USBM Contract No.

SO241032

STUDY OF MINE FIRES AND M I N I VENTILATION

Part I
Computer Simulation of Ventilation Systems Under
the Influence of Mine Fires

Rudolf E. Greuer

Principal Investigator

Michigan Technological University

College of Engineering

~epartmentof Mining Engineering

USBM CONTRACT REPORT NO. SO241032

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

BUREAU OF MIYES

WASHINGTON, D. C.
 FOREWORD

This report was prepared by Michigan Technological University,

College of Engineering, Department of Mining Engineering, Houghton,
Michigan, under USBM Contract No. S0241032. The contract was initiated
under the Coal Mine Health and Safety Program. It was administered under
the technical direction of PMSRC with Dr. R. F. Chaiken acting as the
technical project officer. Mr. D. J. Askin was the contract administrator
for the Bureau of Mines.

This report is a summary of the work recently completed as part

of this contract during the period June 4, 1974 to October 14, 1977.
This report was submitted by the author on September 14, 1977. This
technical report has been reviewed and approved.

It is hereby certified that no inventions have been made on this

project.

The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the
author and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the
official policies of the Interior Department's Bureau of Mines or of the
U.S. Government.
 SUMMARY

The existing computer programs for the simulation of ventilation

systems under normal ventilation conditions are reviewed and a suitable
program for including the influence of mine fires is selected. New pro-
gram parts are written for the consideration of methane productions in
coal mines, heat and gas productions of mine fires, temperature and air
composition changes in ventilation systems, and the ventilation forces
resulting from the latter. Other program parts are provided for the
detection of danger zones and reversed air currents and for the inclusion
of recirculated air currents in the network analysis. Existing program
and new program parts are combined,
The resulting new program can be used for a multitude of assign-
ments. It is designed for the practical ventilation engineer and should
be applicable to all types of ventilation emergency plans, in particular
mine fire plans.
The organization of the program and its mathematical basis are
described. A FORTRAN IV listing and several flow diagrams are included.
Eight executed examples are discussed, input and output for these examples
explained. Storage requirements and execution times are estimated.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Review of E x i s t i n g Programs f o r V e n t i l a t i o n Network

Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Mathematical Description of V e n t i l a t i o n Networks f o r

Airflow and Pressure D i s t r i b u t i o n Calculations . 11

4 . Program Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

4.1 Network P a r t of Program . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

4.1.1 Section"ReadInputDataW . . . . . . . . . . .
2 Complete Input Data. Output of Input . . . . . . .
3 Arrange Airways t o Size and Magnitude R*O . . . . .
4 S e t Up Base System . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 FormMeshes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6 S a t i s f y Junction Equations . . . . . . . . . .
7 Calculate Natural V e n t i l a t i o n Pressure . . . . . .
8 Iteration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9 Fan C h a r a c t e r i s t i c . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10 Continue i n Appropriate Program P a r t . . . . . . .
11 Calculate Resistance of Regulators . . . . . . .
12 Output of Results . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 Concentration P a r t of Program . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.1 Read and Complete Input Data . . . . . . . .
2 S e t Up JNO L i s t . . . . . . . . . . .
3 Calculate Methane Evolution . . . . . . . .
4 Output of Input . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 Flowscheme . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6 Relate JNO- and JNOL-Lists . . . . . . . .
7 Indices of S t a r t i n g Junction ((Atmosphere) . . .
8 Conditions a t Roadway Ends . . . . . . . .
8.1 General Remarks . . . . . . . . . . .
.2 Concentration Changes and Added Heat i n Airways
.3 Temperature Changes i n Airways . . . . . .
9 Conditions i n Junctions . . . . . . . . .
10 Recirculation. F i r s t Approximation . . . . .
11 Recirculation. Preparation f o r I t e r a t i o n . . .
12 Calculation of Natural V e n t i l a t i o n Pressure . .
13 Reroute t o Appropriate Program Section . . . .
14 Output of Results . . . . . . . . . . .

4.3 Cooperation of Program Sections . . . . . . . . .

 Page

4.4 Examples for Program Use . . . . . . . . . . . 49

4.4.1 General Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

4.4.2.1 Example 1: simulation of a Normal Ventilation state .

2 2: Changed Surface Temperature . . . . . .
3 3: Main Fan Failure . . . . . . . . .
4 4: Fire in a Horizontal Airway. . . . . .
5 5: Oxygen Rich Fire at Bottom of Timbered Raise
6 6: Fuel Rich Fire in Descensionally Ventilated
Raise . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oxygen Rich Fire in an Intake Shaft . . .
Layout of Fire Warning System . . . . .

