Knowledge Sharing Fowl Cholera Ke-1

Pasteurella multocida in scavenging family

chickens and ducks: carrier status, age
susceptibility and transmission between spescies
Oleh :
P. G. Mbuthia, L. W. Njagi, P. N. Nyaga, L. C. Bebora, U. Minga, J. Kamundia & J. E.
Olsen (Departement of Veterinary Pathology, Mycrobiology and Parasitology, Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Kenya)

Sumber Jurnal : Avian Pathology (February 2008) 37 (1), 51-57

Dibawakan oleh :

D. Surya A.
BPRD Staff
S2013010202
R. Dendrobium-CR
16 Mei 2018

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Knowledge Sharing Fowl Cholera Ke-1
Mei 2018

OUTLINE

ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
METHODS
RESULT
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE

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 Knowledge Sharing Fowl Cholera Ke-1

ABSTRACT
# Objective
Pasterurella multocida causes fowl cholera, a highly
contagious and severe disease in chicken
The disease is not well described in less intensive
production systems, including scavenging family poultry
# Result and Discussion
P. multocida was isolated from 25.9% of healthy-looking
ducks and 6.2% of chicken from free range family poultry
12-week-old chicken expressed fowl cholera significantly
In family ducks, the 8-week-old bird expressed clinical
signs significantly
In has further demostrated that cross-transmission of fowl
cholera may happen between family ducks and chicken,
and vise versa

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 Knowledge Sharing Fowl Cholera Ke-1

Introduction

Fowl cholera caused by The gram negative rod pasteurella

multocida → is severe disease of poultry
Taxonomy of Pasteurella multocida : Bacteria; Proteobacteria;
Gammaproteobacteria, Pasteurellales; Pasteurellaceae;
Pasteurella; Pasteurella multocida
Symptoms include depression, ruffle feather, fever, anorexia,
mucous discharge from the mouth, diarrhoea and increase
respiratory rate
Carrier birds play a major role in the transmission of fowl
cholera
In many developing countries, chickens and ducks are kept
under scavenging condition along side each other, and the
close proximity may sustain infection if transmission can take
place between species
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 Knowledge Sharing Fowl Cholera Ke-1
Sample bird
88 family chickens (Free-ranged)
from 8 farmfrom 3 district (flock size
20-74 bird per farm)
47 family ducks (Free-ranged) from
6 farm from 2 district (flock size 18-
85 bird per farm)
74 chickens & 7 ducks were sample
from slaughterhouses and market
(the market only recieve bird from
non industrial production)
Pre-wetted
oropharyngeal and
cloacal swabs
METHOD
determine carrier status
Bacterial Strain For experimental infection
Type strain P. multocida (NCTC
10322-Carter serogroup A, originally
isolated from a pig)
Each bird inoculated intratracheally
with 0.5 mL cultur
Size inoculum contain 1.2 to 2.0 x
10^8 CFU per bird
Control bird were inoculated with
BHI broth
Animal General management
Experimetation conditions
Family chicks and ducklings,
hatched from incubated egg, were
brooded and reare in an isolation up
to require experimental age
They were screened for P. multocida
before use in experiments
When use, the group were
separated into different room
Each room had own utensils and
didn't communicate with other room
through ventilation
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METHOD
Age susceptibility studies

120 Family chickens 120 Family ducks

Devided into ege group Devided into ege group

4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks

(30 birds each group) (30 birds each group)
Each group Each group
(split into 2 groups) (split into 2 groups)

15 wing tagged bird in each 15 wing tagged bird in each

(allowing experiment to be replicated) (allowing experiment to be replicated)
*No statistical difference was observe *No statistical difference was observe

15 birds in each experiment 15 birds in each experiment

10 were infected by P. multocida as describe 10 were infected by P. multocida as describe
5 birds use as control 5 birds use as control
*24 h post challenge the bird were swabbed on oropharynx *24 h post challenge the bird were swabbed on oropharynx
and cloaca to confirm establish or absence of P. multocida and cloaca to confirm establish or absence of P. multocida

On day 14 post challenge all bird were On day 14 post challenge all bird were
sacrificed and examine for gross lession sacrificed and examine for gross lession
and swabs were taken for bacterial isolation and swabs were taken for bacterial isolation

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METHOD
Studies of cross-transmission between species

21 wing-tagged chickens 21 wing-tagged ducks

(12 weeks old) (8 weeks old)
6 ducks were infected intratracheally 6 chickens were infected intratracheally
with P. Multocida as describe with P. Multocida as describe
*Seeder bird *Seeder bird

