Fire hydrant

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Fire hydrant in Charlottesville, Virginia, USA

A fire hydrant (also known colloquially as a fire plug in the United States or as a johnny pump
in New York City),[1] is an active fire protection measure, and a source of water provided in most
urban, suburban and rural areas with municipal water service to enable firefighters to tap into the
municipal water supply to assist in extinguishing a fire. Buildings near a hydrant may qualify for
an insurance discount since firefighters should be able to more rapidly extinguish a fire on the
insured property.

The concept of fire plugs dates to at least the 17th century. This was a time when firefighters
responding to a call would dig down to the wooden water mains and hastily bore a hole to secure
water to fight fires. The water would fill the hole creating a temporary well, and be transported
from the well to the fire by bucket brigades or, later, by hand-pumped fire engines. The holes
were then plugged with stoppers, normally redwood, which over time came to be known as fire
plugs. The location of the plug would often be recorded or marked so that it could be reused in
future fires. This is the source of the colloquial term fire plug still used for fire hydrants today.
After the Great Fire of London in 1666, the city installed water mains with holes drilled at
intervals, equipped with risers, allowing an access point to the wooden fire plugs from street
level.[2][3]

The invention of a post- or pillar-type fire hydrant is generally credited to Frederick Graff Sr.,
Chief Engineer of the Philadelphia Water Works around the year 1801. It had a combination
hose/faucet outlet and was of "wet barrel" design with the valve in the top. It is said that Graff
held the first patent for a fire hydrant, but this cannot be verified because the patent office in
Washington D.C. caught on fire in 1836 destroying many patent records from that period in the
process.[4]

Contents
 1 Operation
o 1.1 Other uses
 2 Construction
 3 Appearance
 4 Signage
 5 Inspection and maintenance
 6 Historical inventions and innovations
 7 Non-pressurized (dry) hydrants
 8 Other types
 9 See also
 10 References
 11 Further reading
 12 External links

Operation
A hose is attached to the fire hydrant, then the valve is opened to provide a powerful flow of
water, on the order of 350 kPa (50 lbf/in²) (this pressure varies according to region and depends
on various factors including the size and location of the attached water main). This hose can be
further attached to a fire engine, which can then use a powerful pump to boost the water pressure
and possibly split it into multiple streams. The hose may be connected with a threaded
connection, instantaneous "quick" connector or a Storz connector. Care should be taken not to
open or close a fire hydrant too quickly, as this can create a water hammer which can damage
nearby pipes and equipment. The water inside a charged hoseline causes it to be very heavy and
high water pressure causes it to be stiff and unable to make a tight turn while pressurized. When
a fire hydrant is unobstructed, this is not a problem, as there is enough room to adequately
position the hose.
Clapper valve

Most fire hydrant valves are not designed to throttle the water flow; they are designed to be
operated full-on or full-off. The valving arrangement of most dry-barrel hydrants is for the drain
valve to be open at anything other than full operation. Usage at partial-opening can consequently
result in considerable flow directly into the soil surrounding the hydrant, which, over time, can
cause severe scouring. A hose with a closed nozzle valve, or fire truck connection, or closed gate
valve is always attached to the hydrant before opening the hydrant's main valve.

When a firefighter is operating a hydrant, appropriate personal protective equipment, such as

gloves and a helmet with face shield, are typically worn. High-pressure water coursing through a
potentially aging and corroding hydrant could cause a failure, injuring the firefighter operating
the hydrant or bystanders.

In most jurisdictions it is illegal to park a car within a certain distance of a fire hydrant. In North
America the distances are commonly 3 to 5 m or 10 to 15 ft, often indicated by yellow or red
paint on the curb. In the UK, yellow lines are used to keep cars from parking over underground
hydrants. Parking restrictions are sometimes ignored (especially in cities where available street
parking is scarce), however these laws are usually enforced. The rationale is that hydrants need
to be visible and accessible in an emergency.

A New York City hydrant hooked to an FDNY fire engine with a turgid hose actively pumping
water.

Other uses
Children playing in the spray of a fire hydrant in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

To prevent casual use or misuse, the hydrant requires special tools to be opened, usually a large
wrench with a pentagon-shaped socket. Vandals sometimes cause monetary loss by wasting
water when they open hydrants. Such vandalism can also reduce municipal water pressure and
impair firefighters' efforts to extinguish fires. Sometimes those simply seeking to play in the
water remove the caps and open the valve, providing residents a place to play and cool off in
summer. However, this is usually discouraged as residents have been struck by passing
automobiles while playing in the street in the water spray. In spite of this, some US communities
provide low flow sprinkler heads to enable residents to use the hydrants to cool off during hot
weather, while gaining some control on water usage. Most fire hydrants in Australia are
protected by a silver-coloured cover with a red top, secured to the ground with bolts to protect
the hydrant from vandalism and unauthorised use. The cover must be removed before use.

In most US areas, contractors who need temporary water may purchase permits to use hydrants.
The permit will generally require a hydrant meter, a gate valve and sometimes a clapper valve (if
not designed into the hydrant already) to prevent back-flow into the hydrant. Additionally,
residents who wish to use the hydrant to fill their in-ground swimming pool are commonly
permitted to do so provided they pay for the water and agree to allow firefighters to draft from
their pool in the case of an emergency.

Municipal services, such as street sweepers and tank trucks, may also be allowed to use hydrants
to fill their water tanks. Often sewer maintenance trucks need water to flush out sewerage lines,
and fill their tanks on site from a hydrant. If necessary, the municipal workers will record the
amount of water they used, or use a meter.

Since fire hydrants are one of the most accessible parts of a water distribution system, they are
often used for attaching pressure gauges or loggers or monitor system water pressure. Automatic
flushing devices are often attached to hydrants to maintain chlorination levels in areas of low
usage. Hydrants are also used as an easy above-ground access point by leak detection devices to
detect locate leak from the sound they make.

Construction

Hydrant installation in Ontario, Canada

In areas subject to freezing temperatures, only a portion of the hydrant is above ground. The
valve is located below the frost line and connected by a riser to the above-ground portion. A
valve rod extends from the valve itself up through a seal at the top of the hydrant, where it can be
operated with the proper wrench. This design is known as a "dry barrel" hydrant, in that the
barrel, or vertical body of the hydrant, is normally dry. A drain valve underground opens when
the water valve is completely closed; this allows all water to drain from the hydrant body to
prevent the hydrant from freezing.

