Flexural Design Concept of Beam/Slab

0.0035 0.446 fck

x2 x2 a
0.002 C
x
x1 x1
D d
NA
Ast Z

T
b
0.87fy
+ 0.002
Es
(a) Singly Reinforced Section (b) Strain Distribution (c) Stress Distribution
 0.0035 0.446 fck
h j m n

x2 x2 /2
a
x2 C2
0.002 p q C
k l x
3x1 /8
x1 x1 C1 x-a

g NA
s
(a) Strain diagram (b) Stress diagram

2
h Its area is 𝑏𝑏𝑏 and its centroid is at the
3
3
distance from 8 ℎ from the base.
b
Analysing the upper part of strain curve we have,

𝑥𝑥1 0.002
=
𝑥𝑥 0.0035

0.002 4
𝑥𝑥1 = 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥
0.0035 7

4
∴ 𝑥𝑥1 = 𝑥𝑥 … … … … … … … … . . (1)
7
4 3
𝑥𝑥2 = 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥1 = 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥
7 7

3
∴ 𝑥𝑥2 = 𝑥𝑥 … … … … … … … … … … … … . (2)
7
Analysing the upper part of stress curve we have,
(1) Compressive Force of Resistance on Parabolic Curve
2
𝐶𝐶1 = × 0.446𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 × 𝑥𝑥1 × 𝑏𝑏
3
2 4
= × 0.446𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 × 𝑥𝑥 × 𝑏𝑏
3 7
= 0.17𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
∴ 𝐶𝐶1 = 0.17𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 … … … … … … … . . (3)

(2) Compressive Force of Resistance on Rectangular curve

3
𝐶𝐶2 = 0.446𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 × 𝑥𝑥2 × 𝑏𝑏 = 0.446𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 × 𝑥𝑥 × 𝑏𝑏
7
= 0.19𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
∴ 𝐶𝐶2 = 0.19𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 … … … … … … … … … … … (4)

(3) Total Compressive Force of Resistance on Section

𝐶𝐶 = 𝐶𝐶1 + 𝐶𝐶2 = 0.17𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 0.19𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
= 0.36𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
Therefore,
𝐶𝐶 = 0.36𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 … … … … … … … … … … (5)
(4) Total Tensile Force of Resistance on Section

𝑇𝑇 = 0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 … … … … … … … (6)

 Determination of Lever Arm, Z
From the figure,
𝑍𝑍 = 𝑑𝑑 − 𝑎𝑎
a is the distance of the line of action of Compressive force, C, from the extreme compressive
fiber. It should be understood that the moment taken at extreme fiber, due to, C, should be
equal to the addition of moments due to C1 and C2 taken at same level. Then,
3 𝑥𝑥2
𝐶𝐶 × 𝑎𝑎 = 𝐶𝐶1 × 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑥𝑥2 + 𝐶𝐶2 ×
8 2
3 𝑥𝑥
𝐶𝐶1 × 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑥𝑥2 + 𝐶𝐶2 × 2
or, 𝑎𝑎 = 8 2
𝐶𝐶
Substituting the value of C, C1, C2, x1 and x2 form above equations, we get
3
3 4 3 𝑥𝑥
0.17𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 × × 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 + 0.19𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 × 7
𝑎𝑎 = 8 7 7 2
0.36𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
𝑎𝑎 = 0.4167𝑥𝑥
For simplifying, we round up the value of a=0.4167x as a=0.42x, then
∴ 𝑎𝑎 = 0.42𝑥𝑥 … … … … … … … … … … (7)
𝐶𝐶 = 𝑇𝑇
𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜, 0.36𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = 0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
∴ 𝑥𝑥 = … … … … … … . . (7)
0.36𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏
Moment of Resistance of Concrete and Steel
(1) Concrete

Moment of resistance with respect to concrete is

𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟 = 𝐶𝐶 × 𝑍𝑍
∴ 𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟 = 0.36𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏. 𝑑𝑑 − 0.42𝑥𝑥 … … … … … … … … … (9)

