CHAPTER 4

Descriptive Statistics
Lecturer : Ms Siti Salmiah Binti Yatim
Msc Mathematics (UKM)
sitisalmiah@mahsa.edu.my

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Objectives

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Sample Vs Population

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Basic Statistical Terms

• Statistic - is a group of methods used to collect, organize, presenting

and analyzing data for use in making decisions. Statistic has a wide
range of uses in the field of science, business, industry, economy,
medical, education and so on.
• Population - is a complete group consisting of individuals, objects,
items or measurements to be taken for the purpose of a study or
survey.
• Sample - is a portion taken from a population for the purpose of a
study.
• Variable - is a important characteristics to describe the population
under study and variables can take any values.

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Data

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Types of Descriptive Statistics

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Stem and Leaf Plot

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Stem and Leaf Plot

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Stem and Leaf Plot

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Stem and Leaf Plot

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Stem and Leaf Plot

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Frequency Distributions

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Grouped Frequency Distributions Terms

• Lower class limits : are the smallest numbers that can actually belong
to different classes.
• Upper class limits : are the largest numbers that can actually belong
to different classes.
• Class width : is the difference between two consecutive lower class
limits.
• Class boundaries : the central value between the upper class limit and
the lower class limit of the next class. There are two types of
boundaries which is lower class boundary and upper class boundary.
• Class midpoint : the middle value between lower class limit and
upper class limit or lower class boundary and upper class boundary.

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Frequency Distributions

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Frequency Distributions

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Histogram

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Histogram

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Histogram

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Histogram

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Frequency Polygons

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Frequency Polygons

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Frequency Polygons

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Frequency Polygons

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Use of Histogram and Frequency Polygons

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Shape of Data Distributions

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Shape of Data Distributions

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Ogive (Cumulative Frequency Curve)

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Ogive (Cumulative Frequency Curve)

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Ogive (Cumulative Frequency Curve)

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Ogive (Cumulative Frequency Curve)

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Ogive (Cumulative Frequency Curve)

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Ogive (Cumulative Frequency Curve)

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Ogive (Cumulative Frequency Curve)

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Ogive (Cumulative Frequency Curve)

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Uses of Ogive

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Exercise
Draw historam and ogive for the following data.
Marks No of Students
30 -39 2
40 - 49 3
50 - 59 10
60 - 69 14
70 - 79 7
80 - 89 3
90 - 99 1

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Descriptive Statistics

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Mean

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Mean for ungrouped data

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Mean for ungrouped data

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Mean for ungrouped data

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Mean for ungrouped data

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Mean for grouped data

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Mean for grouped data

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Mean for grouped data

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1st Quartile, Median & 3rd Quartile

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1st Quartile, Median & 3rd Quartile

Step to calculate the value.

Ungrouped Grouped
Step 1 Arrange data in Calculate cumulative
ascending/decending order frequency
Step 2 : Find the position 1st Quartile = ( n  1) 1st Quartile =  f
4 4
Median = n 1 Median = f
2 2
3 f
3 rd Quartile = ( n  1 )
3
3 rd Quartile =
4 4
Step 3 Find the value of median Identify the median class
and calculate the value by
using formula

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Range & Interquartile Range

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1st Quartile, Median & 3rd Quartile ungrouped data

Example 1
Find the range, interquartile range, median, 1st quartile and 3rd quartile for each of
the data set.
i) 2, 6, 5, 8, 7, 15, 14
Step 1 : 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 14, 15 Step 3 :
Step 2 : Q1 = 5 , Q2 =7 , Q3 = 14
position Q1 = (7+1)/4 = 2 Range = 15 - 2 = 13
position Q2 = (7+1)/2= 4 Interquartile Range = 14 - 5 = 9
position Q3 = 3(7+1)/4 = 6

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1st Quartile, Median & 3rd Quartile ungrouped data

Example 2
Find the Q1 , Q2 & Q3 for the following data.
2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 14, 15, 16, 18
Step 1 : 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 14, 15, 16, 18 Step 3 :
Step 2 : Q1 = 3+0.75(5-3) = 4.5
position Q1 = (10+1)/4 =2.75 Q2 = 7.5
position Q2 = (10+1)/2= 5.5 Q3 = 15+0.25(16-15) = 15.25
position Q3 = 3(10+1)/4 = 8.25

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1st Quartile, Median & 3rd Quartile ungrouped data

Example 3
Find the Q1 , Q2 & Q3 for the following
data.
Number of cars 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
f 3 5 11 10 4 2 4
Cumulative frequency 3 8 20 30 34 36 40

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1st Quartile, Median & 3rd Quartile grouped data

• 1st Quartile, Median & 3rd Quartile can be obtained by using formula.

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1st Quartile, Median & 3rd Quartile grouped data

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1st Quartile, Median & 3rd Quartile grouped data

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1st Quartile, Median & 3rd Quartile grouped data

60
Position of median   30
2

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1st Quartile, Median & 3rd Quartile grouped data

Find the value of 1st quartile, median & 3rd quartile by using ogive.
Example 3

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1st Quartile, Median & 3rd Quartile grouped data

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Mode for ungrouped data

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Mode for grouped data

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Mode for grouped data

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Mode for grouped data

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Mode for grouped data

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Exercises
The following data show the monthly income (RM) of 50 fisherman in a village.
Monthly income (RM) Number of fisherman
300 < 350 4
350 < 400 13
400 < 450 18
450 < 500 10
500 < 550 3
550 < 600 2

i) Calculate the value mean, median and mode for the above data.
ii) Draw historam and ogive.

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Variance and Standard deviation

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Variance and Standard deviation

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Variance and Standard deviation for ungrouped data

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Variance and Standard deviation for ungrouped data

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Variance and Standard deviation for ungrouped data

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Variance and Standard deviation for ungrouped data

Example 4:

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Variance and Standard deviation for grouped data

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Variance and Standard deviation for grouped data

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Exercises:
Find the variance and standard deviation for the data below.
Weight , kg f
40 < x < 45 5
45 < x < 50 8
50 < x < 55 10
55 < x < 60 14
60 < x < 65 16
65 < x < 70 7

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Skewness

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Skewness

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Skewness

iii) Negatively skewed (left) distribution

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Skewness

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