In warm areas, hydrants are used with one or more valves in the above-ground portion. Unlike
cold-weather hydrants, it is possible to turn the water supply on and off to each port. This style is
known as a "wet barrel" hydrant.

Both wet- and dry-barrel hydrants typically have multiple outlets. Wet barrel hydrant outlets are
typically individually controlled, while a single stem operates all the outlets of a dry barrel
hydrant simultaneously. Thus, wet barrel hydrants allow single outlets to be opened, requiring
somewhat more effort but simultaneously allowing more flexibility.

A typical U.S. dry-barrel hydrant has two smaller outlets and one larger outlet. The larger outlet
is often a Storz connection if the local fire department has standardized on hose using Storz
fittings for large diameter supply line. The larger outlet is known as a "steamer" connection
(because they were once used to supply steam powered water pumps), and a hydrant with such
an outlet may be referred to as a "steamer hydrant" although this usage is becoming archaic.
Likewise, an older hydrant without a steamer connection may be referred to as a "village
hydrant."

Appearance
A fire hydrant in Demorest, Georgia painted with an American patriotic theme.

A German fire hydrant showing Storz hose connections

Hydrant coloring may be due to either purely practical criteria or more artistic. In the United
States, the AWWA and NFPA recommend hydrants be colored chrome yellow for rapid
identification apart from the bonnet and nozzle caps which should be coded according to their
available flow. Class AA hydrants (>1500 gpm) should have their nozzle caps and bonnet
colored light blue, Class A hydrants (1000–1499 gpm), green, Class B hydrants (500–999 gpm),
orange, and Class C hydrants (0–499 gpm), red. This aids arriving firefighters in determining
how much water is available and whether to call for additional resources, or find another
hydrant. Other codings can be and frequently are used, some of greater complexity, incorporating
pressure information, others more simplistic. In Ottawa, hydrant colors communicate different
messages to firefighters; for example, if the inside of the hydrant is corroded so much that the
interior diameter is too narrow for good pressure, it will be painted in a specific scheme to
indicate to firefighters to move on to the next one. In many localities, a white or purple top
indicates that the hydrant provides non-potable water. Where artistic and/or aesthetic
considerations are paramount, hydrants can be extremely varied, or more subdued. In both
instances this is usually at the cost of reduced practicality.

In Germany, most hydrants are located below ground (Unterflurhydrant) and are reached by a
Standrohr which provides the connections for the hoses.

Signage

British fire hydrant and sign

In the United Kingdom and Ireland, hydrants are located in the ground. Yellow "H" hydrant
signs indicate the location of the hydrants, and are similar to the blue signs in Finland. Mounted
on a small post or nearby wall etc., the two numbers indicate the diameter of the water main (top
number) and the distance from the sign (lower number). Modern signs show these measurements
in millimetres and metres, whereas older signs use inches and feet.[5] Because the orders of
magnitude are so different (6 inches versus 150 mm) there is no ambiguity whichever measuring
system is used.

In areas of the United States without winter snow cover, blue reflectors embedded in the street
are used to allow rapid identification of hydrants at night. In areas with snow cover, tall signs or
flags are used so that hydrants can be found even if covered with snow. In rural areas tall narrow
posts painted with visible colours such as red are attached to the hydrants to allow them to be
found during heavy snowfall periods.

In Australia, Hydrant signage varies, with several types displayed across the country. Most
Australian hydrants are underground, being of a ballcock system, and a standpipe with a central
plunger is used to open the valve. Consequently, hydrant signage is essential, because of their
concealed nature.

 Painted markers — Usually a white or yellow (sometimes reflective paint) triangle or

arrow painted on the road, pointing towards the side of the road the hydrant will be found
on. These are most common in old areas, or on new roads where more advanced signs
have not been installed. These are almost always coupled with a secondary form of
signage.
 Hydrant Marker Plates — Found on power poles, fences, or street-signs, these are a
comprehensive and effective system of identification. The plate consists of several codes;
H (Potable water Hydrant), RH (Recycled/Non Potable), P (Pathway, where the hydrant
cover can be found), R (Roadway). The plate is vertically oriented, around 8 cm wide,
and 15 cm high. Found on this plate, from top to bottom, are the following features:
o The codes listed above, Potable/Non-potable at the top, Path/Roadway on the
bottom of the plate.
o Below this, a number giving the distance to the hydrant (in meters), then a second
number below that giving the size (in millimeters) of the water main.
o A black line across the center of the plate indicates the hydrant is found on the
opposite side of the road to which the plate is affixed.
o Plates for recycled water have a purple background, as well as the RH code,
normal potable hydrants are white, with the H code.
 Road markers or Cat's eyes – Almost exclusively blue, these are placed on the center line
of the road, usually with little indication on which side of the road the hydrant lies. They
are visible for several hundred meters at night in heavy rain, further in clear conditions.

Inspection and maintenance

A fire hydrant that was hit by a snow plow and knocked over. Note that only the sacrificial bolts
were damaged

A fire hydrant flushing water through a diffuser in Durham, North Carolina

A fire hydrant without a diffuser flushing discolored water

In most areas fire hydrants require annual inspections and maintenance — they normally only
have a one-year warranty, but some have 5- or even 10-year warranties, although the longer
warranty does not remove the need for periodic inspections or maintenance. These inspections
are generally performed by the local municipalities but they often do not inspect hydrants that
are identified as private. Private hydrants are usually located on larger properties to adequately
protect large buildings in case of a fire and in order to comply with the fire code. Such hydrants
have met the requirements of insurance underwriters and are often referred to as UL/FM
hydrants. Some companies are contracted out to inspect private fire hydrants unless the
municipality has undertaken that task.

Some fire hydrant manufacturers recommend lubricating the head mechanism and restoring the
head gaskets and O-rings annually in order that the fire hydrant perform the service expected of
them, while others have incorporated proprietary features to provide long-term lubrication of the
hydrant's operating mechanism. In any case, periodic inspection of lubricates is recommended.
Lubrication is generally done with a food-grade non-petroleum lubricant to avoid contamination
of the distribution system.
Occasionally a stone or foreign object will mar the seat gasket. In this case, most hydrants have a
special seat wrench that allows removal of the seat to replace the gasket or other broken parts
without removing the hydrant from the ground. Hydrant extensions are also available for raising
a hydrant if the grade around the hydrant changes. Without extending the height, the wrenches to
remove caps would not clear and the break flanges for traffic models would not be located
correctly in case they were hit. Hydrant repair kits are also available to repair sacrificial parts
designed to break when hit by a vehicle.

