Kuliah Tamu Di UNJANI - 19 & 26 Februari 07

Oleh
I Wayan Suweca
KK Perancangan Mesin ITB
Kuliah Tamu di UNJANI, 19 & 26 Februari 2007 2
1
TECHNOLOGY CONTENT
ART CONTENT
1. What is Design?
Needs Products
Functional
} }
1
space 1
2
MAPPING 2 Physical
3 3 space
U Design is defined as the mapping process from functional

space to the physical space to satisfy the designer-specified
goals or objectives.
U The mapping process consists of a series of activities to
itemize all the information necessary to realize what is
conceived in the designer’s mind.
2
1.1. Classes of Design (Brown & Chandrasekaran, 1985)
z Routine design
All possible solution types are enumerated (that is, all
the attributes, applicable useful methods, and the
strategies are known a priori).
z Innovative design
The knowledge base is already known and available to
designer. The solutions are novel, but no new
knowledge is added.
z Creative design
Neither the attributes nor the strategies are known
ahead of time. New variables and new knowledge bases
are added to the system.
1.2. Product Life Cycle
Design & Manufacturing &

Development Distribution
Operation &
Needs Maintenance
Face Out
3
2. Design Methodology
Design methodology is a prescribed

sequence of action in conducting design
process.
It is important to know in what context a

given methodology is applicable and for
what problem types it is useful.
Recognition of needs
Definition of problem
Increasing Detail
Increasing Abstraction
Gathering of information
Conceptualization
Detailing
Evaluation
Communication
4
2.1. French Method Needs
Analysis of
problem
Statement
of problem
Conceptual
design
: Process Selected
Schemes
Embodiment of
schemes
: Result
Detailing
Working
drawing
2.2. Ullman Method

Project Specification Conceptual Product Product
Definition & Planning Definition Design Development Support
Start
Customer Create Produce Sales

Identification Concept Product Support
Team
Establishment
Product evaluation
Evaluate
Establish Concept Performance &
Customer Needs Strength
Technical
Job Modification
Development
Make Decision Cost
Competitor for the Concept
Yes
Evaluation Production Customer

Yes
Market
Yes
Support
Yes
Analysis
Documentation &
Establish Communication Make Decision
Technical for the product
Cost & schedule Specification Manufacturing &
estimation Assembling
Change
Support
the plan Documentation &
Determine Communication
Target
Project plan End

approved? Concept
Yes
Production
Spec. approved? approved?
Yes
Yes
approved?
Yes
No
No No
No
Improve?
Improve? Improve?
Improve?
No
No No
Stop No
Stop Stop
Stop
5
2.3. VDI Method
STAGES RESULTS PHASES
Iterate forwards and backwards between previous and following stages Ta sk
Clarify & define

1 Phase I
the task
Specification
Determine function
2
and their structure
Fulfill and adapt requirement

Function structures
Search for solution principles Phase II
3
and their combinations
Principles solutions
Divide into
4
realizable modules
Module structure
Develop layout of
5 Phase III
key modules
Preliminary layouts
Complete overall
6
modules
Definitive layouts
Prepare production and
7 Phase IV
operating instructions
Product documents
Further Realization
2.4. Pahl & Beitz Method

Task
Market, company, economy
Planning and
clarifying the
Plan and clarify the task

task
Information adapt the requirements list
Optimization of
the principle
Requirement list
(Design specification)
Conceptual
design
Develop the principles

Upgrade and improve
Concept
(Principle solution)
Optimization of the
layout, forms and
Develop the construction structure

Embodiment
materials
design
Preliminary layout
Optimization of
the production
Define the construction structure
Definitive layout
design
Detail
Prepare production and

operating documents
Product documentation
Solution
6
2.5. Ibrahim Zeid Method
Design Process
Synthesis
Design Design Feasibility study with
need specifications collecting design information
Analysis
Design Design
Design Design Analysis
analysis, Design concept-
documentation evaluation model
optimization ualization
CAD + CAE
Process Production Quality