4.5 Organization of Input . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

4.5.2 . . . . . . . .
Control and Contamination Cards 120

4.6 Storage Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

4.7 Execution Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

5 . Table of Text Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . 124

6. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . 127

7. Program Listing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

~ i s tof Computer Symbols Which Are Explained in Text . . 152

List of Additional Computer Symbols Not Quoted in Text . . 160

 INTRODUCTION

Most of the major mine disasters have throughout the history of

mining been caused by explosions and fires and both causes remain among
the greatest potential hazards in mining. The greatest hazard of mine
fires is the poisonous and sometimes explosive combustion products which
are carried through the mines by their ventilation.
To combat this hazard, the paths which the combustion products
take, must be known for the proper designation of escape routes and the
safe and economical performance of fire fighting activities. To predict
these paths is complicated by the fact that the fires themselves can
cause considerable ventilation disturbances. The volume expansion of the
air as it passes through the fire has a constriction or throttle effect.
Density differences in non-horizontal communicating airways create buoy-
ancy effects similar to chimney drafts. The intensity of the fires, on
the other hand, depends on their oxygen supply, i.e. the airflow rates
and oxygen concentration which are provided by the ventilation system.
The conventional analog computers and digital computer programs
for ventilation network (airflow distribution) calculations are not
capable of taking this mutual interaction between fires and ventilation
systems into account. They cannot distinguish between air of different
qualities (concentrations,temperatures) either. The preferred compro-
mise has been until now to use these conventional analog computers or
digital computer programs and to support them with manual calculations.
This approach can be satisfying when no recirculation of air
occurs and the fire generated ventilation forces are relatively small.
Concentration of methane and combustion products can,in these cases be
determined by a sequence of simple mixing processes in the network nodes
once the airflow distribution is known. The fire generated ventilation
forces, which depend on the air temperature downstream of the fire, can
be calculated for an estimated airflow rate through the fire and then
inserted in the network calculation. Unchanged temperatures and natural
ventilation pressures are assumed for all other air currents. If the
airflow rate through the fire, which is then obtained in the network
calculation, is too far off the estimate, the process is repeated with
a new, better estimate. The amount of manual work involved in this pro-
cedure may be cumbersome but is manageable, if, as in the preparation of
emergency plans, sufficient time is available.
With recirculation, temperatures and concentration of several
of the air currents, which enter network nodes, are not known and the
calculation of the state of the mixture leaving the nodes is therefore
not possible. To overcome this difficulty some method of describing the
network configuration mathematically or of applying an iterative approxi-
mation method has to be used. Recirculation is common in hardrock mines
and can be caused by the fire itself in coal mines even though it is not
permitted under normal ventilation conditions. With large fire generated
ventilation forces the ventilation disturbances become such that the
assumption of unchanged temperatures and natural ventilation pressures
in all airways except for those immediately downstream of the fire does
no longer hold either. In such cases the amount of manual work becomes
excessive, or so many simplifying assumptions have to be made that the
results of the calculations have only a limited value.
Due to its great importance for escape and fire fighting plans,
mining engineers have studied the interaction between ventilation systems
and fires for several decades. The large amount of conducted theoretical
and experimental work was recently reviewed ( 7 ) , the still existing gap
for coal mine fires is in the process of being closed (3,5) . Ventilation
network calculations with digital computers are becoming more and more
common and with them the availability of reliable data on ventilation
systems. In the same way as suitable computer programs for ventilation
network calculations have led to considerable improvements in the ordinary
ventilation planning work, it can be expected that suitable programs for
fire emergencies will lead to improvements in this field also. This
report describes such a program and demonstrates its application with a
number of examples.
The here introduced program can fulfill the following functions:
a) it starts with a conventional network calculation for the state of the
mine before the emergency;
b) next, it simulates the production of heat and contaminants in desig-
nated locations;
C) next, it calculates the resulting temperature and concentration
aistribution based on the airflow obtained in step a, if recircu-
lation occurs it makes use of an iterative approximation method;
d) next, it calculates the fire generated ventilation forces;
e) next, it inserts these forces into the network and repeats the net-
work calculation to determine the changed airflow distribution;
£1 next, it repeats steps b through e until an equilibrium is reached;
g) finally, it analyzes the results for danger zones caused by instable
airways, airflow reversals, high temperatures, high concentrations
of methane or combustion products.
As this sequence indicates, it was attempted to determine an
equilibrium under steady state conditions. The crucial heat exchange
between rock and air is, however, calculated under non-steady state con-
ditions, taking the changing rock temperature into account. If the
change of the ventilation system with time shall be investigated, it is
necessary to execute a series of calculations for different time inter-
vals since the beginning of the emergency event.
The program has the options to execute network, temperature,
and concentration calculations combined or separately. It has been made
as flexible as possible to make it useful for a multitude of assignments.
Methane concentrations are, however, always determined when a change in
the airflow distribution takes place, since this is indispensable for
coal mines. In its organization the program has been divided into two
parts, labeled "network part" (for functions a and e) and "concentration
part" (for all the other functions). The network part contains basically
an earlier existing program for conventional network calculations. It
was attempted to change this existing program and its input data as little
as possible in order to make the use of the new program, for users of the
conventional network program, as simple as possible.
It has been attempted to keep the amount of input data in the
new program small and to extract as much information as possible from
these data. Input data are furthermore analyzed for completeness and
for such mistakes that occur most frequently. When possible, incomplete
data are amended by average values and inccrrect data are corrected.
 The formulation of heat and combustion products as a function
of the oxygen supply to the fire has intentionally been kept very simple.
There is no difficulty in amending the program with fire characteristics
of any desired properties. But to introduce these, in a form that they
are applicable to all types of mines and fuels, would require so many
additional explanations and input data that at this stage the introduc-
tion of the new program for practical emergency planning would be impeded.
On the whole, this program has been drafted with routine applica-
tion by practical ventilation engineers in mind. It is, as far as the
author knows, the first program of its kind and the necessity of some
changes will certainly be felt after it has been exposed to some practical
use.
 REVIEW OF EXISTING PROGRAMS FOR VENTILATION
NETWORK CALCULATIONS

