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Presentacion Solar
Presentacion Solar
The power produced from renewable energy sources is characterized by its variability. The solution is to couple sources of
supply and form a hybrid system. A hybrid renewable energy system is an electrical system, comprising more than one
energy source, among which one at least is renewable. In another word, a hybrid renewable energy system is a system that
combines two different technologies: one or more conventional energy sources, and at least one renewable energy source.
Hybrid energy systems are generally autonomous in this case storage capacity is necessary; this type is widespread in
isolated sites. The goal of a hybrid renewable energy system is to meet the demand for a load from renewable sources, if
there is a lack it is filled with conventional sources, while minimizing fuel consumption
Hydraulic plants
Natural gas plants
Carbon
Others (solar, biomass, wind and geothermal among others)
Cogeneration
UPME
http://www.upme.gov.co/docs/pen/pen_idearioenergetico2050.pdf
Introduction
Hydraulic plants
Natural gas plants
Carbon
Others (solar, biomass, wind and geothermal among others)
Cogeneration
UPME
http://www.upme.gov.co/docs/pen/pen_idearioenergetico2050.pdf
Introduction
Hydraulic plants
Natural gas plants
Carbon
Others (solar, biomass, wind and geothermal among others)
Cogeneration
UPME
≈14 MW
New clean and non-conventional energy
Most of the power generated in resources
Colombia comes from hydroelectric
and thermal power plants
http://www.upme.gov.co/docs/pen/pen_idearioenergetico2050.pdf
Introduction
Hydraulic plants
Natural gas plants
Carbon
Others (solar, biomass, wind and geothermal among others)
Cogeneration
UPME
≈14 MW
New clean and non-conventional energy
Most of the power generated in resources
Colombia comes from hydroelectric
and thermal power plants
Goal 5,9 GW/2030
http://www.upme.gov.co/docs/pen/pen_idearioenergetico2050.pdf
Introduction
Hydraulic plants
Natural gas plants
Carbon
Others (solar, biomass, wind and geothermal among others)
Cogeneration
UPME
≈14 MW
New clean and non-conventional energy
Most of the power generated in resources
Colombia comes from hydroelectric
and thermal power plants Colombia has many area not interconncected to the
nacional electric grid.
http://www.upme.gov.co/docs/pen/pen_idearioenergetico2050.pdf
Introduction
Barriers in deployment of renewable energy
Investing in
renewable
technologies
Idea
Incentive application
2. Endorsement of the Project. UPME certificate
UPME (concept)
4. Referral of ANLA
Notification to DIAN of
certificate to VUCE
access to VAT benefits
and tariffs
Yang, C. J. (2016).
Diagram of undersea pumped hydroelectric storage
Introduction
Energy Storage technologies
Hydrogen-based Energy Storage System The Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC),
Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC), Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC)
Hydrogen can be obtained in various ways: by means of water and Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC). The PEMFC is the most used
electrolysis, from renewable energies such as solar or wind technology. Its low operation temperatura (between 50 and
installations, gasifying biomass, coal or fuel (which is the most 100°C), maintenance and corrosion, as its electrolyte is solid, are
common option. important characteristics of this type of fuel cell. On the other
hand, since the catalytic material is platinum, the cost of the
device increases significantly. In addition, this technology is
affected by hydrogen impurities, which affect its life.
Introduction
Energy Storage technologies
There are many types of electrolyzers, from common
technologies such as Alkaline electrolyzers, to more
modern types like Polymer Electrolyte Membrane
(PEM) electrolyzbers. PEM electrolyzers were
invented in 1970, but hydrogen production by mean
soft his type of technology is currently considerable,
reporting production volumes up to 10 Nm3/h. The
electrolyzers are classified by their type of
electrolyte, liquid or solid. The use of solid
electrolytes allows PEM electrolyzers to generate
hydrogen at suitable pressures (200–6000 psi) in
Topology of regenerative fuel cell
order to store it in tanks or in metal hydrides.