(2) Steel

Moment of resistance with respect to tensile bars is

𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟 = 𝑇𝑇 × 𝑍𝑍
∴ 𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟 = 0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑 − 0.42𝑥𝑥 … … … … … … … . (10)
 Flexural Modes of Failure
(1) Balanced Reinforced (BR) Section (2) Under Reinforced (UR) Section (3) Over
Reinforced (OR) Section
(1) Balanced Reinforced (BR) Section 0.0035 0.446 fck

0.42xm
0.002 C=0.36 fckbxm
xm

D d d
NA (BR)
Ast Z=d -0.42xm

d-xm
T= 0.87fyAst
b
0.87fy
+ 0.002
Es
(a) Singly Reinforced Section (b) Strain Distribution (c) Stress Distribution
When the compressive stress, fc, at extreme compressive fiber and tensile stress, fst, reach to their
respective permissible stresses, i.e.0.446fck and 0.87fst, at the same time, then the section is said
to be as balanced reinforced section. In this case strains of both concrete and tensile steel reach
0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
their respective ultimate stage, i.e. 0.0035 and + 0.002, simultaneously and failure occurs
𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠
with less alarming deflection. Such failure occurs after the tensile stress reaches to its yield stress
avoiding the brittle failure of concrete.
 Condition for the balanced reinforced section failure 0.0035
(1) Neutral Axis depth (x) reaches to the ultimate (limiting)
Neutral Axis depth (xm) ……it means x= xm = xtlim 0.002
𝑑𝑑 − 𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚 0.0035 xm
=
𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚 0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 d
𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 + 0.002
0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
𝑑𝑑 𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 + 0.002
𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜, −1= d-xm
𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚 0.0035

0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
𝑑𝑑 𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 + 0.002 0.87σy
+ 0.002
or, =1+ Es
𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚 0.0035
0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 Limiting neutral axis depth is the
0.0035 + + 0.002
𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 function of the effective depth
= which only depends upon the grade
0.0035
0.0035 of steel but not that of concrete
∴ 𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚 =
0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
0.0055 + 𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠
Grade of fy(MPa) Maximum Neutral
Steel Axis Depth, xm
Fe250 250 0.53d
Fe415 415 0.48d
Fe500 500 0.46d
𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 = 2 × 105 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
 Condition for the balanced reinforced section failure
(2) Percentage of steel (pt) reaches to the ultimate (limiting) percentage of steel (ptlim) ……it
means pt = ptlim

𝑇𝑇 = 𝐶𝐶 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
or, 0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 0.36𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚 𝑝𝑝𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 % = × 100 %
0.36𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
∴ 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 0.36𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚
0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 or, 𝑝𝑝𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 % = × 100 (%)
0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 × 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
0.36𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑝𝑝𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 % = × 100 %
0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑

If M20 grade concrete and Fe415 steel is given for the design, ptlim (%) for the balanced section
becomes:
0.36 × 20 0.48𝑑𝑑
𝑝𝑝𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 % = × × 100 % = 0.957 = 0.96 (𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠)
0.87 × 415 𝑑𝑑

Concrete Grade (fck) Percentage of steel, ptlim (%)

Fe250 (fy = 250 MPa) Fe415 (fy = 415 MPa) Fe500 (fy = 500 MPa)
M20 (20 MPa) 1.76 0.96 0.76
M25 (25 MPa) 2.20 1.19 0.94
M30 (30 MPa) 2.64 1.43 1.13
 Condition for the balanced reinforced section failure
(3) Moment of resistance of both concrete and steel (Mr) reach to the ultimate (limiting)
moment of resistance (Mrlim)……it means Mr= Mrlim
For Fe415, xm = 0.48d, substituting this value in equation (15), which is the equation for the
limiting moment of resistance with respect to concrete, we get:
𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 0.36𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚 . 𝑑𝑑 − 0.42𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚
or, 𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 0.36𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏 × 0.48𝑑𝑑 × 𝑑𝑑 − 0.42 × 0.48𝑑𝑑
∴ 𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 0.138𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑑𝑑 2 ( For 415)
For M20 grade concrete and Fe415 steel, Mrlim becomes:
𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 0.138𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑑𝑑 2 = 0.138 × 20 × 𝑏𝑏𝑑𝑑 2 = 2.76𝑏𝑏𝑑𝑑 2
∴ 𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 2.76𝑏𝑏𝑑𝑑 2 (For M20 and Fe415)