Ventilation network calculations, whose goal is the determination

of airflow and pressure distributions in mine ventilation systems, have
been performed routinely and at a large scale with computers for approxi-
mately two and a half decades. Throughout the fifties and the first half
of the sixties, analog computers were mainly used for this purpose. They
were almost completely replaced by digital computers, after the latter
became more and more available, larger, cheaper, and faster. Digital
computers, being all purpose computers, can usually perform network cal-
culations more economically than the single purpose analog computers. The
first reported ventilation network calculations with digital computers were
performed in 1958 and since 1960 they have become routine in West Germany,
where large ventilation problems necessitated the wide use of analog com-
puters before. From the mid-sixties on, digital computers were in all
major mining countries, either routinely used for network calculations or
their use was being investigated. To date such calculations have become
a self-understanding part of all ventilation planning. A review of the
history of ventilation network calculations with computers and the dif-
ferent programs in use has been given by the author in an earlier report
(7)
Normal environmental factors, like concentrations of contami-
nants or temperatures, are heavily influenced by the airflow distribution.
On the other hand, it is quite possible that the airflow distribution is
influenced by these environmental factors. There exists an increasing
number of attempts to combine ventilation network calculations in digital
computer programs with the precalculation of environmental conditions
(1,6,,10,16,19). None of these efforts have, however, progressed far
enough to be useful for the simulation of fire emergency situations.
All programs for ventilation network calculations which are
presently used employ the CROSS iteration method of balancing pressures
around loops. Its principles are described in a large number of earlier
papers on network calculations (e.g. 6,20). Experience has shown that
this method allows working with the most simple program and organization
of t h e i n p u t d a t a and does n o t pose any d i f f i c u l t i e s , time o r storagewise,
f o r average s i z e d modern computers. Previous l i m i t a t i o n s i n computer
c a p a c i t y , which l e d t o o t h e r programs with lower s t o r a g e requirements o r
higher execution speeds, do p r a c t i c a l l y no longer e x i s t . I t was, there-
f o r e , decided t o use f o r t h i s c o n t r a c t t h e CROSS method of balancing
pressures. I t w a s furthermore decided t o u t i l i z e and modify a program
which already had a l a r g e number of u s e r s i n t h e U.S. This would make
t h e understanding of t h e new program, a t l e a s t f o r some people,' e a s i e r .
I t would, furthermore, allow them t o use e x i s t i n g network c a l c u l a t i o n
d a t a f o r t h e new program,
There seem t o be two d i f f e r e n t programs f o r v e n t i l a t i o n network
c a l c u l a t i o n s i n wide use i n t h e U.S. ( 6 ) ; t h e so-called Pennsylvania
S t a t e University program ( 6 , 2 0 ) , and t h e so-called Michigan Technological
University program ( 7 ) . The l a s t published v e r s i o n of t h e Penn S t a t e
program (20) w a s w r i t t e n before 1970. I t was described i n g r e a t d e t a i l
i n 1972 ( 6 ) . The Michigan Tech program o r i g i n a t e d i n West Germany around
1965 a s a new, more compact, v e r s i o n o f o l d e r e x i s t i n g programs and i s
widely used by German v e n t i l a t i o n engineers. I t is very s i m i l a r t o t h e
standard program of t h e B r i t i s h National Coal Board, which was issued i n
1967, s i n c e both programs have t h e same source. Since t h i s program was
not a genuine novelty and a l a r g e number of copies t o g e t h e r with manuals
a r e i n c i r c u l a t i o n , no d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n of t h i s program w a s published.
The Penn S t a t e and Michigan Tech programs a r e not very d i f f e r e n t .
They use t h e same mathematical d e s c r i p t i o n of v e n t i l a t i o n networks and
use e s s e n t i a l l y t h e same s o l u t i o n method. Judgment of t h e q u a l i t y of a
computer program i s t o a l a r g e p a r t based on how f a m i l i a r one i s with
t h e program and t h e way i n which i n p u t and output a r e organized. A s long
as programs g i v e c o r r e c t r e s u l t s with t h e same amount of computer and
u s e r e f f o r t , they must be considered as being equally u s e f u l .
The author, having p a r t i c i p a t e d i n w r i t i n g t h e Michigan Tech
program and having c a r e f u l l y s t u d i e d t h e Penn S t a t e program f e e l s , how-
ever, t h a t t h e former program is simpler t o use and it seems t o have a
b e t t e r convergence a l s o . The reason i s , perhaps, t h a t it was w r i t t e n by
p r a c t i c a l v e n t i l a t i o n engineers who had t o perform l a r g e numbers of net-
work c a l c u l a t i o n s f o r t h e i r planning purposes. The f e a t u r e s which t h e
author t h i n k s should be changed i n t h e P ~ MS t a t e program a r e t h e follow-
ing :
Airways (branches) should o b t a i n i d e n t i f i c a t i o n numbers, n o t j u s t
sequence numbers; i f i n p u t cards a r e placed i n a d i f f e r e n t sequence o r i f
t h e network changes, t h e s e sequence numbers w i l l change a l s o , which i s a
g r e a t inconvenience.
The use of a junction marker a r r a y i n t h e " t r e e b u i l d i n g process"
l i m i t s t h e junction numbers t o a few p l a c e s o r causes a l o t of s t o r a g e
waste.
The n a t u r a l v e n t i l a t i o n p r e s s u r e has t o be c a l c u l a t e d and
i n s e r t e d manually,
The approximation of t h e f a n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c r e q u i r e s 90 s t a t e -
ments. The feared undulations of polynomials which l e d t o t h i s occurs,
however, only a t both ends of t h e fan c h a r a c t e r i s t i c curve.
To use only t h e a i r f l o w r a t e s of f i x e d q u a n t i t y airways and t h e
h i g h e s t flow r a t e s from i n d i c a t e d f a n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , o r t o use f o r a l l
airways of t h e f i r s t mesh a r a t e of 100,000 cfm f o r t h e c a l c u l a t i o n of t h e
i n i t i a l a i r f l o w d i s t r i b u t i o n , gives a poor s t a r t ,
The output comprises a l o t of a c t u a l l y unneeded information.
Since t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e Penn S t a t e and Michigan Tech pro-
grams seem t o be of t h e same order of magnitude, it was decided t o use
t h e Michigan Tech network program f o r t h e new program.
 MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTION OF VENTILATION NETWORKS FOR
AIRFLOW AND PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION CALCULATIONS