•The process used to manufacture poly solar panels is simpler and, thus,
less pricey.
•They usually have a lower heat tolerance than monocrystalline modules.
•Because the silicon purity is lower than mono modules, poly solar panels
are less efficient than their mono counterparts. Their efficiency is usually
rated at around 13%-18%.
•Not only that they are less energy efficient, but they have a low space
efficacy as well. You need to cover a larger surface to get the same power as
you would with monocrystalline modules.
Main components of a solar panel
Solar Cells
1st Generation Solar Panels
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QuDcZ_nKRlk
Main components of a solar panel
P-Type And N-Type Silicon Cells
All crystalline solar cells (mono and poly) are
P-Type Solar cell made using a very thin wafer of base silicon
with the two main types being p-type and n-
type. These are made when the silicon is
‘doped’ with specific chemical elements to
create a positive (p-type) or negative (n-type)
charge.
N-Type Solar cell The chemical elements used for doping are
phosphorous which creates a positive charge
and boron which results in a negative charge.
Depending on the type of cell construction
either n-type or p-type doped silicon is used as
the base or 'substrate' of the cell.
Main components of a solar panel
P-Type And N-Type Silicon Cells
Both cell types use a combination of p and n-
P-Type Solar cell type silicon which together form the p-n
junction which is fundamental to the function
of a solar cell. The difference is p-type cells use
the Boron doped silicon as the base together
with a ultra-thin layer of n-type silicon, while
n-type cells are the opposite and use an n-type
silicon base with a thin layer of p-type.
P-Type – Positively charged Silicon doped with Boron The junction creates an electric field which
enables the flow of electrons when solar
N-Type Solar cell radiation passes through the cell. The
photovoltaic effect is when light photons
(energy) free the electrons from the silicon
creating a flow of electricity.
•Lower impurities in N-type substrate
•Improved high temperature performance
•Lower degradation
NN-Type – Negatively charged Silicon doped with Phosphorous
Main components of a solar panel
Manufacturing crystalline silicon cells
First, silicon is extracted from sand, but not just any sand. The sand used,
known as silica sand or silicon dioxide, is usually made from crushed quartz
rock. However, the sand must first be purified using a process called Carbon
Arc Welding (CAW) which extracts the unwanted oxygen and results in 99%
pure silicon. The Silicon must then be further processed to become as close
to 100% pure as possible.
The end result is very pure polycrystalline silicon which can be doped with
trace amounts of either boron or phosphorous to become either P-type or N-
type silicon. At this point the polycrystalline silicon can be melted and cast
into a large rectanglular blocks and thinly sliced using a diamond wire
cutting method to produce the polycrystalline or multicrystalline wafers.
Aluminium frame
EVA Film
Backsheet
.
Main components of a solar panel
.
Photovoltaic device characterization
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_KTrq63Q2u4
Enviromental characteristics
Sun-earth relationship.
Kalogirou, S. A. (2013).
Enviromental characteristics
Kalogirou, S. A. (2013). Annual changes in the sun’s position in the sky (southern hemisphere)
Enviromental characteristics
Kalogirou, S. A. (2013).
Enviromental characteristics
z is the solar azimuth angle. It is the angle of the sun’s rays measured in the
horizontal plane from due south (true south) for the Northern Hemisphere or due
north for the Southern Hemisphere; westward is designated as positive.
L is the latitude. This is the angle between a line that points from the center of the
Earth to a location on the Earth's surface and a line that points from the center of
the Earth to the equator. This can be easily found on a map. Ranges from -
90(south pole) to +90(north pole)
Where
𝜃 is the solar incidence angle. It is the angle between the sun’s rays and
the normal on a surface.
𝛼 is the solar altitude angle is the angle between the sun’s rays and a
horizontal plane. It is related to the solar zenith angle, Φ, which is the
angle between the sun’s rays and the vertical.
z is the solar azimuth angle. It is the angle of the sun’s rays measured
in the horizontal plane from due south (true south) for the Northern
Hemisphere or due north for the Southern Hemisphere; westward is
designated as positive.