Production Packaging Shipping
planning planning control
Design and
procurement
of new tools
Order
CAM Marketing
materials
NC/CNC/
DNC Pro-
gramming
Manufacturing Process
2.6. Dieter Method

Product Specification
Develop Design Concept
Historical and
Analysis Critical Design Features
Current Test Data
Create Detail Design Modify Design

CAD
Analysis Detail Design
Generate Detailed Drawings
Build Prototype
Test Prototype
Design Database
Program N/C Machine Tools and
Automated Manufacturing Equipment
CAM
Manufacturing Product
Test Finished Product
Ship Product
Monitor Filed Performance

7
2.7. Hatamura Method
Total project planning
Design planning
Design in a narrow sense

Sketch drawing
Design in a broad sense

Scheme drawing
Final scheme drawing
Parts drawing
Assembly drawing
Parts fabrication
Assembly
Inspection
3. Specific Process in Hatamura Method

Total project planning Project proposal document
Design planning
{ • Design planning document
• Design specification document }
Sketch drawing Sketch drawing
Scheme drawing Scheme drawing
Final scheme drawing { • Final scheme drawing

• Design document (including design calculation) }
Parts drawing { • Parts drawing
• Part list }
Assembly drawing
{ •
•
•
Assembly drawing
Fabrication specification document
Operation instruction document }
}
• Inspection specification document
Parts fabrication
Assembly Manufacturing Process
Inspection
8
3.1. Design Planning
⎧
⎪ Outline specifications
Total project ⎪⎪
Overall cost
planning ⎨ Proposal
⎪ Delivery schedule
⎪
Organization
⎩⎪
⎧ Specification document
⎪ Basic specifications
Design ⎪⎪ Time schedule Timetable
planning ⎨
⎪ Budget Budget list
⎪
⎪⎩ Division of labor
Sketch
drawing
(a) Stages of design (b) Decision matters (c) Outcomes
3.2. Sketch Drawing

Design planning
Basic specifications
Sketch drawing ⎧ Function Function diagram

⎪ Mechanism Mechanism diagram
Lay-out the design ideas in mind
(a large portion is still abstract or
⎪ Drive
uncertain) ⎪ Power system diagram
⎪ Transmission of motion &
Different kinds of sketch drawing ⎨ forces Force line diagram
⎪ Static characteristics Starting characteristics
⎪ Structural balance & beauty
diagram
More details of functions,
mechanism, and structure are
⎪ Bode plot
Control system diagram
incorporated at this stage ⎪ Dynamic characteristics
Measurement system
⎩ Measurement/control diagram
Scheme drawing
(a) Stages (b) Items for consideration (c) Diagrams used

9
Timing Clutch
belt Hydr/ Force
line Strength
pneu
Link Elastic
Cam defor. Symetry
Rigidity Appea-
Rotary
rance
shaft Static
Gear charac-
teristics
Transmi- Balance Force
Guide ssion of and
motion
Balance size
Hydrau- and force
Support
lic
cg
Pneu-
matic Functional
I
Drive
requirement Dynamic
charac-
Piezo- and teristics
Starting
electric associated GD2
constraints
Motor
Mecha- Sensing Vibration Freg.

nism and Charac.
control
Sensor
Function Reso-
Items to be nance
considered in sketch Recor-

ding
Ampli-
fication.
Vib.
Isola-
tion
drawing Display
Ope-
ration
3.3. Scheme Drawing

