

A transmission substation connects two or more transmission lines. The

simplest case is where all transmission lines have the same voltage. In such
cases, substation contains high-voltage switches that allow lines to be
connected or isolated for fault clearance or maintenance.

A transmission substation connects two or more transmission lines. The

simplest case is where all transmission lines have the same voltage. In
such cases, substation contains high-voltage switches that allow lines to
be connected or isolated for fault clearance or maintenance. A
transmission station may have transformers to convert between two
transmission voltages, voltage control/power factor correction devices
such as capacitors, reactors or static VAR compensators and equipments
such as phase shifting transformers.

Distribution Substation

A distribution substation transfers power from the transmission system

to the distribution system of an area. It is uneconomical to directly
connect electricity consumers to the main transmission network, unless
they use large amounts of power, so the distribution station reduces
voltage to a level suitable for local distribution.
The input for a distribution substation is typically at least two
transmission or sub-transmission lines. Input voltage may be, for
example, 115 kV, or whatever is common in the area. The output is a
number of feeders. Distribution voltages are typically medium voltage,
between 2.4 kV and 33 kV, depending on the size of the area served and
the practices of the local utility. The feeders run along streets overhead
(or underground, in some cases) and power the distribution transformers
at or near the customer premises.
In addition to transforming voltage, distribution substations also isolate
faults in either the transmission or distribution systems. Distribution
substations are typically the points of voltage regulation, although on
long distribution circuits (of several miles/kilometers), voltage
regulation equipment may also be installed along the line.
The downtown areas of large cities feature complicated distribution
substations, with high-voltage switching, and switching and backup
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 systems on the low-voltage side. More typical distribution substations
have a switch, one transformer, and minimal facilities on the low-
voltage .

FIG 2.1 Power Transformer

Collector substation

In distributed generation projects such as a wind farm or Photovoltaic

power station, a collector substation may be required. It resembles a
distribution substation although power flow is in the opposite direction,
from many wind turbines or inverters up into the transmission grid.
Usually for economy of construction the collector system operates
around 35 kV, although some collector systems are 12 KV, and the
collector substation steps up voltage to a transmission voltage for the
grid. The collector substation can also provide power factor corrected if
it is needed, metering, and control of the wind farm. In some special
cases a collector substation can also contain an HVDC converter station.

Collector substations also exist where multiple thermal or hydroelectric power

plants of comparable output power are in proximity. Examples for such
substations are Brauweiler in Germany and Hradec in the Czech Republic,
where power is collected from nearby lignite-fired power plants. If no
transformers are required for increasing the voltage to transmission level, the
substation is a switching station.

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 FIG 2.1 BUSH BAR

SWITCHING SUBSTATION

A switching station is a substation without transformers and operating

only at a single voltage level. Switching stations are sometimes used as
collector and distribution stations. Sometimes they are used for
switching the current to back-up lines or for parallelizing circuits in case
of failure. An example is the switching stations for the HVDC Inga–
Shaba transmission line.
A switching station may also be known as a switchyard, and these are
commonly located directly adjacent to or nearby a power station. In this
case the generators from the power station supply their power into the
yard onto the Generator Bus on one side of the yard, and the
transmission lines take their power from a Feeder Bus on the other side
of the yard.

FIF 2.3 RELAY

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FIg 2.3 RELAY

FIG 2.4 ISOLATOR

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 CHAPTER 3

3.1 Working Principle

The substations are where the voltages are increased to high values by using
step up transformers, and after the transmission, they are again stepped down
for distribution. In addition to changing the voltages the substations have, a
variety of protective devices like circuit breakers and fuses are present to
protect the distribution networks. These are designed in such a way that
various distribution circuits can be isolated for repairs and load shedding.

Normally stations are where we catch trains or buses. By the same analogy we
can explain what a substation does. Electricity has to be transmitted over large
distances as the place where the power is being generated and the place where
it is consumed can be far apart. The electricity is transmitted at very high
voltages and low currents to reduce the heat, eddy currents.

Substations are normally outdoors and are enclosed by a wire fence. However
in residential or high density areas, the substation may be indoors and housed

inside a building to restrict the humming noise of the huge transformers .

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 FIG 3.1 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF 33KV
SUBSTATION

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 3.2 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Below is a summary of comparison of switching schemes for substations.