Many departments use the hydrants for flushing out water line sediments. When doing so, they
often use a hydrant diffuser, a device that diffuses the water so that it does not damage property
and is less dangerous to bystanders than a solid stream. Some diffusers also dechlorinate the
water to avoid ground contamination. [6] Hydrants are also sometimes used as entry or exit points
for pipe cleaning pigs.

Historical inventions and innovations

Before the modern fire hydrant, a primitive fire suppression system was to bury a wooden water
pipe (often no more than a hollowed out log) along the streets.

In the event of a fire, teams would dig down to the buried wooden water main and auger a hole
in the pipe, and out would come the water to fill buckets. Then a bucket brigade would be started
to extinguish the fire. When the teams were finished, they would need to hammer a wooden plug
into the log to stop the flow of water. Hence the origin of the term “fire plug.”

Non-pressurized (dry) hydrants

A dry hydrant which allows water to be pumped by a fire engine from the lake

In rural areas where municipal water systems are not available, dry hydrants are used to supply
water for fighting fires. A dry hydrant is analogous to a standpipe. A dry hydrant is usually an
unpressurized, permanently installed pipe that has one end below the water level of a lake or
pond. This end usually has a strainer to prevent debris from entering the pipe. The other end is
above ground and has a hard sleeve connector. When needed, a pumper fire engine will pump
from the lake or pond by drafting water. This is done by vacuuming the air out of the dry
hydrant, hard sleeve, and the fire engine pump with a primer. Because lower pressure exists at
the pump intake, atmospheric pressure on the pond or lake forces water into part of the dry
hydrant above water, into the hard sleeve, and finally into the pump. This water can then be
pumped by the engine's centrifugal pump.

Other types
 Water wells are also sometimes classified as fire hydrants if they can supply enough
water volume and pressure.
 Standpipes are connections for firehoses within a building and serve the same purpose as
fire hydrants in larger structures. Standpipes may be "dry" or "wet" (permanently filled
with water).

See also

Freshly painted fire hydrant in Green Valley, Arizona

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Fire hydrants (category)

 Arson
 Active fire protection
 Fire extinguisher
 Fire protection
 Fire sprinkler
 Flushing hydrant
 Hydrant wrench
 Portable water tank

References
 1. ^ Johnny Pump
2. ^ Shaw, Eyre Massey Fire Protection, a Complete Manual of the Organization,
Machinery, Discipline, and General Workings of the Fire Brigade of London 1876. Pages
24–26. Retrieved February 26, 2007 from Google Book Search. Description, illustration,
and operation of London style wooden fire plugs.
3. ^ "Fire Plugs (derivation of the term)". SewerHistory.org. Retrieved 21
November 2008.
4. ^ "A Brief History of the Hydrant". Fire Hydrant.org.
5. ^ "Good Stewardship for Schools' Premises 2009" (PDF). Cambridgeshire
County Council. p. 18. Retrieved 2011-01-28.
6. ^ "Hydrant Flushing FAQ, United States of America".

Further reading

How do fire hydrants work?

How is there water "ready to go" at every fire hydrant in the country? What keeps it pressurized?
How does this complex system work? Please include links.

 5 years ago
 Report Abuse

Kate

Best Answer - Chosen by Voters

Fire hydrants are actually pretty simple in the way they work. Each fire hydrant is connected to a
large underground pipe that carries water. To get water out of the hydrant, firefighters use a five-
sided wrench to open up one or more of the covers and connect hoses to the openings, which are
like the spigots on your faucets at home. Then, they use the same wrench to turn the 'stem nut',
which is like your faucet's cold or hot water knobs. Water comes up through the pipe, through
the openings, and into the hoses that lead to the fire engines.

The water that comes out of the hydrant is the same water that comes into homes, businesses,
and schools. This water has a water pressure of about 50-80 psi (pounds per square inch). This
pressure is high enough for everyday use, but is not high enough for use by firefighters. So, the
pumps on the fire engines increase the pressure. Then, there are smaller hoses that attach to the
engines that firefighters use to fight fires.

Fire hydrants in the cooler states have an added level of complexity because the temperature
often goes below freezing in the winter. Since water expands when it freezes and turns to ice, the
hydrant could crack if there is water in the hydrant when it freezes and expands. Also, if there
was a fire during the freezing weather, the hydrants wouldn't work, because there would be a
huge chuck of ice clogging the hydrant.

To avoid the problem of freezing water, many hydrants are 'dry barrel hydrants', which means
that no water stays in the upper section of the hydrant when the hydrant valve is turned off. The
valve that controls the water flow is below ground and there is a long rod that connects the stem
nut to the valve. Next to the valve, there is a drain hole to let water drain out of the barrel of the
hydrant after firefighters turn the valve off. The pipe that holds the water is buried deep enough
so that it never freezes. (A bit of trivia: Because of this mechanism, it's near impossible for a car
to run over a fire hydrant and cause it to gush water as they do in the movies, since there usually
is no water in the upper part of the barrel.)

The main challenges of hydrant design --- anti-freezing, hydraulic efficiency, ease of repair ---
were all known and dealt with, to varying degrees of success, early on, before 1900. The first
steamer or pumper outlet came about around 1860 following the invention of the steam fire
engine. Although materials have improved and some of the elements of hydrant design have
been refined, the basic form of both the dry barrel and wet barrel hydrants have endured
relatively unchanged since the mid 1800s.

note:
The second link gives a facinating account of the history of the fire hydrant.

Source(s):

http://www.ccmr.cornell.edu/education/as…

http://www.firehydrant.org/pictures/hydr…

 5 years ago
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 12 people rated this as good

 13 stars - mark this as Interesting!

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 B.

A hose is attached to the fire hydrant, then the valve is opened to provide a powerful
source of water, on the order of 350 kPa (50 lbf/in²) (this pressure varies according to
region and depends on various factors including the size and location of the attached
water main). This hose can be further attached to a fire engine, which can then use a
powerful pump to boost the water pressure and possibly split it into multiple streams. The
hose may be connected with a threaded connection or a Storz connector. Care should be
taken not to open or close a fire hydrant too quickly, as this can create a water hammer
which can damage nearby pipes and equipment. The water inside a charged hoseline
causes it to be very heavy and high water pressure causes it to be stiff and unable to make
a tight turn while pressurized. When a fire hydrant is unobstructed, this is not a problem,
as there is enough room to adequately position the hose.