15 chikens (sentinel) were mix with seeder 15 ducks (sentinel) were mix with seeder
Allowed free mixing 6 h post inoculation Allowed free mixing 6 h post inoculation
For contact cross-infection For contact cross-infection
5 sentinel chickens were swabbed daily 5 sentinel ducks were swabbed daily

Randomly paired and sacrificed on days

1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 for postmortem examination

On day 14 post infection all bird (sentinel and seeder)

were sacrificed and examine for gross lession
and swabs were taken for bacterial isolation

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METHOD
Clinical observation
Table 1: Comparison of clinical sign in chickens and ducks of difference age groups infected with P. multocida

Number of clinical observations per age group

Clinical sign age group of chickens age group of ducks
4 weeks 8 weeks 12 weeks 16 weeks 4 weeks 8 weeks 12 weeks 16 weeks
Depression 55 63 79 42 15 13 6 4
Nervous tics 0 3 13 21 0 0 0 0
Ruffled feather 36 61 74 27 15 13 6 4
Sneezing 13 27 36 20 3 25 16 14
Ataxia 1 6 14 4 0 8 0 0
Nasal discharges 3 6 34 1 16 58 32 42
Dyspnoea 4 17 16 13 22 26 1 3
Mouth discharges 0 3 6 2 3 10 2 1
Diarrhoea 10 5 14 9 2 1 0 0
Cyanosis 0 0 3 1
Rales 22 24 8 2 15 2 0 0
Fever 29 53 60 38 26 23 15 14
Head scratching 0 4 15 7 0 0 1 0
Coughing 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 1
Eye discharge 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0

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METHOD
Bacterial detection and identification

Swabs placed in 2 mL sterile phosphat buffer

Vortexed

0.1 mL streak on blood agar

*Initial culture
Incubated aerobically (37 °C, 24 h)

0.1 mL inoculated into Pasteurella-free

21-day-old Bald/C mice by the intraperitoneal
*to improve the bacterial recovery rate
Mice were sacrificed after 48 h

Culture was performed from the aseptically

removed liver and spleen
*bacterial colonies from initial and mice organ
Morphologically resembling those of P. multocida

Biochemical reaction of the isolat were

compare with those P. Multocida strain NTCC

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 Knowledge Sharing Fowl Cholera Ke-1

Result

Carrier status among healthy-looking family chicken and ducks

Oropharingeal and cloacal swabs sample from 162 family chickens and
54 ducks ware screen for P. multocida
They yielded 24 positive isolation (chicken and duck)
7 isolates were characterized as P. multocida subsp. multocida, 12
isolates as P. multocida subsp. gallicida while 5 isolates as P. multocida
subsp. septica
Of the 162 chickens sampled, 10 chickens (6.2%) yielded P. multocida
Of the 54 ducks sampled, 14 duck (25.9%) yielded P. Multocida

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Result

Age susceptibility in family chicken

No bird died during the experiment
The 12-week-old age group expressed significantly more clinical sign (372 sign)
than the other age group
Control bird in all group din not show any clinical sign throughout the
observation period
On post mortem examination, the 4-week-old chickens had no visible gross
lession
3 bird in the 8-week-old group had fibrin remnants on the airsacs and thickened
airsacs. 1 birdhad fibrotic lung and another bird had splenomegally
5 bird in the 12-week-old group had remnant s of fibrin and fibrosis of the lung
and airsacs, 1 bird had necrotic liver lesions, and another bird had
splenomegally
3 bird in the 16-week-old group had fibrosis on the lungs and airsacs
No gross pathological lesions or P. multocida recovered from the control

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Result

Table 2: Comparison of clinical sign in chickens and ducks of difference age groups infected with P. multocida

Number of signs Total number Severity of

Age group
1 to 3 days p.i 4 to 6 days p.i 7 to 9 days p.i 10 to 14 days p.i of sign sign*
Chicks, 4 weeks 41 42 44 46 173 82/63/28
Ducks, 4 weeks 51 39 12 16 118 72/22/23
Chicks, 8 weeks 51 69 63 89 272 143/70/59
Ducks, 8 weeks 68 53 37 30 188 93/46/49
Chicks, 12 weeks 97 93 81 101 372 217/90/65
Ducks, 12 weeks 25 28 14 13 80 12/18/50
Chicks, 16 weeks 49 45 37 56 187 116/47/24
Ducks, 16 weeks 27 20 17 19 83 41/20/22
Control, all ages 0 0 0 0 0 0/0/0
* severity of sign listed in the order mild/moderate/severe sign