A. SINGLE BUS SCHEME

Advantages

1. Lowest cost.

Disadvantages

1. Failure of bus or any circuit breaker results in shutdown of entire substation.

2. Difficult to do any maintenance.

3. Bus cannot be extended without completely deenergizing substation.

4. Can be used only where loads can be interrupted or have other supply
arrangements.

B. DOUBLE BUS DOUBLE BREAKER SCHEME

Advantages

1. Each circuit has two dedicated breakers.

2. Has flexibility in permitting feeder circuits to be connected to either bus.

3. Any breaker can be taken out of service for maintenance.

4. High reliability.

Disadvantages

1. Most expensive.

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2. Would lose half of the circuits for breaker failure if circuits are not
connected to both buses.

C. MAIN AND TRANSFER BUS SCHEME

Advantages

1. Low initial and ultimate cost.

2. Any breaker can be taken out of service for maintenance.

3. Potential devices may be used on the main bus for relaying.

Disadvantages

1. Requires one extra breaker for the bus tie.

2. Switching is somewhat complicated when maintaining a breaker.

3. Failure of bus or any circuit breaker results in shutdown of entire substation.

D. DOUBLE BUS, SINGLE BREAKER SCHEME

Advantages

1. Permits some flexibility with two operating buses.

2. Either main bus may be isolated for maintenance.

3. Circuit can be transferred readily from one bus to the other by use of bus-tie
breaker and bus selector disconnect switches.

Disadvantages

1. One extra breaker is required for the bus tie.

2. Four switches are required per circuit.

3. Bus protection scheme may cause loss of substation when it operates if all
circuits are connected to that bus.

4. High exposure to bus faults.

5. Line breaker failure takes all circuits connected to that bus out of service.
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6. Bus-tie breaker failure takes entire substation out of service.

E. RING BUS SCHEME

Advantages

1. Low initial and ultimate cost.

2. Flexible operation for breaker maintenance.

3. Any breaker can be removed for maintenance without interrupting load.

4. Requires only one breaker per circuit.

5. Does not use main bus.

6. Each circuit is fed by two breakers.

7. All switching is done with breakers.

Disadvantages

1. If a fault occurs during a breaker maintenance period, the ring can be

separated into two sections.

2. Automatic reclosing and protective relaying circuitry rather complex.

3. If a single set of relays is used, the circuit must be taken out of service to
maintain the relays. (Common on all schemes.)

4. Requires potential devices on all circuits since there is no definite potential

reference point. These devices may be required in all cases for synchronizing,
live line, or voltage indication.

5. Breaker failure during a fault on one of the circuits causes loss of one
additional circuit owing to operation of breaker-failure relaying.

F. BREAKER AND A HALF SCHEME

Advantages

1. Most flexible operation.

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2. High reliability.

3. Breaker failure of bus side breakers removes only one circuit from service.

4. All switching is done with breakers.

5. Simple operation; no disconnect switching required for normal operation.

6. Either main bus can be taken out of service at any time for maintenance.

7. Bus failure does not remove any feeder circuits from service.

Disadvantages

1. 1 1/2 breakers per circuit.

2. Relaying and automatic reclosing are somewhat involved since the middle
breaker must be responsive to either of its associated circuits.

FIG 3.2 FLOW DIAGRAM

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CHAPTER 4

4.1 APPLICATIONS

The substations are where the voltages are increased to high values by
using step up transformers, and after the transmission, they are again
stepped down for distribution.

In addition of changing the voltages, the substations have a variety of

protective devices like circuit breakers and fuses to protect the
distribution networks. These are designed in such a way that various
distribution circuits can be isolated for repairs and load shedding.

• Step up and step down of the voltage for transmission and

distribution.

As for the same power transmitted at a higher voltage the current

is lower and it results in lower transmission losses, hence is the
need of stepping up the voltage.

• Switching and isolating the circuits for maintenance.

Switching is also an important function of substations. Closing

down a feeder circuit when the load demands are high needs to be
done for the safety of the generating plants.

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 Switching high voltages is a dangerous work, and special circuit
breakers like air circuit breakers and oil circuit breakers for
quenching the arcs have to be used.

• Load shedding.

When the power demand is more than the supply, the substations do load
shedding on distribution circuits to maintain balance.

To satisfy load growth

When people or businesses move to a new location that has little to no power
supply infrastructure, it might make a case for building a substation close to
the community. Supplying this new load from distant substations is inefficient
because a little amount of power will be lost as heat on the distribution lines.

To maintain reliability requirements

At times new transmission lines are constructed by developers or public

utilities to address congestion in the power grid. Congestion occurs for a
variety of reasons .