Zs= surface azimuth angle. This is the angle between the line that
𝜃 = (90 − 𝐿 − 𝛿) in winter solstice Oct-Mar points straight out of a PV panel and south. It is only measured in the
horizontal plane. Again, east is negative and west is positive. If a panel
𝜃 = (90 − 𝐿 + 𝛿) in summer solstice Abr-Sep pointed directly south, this angle would be 0º.
𝛽 = 𝐿 − 𝛿 in summer solstice Oct-Mar
𝛽 = 𝐿 + 𝛿 in winter solstice Abr-Sep
valor 𝛽 = 𝐿 in equinox
Enviromental characteristics
Global distribution of solar insolation into belts
𝐺𝑎(0)
𝐺𝑎 𝛽𝑜𝑝𝑡 = 2
1 − 4.46𝑥10−4 𝛽𝑜𝑝𝑡 − 1.19𝑥10−4 𝛽𝑜𝑝𝑡
In this sense, in the photovoltaic modules, solar radiation losses occur due to
a different orientation and inclination of the photovoltaic module (irradiation
factor), as well as the shadows cast by the surrounding objects in the
photovoltaic module (shadow factor) . To consider these losses, due to a non-
optimal inclination and orientation, the irradiation factor is calculated with
the following expressions:
2
𝐹𝐼 = 1 − [1.2𝑥10−4 𝛽 − 𝛽𝑜𝑝𝑡 + 3.5𝑥10−5𝑍𝑠 2 ] para 15° < 𝛽 < 90°
2
𝐹𝐼 = 1 − [1.2𝑥10−4 𝛽 − 𝛽𝑜𝑝𝑡 ] para 𝛽 ≤ 15°
1.1 Calculate total Watt-hours per day for each appliance used.
Add the Watt-hours needed for all appliances together to get the total Watt-hours per day
which must be delivered to the appliances. It is also possible to define a power to install.
1.2 Calculate total Watt-hours per day needed from the PV modules.
Multiply the total appliances Watt-hours per day for a safety factor for example 1.3 1.3 (the
energy lost in the system) to get the total Watt-hours per day which must be provided by the
panels.
Solar PV system sizing
2. Size the PV modules: The process of calculating the number of photovoltaic modules is called the
dimensioning of a photovoltaic system. Before starting the process of dimensioning an installation it is
necessary to know the climatological data in order to know the irradiation that is available.
2.1 Determination of peak solar hour (PSH) and the optimal tilt angle: For the calculations it is important
to obtain the peak solar hour (PSH) values, which depend on the geographical area, being measured in
kWh/m2. It is highlighted that PSH indicates the number of hours per day or month that the modules receive
1000 W/m2. Therefore, from these equivalent peak hours, the energy generated by the PV module can be
calculated using the specification given by the manufacturer, since all the nominal characteristics are provided
for an irradiation of 1000 W/m2. PSH also depend on the tilted of panel therefore, it is important to
determinate of optimal tilt angle.
2.2 Calculate the number of PV panel for system (N): The energy generated (Eg) by the photovoltaic system
can be calculated as:
Eg=Wp*PSH*N *ηg [kWh/day]
Where Wp, is the nominal power of the solar module or panel expressed in watts-peak [Wp] and ηg the overall
loss factor. The energy generated should be equal to Calculate total Watt-hours per day needed from the PV
modules (from item 1.2). The number of PV modules required is obtained from dividing the energy generated
by PSH, nominal power of the solar module and the overall loss factor.