The mathematical description of ventilation networks is not

uniform and considerable confusion exists among practical ventilation
engineers in this respect. It seems, therefore, advantageous to explain
the principles which have been used in this report.
The networks are considered to be in a steady state. The forces
acting on the ventilation system do not change very rapidly so that
inertia forces of the air can be neglected. The response of the ventila-
tion system to changing forces is considered as a sequence of equilibrium
states to which the steady state mathematical description of network
applies.
The mathematical description of ventilation networks can be
based on mass flow rates or volume flow rates of air. Ventilation engi-
neers prefer to work with volume flow rates because these flow rates,
being the product of cross sectional area and measured airflow speed, are
3
easy to visualize. Moreover, energies (ft-lb) per unit volume ( ft ) have
2
the dimensions of pressures (ft-lb/ft3 = lb/ft ) and can, like fan pres-
sures or the pressure losses in airways, be directly read from manometers
or barometers. Problems arise from the fact that due to density changes
of the air the volume flow rates change also, even when the mass flow
rates remain constant. This makes it, in ventilation surveys, difficult
to detect genuine air leakage currents. In network calculations, suit-
able allowances have to be made for the fact that the volume flow rates
entering airways are not necessarily equal to the volume flow rates
leaving them. Energy balances are distorted by the fact that equal
energy quantities (ft-lb/lb) can be expressed by different pressures
3
(ft-lb/ft ), which in ventilation pressure surveys usually leads to an
overestimate of natural ventilation pressures and requires, in network
calculations, suitable adjustments.
The network calculations in this report will, therefore, be
based on mass flow rates, but since these and the pertinent energy quan-
tities per unit mass (ft-lb/lb = ft, heads) are unfamiliar to many
ventilation engineers, they are with the help of reference densities dr
converted i n t o q u a n t i t i e s with t h e dimensions of volume flow r a t e s and
pressures. The reference d e n s i t i e s a r e nothing more than c o n s t a n t fac-
t o r s which a r e c a r r i e d through t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s with t h e s o l e aim of
obtaining r e s u l t s i n f a m i l i a r u n i t s . For t h e i r magnitude a value c l o s e
t o t h e average d e n s i t y i n t h a t p a r t of t h e mine, f o r which t h e r e s u l t s of
t h e network c a l c u l a t i o n a r e most important, i s chosen. They a r e s t a t e d
a t t h e beginning of t h e program t o g e t h e r with a r e f e r e n c e temperature
which corresponds t o t h i s d e n s i t y .
This approach r e q u i r e s preparing t h e i n p u t d a t a of t h e network
c a l c u l a t i o n i n t h e following way. The measured a c t u a l flow r a t e s Q ,
having an average d e n s i t y of d , a r e converted t o t h e r e f e r e n c e volume
flow r a t e Qr according t o

The pressure l o s s H which has been obtained from an a l t i m e t e r survey

L
(15) o r read from t h e manometer of a t r a i l i n g hose ( 9 ) i s converted t o
t h e reference pressure l o s s