To break the power flow

Quite often a fault (such as a tree touching a live wire) requires complete
isolation of the line until the fault is removed. Breaking the power flow by
merely placing some switches on the line will not work. To safely interrupt
thousands of amperes you will need circuit breakers that can handle such high
current magnitudes. Almost all substations contain circuit breakers in some
form that trip and isolate transmission lines connected to it.

Provide support to the power flow

Unlike DC power flow, AC power flow needs to overcome not only the

resistive impedance but also the impedance offered by the inductive nature
of various equipment (like motor loads, transmission lines, reactors, etc.)
connected to the system. For this reason, substations have capacitor .

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4.2 CONCLUSION

An electrical substation is a place where high-voltage electricity is “stepped-

down” to low voltage and possibly “rectified” from AC to DC.

The typical components are transformers, switchgear (isolators) and optionally

rectifiers. Frequently there will be systems to remotely monitor and control the
equipment as well.

Long distance transmission of power is more efficient and less costly using very
high-voltage alternating current (AC) but that needs to be converted into lower
voltages and sometimes into direct current to be used by motors in trains. Given
that trains require a lot of power, the components in a substation for train power
will be large and the space needed considerable. At the lower voltages the losses
in the railway power distribution system become considerable with distance,
and so substations are placed every few miles along the track to ensure the
power is distributed evenly and efficiently.

Substations are where electricity lines are connected and switched and where
the voltage is changed by transformers.  They range from the very large to the
very small - see below for a guide.  But in nearly all cases, the highest field  is
usually produced by the lines and cables supplying the substation and not by
the equipment inside the substation itself. If the substation itself produces a
field outside its perimeter, it usually falls away over the first few metres.
Substations take the electricity from power plants and from the transmission
lines and transform it from high to lower voltage. They distribute electricity to
consumers and supervise and protect the distribution network to keep it
working safely and efficiently.

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 FUTURE SCOPE

The present and future of Electrical Substation

With the energy landscape changing, the legacy grid infrastructure, which has
been in place for decades, urgently needs upgrading. Gone are the days of
distributed generation at large fossil-fuelled power plants. The modern
generation is a hybrid of these legacy stations with an ever-increasing volume of
renewable energy and local generation. To meet these demands, the grid needs
to be resilient, modern and digital. The glue that holds this network together is
the high-voltage (HV) substation, that through systemic lack of investment, is in
urgent need of refurbishment.

Maintaining security of supply whilst integrating large quantities of renewable

energy is the main challenge for the future European power grid, but questions
remain as to whether the current infrastructure is in a fit state to accomplish
that. Much of Europe's grid is aging, unlike more recently developed regions of
the world, where electrification has been relatively current and allowed them to
use the latest technological advancements.

More than 10 million km of power lines are snaking across Europe to form the
transmission and distribution grid, according to Eureletric, the EU electric trade
association. This is enough cable to stretch to the moon and back 13 times. An
integral part of that network is comprised of the thousands of high-voltage
substations that act as node points of today’s complex power transmission
infrastructure. They play a key role in meeting safety and reliably requirements
for the power grid. 

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 NOT RIGHT NOW

REFERENCES

1.  "Joint Consultation Paper: Western Metropolitan Melbourne

Transmission Connection and Subtransmission Capacity". Jemena.
Powercor Australia, Jemena, Australian Energy Market Operator.
Retrieved  4 February  2016.
2. Stockton, Blaine.  "Design Guide for Rural Substations" (PDF).  USDA
Rural Development. United States Department of Agriculture.
Retrieved  4 February  2016.
3. Steinberg, Neil.  "Lights On but Nobody Home: Behind the Fake
Buildings that Power Chicago". Retrieved 14 December 2013.
4."Transformer Fire Video". metacafe. User Eagle Eye. Retrieved 4
February  2016.
5.Boyd, Dan; Rampaul, Glen. "Mobile Substations" (PDF). IEEE
Winnipeg PES Chapter. IEEE Power and Energy Society. Retrieved 11
October  2017.
6.John, Alvin. "EE35T - Substation Design and Layout". The University
Of The West Indies at St. Augustine, Trinidad And Tobago. Retrieved  4
February  2016.
7. Donald G. Fink, H. Wayne Beatty Standard Handbook for Electrical
Engineers Eleventh Edition, McGraw Hill 1978 ISBN 0-07-020974-
X Chapter 17 Substation Design
8.Baker, Joseph W.  "Eliminating Hurricane Induced Storm Surge Damage
To Electric Utilities Via In-place Elevation Of Substation Structures
And Equipment"  (PDF).  DIS-TRAN Packaged Substations. Crest
Industries. Archived from the original  (PDF) on 5 February 2016

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