TEEE 4203 STABILITY AND HIGH VOLTAGE SYSTEMS

Lecture 2a. Fault Analysis

Symmetrical Faults

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What is fault studies?
Fault analysis is the calculation of fault currents and
voltages.
Applications
(1) Design
✓ Sizing of circuit breakers and fuses
✓ Design of good protective system
(2) Expansion Planning
Determine the adequacy of existing protective gear and
relaying scheme and recommend changes if needed
• (3) Industrial systems
it is used to assess the impact of voltage drop in the
performance of large induction motors
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Fault Impedance
• Unless the exact situation is known faults are
usually modeled as ideal short circuits.
• The terms bolted fault or solid fault are sometimes used to describe
ideal short circuits.
• The assumption of bolted fault is conservative.

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Information Available from a Fault Study
1. Fault current levels, for sizing breakers or
comparing to existing breakers
2. Line currents, voltages, phase angles for
relay settings and fuse selection

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Machine Reactance During Short Circuit
A faulted machine (running under no load)
will have phase currents that are characterized
by
✓ A decaying DC transient
✓ A symmetrical AC wave whose magnitude is initially high but decrease to a
constant magnitude after some time.
Generally the fault current is the same as that
of RL series circuit.

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Machine Reactance During Short Circuit

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Machine Reactance During Short Circuit

3 types of reactance are used to describe the

transient behavior of a faulted machine
• 𝑥𝑑" → direct axis subtransient reactance
• 𝑥𝑑′ → direct axis transient reactance
• 𝑥𝑑 → direct axis synchronous reactance
In fault studies 𝑥𝑑" or 𝑥𝑑′ is used depending on the application and type of machine

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