I f pressure l o s s e s have been c a l c u l a t e d from t h e formula

where K = f r i c t i o n f a c t o r
L = airway l e n g t h
0 = airway perimeter
A = airway c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a

and i f the Bureau of Mines schedule of f r i c t i o n f a c t o r s has been used

(11), t h e conversion i s

Measured fan pressure H a r e converted t o

F
Fan pressures obtained from fan characteristics based on a density of
3
0.075 lb/ft are converted to

Natural ventilation heads h which as heat energy converted into mechani-

N'
cal work are represented by the area enclosed in a pressure-volume (p-v)
diagram (hN = - $ v dp = - $ dp/d) , are expressed as natural ventilation
pressure

If resistance factors R have been determined from measured pressure losses

H and airflow rates Q according to
L

they have to be converted to

in order to make the equation H = Rr ( Q ~ / ~ ofit.

~)
Lr
If they have been calculated from Bureau of Mines friction factors (11)
3
with the help of the formula R = K L 0/(5.2 A ) , they have for the same
purpose to be converted to

It is, in this report, from now on assumed that volume flow rates Q,
pressures H and resistance factors R are based on a constant reference
density and the subscripts r are, therefore, from now on omitted.
With this agreement and the assumption of steady state flow
conditions, ventilation networks can be described by three different
sets of equations: resistance equations or equivalents, junction equa-
tions, and mesh equations.
 Every airway with a flow resistance obeys the resistance equation
H = Ti Q
L
2
.
If the airway has no flow resistance but contains a pressure
source H an equation H = f(Q) is substituted. If the resistance is
F' F
made variable in order to keep the airflow rate Q constant (fixed quantity
airway) an equation

Q = constant

takes the place of the resistance equation.

The law of mass conservation applies to every junction.

The airflow rate entering a junction must be equal to the airflow rate
leaving it, These are the junction equations of networks.
The first law of thermodynamics applies to every mesh, which can be
written as

The sum of all pressure losses in the airways of a mesh is equal to the
sum of all pressures generated by pressure sources plus the natural
ventilation pressure in this mesh.
If the number of airways in a network is nb, the number of junc-
tions n , and the number of meshes is n , there are
j m
n resistance or equivalent equations,
b
n
j
- 1 junction equations, and

+ 1 mesh equations.
= %- nj
 PROGRAM DESCRIPTION

4.1 NETWORK PART OF PROGRAM

4.1.1 S e c t i o n "Read I n p u t Data"

The i n p u t d a t a f o r t h i s program p a r t comprise: one network con-

t r o l c a r d ; airway c a r d s ; j u n c t i o n c a r d s ; f a n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c c a r d s ; and
a d d i t i o n a l airway c a r d s .
J u n c t i o n and f a n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c c a r d s may b e o m i t t e d i f t h e
i n f o r m a t i o n c o n t a i n e d i n them i s n o t c o n s i d e r e d e s s e n t i a l t o t h e expected
r e s u l t of t h e c a l c u l a t i o n . The o p t i o n of a d d i t i o n a l airway c a r d s has been
i n t r o d u c e d t o be c a p a b l e of u s i n g a l r e a d y e x i s t i n g decks o r f i l e s of a i r -
way c a r d s from c o n v e n t i o n a l v e n t i l a t i o n network c a l c u l a t i o n s , which do n o t
c o n t a i n a l l t h e i n f o r m a t i o n needed f o r t h e u s e of t h i s program.
The network c o n t r o l c a r d h a s t o s t a t e :

NB number o f airways
NJ number o f j u n c t i o n s
NFNUM number o f f a n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t o be r e a d i n
NADBC number of a d d i t i o n a l airway c a r d s
NVPN marker; NVPN > 0 i n d i c a t e s t h a t N J j u n c t i o n c a r d s s h a l l be r e a d
i n and t h a t n a t u r a l v e n t i l a t i o n p r e s s u r e s s h a l l be c a l c u l a t e d
from j u n c t i o n c a r d d a t a
NEW ) ( v a l u e s l a r g e r t h a n 0 i n d i c a t e t h a t network, c o n c e n t r a t i o n ,
NCONC ) marker (and t e m p e r a t u r e c a l c u l a t i o n s s h a l l be performed; t h e s e
NTEMP (can be executed independently of each o t h e r
MADJ maximal number of times a network c a l c u l a t i o n s h a l l b e performed
i n one program r u n
ITN maximal number of i t e r a t i o n s p e r m i t t e d w i t h i n network and con-
c e n t r a t i o n p a r t s of program
reference density
reference temperature

The two numbers MADJ and ITN a r e s a f e t y s w i t c h e s a g a i n s t e n d l e s s

computer r u n s w i t h meaningless d a t a .
NB airway c a r d s a r e needed which can be a r r a n g e d i n any a r b i t r a r y
sequence. There a r e t h r e e t y p e s o f airway c a r d s : r e g u l a r airway c a r d s ,
marked by WTYP = 0 ; f i x e d q u a n t i t y airway c a r d s , marked by NWTYP = -1;
f a n c a r d s , marked by NWTYP = 1.
A l l airway c a r d s have t o s t a t e :
 airway number
junction number of airway beginning
junction number of airway end