Clapper valveMost fire hydrant valves are not designed to throttle the water flow; they
are designed to be operated full-on or full-off. The valving arrangement of most dry-
barrel hydrants is for the drain valve to be open at anything other than full operation.
Usage at partial-opening can consequently result in considerable flow directly into the
soil surrounding the hydrant, which, over time, can cause severe scouring . A hose with a
closed nozzle valve, or fire truck connection, or closed gate valve is always attached to
the hydrant prior to opening the hydrant's main valve.

When a Firefighter is operating a hydrant, appropriate Personal protective equipment,

such as gloves and a helmet with face shield, are typically worn. High pressure water
coursing through a potentially aging and corroding hydrant could cause a failure, injuring
 the firefighter operating the hydrant or bystanders.

Chicago police car parked illegally in front of a fire hydrant. Note the yellow line on the
curb by the hydrant.In most jurisdictions it is illegal to park a car within a certain distance
of a fire hydrant. In North America the distances are commonly 3 to 5 m or 10 to 15 ft,
often indicated by yellow or red paint on the curb. In the UK, yellow lines are used to
keep cars from parking over underground hydrants. Parking restrictions are sometimes
ignored (especially in cities where available street parking is scarce), however these laws
are usually enforced. The rationale is that hydrants need to be visible and accessible in an
emergency.

Source(s):

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_Hydran…

o 5 years ago
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 MAGSER

fire hydrants are placed on pressurised water main pipes undeground and are placed in
convenient spots for fire brigades to gain access in built up areas at suitable distances
from each other. the water main pressure is kept up via pumps. the covers on hydrants are
clearly marked to save confusion with other services. when a hydrant needs to be used it
can be opened by way of a large metal key and a special reinforced hose can be
connected and the pressure will drive water through this hose to the area that requires the
water,usually a fire. when the operation is over the same key will turn off the hydrant and
the hose can be disconnected.

Source(s):

i fit hydrants to water mains that i install along with meters and valves which have their
own important uses.

o 5 years ago
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 MrNiceGu...

It's a static water pressure system. If you turn on one or two the system maintains
pressue, but if you turned on all the hydrants in a town or city they would have no
pressure.

They use the same system as single family homes and businesses, they simply have no
pressure reducers on the tap and a larger tap diameter.

o 5 years ago
o Report Abuse

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 Pfo

It's the same as your faucet, they are always pressurized, removing the valve causes the
water to flow.

Source(s):

http://www.ccmr.cornell.edu/education/as…

o 5 years ago
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 Kirk Spock

Them thar big things..... them be water towers.... and all that water up there.... wants to
come down here..... and that pull of gravity on all those gallons of water makes a lot of
pressure.... so when you open a valve..... guess what?

o 5 years ago
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 Stevo

I have seen one nearby that looked kinda like a brewery with the big ol tanks, but it
pressurizred and said it was highly dangerous

o 5 years ago
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 larry

its real complicated but all cities have pumps that hold pressure and deliver water

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Designing Water & Hydrant Systems; Part 9

© 2000 Capt. Willis Lamm, Water Supply Officer, Moraga-Orinda (CA) Fire District

Background    Criteria    Storage    Distribution    Hyd. Design    Placement    Installation   

Codes & Markings    Applications    Codes & Standards

  CODES AND STANDARDS

Applicable Uniform Fire Code (UFC) Sections

The following sections taken from the Uniform Fire Code, 1997 edition, either contain
references to fire hydrants and fire hydrant systems or are referenced by other sections that
address fire hydrants and fire hydrant systems.

SECTION 901 -- GENERAL

901.1 Scope. Fire department access and water supply shall be in accordance with Article 9.

901.2 Permits and Plans

901.2.1 Permits. A permit is required to use or operate fire hydrants or valves intended for
fire-suppression purposes which are installed on water systems and are accessible to public
highways, alleys or private ways open to or generally used by the public. See Section 105.
Permit f.1.

901.2.2. Plans.

901.2.2.2 Fire Hydrant Systems Plans and specifications for fire hydrant systems shall be
submitted to the fire department for review and approval prior to construction.

901.4 Required Marking of Fire Apparatus Access Roads, Addresses and Fire-
Protection Equipment.

901.4.3 Fire-protection equipment and fire hydrants. Fire-protection equipment and fire
hydrants shall be clearly identified in an approved manner to prevent obstruction by parking
and other obstructions.

     When required by the chief, hydrant locations shall be identified by the installation of
reflective markers.

     See also Section 1001.7.

SECTION 903 -- WATER SUPPLIES AND FIRE HYDRANTS

903.1 General. Water supplies and fire hydrants shall be in accordance with Sections 901
and 903.

903.2 Required Water Supply for Fire Protection. An approved water supply capable of
supplying required fire flow for fire protection shall be provided to all premises upon which
facilities, buildings or portions of buildings are hereafter constructed or moved into or within
the jurisdiction. When any portion of the facility or building protected is in excess of 150
feet (45.72m) from a water supply on a public street, as measured by an approved route
around the exterior of the facility or building, on-site fire hydrants and mains capable of
supplying the required fire flow shall be provided when required by the chief. See section
903.4.

903.4 Fire Hydrant Systems.

903.4.1 General.

903.4.1.1 Applicability. Fire hydrant systems and fire hydrants shall be in accordance with
section 903.4.

903.4.1.2 Testing and maintenance. Fire hydrant systems shall be subject to such periodic
tests as required by the chief. Fire hydrant systems shall be maintained in an operative
condition at all times and shall be repaired where defective. Additions, repairs, alterations
and servicing shall be in accordance with approved standards.

903.4.1.3 Tampering and obstruction See Sections 1001.6 and 1001.7.

903.4.2 Required installations. The location, number and type of fire hydrants connected to
a water supply capable of delivering the required fire flow shall be provided on a public
street or on the site of the premises or both to be protected as required and approved. See
Appendix III-B.

     Fire hydrants shall be accessible to the fire department apparatus by roads meeting the
requirements of Section 902.2.

903.4.3 Protection, marking and obstruction of hydrants. Fire hydrants subject to

possible vehicular damage shall be adequately protected with guard posts in accordance with
Section 8001.11.3. For marking, see Section 901.4.3. For obstruction see Section 1001.7.