Solar PV system sizing
Peak solar hour (PSH)
and the optimal tilt angle
January February March April May June July August Septembre October November December
Year Average global irradiation kWh/m2/day
2008 5,272 5,844 6,143 5,747 5,787 5,775 6,210 5,796 5,406 4,903 4,281 4,416
2009 5,025 5,256 5,119 6,000 5,795 5,886 6,377 6,027 5,873 5,095 4,811 4,909
2010 5,311 5,418 5,684 5,304 5,831 5,577 5,648 5,422 5,116 5,040 3,756 4,114
2011 5,017 5,449 5,527 5,638 5,238 5,621 6,045 5,999 5,857 5,023 4,473 4,359
2012 5,077 5,762 5,280 5,707 5,909 6,001 6,382 5,931 6,013 4,904 4,948 4,755
2013 5,351 5,749 4,863 5,699 5,592 5,994 6,426 5,924 5,476 5,338 5,075 4,867
2014 5,350 5,721 6,332 5,814 5,767 6,066 6,510 6,219 6,019 5,141 5,024 4,689
2015 5,121 5,670 5,961 5,474 5,754 6,176 6,188 6,373 5,981 5,288 4,561 4,742
2016 5,427 5,860 6,103 5,363 5,491 5,899 6,265 6,320 5,944 4,908 4,500 4,770
2017 5,043 5,739 5,271 5,757 5,715 5,860 6,076 6,158 5,725 5,081 4,655 4,961
2018 5,155 5,698 5,957 5,787 5,571 5,832 6,365 6,315 5,664 4,971 5,078 5,319
2019 5,305 5,887 5,884 5,537 5,335 5,733 6,519 6,206 6,026
Average global
irradiation
kWh/m2/day 5,204 5,671 5,677 5,652 5,649 5,868 6,251 6,058 5,758 5,063 4,651 4,718
Electrical data (at STC) Max. Power (Pmax) [W] 325
January February March April May June July August Septembre October November December Equation
Number of days of the
31 28 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 31 30 31 -
month
Day year-1 (𝛿𝑛 )a 15 45 76 106 137 168 198 229 259 290 321 351 -
The declination angle (𝛿)b
-21,27 -13,62 -2,02 9,78 19,26 23,39 21,18 13,12 1,81 -10,33 -19,60 -23,40 -
57,22 64,87 76,47 88,27 97,75 101,88 99,67 91,61 80,30 68,16 58,89 55,09 284 + 𝛿𝑛
Solar elevation angle (𝜃) 𝛿 = 23.45𝑆𝑒𝑛 360
365
(kWh m-2 day-1) 6,07 6,21 5,84 5,66 5,71 6,00 6,35 6,06 5,85 5,42 5,34 5,62
2
𝐼𝐹 = 1 − [1.2𝑥10−4 𝛽 − 𝛽𝑜𝑝𝑡 + 3.5𝑥10−5 𝛼 2 ] for
15° < 𝛽 < 90°
Insolation factor. (IF)
2
0,96 0,99 1,00 0,98 0,99 1,00 1,00 0,98 1,00 0,99 0,97 0,95 𝐼𝐹 = 1 − [1.2𝑥10−4 𝛽 − 𝛽𝑜𝑝𝑡 ] for 𝛽 ≤ 15°
PSH day-1 5,84 6,13 5,84 5,54 5,67 5,99 6,33 5,93 5,83 5,39 5,17 5,35 𝐺𝑎 𝛽𝑜𝑝𝑡 ∗ 𝐼𝐹/1000
For stand-alone systems, the inverter must be large enough to handle the
total amount of Watts you will be using at one time. The inverter size
should be 25-30% bigger than total Watts of appliances. In case of
appliance type is motor or compressor then inverter size should be
minimum 3 times the capacity of those appliances and must be added to the
inverter capacity to handle surge current during starting.
For grid tie systems or grid connected systems, the input rating of the
inverter should be same as PV array rating to allow for safe and efficient
operation.
Solar PV system sizing
4. Battery sizing
The battery type recommended for using in solar PV system is deep cycle battery. Deep
cycle battery is specifically designed for to be discharged to low energy level and rapid
recharged or cycle charged and discharged day after day for years. The battery should be
large enough to store sufficient energy to operate the appliances at night and cloudy days.