Grade of Grade of Steel

Concrete Fe250 Fe415 Fe500
General 0.148𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑑𝑑2 0.138𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑑𝑑2 0.133𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑑𝑑2

M20 2.96𝑏𝑏𝑑𝑑2 2.76𝑏𝑏𝑑𝑑2 2.66𝑏𝑏𝑑𝑑2

M25 3.70𝑏𝑏𝑑𝑑2 3.45𝑏𝑏𝑑𝑑2 3.33𝑏𝑏𝑑𝑑2

M30 4.44𝑏𝑏𝑑𝑑2 4.14𝑏𝑏𝑑𝑑2 3.99𝑏𝑏𝑑𝑑2

 (2) Under Reinforced (UR) Section Failure
0.0035 0.446 fck

0.002 0.42x
C=0.36 fckbx
x xm
NA (UR)
NA (BR)
D d d
Ast d-x Z=d -0.42x
d-xm

T= 0.87fyAst
b
0.87fy
+ 0.002
Es

0.87fy
> Es
+ 0.002

(a) Singly Reinforced Section (b) Strain Distribution (c) Stress Distribution

If the area of steel is less than that in the balanced condition, steel first reaches to its yield point,
0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
+ 0.002 and stress to 0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 , but the strain and stress of concrete still do not reach to
𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠
their limits, i.e. 0.0035 and 0.446fck. When strain and stress of concrete reach to their limiting
values, i.e. 0.0035 and 0.446fck, then concrete crushes. We take the condition just before the
concrete crushes for the design, and the beam with such condition is called as Under Reinforced
(UR) failure.
 (2) Under Reinforced (UR) Section Failure
Total design compressive force with respect to concrete is
𝐶𝐶 = 0.36𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏

Similarly, total design tensile force with respect to tensile reinforcement bars, T, can be calculated
as:
𝑇𝑇 = 0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
Here,
0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑥𝑥 =
0.36𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏

We have,
𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟 = 0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑 − 0.42𝑥𝑥

Then,
0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟 = 0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑 − 0.42 × = 0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑 − 1.015
0.36𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏
Rounding the value 1.015 as 1.0, the above equation can be written as
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
∴ 𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟 = 0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑 −
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏
Design is strongly recommended using this failure condition !!!
 (3) Over Reinforced (OR) Section Failure
When area of tensile reinforcement in the beam section exceeds its balanced condition, then the
section is said to be Over Reinforced (OR) section.
𝑝𝑝𝑡𝑡 (%) > 𝑝𝑝𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 (%)
0.0035 0.446 fck

0.002 0.42x
x xm C=0.36 fckbx
d Z=d -0.42x
D
NA (BR)
d NA (OR)
Ast
d-x
d-xm

T= 0.87fyAst
b
0.87fy
+ 0.002
Es

0.87fy
< Es
+ 0.002

(a) Singly Reinforced Section (b) Strain Distribution (c) Stress Distribution

The strain of concrete reaches to 0.0035 and the section fails, the tensile strain of steel is much
0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
less than + 0.002 which gives the non-alarming (brittle) failure.
𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠
 (2) Over Reinforced (OR) Section Failure
Condition for OR,

𝑝𝑝𝑡𝑡 % > 𝑝𝑝𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 %

𝑥𝑥 > 𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟 = 𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 (Concrete)

It is strongly recommended to avoid this condition for the design of any structures to prevent
them from non-alarming failure. Moreover, it contradicts the assumptions made in limit state
However, if any structures are built, the analysis should be made using the balanced reinforced
failure condition if the concrete can resist the bending moment developed due to load. Use the
balanced condition moment of resistance of concrete, but never use that of steel.

𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟 =
𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 0.36𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚 . 𝑑𝑑 − 0.42𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚
 Summary

(1) Balanced Reinforced Failure

𝑝𝑝𝑡𝑡 % = 𝑝𝑝𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 %
𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟 = 𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟

(2) Under Reinforced Failure

𝑝𝑝𝑡𝑡 % < 𝑝𝑝𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 %

𝑥𝑥 < 𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟 < 𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟

(3) Under Reinforced Failure

𝑝𝑝𝑡𝑡 % > 𝑝𝑝𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 %

𝑥𝑥 > 𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟 = 𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 (Concrete)
 Doubly Reinforced Section

Reason for doubly reinforcement

When depth of section is restricted in terms of its width and depth. In this case, the strength
available from singly reinforcement may not be adequate.
At a support of continuous beam or slab, where bending moment changes sign.

