Step 2 - to recognize the electrodynamic and waves applications

Individual work

Edwin Giovanny Medina Montero

Group 44

Identification number: 1049626148

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería

Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas

1/10/2019
 Introduction

We will analyze in the present work the meaning of some terms that refer to the

behavior of electromagnetic waves, studying the cases of the 5 questions mentioned

below in which tangential loss and behavior in media such as vacuum, dielectrics are

discussed and perfect drivers.

Questions: (write with your own words)

1. What do you mean propagation medium open for electromagnetic waves?

They are those means in which an electromagnetic wave can propagate on a

trip where there are no alterations in that medium.

2. Within the propagation mediums, what is mean by the tangent of losses?

It is one of the most important concepts in this process of characterization of

electromagnetic waves, since with the concept of the tangent of losses we can
begin to define how the wave begins to behave in a certain medium, it can be
said that. The tangent of losses is a relationship between the conduction current
and the displacement current.
We can also say that thanks to the tangent of losses it is possible to determine
how conductive the electromagnetic waves are a medium based on conductivity
and electromagnetic waves are a medium based on conductivity and based on
the frequency and absolute electrical permittivity of the medium.

3. Of what physical variables does the value of the tangent of losses depend?

The conduction current density is Jc = σ E and the displacement current density

is Jd = jωεE. Its magnitude will br ωεE. Therefore, the loss tangent tan δ = Jc /
Jd = σ / ωε is the required expression.
4. How are the propagation medium classified from the tangent of losses?

Perfect dielectrics: They have no conduction current, therefore, they do not have
losses due to Joule effect. 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = 0 𝛿 = 0.

Perfect conductors: they do not have polarization current, therefore, they do not
𝜋
have capacitive or charge accumulation effects. 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) → ∞ 𝛿 = .
2

Good insulators: They have conduction current and have losses due to joule
effect, but this effect is almost negligible compared to the capacitive effect, they
are also called “low loss dielectrics”. 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) → 0+ 𝛿 → 0+ .

Good conductors: They present polarization current, therefore, they have

capacitive or charge accumulation effects, but the conduction current and the
𝜋
losses due to joule effect are much more significant. 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) → ∞ 𝛿 → .
2

Dissipative dielectrics: both have affects and neither is negligible compared to

𝜋
the other. 𝑜 < 𝛿 <
2

5. What are the propagation parameters of the waves through a medium?

The propagation, attenuation and phase constants, as well as the intrinsic

impedance of a medium, are called propagation parameters. Table 12 shows a
summary of the propagation parameters in open media according to the
classification based on the loss tangent.
 Application exercises:

Application exercise:
The following 5-step exercise describes the method to characterize an electromagnetic
wave when propagating in an open environment, for which, each student must choose
1 propagation media of the 5 proposed in Table 1 and announce it within the forum
Step 2 to avoid repetition.

Tabla 1: Conductivity 𝛔 and electrical permittivity 𝛆𝐫 of some materials.

Material 𝛔 [𝐒⁄𝐦] 𝛆𝐫 [ ]
1. Copper 5.80𝑥107 1
2. Sea water 4 80
3. Vegetable soil 1.00𝑥10−2 14
4. Dry soil 1.00𝑥10−4 3
5. Sweet water 1.00𝑥10−3 80

1. Calculate the tangent of losses Tan (δ) and the angle of losses δ of the medium
chosen in Table 1, if through it travel an electromagnetic wave E of frequency
𝑓 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑀𝐻𝑧. Note that 𝐶𝐶𝐶 are the first 3 digits of your identification
number:

𝜎 𝜎 2𝜋𝑓εrε𝑜
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = =
𝜔𝜀
Parámetros del cobre
𝑠𝑚
Conductividad 𝜎 5.80𝑥107
𝑚
Permitividad
1
eléctrica ∈𝑟
𝑓 = 104 𝑀𝐻𝑧
 𝜎 𝜎
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = = =
𝜔𝜀 2𝜋𝑓εrε𝑜

5.80𝑥107 𝑠𝑚⁄𝑚
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) =
1
2𝜋 ∗ (1.1 ∗ 1046 𝐻𝑧) ∗ (1) ∗ 36𝜋 ∗ −9
10
7 𝑠𝑚
5.80𝑥10 ⁄ 𝑚
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿)
= 2𝜋 ∗ (1.1 ∗ 104 𝐻𝑧) ∗ (1) ∗ 8,84194𝑥10−12
6

5.80𝑥107 𝑠𝑚⁄𝑚
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) 2𝜋 ∗ (1.1 ∗ 1046 𝐻𝑧) ∗ (1) ∗ 8,84194𝑥10−12
=

𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = 9125875449,95

𝛿 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 (9125875449,95)

The tangent of losses Tan (δ)= 89.999999937°

2. According to the result obtained in point 1, classify the behavior of the chosen
medium according to one of the 5 options in Table 2:

Media Tan(δ) δ [°]

1. Perfect dielectrics (Not dissipative) Tan(δ) = 0 δ = 0°
2. Good insulators (Lost low dielectric) 0 < Tan(δ) <= 0,1 0° < δ <= 6°
3. Dissipative dielectrics (Dielectrics with losses) 0,1 < Tan(δ) <= 10 6° < δ <= 84°
4. Good conductors (Good conductors) Tan(δ) > 10 84°< δ < 90°
5. Perfect conductors (Perfect conductors) Tan(δ) >>> 10 δ = 90°
Table 2: Classification of propagation media.

