What’s the importance of the developmental theories?

- Provides an understanding of where individuals are at in terms of their growth and dvpmt

- See if there are any abnormalities in the particular stage

- Eric Erikson says that even if you don’t attain those stages at a particular time in life, you can still

attain in later on in life

- In the final four stages , individuals expand their ego identity; refined their identity

Havighurst

- Influence by E.E. and the observations of dvpmtal tasks for crucial for healthy dvpmt

- Defined a series of age-specific essential tasks that arise from predictable internal and external

pressures

Systems theory

- Complex set of interactions and applied in many areas

- Can be applied to individual as an adaptive system

- Input throughput output

- Helps nurses to maintain and restore a steady state btw individual, families and communities.

- Energy: the capacity to do work

- Entropy: state of randomness and dissipation of energy ultimately leading to death of a system;

if patient decides to go on a hunger strike which is not in the maintenance of the system, it

causes chaos.

- Negentropy: positive force that is reinjected into the system to reverse the entropy and be

stabilized.

- Equifinality: the same end arrived by different approaches. Ex. In health care system, the

ultimate goal is to promote wellbeing of clients but there is not only one way to achieve that.

- Equicausality: the same causes may produce a wide variety of manifestations under differing

conditions. Example, a client has a cut and as a nurse you may treat it differently if the person is

diabetic versus healthy.