Criteria for doubly reinforcement

When moment of resistance, Mrlim, with respect to concrete is found less than bending
moment calculated from applied load.
When, reinforcement percentage of tensile region exceeds the percentage of balanced
level,i.e. 𝑝𝑝𝑡𝑡 (%) > 𝑝𝑝𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 (%)
When effective depth of the section exceeds that of balanced level, i.e. 𝑥𝑥 > 𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚
 Doubly Reinforced Section

d’
Asc Asc
d NA NA
d
= +
D D
Ast= Ast1+Ast2 Ast1 Ast2

b b
(a) Doubly reinforced Section (b) Singly balanced (c) Compressive and additional
reinforced Section tensile RB with imaginary section

0.0035 0.446 fck 0.446 fck

εsc
d’ d’
C2 0.42xm x2 0.42x C 2 =(σsc-σcc)Asc
0.002 C1
xm C1 =0.36fckbxm
xm-d’
d = x1
NA
+ (d-d’)
Z=d-0.42xm Z=d-0.42xm
d-xm

T T1=fyAst1 T2=fyAst2

0.87σy
Es + 0.002
(d) Strain Distribution (e) Stress Distribution (f) Stress (g) Additional Tensile and
Distribution at Compressive Forces
 Doubly Reinforced Section

𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟 = 𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 + 𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟𝑟

𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 0.36𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚 . 𝑑𝑑 − 0.42𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚

𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 . 𝑑𝑑 − 0.42𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚

0.0035
εsc
𝑇𝑇2 = 0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
d’
0.002
𝜀𝜀𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚 − 𝑑𝑑 ′ 𝑑𝑑 ′ xm-d’ xm
= =1−
0.0035 𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚

𝑑𝑑 ′
∴ 𝜀𝜀𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 0.0035 1 −
𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚
Stress level Fe 415 Fe 500
Strain εsc Stress fsc(MPa) Strain εsc Stress fsc
(MPa)
0.80 fsd 0.00144 288.7 0.00174 347.8
0.85 fsd 0.00163 306.7 0.00195 369.6
0.90 fsd 0.00192 324.8 0.00226 391.3
0.95 fsd 0.00241 342.8 0.00277 413.0
0.975 fsd 0.00276 351.8 0.00312 423.9
1.0 fsd 0.00380 360.9 0.00417 434.8
 Doubly Reinforced Section

Grade of 𝑑𝑑𝑑
Steel Strain at yield
𝑑𝑑
fsc (MPa) 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
250 317.4 317.4 317.4 317.4 0.00109
415 355 353 342 329 0.00380
500 424 412 395 370 0.00417

𝐶𝐶2 = 𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

𝐶𝐶2 = 𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 𝐶𝐶2 × 𝑍𝑍 = 𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 × 𝑑𝑑 − 𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑 − 𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝐶𝐶2 = 𝑇𝑇2
𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 =
0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
 Code Provisions for Minimum and Maximum Reinforcement
1. Beam
Minimum area of tension reinforcement, A0,
0.85
𝐴𝐴0𝑡𝑡 ≥ 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
Maximum area of tension of compressive reinforcement
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ≤ 0.04𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
Minimum area of compressive reinforcement, A0c,
0.2
𝐴𝐴0𝑐𝑐 ≤ 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
100
(Note that b is width, d is effective depth and D is overall depth of the section)
Side face reinforcement: If depth of the web in flanged beam is more than 750mm, side face
reinforcement bars should be provided along the two faces. Total area of reinforcement should
not be less than 0.1% of the web area. It should be equally distributed on each side of faces.
Spacing of such reinforcement bars should not be exceed 300mm or web thickness whichever is
less.

Slabs

Minimum shear reinforcement area ≥ 0.15% of gross-sectional area of slab (MS bars)
≥ 0.12 % of gross-sectional area of slab,
(when using High Yield Strength Deformed bars or welded wires)
𝟏𝟏
Maximum diameter of bar should not exceed 𝟖𝟖thof the thickness of slab.