903.4.4 Maintenance and Use of Hydrants. See Sections 1001.5 and 1001.6.2.

1001.4 Installation Acceptance Testing. Fire alarm systems; fire hydrant systems; fire
extinguishing systems, standpipes, and other fire protection systems and appurtenances
thereto shall meet the approval of the fire department as to installation and location and shall
be subject to such acceptance tests as required by the chief.

1001.5 Maintenance, Inspection, Testing and Systems Out of Service

1001.5.1 Maintenance. Fire sprinkler systems, fire hydrant systems, standpipe systems, fire
alarm systems, portable fire extinguishers, smoke and heat ventilators, smoke removal
systems, and other fire protective or extinguishing systems or appliances shall be maintained
in an operative condition at all times and shall be replaced or repaired where defective.

     Fire-protection or fire extinguishing systems coverage and spacing shall be maintained
according to original installation standards. Such systems shall be extended, altered, or
augmented as necessary to maintain and continue protection whenever any building so
equipped is altered, remodeled or added to. Additions, repairs, alterations and servicing shall
be in accordance with recognized standards.

1001.5.2 Inspection and testing. The chief is authorized to require periodic inspection and
testing for fire sprinkler systems, fire hydrant systems, standpipe systems, fire alarm
systems, portable fire extinguishers, smoke and heat ventilators, smoke removal systems and
other fire-protection or fire-extinguishing systems or appliances.

     Automatic fire extinguishing systems shall be inspected and tested at least annually. See
Appendix III-C. Fire alarm systems shall be inspected and tested at least at frequencies
specified in UFC Standard 10-2. Standpipe systems shall be inspected and tested at least
every five years.

     Reports of inspections and tests shall be maintained on the premises and made available
to the chief when requested.

1001.5.3. Systems out of Service. The chief shall be notified when any required fire-
protection system is out of service and on restoration of service.

1001.6 Tampering with Fire-protection Equipment, Barriers, Security Devices, Signs

and Seals.

1001.6.1 Fire department property. Apparatus, equipment and appurtenances belonging to

or under the supervision and control of the fire department shall not be molested, tampered
with, damaged or otherwise disturbed unless authorized by the chief.

1001.6.2 Fire hydrants and fire appliances. Fire hydrants and fire appliances required by
this code to be installed or maintained shall not be removed, tampered with or otherwise
disturbed except for the purpose of extinguishing fire, training, recharging or making repairs,
or when allowed by the fire department. When a fire appliance is removed as herein allowed,
it shall be replaced or reinstalled as soon as the purpose for which it was removed has been
accomplished.

1001.7 Obstruction and Impairment of Fire Hydrants and Fire-Protection Equipment.

1001.7.1 General Posts, fences, vehicles, growth, trash, storage and other materials or things
shall not be placed or kept near fire hydrants, fire department inlet connections or fire
department control valves in a manner that would prevent such equipment or fire hydrants
from being immediately discernible. The fire department shall not be deterred or hindered
from gaining access to fire-protection equipment or hydrants.

1001.7.2 Clear space around hydrants. A 3-foot (.9144m) clear space shall be maintained
around the circumference of fire hydrants except as otherwise required or approved.

1001.8 Marking of Fire-protection Equipment and Fire Hydrants. Fire-protection

equipment and fire hydrants shall be clearly identified in an approved manner to prevent
obstruction by parking and other obstructions. See also Section 901.4.3.

NFPA 291 Marking of Fire Hydrants. Bonnets and caps shall be coded as follows:

COLOR CLASS AVAILABLE FLOW

 @ 20 p.s.i. residual

BLUE AA 1500 GPM or more

GREEN A 1000-1499 GPM

ORANGE B 500-999 GPM

RED C Below 500 GPM

Continue to Part 10

 Return to Part 8

 Return to Information Section

 Return to Water Supply Section

 Reliance Fire protection system : 
 Reliance Fire protection system

 Fire fighting equipments : 
 Fire fighting equipments Storage water tank Jockey pump Diesel engine pump Electrical
Driven Pimp Fire hydrant Valves Fire hose reels Automatic Sprinklers Fire extinguishers

 Storage Water Tank : 
 Storage Water Tank Tank Capacity : 3600 KL Tank height : 13.5 Mtr

 Jockey Pump : 
 Jockey Pump To maintain delivery pressure 9.00 kg/cm2 to 10.5 kg/cm2 .

 Diesel Engine Pump : 
 Diesel Engine Pump DEP will start run automatically when the line pressure is less than
9.00kg/cm2

 Fire hydrant system : 
 Fire hydrant system Type of hydrants Single hydrant Di- hydrant

 Fire hose reel : 
 Fire hose reel Conforming to BS 6391 Type 1 ,UL 219, pr EN 1924,DIN 14811 IS 636
Type A ISI marked Special quality EPDM rubber as internal lining to with stand heat and
polluted water Heat and abrasion resistance 1 Size Working pressure PSI Burst Pressure
PSI 2 1 1/2” to 6’’ 205 to 100 710 to 425 Specification :-

 Sprinklers : 
 Sprinklers Type of sprinklers :- Pendent Upright

 Sprinklers : 
 Sprinklers Side wall type Concealed type

 Sprinkler bulb temp ranges: 
 Sprinkler bulb temp ranges Orange : 57 deg.cent Red : 68 deg.cent Yellow : 79 deg.cent
Green : 93 deg.cent Blue : 141 deg.cent Mauve : 182 deg.cent

 Fire Extinguishers: 
 Fire Extinguishers Types of Fire Extinguishers:- Co 2 (Carbon dioxide) DCP (Dry
Chemical powder) Foam Type Water Type

 PowerPoint Presentation: 
 Types of Extinguishers. There are three main types of fire extinguisher which are all
available for you to use in your home -: Dry Powder Water Foam Dry Powder and Foam
each come in two types: only one type of powder and one type of foam is suitable for
having at home. No single type of extinguisher is totally effective on every kind of fire.
So before buying one, it's vital to look carefully at what kinds of fires it can be used on.

 Choosing Fire Extinguishers : 
 Choosing Fire Extinguishers Identify the type of materials in the area Class A:  SOLIDS
such as paper, wood, plastic etc Class B:  FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS such as paraffin,
petrol, oil etc Class C:   FLAMMABLE GASES such as propane, butane, methane etc
Class D: METALS such as aluminium, magnesium, titanium etc Class E: Fires involving
ELECTRICAL APPARATUS Class F: Cooking OIL & FAT etc

 Points to note before tackling a fire. : 
 Points to note before tackling a fire . Don't attempt to use an extinguisher on a fire unless
you feel it is safe for you to do so. Position it where you can get to it quickly, like the
hall. Buy one you can carry easily. Don't put it over a heater or fire, but do fix it to the
wall, so it's out of reach of children but easily accessed. Read the instructions and be
familiar with how to use it. Don't leave it until you have a fire. Get it serviced once a year
or as the manufacturer recommends. If you're using it on a fire, keep yourself on the
escape route side of the fire.