Sketch drawing Installation space of the machine
⎧
Outline structure ⎪ Available utilities
⎪
⎪ Possible interference received from the environment
Scheme drawing (SD) ⎪ Possible interference caused to the environment
⎨
⎪ Standards, regulations, rules
The first SD containing ⎪ Manufacturers
the structural details ⎪
⎪ Commercial parts to be purchased
(SD1)
⎩ Parts in stock to be utilized
The SD produced at the
intermediate stages where a lot
(b) Items to be investigated
of investigations and discussions Installation space of the machine
take place towards improvement ⎧
⎪ Dimensions
(SD1,..., SDn-1) ⎪ Materials
⎪
⎪ Machine elements
The final SD containing
all the final decisions ⎨ Machining methods
⎪
(SDn) ⎪ Assembly/disassembly
⎪ Manufacturers
⎪ Transportation and installation
Parts/assembly drawing ⎩
Maintenance
(a) Stages (c) Decision items
10
Items to be Drai-
nage
Supply
Dom.
considered in
Int.
Stand. Stand.
Gas Com-
SD
pressed Corp.
Water air Elec- Stand.
Stan- Safety
Petrol tricity
dards
Fuel
Patent
Environ-
Govern- mental
Trans-
ment polution
porta-
regula-
Human tion Stand.
Available tions
move- Regula-
utilities Machi-
ment
tions, ning
rules skills
Ground Vibra
-tion Interfe- Deli-
current ⎧ rence to Manu- very
Electro- ⎪ envi.
Constraints
facturers
⎫
Mag-
netism
magneti ⎪⎪ ⎪
⎪
sm
⎨ imposed on Cost
Hum Noise ⎪ Interfe-

the design ⎬ Person
in
⎪ rence contents Commer- ⎪ charge
⎪⎩ from envi. cial
⎪⎭
Order
Corro- Light products Corres-
sive gas ponden-
Installa- ce
Atmos-
Parts in Reliability
stock, Speci-
phere tion of
Odour fication
Trans- space usable old manufac-
parts turer
portation
Wind
Installa-
Huma Temper tion Parts in
dity ature location Opera- Usable
Standar stock
tion old
dized
space parts parts
Machi-
ning
Items to be
Machi- method
ning Machine
order tool
determined by a Machi-
designer in SD
ning
Material process Assem
preparati Jig bly Disasse
on mbly
Mainte-
Heat nance
treat-
ment Speci-
Element
Standard fication
design
ized size
Machi- Assembly/
Centre
ning dissasem- Marketing
deviation bly parts Manu-
Mate-
Machine facturer
rial
Plane
deviation
elements
Material Wiring
Machi-
Squa- ning Decision
precision Wiring/
reness
items pipe Pipe
in scheme arrange- arrange-
Paralle- ment ment
lism drawing
Surface Dimen-
roughness
sion Sensor
Fabri- Deli-
cation very
Corners
Installa- Services Manu-
tion facture
Occu- Cost
Fit Specific pancy
Tole- dimen- space
rance sion
Compres
Total Electri- sed air

Tie-in size city Water
Motion
stroke
range
11
3.4. Instruction for Production
Scheme drawing
Final scheme drawing
Fabrication specification
drawing
(Extraction and representation of the information
associated with each part fabricated)
Parts drawing
(Assembly simulation based on the information of the
individual parts)
Assembly drawing
(List constructed from the assembly and parts drawing,
which contains the information necessary for assembly)
Operation
(Document which contains the information on the
Parts list specification
fabrication of each part and the total assembly)
list
Fabrication
(a) Steps in the preparation of the (b) Working contents and information
fabrication specification document
3.5. Fabrication & Verification

Preparation of fabrication
specification document
Parts drawing
Assembly drawing
(Place an order for the product based on the parts drawings,

Fabrication
assembly drawing, and part list)
Parts fabrication
(Order and follow-up of the fabrication of each parts)
Parts purchasing
(Order and follow-up of the purchase of marketing parts)
Assembly (Inspection of the individual parts, order and follow-up of the
assembly work)
Verification
Inspection (Verification of the performance of the machine)
Test/trial run
Post-process of design
Patent (Work accompanying design)
Overall review (Rights assertion with respect to the design result)
Release/presentation (Review of the whole design project)
(a) Steps after completing the (b) Contents of designer’s work

fabrication specification document
12
4. Post-Process of Design
4.1. Application for patent
U The designs which are excellent are at the same time
those that are most prone to be copied. Thus,
designers are strongly encouraged to protect their
intellectual properties in the form of patent, copy
right, etc.
U Establishing intellectual property is the action of
linking intellectual activities with the economy.
U The crucial point in applying for patent is to do it as
soon as you get the idea. It is not surprising that
other competitive designers working in the same filed
may come up with a similar idea to yours.
4.2. Comprehensive Evaluation