The solar charge controller is typically rated against Amperage and Voltage
capacities. Select the solar charge controller to match the voltage of PV array
and batteries and then identify which type of solar charge controller is right
for your application. Make sure that solar charge controller has enough
capacity to handle the current from PV array.
For the series charge controller type, the sizing of controller depends on the
total PV input current which is delivered to the controller and also depends on
PV panel configuration (series or parallel configuration). According to
standard practice, the sizing of solar charge controller is to take the short
circuit current (Isc) of the PV array, and multiply it by 1.3
Solar charge controller rating = Total short circuit current of PV array x 1.3
Solar PV system sizing
Example: A house has the following electrical appliance usage:
•One 18 Watt fluorescent lamp with electronic ballast used 4 hours per day.
•One 60 Watt fan used for 2 hours per day.
•One 75 Watt refrigerator that runs 24 hours per day with compressor run 12 hours and off 12 hours.
The system will be powered by 12 Vdc, 325 Wp PV module.
1. Determine power consumption demands
Total appliance use = (18 W x 4 hours) + (60 W x 2 hours) + (75 W x 24 x 0.5 hours)
= 1,092 Wh/day
Total PV panels energy needed = 1,092 x 1.3
= 1,419.6 Wh/day.
2. Size the PV panel
2.1 Peak solar hour (PSH) = 5.17 h/day
A remote cottage has the loads listed in Table. Find the average load and peak
power to be satisfied by a 12 V PV system with an inverter.
In Table the loads for this application are separated according to type of power. Because no
information is given about the time schedule of the loads, these are assumed to occur
simultaneously
Solar PV system
𝛾 = 90 − 𝜁
The placement of the modules will be done in a
horizontal position, since it is the most optimal dmin
to minimize shading losses. This is due to the m
electrical configuration of the module cards.
The bypas diodes are positioned in such a way
that, if positioned vertically, the shadows of the
cells can impede the operation of the panel
completely, that is, they do not produce energy.
b
On the other hand, if the position is modified,
placing it horizontally, only those rows affected
by the shadow are inactivated, while the rest of
the module continues to operate and produce
energy.
Solar PV system
Ene Feb Mar Abr May Jun Jul Ago Sep oct Nov Dic
Días mes 31 28 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 31 30 31
No día/año 15 45 76 106 137 168 198 229 259 290 321 351
Declinación -21,27 -13,62 -2,02 9,78 19,26 23,39 21,18 13,12 1,81 -10,33 -19,60 -23,40
Elevación 59,60 67,25 78,85 90,65 100,13 104,26 102,05 93,99 82,68 70,54 61,27 57,47
solar
Inclinación 30,40 22,75 11,15 0,65 10,13 14,26 12,05 3,99 7,32 19,46 28,73 32,53
optima
Radiación 5,54 5,63 5,63 5,33 4,96 5,13 5,44 5,34 4,91 4,68 4,72 5,01
global horas
kWh/m2/día
Radiación 6,32 6,07 5,74 5,33 5,04 5,29 5,57 5,36 4,96 4,95 5,31 5,83
global
optima
kWh/m2/día
FI 0,97 0,99 1,00 0,98 1,00 1,00 1,00 0,99 0,99 1,00 0,98 0,96
HSP/día 6,14 6,02 5,73 5,20 5,03 5,29 5,56 5,28 4,92 4,93 5,19 5,61
HSP/mes 190,37 168,60 177,73 156,00 155,93 158,74 172,37 163,74 147,68 152,95 155,69 174,02
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Barriers in deployment of renewable energy
Solar tracking systems
Environmental Impacts of Wind Power
Environmental Impacts of Solar Power
Offshore Wind Farms: Technologies, Design and Operation
Offshore Solar Farms
Oscillating Water Column (OWC)
Hybrid renewable energy system
Renewable energy for sustainable rural development
The Politics of Renewable Energy
The Cost of Renewable Energy
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