 What's Best for Home Use ?: 
 What's Best for Home Use ? Multi-purpose dry powder or Aqueous Film Forming Foam
(AFFF) are probably the best choices. They have the fewest dangers and are effective on
many types of fire . Standard or Multi Purpose Dry Powder. Application The powder
"knocks down" the flames. These are safe to use on most kinds of fire, but the multi-
purpose powders are more effective, especially on burning solids. Standard powders
work well only on burning liquids. Dangers The powder does not cool the fire well. Fires
which seem out can reignite. The powder doesn't penetrate small spaces, like those inside
 burning equipment. The jet could spread burning fat or oil around. How to use Aim the
jet at the base of the flames and briskly sweep it from side to side.

 Water Extinguishers. : 
 Water Extinguishers. Application The water cools the burning material. You can only use
water on solids, like wood or paper. You must never use water on electrical fires or
burning fat or oil. Dangers The water can conduct electricity back to you. Water actually
makes fat or oil fires worse - they can explode as the water hits them. How to use Aim
the jet at the base of the flames and move it over the area of the fire.

 Foam or AFFF FOAM (Aqueous Film Forming Foam) : 
 Foam or AFFF FOAM (Aqueous Film Forming Foam) Application The foam forms a
blanket or film on the surface of a burning liquid. Conventional foam works well only on
some liquids so it's not good for use at home, but AFFF is very effective on most fires
except electrical and chip pan fires. Dangers "Jet" foam can conduct electricity back to
you, but "spray" foam is much less likely to do so. The foam could spread burning fat or
oil around. How to use For solids, aim the jet at the base of the flames and move it over
the area of the fire. For liquids, don't aim the foam straight at the fire - aim it at a vertical
surface or, if the fire is in a container, at the inside edge of the container.

 PowerPoint Presentation: 
 Fire Blankets Fire blankets are good to use on fat pan fires on the cooker or for wrapping
round someone whose clothing is on fire. They're ideal to keep in the kitchen, but they
aren't good for general use. If you get one, make sure it conforms to British Standard BS
6575. Fire Extinguisher Disposal For disposal from business premises companies can use
special service providers, for example Thomas Glover's disposal service being one of
many. In case of residential units, the extinguishers can be discharged and disposed
through residential waste.

 CO2 Fire Extinguishers: 
 CO 2 Fire Extinguishers Co 2 Fire Extinguishers used for all type of electrical fire .

 Water Fire Extinguishers: 
 Water Fire Extinguishers Water Fire Extinguishers used for wood & Paper ect

 DCP (Dry Chemical powder) : 
 DCP (Dry Chemical powder) DCP Fire Extinguishers used for oil , diesel ect .

 Fire Truck: 
 Fire Truck

 PowerPoint Presentation: 
 Fire truck can be used for any type of fire at any where. The following fire fighting
equipments are available in the fire truck . Water - 5000 liters Foam - 500 liters PPE's -
2nos Fire hose reels - 4nos Fire Extinguishers - all types

 Fire fighting PPE’s : 
 Fire fighting PPE’s Hood Coat Gloves Trousers Boots

 Heat Reflective Fire-Fighting & Rescue Suit : 
 Heat Reflective Fire-Fighting & Rescue Suit

 PowerPoint Presentation: 
 Is a heavy duty type fire-fighting and rescue suit designed to offer complete personnel
protection against extremely high temperature radiant heat and momentary flame contact.
High radiant heat reflectivity: more than 90%. Easy Equipment of Breathing Apparatus:
Back-pocket with jip fasteners provide easy equipment of Breathing Apparatus without
wearing off the coat. It is capable of carrying any type of the breathing apparatus and the
exchange of the cylinder can be easily and quickly available. Unique design of the
Protective Hood has the interface apron providing maximum protection to the interface
area between coat and hood. This interface apron with the action-free flexible throat
designed will not minimize the wearers' movement. The lower end portion of the coat has
inner storm trap and provide effective interface area protection between coat and trousers.
The total garments provide the excellent maneuverability and comfort .

 Fire hydrant loop system : 
 Fire hydrant loop system Fire hydrant loop is ring main system Main line pipe size is :
300mm Tapping pipe size is : 250mm Pipe material is : MS

 Pipe line’s: 
 Pipe line’s

 Fire hydrant Valve’s: 
 Fire hydrant Valve’s

 Type’s of Fire hydrant valve : 
 Type’s of Fire hydrant valve Gate valve Butterfly valve

 Sprinkler systems : 
 Sprinkler systems

 Have You Thought of the Ideal Fire Extinguishing Agent? It is the Fire
Sprinkler, Of Course! : 
 Have You Thought of the Ideal Fire Extinguishing Agent? It is the Fire Sprinkler, Of
Course! A fire sprinkler system is a fire protection system that can be fitted into larger
buildings or warehouses. Fire sprinkler heads are connected to a fire suppression system
 that is made up of pipes fitted with sprinkler heads throughout a building. Fire sprinkler
systems is equipped with a fire pump

 Sprinkler function : 
 Sprinkler function

 What is the Purpose of a Fire Sprinkler? : 
 What is the Purpose of a Fire Sprinkler? Automatic fire sprinklers work the following
way: The heat of any fire is detected by the sprinkler system after which the sprinkler
head will be activated and water starts coming down from the system. The sprinkler
system will automatically get connected to the fire emergency services. Without
sprinklers the fire could possibly spread and cause more damage.

 Components of Fire Sprinkler Systems : 
 Components of Fire Sprinkler Systems A common sprinkler system will be made up from
the following components: A fire alarm or Annuciater control panel: This panel detects
the fire an automatically notifies the emergency services. System control valves: These
valves will only be activated in case of a fire and controls the water flow. The frame
(Piping Network). This main structure holds the sprinkler together and is made up out of
water supply pipes connecting the sprinkler heads.