In addition to checking that all specifications are met during the
test/trial run, it should also be evaluated to see if it is really relevant to
whole project. This type of review plays an important role, especially in
cases where a totally new machine has been created, for instance, for
research and development purposes. The review, at least, should
examined the following points:
1. Was the project as a whole justifiable?
2. Was the design plan appropriate, in terms especially of cost,
schedule/delivery, and staff?
3. Was the design in accordance with the objective of the research and
development?
4. What was the difference between actual and projected total expenditure.
5. Was the project profitable?
6. Was it released at the right time to the market?
7. Does the machine actually meet the customer’s needs?
13
4.3. Publicity
U When the designed machine is completed and the
objectives has been achieved, the machine should be
publicized.
U If it was for university research, the content of the research
itself should be published in learned journals.
U If it was for industrial development, the product should be
advertised in newspaper, on TV, and in magazines.
U A designer’s pleasure at receiving a flood of enquiries about
and orders for the product will fan the flames of his/her
ambition to produce a new and better design in the future.
U Research without publication is nothing and development
without publicity is child’s play.
5. Some Viewpoints in Machine Design

5.1. Machines: past and future
Intelligent elements
Structure
Structure
Sensor
Power source
Power source
Information
Transmission processing unit
Transmission mechanism
mechanism Actuator
Operating ends
Operating ends
Intelligent machine
Conventional Conventional of the

machine future machine
14
5.2. Conditions to be Satisfied in Machine Design
Balance
(for gravity)
Flow of Strength
forces
Machine
Design
Mechanism Balance of
to satisfy the form or
functions appearance
5.3. General Topics Considered in Machine Design
Force
and
strength
Form Dimension
Machining
Structure
process
Functional
requirements
and associated
Mechanism Material
constraints
Machine
Function
elements
15
5.4. Checklist of Design Results
1. PLANNING
No. Parameter Status
1. Is it really necessary to fabricate the machine?
2. Do the specification (performance, size, weight, etc.) satisfy the needs?
3. Are the costs of manufacturing and time for manufacturing appropriate?
2. FUNCTION
No. Check List Parameter Status

1. Will the machine achieve the desired function?
2. Were all necessary functions considered?
3. Were all power sources, information sources, signal lines and control
devices that are to be attached, considered?
3. MECHANISM & CONSTRUCTION

1. Is the mechanism and construction suitable to achieve the functions?
2. Was the most appropriate mechanism adopted?
3. Are the mechanism and construction as simple as possible?
4. Is the flow of forces closed?
5. Is the balance good? Is the machine beautiful?
6. Is it constructed in such a way that it is thick where the flow of force is
large and thin where the flow of force is small?
7. Are the direction of the shaft rotation, movement and direction of level and
link correct? Are they confirmed graphically?
8. Are the direction of air flow and oil flow correct? Are they confirmed
graphically?
9. Has consideration been given to vibration?
10. Was consideration to high-speed rotating parts sufficient?
11. Was the load examined, not only from the driving side, but also considering
the effect of gravity of the parts and force of inertia?
12. Was a suitable clamp implemented for wiring and piping?
16
4. MATCHING WITH EXTERIOR CONDITIONS

1. Will the machine withstand the effect of surrounding conditions?
2. Was consideration given to high temperatures, low temperatures, dust,
corrosiveness, vibration, etc.?
3. Were changes in length and reduction of gaps due to variation of
temperature considered?
4. Was consideration given to the rusting of sliding part and adjusting screws
due to air exposure?
5. Is there any concern about unwanted water accumulation which may cause
freezing and bursting?
6. Is the effect on the surrounding area all right?
7. Can the machine be accommodated in the space available?
8. Is there any interference with the surrounding area due to movement,
action, etc.?
9. Will the machine be able to manage with the available utilities (water, air,
electricity)?
10. Was sufficient consideration given to safety and accident prevention?
5. SHAPE