Regular airway cards have t o s t a t e :

r e s i s t a n c e f a c t o r of airway when computer i s not expected t o

calculate t h i s figure

Fan cards have t o s t a t e ( i n t h e R-column) t h e fan pressure. his

w i l l be t h e a c t i n g fan p r e s s u r e , when no fan c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e given.
Fixed q u a n t i t y cards have t o s t a t e :

Q d e s i r e d constant a i r f l o w r a t e

I n r e g u l a r airway and fan c a r d s t h e statement of an estimated Q

is optional. When it i s i n t h e r i g h t o r d e r of magnitude it i s h e l p f u l f o r
obtaining a f a s t s o l u t i o n .
The airway p r o p e r t i e s :

KF friction factor
LA airway length
A cross sectional area
0 perimeter

may be s t a t e d a t t h i s p l a c e i n t h e airway cards. They may be s t a t e d l a t e r

i n t h e NADBC a d d i t i o n a l airway c a r d s , o r average p r o p e r t i e s , read i n t o t h e
computer a t the beginning of t h e concentration p a r t , may be used,
For NVPN > 0, N J junction cards have t o be provided. Each one
has t o s t a t e :

JNO junction number

T temperature of junction
Z e l e v a t i o n of junction

Since t h i s information i s used f o r t h e c a l c u l a t i o n of t h e n a t u r a l v e n t i l a -

t i o n pressure only, t h e d a t a do n o t have t o be very a c c u r a t e , The s t a t e -
ment o f :

CH4C methane concentration i n junction

is optional. I t i s used i n t h e concentration p a r t t o e s t i m a t e t h e methane

evolution o f a i r w a y s i f no b e t t e r information has been given. I t can be
s t a t e d l a t e r with t h e i n p u t d a t a of t h e concentration p a r t , i f s o d e s i r e d .
The p o s s i b i l i t y t o s t a t e it here was introduced because t h e junction cards
provide ample space.
 NFNUM s e t s of fan c h a r a c t e r i s t i c cards have t o be provided. Every
s e t comprises one fan i d e n t i t y c a r d , s t a t i n g :

NOF airway number of fan

MPTS number of p o i n t s which s h a l l be used t o d e f i n e t h e fan character-
istic

and a s many curve p o i n t c a r d s a s a r e needed t o s t a t e :

QF a i r f l o w r a t e a t p o i n t of fan c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
PF fan pressure a t p o i n t of f a n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

f o r a l l of t h e MPTS p o i n t s . Ten p o i n t s contained i n two cards w i l l usually

be s u f f i c i e n t .

4.1.2 Complete Input Data, Output of Input

I n t h i s s e c t i o n t h e NADBC a d d i t i o n a l network airway c a r d s a r e

read i n . They contain:

NOX airway number

KX friction factor K
LX airway length
AX cross sectional area
OX perimeter

A check is made t o see i f a l l t h e a d d i t i o n a l cards r e f e r t o a i r -

ways which a r e p a r t of t h e network. I f n o t , t h e i r content is disregarded
and a message p r i n t e d . I t i s then checked t o see i f t h e r e s i s t a n c e f a c t o r
R f o r every r e g u l a r airway has been s t a t e d . I f n o t , it i s checked t o s e e
i f R can be c a l c u l a t e d from t h e s t a t e d airway dimensions, b u t a s t a t e d R
always overrides a c a l c u l a t e d value. I f R has not been s t a t e d and cannot
be c a l c u l a t e d , a network c a l c u l a t i o n i s impossible. The computer shows
where d a t a a r e lacking, p r i n t s o u t t h e received i n p u t d a t a t o g e t h e r with
t h e message t h a t no network c a l c u l a t i o n has been performed and moves on
t o t h e concentration p a r t of t h e program. I t does t h e same i f no network
c a l c u l a t i o n i s d e s i r e d (NETW 0). A s a preparation f o r t h e network calcu-
l a t i o n t h e counters MADJC and ITCT a s w e l l a s t h e markers NSW, NSNVP, NNVP,
and MARKN a r e s e t t o zero.

4.1.3 Arrange Airways t o S i z e and Magnitude R*Q

Numerical values of r e s i s t a n c e f a c t o r s a r e small and a r e t r a d i -

