1.

Motherboard:
Definition
A motherboard is one of the most essential parts of a computer system. It holds together many of the
crucial components of a computer, including the central processing unit (CPU), memory and connectors
for input and output devices.

Parts of Motherboard:
1. A CPU socket - the actual CPU is directly soldered onto the socket. Since high speed CPUs generate a
lot of heat, there are heat sinks and mounting points for fans right next to the CPU socket.
2. A power connector to distribute power to the CPU and other components.
3. Slots for the system's main memory, typically in the form of DRAM chips.
4. A chip forms an interface between the CPU, the main memory and other components. On many types
of motherboards, this is referred to as the Northbridge. This chip also contains a large heat sink.
5. A second chip controls the input and output (I/O) functions. It is not connected directly to the CPU but
to the Northbridge. This I/O controller is referred to as the Southbridge. The Northbridge and
Southbridge combined are referred to as the chipset.
6. Several connectors, which provide the physical interface between input and output devices and the
motherboard. The Southbridge handles these connections.
7. Slots for one or more hard drives to store files. The most common types of connections are Integrated
Drive Electronics (IDE) and Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA).
8. A read-only memory (ROM) chip, which contains the firmware, or startup instructions for the computer
system. This is also called the BIOS.
9. A slot for a video or graphics card. There are a number of different types of slots, including the
Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) and Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe).
10. Additional slots to connect hardware in the form of Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) slots
2.Central Processing unit (CPU):

A central processing unit (CPU) is the electronic circuitry within a computer that carries out

the instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetic, logic, controlling,
and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions.

The computer industry has used the term "central processing unit" at least since the early
1960s. Traditionally, the term "CPU" refers to a processor, more specifically to its processing unit
and control unit (CU), distinguishing these core elements of a computer from external components such
as main memory and I/O circuitry.

Most modern CPUs are microprocessors, meaning they are contained on a single integrated circuit (IC)
chip. An IC that contains a CPU may also contain memory, peripheral interfaces, and other components of
a computer; such integrated devices are variously called microcontrollers or systems on a chip (SoC).

Some computers employ a multi-core processor, which is a single chip containing two or more CPUs
called "cores"; in that context, one can speak of such single chips as "sockets".[3]
3.Hard Disk Drive (HDD):

A hard disk drive (HDD), hard disk, hard drive, or fixed disk is an electromechanical data storage device that
uses magnetic storage to store and retrieve digital information using one or more rigid rapidly rotating disks
(platters) coated with magnetic material.

The platters are paired with magnetic heads, usually arranged on a moving actuator arm, which read and write
data to the platter surfaces. Data is accessed in a random-access manner, meaning that individual blocks of
data can be stored or retrieved in any order and not only sequentially.

HDDs are a type of non-volatile storage, retaining stored data even when powered off. The primary
characteristics of an HDD are its capacity and performance.

Capacity is specified in unit prefixes corresponding to powers of 1000: a 1-terabyte(TB) drive has a capacity of
1,000 gigabytes (GB; where 1 gigabyte = 1 billion bytes).

Typically, some of an HDD's capacity is unavailable to the user because it is used by the file system and the
computer operating system, and possibly inbuilt redundancy for error correction and recovery. 

The two most common form factors for modern HDDs are 3.5-inch, for desktop computers, and 2.5-inch,
primarily for laptops. HDDs are connected to systems by standard interface cables such as PATA (Parallel
ATA), SATA (Serial ATA), USB or SAS (Serial Attached SCSI) cables.
 SAS Hard Disk

4.Graphics Card:
A video card (also called a display card, graphics card, display adapter or graphics adapter) is an expansion
card which generates a feed of output images to a display device (such as a computer monitor).
Frequently, these are advertised as discrete or dedicated graphics cards, emphasizing the distinction between these
and integrated graphics.
At the core of both is the graphics processing unit(GPU), which is the main part that does the actual computations,
but should not be confused as the video card as a whole, although "GPU" is often used to refer to video cards.
Most video cards are not limited to simple display output. Their integrated graphics processor can perform additional
processing, removing this task from the central processor of the computer.
For example, Nvidia and AMD (ATi) produced cards render the graphics pipeline OpenGL and DirectX on the
hardware level.
In the later 2010s, there has also been a tendency to use the computing capabilities of the graphics processor to
solve non-graphic tasks.[3]
Usually the graphics card is made in the form of a printed circuit board (expansion board) and inserted into an
expansion slot, universal or specialized (AGP, PCI Express).
Some have been made using dedicated enclosures, which are connected to the computer via a docking station or a
cable.

5.Random Access Memory (RAM):

Random-access memory (RAM) is a form of computer data storage that stores data and machine code currently
being used. A random-access memory device allows data items to be read or written in almost the same amount of
time irrespective of the physical location of data inside the memory.
RAM contains multiplexing and demultiplexing circuitry, to connect the data lines to the addressed storage for
reading or writing the entry. Usually more than one bit of storage is accessed by the same address, and RAM
devices often have multiple data lines and are said to be "8-bit" or "16-bit", etc. devices.
In today's technology, random-access memory takes the form of integrated circuits. RAM is normally associated
with volatile types of memory (such as DRAM modules), where stored information is lost if power is removed,
although non-volatile RAM has also been developed.[1] 
Other types of non-volatile memories exist that allow random access for read operations, but either do not allow
write operations or have other kinds of limitations on them. These include most types of ROM and a type of flash
memory called NOR-Flash.
Integrated-circuit RAM chips came into the market in the early 1970s, with the first commercially available DRAM
chip, the Intel 1103, introduced in October 1970.