1. Is the shape of the machine good enough to achieve the required function?
2. Can the shape be made simpler?
3. Can the shape be fabricated?
4. Does the shape lend itself to assembly and disassembly?
5. Are parts, holes, cavities, etc., sensibly shaped?
6. Is the shape suitable for operability?
6. STRENGTH

1. Is static strength sufficient? Is fatigue strength sufficient?
2. Is the deformation within an allowable range?
3. For the machine with a forced vibration element, is he characteristic
vibration frequency larger than the forced vibration frequency?
4. Is it constructed such that it is thick where flow of force is large and thin
where flow of force is small?
17
7. DIMENSIONS

1. Is there any omission in the details of dimensions?
2. Is there any redundancy in the dimensions?
3. Can the dimensions be realized from a manufacturing viewpoint?
4. Have treatments of chamfer and radius been designated?
5. Have the dimensions of mating chamfer and radius been considered?
6. Are dimensions as clear-cut as possible?
7. Is the designation of fitting appropriate?
8. Are interfaces good?
9. Have other related devices been drawn and mutual relations between them
checked?
10. Have dimensions for fixing and transport been entered correctly?
11. Has the stroke (working range) of movable parts been entered?
12. Concentration of local stress, breakage, etc, tends to occur due to
quenching in parts with sharp edges, and with complicated shapes or parts
with an abrupt variation in thickness. Was the size of radius examined to
prevent this from occurring?
7. DIMENSIONS (continued)

13. Are the dimensions entered appropriately? (with regard to accumulation of
errors)
14. Is the total dimension correct?
15. Have all dimensions been entered?
16. Has the occupancy space been correctly indicated?
17. Has tolerance been considered?
18. Is tolerance (including fitting) unnecessarily strict?
19. Has surface roughness been designated?
20. Is surface roughness appropriate? It is not too strict
21. Has tolerance in shape (parallelism, squareness, cylindricity, etc.) been
considered?
22. Has tolerance been chosen such that fabrication error and assembling error
can be avoided?
23. Has the reference plane for machining been considered?
18
8. WEIGHT

1. Does the weight satisfy the basic specification?
2. Is the weight of parts less than 20 kg so that they can be carried by hand?
3. Has a lifting hook been attached to parts that weight more than 20 kg?
9. MATERIAL
1. Are mechanical properties ( tensile strength, rigidity, hardness, specific gravity) appropriate?
2. Can sufficient strength be obtained should the temperature change?

3. Will there be any problems caused by thermal expansion as a result of temperature change?
4. Is workability (cut-ability, weld-ability, etc.) sufficient?

5. Where electric conductivity, etc, are required, have they been taken into consideration?
6. Is corrosion resistance sufficient? If not, has surface treatment been designated?

7. In the case of steel material, has heat treatment been examined?
8. To avoid a delay, has a stock item been considered as a choice?
9. Where there are no stock items, is it actually possible for the item to be made available?
10. Have any special items (expensive, not in stock, interior workability) been designated
inadvertently?
10. WORKING METHOD [Sheet metal and welding]

1. Is bending possible?
2. Can the item be welded?
3. Is there any missing or inappropriate designation of the welding symbol?
4. Is there any interference between the bead of welding and a bolt head or
nut when they are being fastened?
5. Has welding distortion been considered?
6. Has sheet metal tolerance been considered?
7. Has consideration been given to preventing stress concentration?
8. Does the design stay within the size of standard sheet of steel?
9. Is it planned to unify the plate thickness used? Has utilizing a flat bar,
shaped steel, etc. been considered?
19
10. WORKING METHOD [Machining]

1. Is machining possible?
2. Has the type of machine to be used for machining been considered? (is it possible to
machine with the facilities available? Is any innovative machining involved?
3. Has any consideration been given to shape and dimension of the cutter?
4. Has consideration been given to the fact that a radius is formed at a concave?
5. Is it necessary to chamfer for sharp edges?
6. Are the finish symbols or marks used, appropriate? Are any forgotten?
7. Is the finish symbols not too strict?
8. Is it possible to relax tolerance in dimensions?
9. Is it possible to relax tolerance in shape?
10. Is surface roughness sufficient for a sliding surface, oil seal, packing, etc?
11. Has the working sequence been considered?
12. Can different stages of machining be applied from one direction without resetting the
work piece?
13. Is the method of indicating dimension appropriate from the points of view of working
method and sequence?
14. Is there a margin for chucking?
15. Is the location of the working reference plane clearly indicated?
10. WORKING METHOD [Heat Treatment]