t i o n a l l y s t a t e d a s R*10
10
.
I n order t o make t h e r e s i s t a n c e equation
 = R Q2 f i t , Q i s , i n t h i s formula, expressed i n u n i t s of 10' cfm. This
H~
-
conversion i s done i n t h e f i r s t pass through t h i s program p a r t when NSW 5
0.
T h e o r e t i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s have shown t h a t t h e convergence of t h e
CROSS i t e r a t i o n method i s improved when airways with high r e s i s t a n c e fac-
t o r s a r e made so-called "primary1' airways, which occur i n one mesh only
(18). It has been shown by e a r l i e r experiences with d i g i t a l computers
t h a t when meshes a r e formed i n t h i s way, an acceptable r a t e of convergence
can be achieved a l t o g e t h e r ( 7 ) and many e x i s t i n g programs follow t h i s
route. Additional p r a c t i c a l experience has shown t h a t an even b e t t e r con-
vergence can be reached when airways with high products R*Q appear i n a s
few meshes a s p o s s i b l e , i.e. a r e made primary airways. T h i s makes t h e
denominator of t h e CROSS c o r r e c t i o n formula small and t h e c o r r e c t i o n s con-
sequently l a r g e .
I n preparation f o r t h e s e l e c t i o n of primary airways, an I N U - l i s t
i s formed. This c o n t a i n s , i n i t s lowest p l a c e s , t h e fans f o r which no fan
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c has been given ( c o n s t a n t pressure f a n s ) . The r e g u l a r a i r -
ways follow i n t h e order of t h e i r increased magnitude R*Q. Tihe l i s t i s
completed with t h e f i x e d q u a n t i t y airways and t h e f a n s , f o r which a fan
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c has been given ( v a r i a b l e p r e s s u r e fans) . The p o s i t i o n s of
t h e s e f a n s i n t h e airway l i s t is a t t h i s t i m e p u t i n t o a s p e c i a l NFREG-
l i s t i n order t o be a b l e t o l o c a t e them l a t e r on when fan p r e s s u r e s have
t o be determined.
The reason f o r t h i s arrangement i s t h a t , i n t h e next program sec-
t i o n , primary airways a r e s e l e c t e d from t h e t o p of t h e I N U - l i s t . Fixed
q u a n t i t y airways can, according t o t h e i r d e f i n i t i o n , have no a i r f l o w r a t e
corrections. They should, t h e r e f o r e , occur i n a s few meshes a s p o s s i b l e .
Variable p r e s s u r e f a n s have t o a d j u s t t h e i r p r e s s u r e s a f t e r every a i r f l o w
r a t e correction. To make them primary airways, which a r e c o r r e c t e d only
once i n every i t e r a t i o n , keeps t h e computing e f f o r t low. I t prevents,

furthermore, o s c i l l a t i o n s of t h e system, which can occur when a l a r g e

number of v a r i a b l e pressure fans a r e cooperating.

4.1.4 SetUpBaseSystem

A s with a l l computer s o r t i n g processes, t h e p r i n c i p l e s employed

i n t h i s s e c t i o n a r e n o t complicated b u t a r e hard t o explain. The b e s t
way t o understand t h e procedures, i f one d e s i r e s , i s t o go through a
numerical example. Since t h e procedures a r e n o t new o r unique t h e y s h a l l
n o t be d i s c u s s e d d e t a i l here.
S t a r t i n g o u t w i t h t h e airway i n t h e lowest p l a c e o f t h e I N U - l i s t ,
t h e base system o r a t r e e o f N -
1 "secondary" airways i s assembled i n
j
such a way t h a t a l l j u n c t i o n s of t h e network a r e connected, b u t no meshes
a r e formed. The number of remaining primary airways is (N N. + 1= -
b 3 Nm'
e q u a l t o t h e number o f meshes. Everyone o f t h e remaining branches w i l l ,
t h e r e f o r e , when added t o t h e base system, c l o s e a mesh. A l l airways which

become p a r t of t h e base system a r e e n t e r e d i n t o a l i s t of secondary a i r -

ways, t h e K N O - l i s t . The remaining primary airways a r e marked by g i v i n g
t h e i r f i n i s h i n g junctions JF a negative sign.
I n assembling t h e base system t h e airways a r e s c r u t i n i z e d i n
ascending o r d e r o f t h e i r p l a c e s i n t h e I N U - l i s t . This means t h a t t h e KNO-
l i s t of secondary airways c o n t a i n s t h e f i x e d p r e s s u r e f a n s and t h e airways
w i t h t h e lowest p o s s i b l e products R*Q. I f a f i x e d q u a n t i t y airway h a s t o
be e n t e r e d i n t o t h e K N O - l i s t , which u s u a l l y means t h a t a l l airways e n t e r i n g
and l e a v i n g a j u n c t i o n a r e f i x e d q u a n t i t y airways, a message i s p r i n t e d
and t h i s airway i s t r e a t e d l i k e a r e g u l a r airway. I f a n airway, l i k e a
dead-end working, i s o n l y connected t o t h e network a t one end, a message
is printed out also.

4.1.5 Form Meshes

Every primary airway, which i s e i t h e r a f i x e d q u a n t i t y airway,

v a r i a b l e p r e s s u r e f a n , o r a r e g u l a r airway w i t h a high p r o d u c t R*Q, w i l l .
form a mesh w i t h secondary airways. A s one can v i s u a l i z e from connecting
two branches o f a t r e e (secondary a i r w a y s ) , t h e r e i s o n l y one p o s s i b i l i t y
t o form a mesh. The meshes a r e found by adding t o b o t h ends of a primary
airway a sequence of secondary airways from t h e K N O - l i s t u n t i l t h e ends
meet. Two l i s t s a r e used t o d e s c r i b e t h e meshes. The MSL-list c o n t a i n s
t h e whole sequence o f primary and secondary airways which forms a l l t h e
meshes i n t h e network. The MEND-list c o n t a i n s t h e p l a c e s of t h e secondary
airways i n t h e MSL-list, which c l o s e d a mesh when it was formed. Thus, i f
t h e f i r s t two meshes would comprise 6 and 10 airways, one would have:
MEND(^) = 6 , MEND(2) = 16. The primary airways i n t h e s e meshes would have
the places MSL(1) and E~(6+1),the two meshes would occupy the places 1
through 6, and 7 through 16 in the MSL-list.