According to the data presented in table 2, the propagation medium belongs to

the medium of good conductors because the loss tangent parameters and angle
are among the values of this category.
3. According to the classification obtained in point 2 and using Table 3 shown
below, calculate the following propagation parameters of the wave in the chosen
medium:
Parameters:
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓
𝜔 = 2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 114400000
𝜔 = 718796399,141
𝑠𝑚
𝜎 = 5.80𝑥107
𝑚
𝜇0 = 1.2566 x 10−6

a. Propagation constant  (gamma).

𝛾 = √𝑗𝑤𝜎𝜇0

𝛾 = √𝑗(718796399,141). (5.80𝑥107 )(1.2566 x 10−6 )

𝛾 = 228884,0191 + 228884,0191i

b. Attenuation constant  (Alpha).

𝛼 = √𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇0

𝛼 = √𝜋. (114400000). (5.80𝑥107 ). (1.2566 x 10−6 )

 𝛼 = 91311,5125272 Np/m

c. Phase constant  (Beta).

𝛽 = 𝑗√𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇0

𝛽 = √𝜋. (114400000). (5.80𝑥107 ). (1.2566 x 10−6 )

𝛽 = 161845,442011 Rad/m

d. Intrinsic impedance  (Eta).

𝜂 = 𝑗√𝜋𝑓𝜎/𝜇0

𝑖 ∗ (718796399,141) ∗ (1.2566 x 10−6 )

𝜂=√
5.8 ∗ 107

𝜂 = 0.00001557309 + 0.00001557309i
4. According to the results obtained in point 3 and using the following equations,
calculate the propagation characteristics of the wave in the chosen medium:
a. Propagation speed 𝒗𝒑.
𝜔
𝑣𝑝 :
𝛽
 718796399,141
𝑣𝑝 :
161845,442011 Rad/m
𝑣𝑝 : 4441,2520381 m/s

b. Wavelength 𝝀.

2∗
𝜆 𝜋
:
𝛽 2∗𝜋
𝜆:
161845,442011 Rad/m
𝜆: 0,00003882213 m

c. Speed factor 𝒇𝒗.

𝑣𝑝
𝒇𝒗 :
𝐶0
4441,2520381 m/s
𝒇𝒗 :
300000000 m/s
𝒇𝒗 : 0.00001480417

d. Refractive index 𝒏.

1
𝒏:
𝒇𝒗
1
𝒏:
0.00001480417
𝒏: 67548,51952251
5. According to the parameters obtained in the previous points and knowing that
the maximum value of the E wave is 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝑽/𝒎, calculate:
e. The penetration depth of the 𝜹𝒑 wave in the medium.

1
δp:
|𝛼 |
1
δp:
|161845,442011 Np/m|

δp: 0.00000617873

f. The power 𝑷𝒐 transmitted by the wave in the medium.

|𝐸𝑥0
2
|
𝐏𝐨: cos 𝜃𝜂
2|𝜂|
 Calculate the cartesian coordinates

Magnitud: |𝜂|

Magnitud: |0.00001557309 + 0.00001557309i|

Magnitud: 0.00386969

𝜃𝜂: arg(𝜂)

𝜃𝜂 : 𝑎𝑟𝑔(0.00001557309 + 0.00001557309i)

𝜃𝜂 : 0.7853981

|(120𝑉/𝑚)2 |
𝐏𝐨: cos(0.7853981)
2|0.00386969|
𝐏𝐨: 1315649.7472090W/m2
g. The %𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 of wave amplitude per unit length.

𝜎∗𝜂
∝∶
2
(5.80𝑥107 ) ∗ 0.00386969
∝∶
2
(5.80𝑥107 ) ∗ 0.00386969
∝∶
2
∝∶ 112221.2779

Replace x with 1m

%𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐬 ∶ (𝟏 − 𝓮−𝟐∝𝒙) 𝐱 100%

%𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐬 ∶ (𝟏 − 𝓮−𝟐(𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟏.𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟗)(𝟏𝒎) ) 𝐱 100%

%𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐬 ∶ (𝟏 − 𝓮−𝟐𝟐𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟐.𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟖 ) 𝐱 100%

%𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐬 ∶ (𝟏 − 𝟎) 𝐱 100%

%𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐬 ∶ (𝟏) 𝐱 100%

%𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐬 ∶ 100%
 Conclusions

In the previous work we realize the need to handle concepts related to the subject of
electrodynamics and waves, in order to determine the calculations that are derived
from this as the loss tangent among others.

Bibliography

Quesada, M., & Maroto, J. (2014). Plane electromagnetic waves.

Electromagnetic waves in free space. From Maxwell's Equations to Free and
Guided Electromagnetic Waves: An Introduction for First-year
Undergraduates. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. (pp. 49-60).
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live&scope=site&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_49

Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic

Press. (pp. 513-519). Recovered
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.
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live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_513