1. Is the quality of the material appropriate?
2. Have depth, hardness, etc., of quenching been designated?
3. Has the range of quenching been designated?
10. WORKING METHOD [Surface Treatment]

1. Is plating or painting necessary?
2. Is the designation for plating and painting proper?
3. Has attention been paid to rust?
4. What type of anti-corrosive measure is it panned to implement?
20
10. WORKING METHOD [Assembly/disassembly]

1. Is assembly possible?
2. Has space for tools been allowed?
3. Has the stroke of tools been considered?
4. Is disassembly possible? (is extraction possible when disassembling press-fitted
parts?)
5. Have parts that are to be replaced possible whenever disassembling been taken into
consideration?
6. Can oil seals, dust seals, O-rings, etc., be assembled and disassembled without
damage?
7. Are assembling and disassembling by unit possible? (have work procedures, extraction
margins and removal space been considered when replacing a unit?)
8. Has consideration been given to assembly and adjustment?
9. Is there a potential problem caused by the accumulation of errors in working and
assembling?
10. Can assembly proceed in the order indicated by the numbers used for the parts?
11. Is it possible to reduce the number of tools required for maintenance?
12. Is it possible to connect necessary instruments for maintenance?
13. Has sufficient work space for a human to do maintenance work been considered?
14. Is maintainability good?
10. WORKING METHOD [Inspection]

1. Can designated accuracy be confirmed?
2. Has type of instrumentation to be used been examined?
10. WORKING METHOD [Transport/Installation]

1. Has the place of installation been examined?
2. Has the method of transportation been examined?
3. Have door width, roads, crane, ceiling height, hand-carried loads, etc, been
checked?
4. If transporting after disassembly, has transportation of each disassembled
part separately been considered?
5. When the machine or parts are packed for transportation, are they still safe
and stable?
6. Is the position of the centre of gravity appropriate?
7. Has consideration been given to installation?
8. Is the load-bearing capacity of the floor sufficient?
21
10. WORKING METHOD [Mechanical Elements]

1. Is the performance of mechanical elements used sufficient?
2. Has it been checked if there are standard mechanical elements available
(particularly, springs gears, etc.)?
3. Has availability of stock delivery time been confirmed for purchased parts?
4. If no stock is available, can it actually be obtained?
10. WORKING METHOD [Electrical Elements]

1. Is the motor power sufficient?
2. Has wiring space been taken into account?
3. Have measures been taken for noise and external disturbance?
4. Has earthing been properly considered?
10. WORKING METHOD [Operability]

1. Has sufficient work space for the operator been allowed?
2. Have maximum operating power and optimum operating power been
considered?
3. Does the operating direction of levers, etc., conform with human common
sense?
4. Has ease of visual recognition been considered? All information should be
visible at a glance.
5. Are brightness, temperature and noise at comfortable levels?
22
10. WORKING METHOD [Safety]
1. Has attention been paid to potential accidents, such as being cut by sharp
edges, being tripped, catching fire, explosion, being caught in the machine,
and so on?
2. Is there any concern that operators could get burnt by contact white the
machine? How about an emergency escape or safe lock which protects the
operator from being injured in an emergency?
3. Is there any fear of leakage and damage due to the loosening of piping and
hydraulic piping or the occurrence of fire due to adjacent installation of
wiring?
4. Is a lighting device available for work operation?
5. Is a cover provided on movable parts, in the form of pulleys, belts, etc.?
6. Has a fool-proof system been considered to prevent errors in assembly,
adjustment, and operation from occurring?
7. Has consideration been given to fail safety so that a machine would stop
automatically should any erroneous operation malfunction occur?
10. WORKING METHOD [Method of Drafting]