 PowerPoint Presentation: 
 Thermal operated linkage: If there is no fire emergency, the linkage keeps the cap in its
place but if there is heat, the cap will weaken after which water is released. Orifice: This
is the opening of the machine at the base of the system. This is where the water flows
from. Deflector: This component is fitted close to the orifice and breaks up the water
stream so that a more efficient extinguishing water pattern is released into the fire
sprinkler system. Sprinkler heads: These heads are connected to the water pipes and
spread water throughout the building in case of a fire.

 Types of Sprinkler Systems : 
 Types of Sprinkler Systems There are three basic types of fire sprinkler systems: Wet
pipe, Dry pipe, and Pre-action type. Wet pipe systems are the most commonly used fire
sprinkler system:

 Wet Pipe Fire Sprinkler System : 
 Wet Pipe Fire Sprinkler System These systems have the smallest number of components
and are less prone to malfunctioning than other systems. The wet pipe system is the most
used and most reliable type of fire sprinkler system available. The wet pipe system
requires little time to install and less maintenance is needed due to the systems’
simplicity. It is easy to modify the system, all you have to do is shut down the water
supply, drain the pipes and modify the system after which it can be activated again.

 PowerPoint Presentation: 
 This system is easy to re-activate after a fire. All that has to be replaced are the fused
sprinklers.

 Dry Pipe Sprinkler Systems : 
 Dry Pipe Sprinkler Systems These systems are more complex to use and maintain and
have certain disadvantages in comparison with wet pipe systems: The fire sprinkler
system design is more complex than is the case with a wet pipe system. There are higher
installation and maintenance costs with a dry pipe fire system. The wet pipe system is
limited when it comes to being able to make alterations. There is a maximum permitted
size for dry pipe systems of 750 gallons. After a fire these systems have to be dried
completely or the remaining water in the pipes could cause corrosion.

 Fire alarm Pull station : 
 Fire alarm Pull station

 Manual fire alarm Call point : 
 Manual fire alarm Call point On visualising the fire activate the MFCP (Manual fire
alarm cal point)

 Manual Pull Station - One of the Best Devices to Combat Fire : 
 Manual Pull Station - One of the Best Devices to Combat Fire Disasters and fire
accidents can strike at any time. Hence it is never too late to be prepared. Especially, Fire
accidents could be prevented easily if you have proper alarms and systems in place. A
manual pull station is an active fire protection device, which is usually wall mounted.
When it is activated, it initiates an alarm on a fire alarm system. It is similar in its
function to manual call points. In its simplest form, the user activates the manual fire
alarm systems by pulling the handle down, which completes a circuit and locks the
handle in the activated position, and sending an alarm to the fire alarm control panel.

 PowerPoint Presentation: 
 Manual pull station is a device designed to initiate a signal when operated manually.
Manual pull stations are often reset using a key, which allows the handle to go back up to
its normal position. Generally many of the manual pull stations are single action and only
require the user the pull down. Other manual pull stations are dual action, and as such
require the user to perform a second task before pulling down, such as lifting up or
pushing in a panel on the station.

 How is the Manual Pull Station Used? : 
 How is the Manual Pull Station Used? Manual pull station units are wall-mounted
handles that permit the fire alarm manual to be activated from various stations throughout
the building. They also function autonomously of any custom detection system and can
be monitored via local or central station once set in motion. Manual pull stations lets
inhabitants to sound the alarm at the first sign of a fire, allowing evacuation and
emergency responses before a smoke detector has identified the situation. Yet, manual
pull stations are useless if no one is on site

 PowerPoint Presentation: 
 A manual pull station needs building personnel or emergency responders to open the
station using a key, which often is either a hex key or a more traditional key to reset itself
after it has been operated normally Opening the station normally causes the handle to go
back to its original position, allowing the alarm to be reset from the fire alarm control
panel after the station has been closed.

 Single Action Vs dual Action Manual Pulls Stations : 
 Single Action Vs dual Action Manual Pulls Stations Single action needs users to pull
down and it is present in many pull stations. In dual pull station you have to lift up or
push in a panel on the station before the pulling down action. The single action station
has high quality, die cast metal with SPST contacts and terminal strip contacts. In dual
action, the bark marked push rotates inward allowing the pull bar to be grasped and
operated by single hand.

 TYPES OF DETECTORS : 
 TYPES OF DETECTORS There are various types of detector 1.Ionisation Detector
2.Photoelectric Detector 3. Heat Detector.

 Smoke detector : 
 Smoke detector

 How the DETECTORS Functions ? : 
 How the DETECTORS Functions ? 1.Ionisation Detector When smoke particles enters
the ionisation chamber, the smoke particles will be oxidises & the same will be calculated
as per the dirty/Fire indication. 2.Photoelectric Detector When smoke particles enters the
photoelectric chamber the light scattered inside the chamber in the photo detector will get
obstructed thus giving dirty/fire alarm

 Smoke Can Evade Our Eyes! But, it is Surely Visible to Ionization
Detectors : 
 Smoke Can Evade Our Eyes! But, it is Surely Visible to Ionization Detectors Ionization
Smoke detector works with the help of ions. Ionization smoke detector cannot be used
without seeking the prior permission of the concerned government authority. Since
ionization smoke detector calls for working under a process that may involve hazardous
process lot of formalities have to be complied with before using an ionization detector.

 What are Ionization Smoke Detectors? : 
 What are Ionization Smoke Detectors? Ionization smoke detector also has a chamber like
photo electric smoke alarm. Ions are created as a result of the reaction between oxygen
and nitrogen and the alpha particles produced by a Americium an important constituent
of Ionization smoke detector. Electricity can pass through these icons and therefore they
regulate the movement of electric power within these electrodes. If smoke enters the
chamber the flow of electricity is disturbed as the alpha is engulfed by large smoke.
 Finally the alarm gets triggered and you can take necessary measures to save your life
and the lives of your loved ones apart from property

 How do they Work? : 
 How do they Work? Ionization smoke detectors are very useful to deduct smoke in areas
that are prone to rapid fires. The detector consists of a smoke alarm made of radio active
material. The radio active material is very thick but also has enough space to
accommodate the alpha particles that pass through. The chamber consists of two metal
plates carrying both positive and negative charges. The atoms travel in opposite
directions i.e. the positive Ones are transmitted to the negative plate and vice similarly
the negative ones are transmitted to the positive plates

 PowerPoint Presentation: 
 Once smoke passes through the chamber there is a disturbance in the electricity flow. As
a result of this disturbance the passage of electricity takes place in a slow pace and below
the minimum speed. This triggers the alarm. In the absence of smoke the transfer of icons
to the positive and negative ends takes place freely. Besides the smoking particles
combustion gases also induce the alpha particles that produce the icons and thereby
disturb the flow of electricity. As a result of the interaction between icons, alpha particles
and smoke particles the electricity circuit breaks and the alarm is automatically triggered.