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Result

Age susceptibility in family ducks

All infected ducks except 3 (one 12 weeks old and 2 16 weeks old) expressed
clinical sign of fowl cholera at some point during the 14 days of observation
The 8-week-old age group expressed significantly more clinical sign (188 sign)
than the other age group
Control bird in all group dit not show any clinical sign throughout the
observation period
On post mortem examination, 2 in the 4-week-old ducks had remnants of fibrin
and fibrous strands on the airsacs, 1 of these had pericarditis and perihepatitis
8 bird in the 8-week-old group had remnants of fibrinand fibrous strands on the
airsacs, 2 had fibrosis on the lungs and another 2 ducks had necrotic spot on
the spleen and another bird on the liver
2 bird in the 12-week-old group had remnants of fibrin and fibrous standr on the
airsacs
4 bird in the 16-week-old group had remnants of fibrin on the airsacs, 1 of these
had necrotic spot on the liver

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Result

Transmission of P. multocida from seeder to sentinel chickens and ducks

Within 24 h, 4 out of 5 chickens and 2 out of 5 ducks had P. multocida recover
from their swabs
By the 3rd day, all 5 sentinel chickens examined and 3 of 5 sentinel ducks
examined had P. multocida
All 5 sentinel ducks were infected by the 6th day after mixing
The chickens appeared to clear the P. multocida from their oropharynx and
cloacae faster than the ducks
No birds died during the experiment, but all bird expressed clinical sign and
pathological lesions of fowl cholera at one or morepoint during the study

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Result

Table 3: Daily isolation of P. multocida organisms from sentinel bird mixed with infected bird

Days post contact Number of P. multocida positive sentinel birds (n=5)

infection Chicken to ducks Duck to chickens
1 2 4
2 3 4
3 3 5
4 3 3
5 3 3
6 5 4
7 4 4
8 3 3
9 3 2
10 3 2
11 4 2
12 3 2
13 2 0
14 3 1
n out of possible
44 39
total of 70

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Discussion

In this study confirm that family chickens and ducks kept under scavenging
condition may be healthy carrier of P. multocida
In this study, the isolation rate higher from both family chickens and ducks,
espesially, the isolation rate was hight among birds sample at markets and
slaughterhouse. This is an indication that transport and handling in relation to
market or slaughter may cause P. multocida to increase in number in low-level
carrier birds
No genotyping was performed on birds uses in the present study. Bird were
selected to represent the diversity in the study area, and although grouping was
done in a randomize way, this did not ensure an equal distribution of ecotypes
in all experiment. This must be taken into account when evaluating the result of
the study
The study confirm that different age group have variable susceptibility to P.
multocida as previously reported (Heddleston, 1962); however, unlike those
studies, age susceptibile peak in bird at 12 week. This does not rule out that
even older birds, such as 35 week old ones, may be susceptible then the age
group tested in the present study. Further studies are needed to elucidate this

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 Knowledge Sharing Fowl Cholera Ke-1

Discussion

The type strain P. multocida NTCC 10322 was originally isolated from a pig,
but, as documented in the present study, it produces clinical signs in chickens.
It remain to be shown whether a more virulent strain may have different age
susceptibility in the family chickens, and similarly whether a less virulent strain
result in different age susceptiblility in commercial chicken, than a highly
virulent strain
In duck, the result of previous study (Hunter & Wobeser, 1980) who
demonstrated that birds younger than 11 weeks were more prone to infection.
We demonstrated that 8 week old village ducks had more severe clinical signs,
followed by 4 week old ducks, in susceptibility to P. multocida. This mean the
age susceptibility most probably peak somewhere between ages 4 and 11 week
base on all available information
The clinical sign and gross lesions observed in this study are similar to those
reported by others (Christensen & Bisgaard, 2000). Together with the frequency
of isolation of P. multocida from ducks and chickens in contact with the infected
chickens or ducks, this confirm that the bacterium was successfully transmitted
from chickens to ducks and vise versa

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 Knowledge Sharing Fowl Cholera Ke-1

Conclusion

The present study has documented the occurence of P. multocida among

healhty-appearing family poultry in tropical setting
It has demonstrated that age susceptibility is highest in 12 week old family
chicken and 8 week old family ducks when challenge with a low virulent strain
of P. multocida
It has further demonstrated that cross-transmission of fowl cholera may happen
between family ducks and chickens, and vise versa

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 Reference

P.G. Mbuthia, L. W. Njagi, P. N. Nyaga, L.C. Bebora, U. Minga, J.

Kamundia & J. E. Olsen (2008) Pasteurella multocida in scavenging
family chickens and ducks: carrier status, age susceptibility and
transmission between species, Avian Pathology, 37:1, 51-57

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