1. Projective technique
z Has the third angle projection method been used?
z Is the layout of the drawing easy to see?
z Is the representation of the drawing correct? Does it accurately reflect the way it
is actually seen?
2. Are line thicknesses correct? Can thick and thin lines be distinguished?
3. Are solid lines, broken lines and dashed lines differentiated?
4. Are the view drawings represented properly?
5. Are the position and direction of the cross-section correct?
6. Are the cross-sections represented properly?
7. Have letters and numbers which are common in drafting been used?
8. Is the scale used standard?
9. Has a detail drawing been drawn for a confusing portion?
10. Title table
Is it clearly stated that the third angel projection method was used?
Is there any error in scale?
23
10. WORKING METHOD [Method of Drafting] (continued)

10. Title table
z Is it clearly stated that the third angel projection method was used?
z Is there any error in scale?
z Have the signatures of the designer, the manufacturer, etc., been obtained? Has
the contact address been clearly written?
z Have the names of experiments, devices, etc., been entered?
z Are the names of parts appropriate? Have they been entered?
z Have the product number and the drawing number been entered?
z Have the quality of material, heat treatment, other particular matters, weight, etc.,
been entered?
z Has tolerance for processing been designated?
Concluding Remarks
* Design process is one of important and the most
strategic step in product life cycle.
* The significance of design is in constructing information
that is necessary to the transformation of the idea
conceived by human brain into a real product.
* In conducting a design process, designers should
consider the all aspects of product life cycle.
* The essence of design lies in the completion of the
scheme drawing, the most adding value stage in design
process.
* So, the aim of design education at university is to teach
students how to produce a scheme drawing.
24
References
1. Hatamura, Y. and Yamamoto, Y., 1999, “The Practice of Machine
Design”, Oxford University Press, New York.
2. Ertas, Atila, and Jones, J. C., 1996, “The Engineering Design
Process”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
3. Waldron, M. B., and Waldron, K. J., 1996, “Mechanical Design”,
Springer-Verlag, Inc. New York.
4. Pahl, G., and Beitz, W., “Engineering Design, 1996, A Systematic
Approach”, Springer-Verlag, Inc. London.
5. Ullman, D. G., 1992, “The Mechanical Design Process”, McGraw-
Hill, Inc., New York.
6. Zeid, Ibrahim, 1991, “CAD/CAM Theory and Practice”, McGraw-
Hill, Inc..
7. Dieter, G. E., 1991, “Engineering Design: A Materials and
Processing Approach”, McGraw-Hill, Inc.
25

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U Design is defined as the mapping process from functional

1.2. Product Life Cycle

Design & Manufacturing &

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Design methodology is a prescribed

It is important to know in what context a

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2.2. Ullman Method

Customer Create Produce Sales

Evaluation Production Customer

Project plan End

Clarify & define

Fulfill and adapt requirement

2.4. Pahl & Beitz Method

Plan and clarify the task

Develop the principles

Develop the construction structure

Define the construction structure

Prepare production and

Process Production Quality

2.6. Dieter Method

Develop Design Concept

Create Detail Design Modify Design

Analysis Detail Design

Generate Detailed Drawings

Test Finished Product

Monitor Filed Performance

Design in a narrow sense

Design in a broad sense

Final scheme drawing

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3. Specific Process in Hatamura Method

Scheme drawing Scheme drawing

Final scheme drawing { • Final scheme drawing

Assembly Manufacturing Process

(a) Stages of design (b) Decision matters (c) Outcomes

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3.2. Sketch Drawing

Sketch drawing ⎧ Function Function diagram

(a) Stages (b) Items for consideration (c) Diagrams used

Mecha- Sensing Vibration Freg.

considered in sketch Recor-

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3.3. Scheme Drawing

Hum Noise ⎪ Interfe-

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Total Electri- sed air

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3.5. Fabrication & Verification

(Place an order for the product based on the parts drawings,

Overall review (Rights assertion with respect to the design result)

Release/presentation (Review of the whole design project)

(a) Steps after completing the (b) Contents of designer’s work