 PowerPoint Presentation: 
 Ionization smoke detectors have greatly helped to prevent rapid fires from causing huge
losses to lives and property. Flammable liquids, loosely packaged light combustibles and
kitchen grease are the ones belonging to this category. It is very difficult to control rapid
fire breaks without the help of ionization smoke detectors because they have the ability to
expand quickly and cause irreparable loss.

 Fire alarm Heat detector : 
 Fire alarm Heat detector

 Heat Detectors: 
 Heat Detectors When heat rises in the surrounding of heat detector and when it reaches
the set temperature of the detector it will trigger the alarm.

 PowerPoint Presentation: 
 Heat detectors also come in two types. They are known as fixed temperature and rate of
rise. In the first type the device will work if the room temperature reaches an optimal
level of 140° F or 195° F. The other device also works on standard temperature levels.
However they can very well sense sudden and upward fluctuations of temperature. This
device has a limitation when compared with smoke detectors because heat detectors can
only recognize high levels of temperature and it is difficult to save property or people in
most cases.

 Be Warned of Fire Immediately Using the Right Heat Detectors : 
 Be Warned of Fire Immediately Using the Right Heat Detectors A heat detector is a
device that detects heat and can be either electrical or mechanical in operation. With the
help of various heat detector parts, you can interface your home security system in the
best way. Heat and smoke detector are either electrical or battery operated and in rare
situations operated by both. Thermocouple and the electro-pneumatic are the most
familiar types of sensitive heat detectors which can respond to changes in ambient
temperature. In general the alarm signal is triggered while the ambient temperature rises
above a predetermined threshold.

 PowerPoint Presentation: 
 Heat detectors are made from the photoelectric technology. They also play a vital part in
fire detection. The heat detector offers the best security in circumstances where there may
be more flame than smoke, as in an alcohol fire. They are implemented with various
techniques from solid-state to bi-metal contacts for indicating the presence of heat when
the temperature exceeds a specific value or rate of rise.

 Where could you use Heat Detectors? : 
 Where could you use Heat Detectors? Heat detectors are usually used in dirty, dusty
environments or where dense smoke is produced. They can be used in places where
smoke detectors are useless due to environmental or other special reasons. They are also
used effectively where the value of materials and fire is less. Sensitive heat detectors can
be handled in indoor areas without winds or drafts that can protect heat from reaching the
detector. They are effective in manufacturing areas where large quantities of vapors,
gases or fumes are released. They are extremely handy in kitchens, furnace rooms, utility
and other place where combustible particles are normally present.

 Difference between Smoke and Heat Detectors : 
 Difference between Smoke and Heat Detectors Heat detectors are ideal for areas where
flammable gasses and liquids are handled or any area where a fire will quickly cause a
large change in the surrounding temperature. But Smoke detectors will meet the
requirements of areas holding wood; paper, plastic or fabric materials by detecting a fire
at its flaming or early flame stages. Through out combustion these materials generate a
combination of smoke types with noticeable levels of both large and small particles.

 PowerPoint Presentation: 
 Smoke detectors can’t be used in areas where dust and dirt’s are heavy. They are helpless
in high ceiling areas. Though heat detectors are less receptive they are more suitable than
a smoke detector in most environments. The most common heat detectors either react to a
broad temperature change or a predetermined fixed temperature. Hence a heat detector is
always preferable and better than smoke detectors.

 PowerPoint Presentation: 
 Fixed temperature heat detector uses a set of temperature-sensitive resistors called
thermostats that decrease in resistance as the temperature rises. While one thermistor is
sealed to be secure from the surrounding temperature the other is exposed. A sharp
 increase in temperature reduces the resistance in the exposed thermistor, which allows a
large current to activate the detector's alarm.

 Fire alarm hooter : 
 Fire alarm hooter

 Fire alarm Hotter Function : 
 Fire alarm Hotter Function Whenever fire indication received by Fire alarm panel,Hooter
will be trigger ON

 Call off siren : 
 Call off siren

 Fire alarm panel SIMPLEX 4100U: 
 Fire alarm panel SIMPLEX 4100U

 Fire alarm panel Simplex : 
 Fire alarm panel Simplex

 Fire alarm panel function : 
 Fire alarm panel function Fire alarm control panels (FACP) are systems, which receive
information from input devices (smoke detectors, heat detectors, etc.), process the
information, and trigger an output device (audio or visual alarm).  A conventional control
panel is an alarm system that can only detect on/off signals.  Conventional systems use
separate wiring circuits called zones to relay information to the panel regarding the
condition of the initiating devices. The panel monitors the condition of the detection
devices throughout the whole system, with separate zones used to help pinpoint the
location of the alarm. These systems allow the use of inexpensive detection devices and
fire alarm control panels.  An addressable control panel is a system using a signaling
technique, which allows a control unit to identify a specific initiating device or group of
devices by location. Conventional fire alarm control panels are often specified by the
number of zones or alarm points covered by the FACP.  Zones are groups of initiating
devices wired on a common circuit (signaling line circuit). Each wiring circuit is used to
relay information to the panel regarding the condition of the initiating devices, which can
include smoke, heat, or fire detectors, manual pull stations or any circuit closure device.

 PowerPoint Presentation: 
 Addressable fire alarm control panels, or intelligent fire alarm control panels, usually
specify the number of detectors and modules that will be operated by the FACP.  This is
the same as the number of addressable devices.  These are separate circuits or paths
directly connected to a notification appliance. Secondary applications for fire alarm
panels include: security, burglary / theft, machine failure or malfunction, medical,
process control panels (such as: heat and temperature, power and power surge, computer
systems, gas monitoring, and water level and leak monitoring), power distribution,
personal safety monitoring, smoke, structural failure, or other unlisted, specialized, or
 proprietary applications. Fire alarm control panels may have a long list of specialty
features which may include (but are not limited to): acknowledge or silence, back-up
batteries, built-in printer, data storage, explosion-proof housing, pre-alarm, intrinsically
safe (IS) operation, a paging system for voice evacuation, modular construction, outdoor
ratings, fire alarm control panels with a PC interface, programming options, remote
telephone interface, submersible ratings, volume control adjustments, or web enabling.