4.1.6 Satisfv Junction Emations

The CROSS approximation method does not interfere with the junc-
tion equations, but these have to be satisfied originally to make the
method work. This can be done by placing the airflow rates of every pri-
mary airway into all the airways which belong to the mesh of this primary
airway. With N airflow rates Q existing in the N airways and N - 1
b b j
junction equations, Nb -(Nj - 1) = N airflow rates can be arbitrarily
m
chosen. N is equal to the number of primary airways.
m
This can be visualized in the following way. If we assume that
in every mesh a certain airflow rate is circulated, the junction equations
must be satisfied. Whatever flows into the junctions, through which this
mesh passes, must flow out of them again. The primary airways, being part
of one mesh only, carry this specific airflow rate. The secondary airways
carry the airflow rates of all the meshes of which they are a part.
The program accomplishes this by setting the airflow rates of all
secondary airways, found from the MSL and MEND-lists, initially to zero.
It then takes the airflow rates, which have been indicated for the primary
airways in the airway cards, and puts.them into the airways of the perti-
nent meshes. The directions, in which the airflow rates circulating in
the meshes pass through the airways, have to be noted. All airflow rates
are then for every individual airway summed up, and the result is an
airflow distribution which satisfies the junction equations.

Calculate Natural Ventilation Pressure

This section of the program is executed in the first network

calculation (NSNVP I_ 0) only where junction cards with temperature and
elevation data were read in (NVPN > 0). If it has to be assumed that heat
sources or changed surface temperatures have altered the temperature dis-
tribution in the mine, the pertinent natural ventilation pressures are
calculated in a different way in another section of the program.
 Natural ventilation pressures are caused by the conversion of
heat into mechanical energy, which is then available to propel the air
and to overcome friction losses. Under steady-state conditions cyclic
processes which are provided by every mesh of the ventilation system are
necessary for such a conversion. The amount of heat converted into work
per unit weight of air h is indicated by the area enclosed by the mesh in
N
-
a pressure (p) .volume (v) diagram (h = f v dp)
N
.
Data on specific
volumes and pressures are usually not available at mines and are tedious
to determine. Data on temperatures and elevations can, however, be
easily obtained. The author suggested, therefore, in the early sixties,
determining the natural ventilation from:

where: T = absolute temperature

Z = elevation
= average absolute temperature
Tm
in the mesh under con-
sideration

and to let the computer calculate h and incorporate it in the network

N
calculation from information on temperatures and elevations of the network
junctions. The error which is caused by substituting l/Tm f T dZ for
-$ v dp has been investigated (7) and is comparatively small. This method
of considering natural ventilation network calculations is a very con-
venient one, is part of the Michigan Tech program, and has found its way
into many other programs also.
For lack of other information, a linear temperature change between
junctions is assumed, which is accurate enough for the normal state of
mines. The natural ventilation pressure H based on a reference density
N
DR can then be calculated from:

where: n = number of airways in mesh

Ts,Zs = temperatures and elevations of starting junctions
of airways in mesh
Tf,Zf = temperatures and elevations of finishing junctions
of airways in mesh

The computer performs this calculation and stores the natural ventilation
pressure, which has been obtained for the meshes of the network in a FNVP-
list.
4.1.8 Iteration

The CROSS correction, which is used in this program is:

where: Ri,Qi = resistance and airflow rate of regular airways

contained in the mesh
= pressure of fans contained in the mesh
*Fi
HN = natural ventilation pressure of the mesh
dI$Ji/dQi= gradient of the fan pressure characteristic
at airflow rate Q

This correction is applied to every mesh in the network except for those
which have a fixed quantity airway as primary airway, and this process is
reiterated until either a specified number of iterations has been performed
or a specified threshold is no longer exceeded,
For variable pressure fans, the estimated fan pressure contained
in the airway card and a gradient RGRAD = dHF/dQ = 0 is assumed in the
first iteration. In the following iterations, values determined in the
next program section are used. Calculated at first is the numerator of
the CROSS correction DPSUM - FNVP, then the denominator RQSUM, then the
correction DQ, then the corrected flow rates Q of the airways in the mesh,
finally the sum of all corrections in one iteration DQSUM = 2 ABS(DQ).

4.1.9 Fan Characteristic

The fan characteristics were read into the computer with the fan
characteristic cards, in which, for every fan with the airway number NOF
for MPTS points, the airflow rates QF and fan pressures PF had been stated,
Intermediate fan pressure values FANP, at the airflow rate FANQ, are
determined with the help of LAGRANGE'S interpolation formula:

.... (FANQ-QFn)
(FANQ-QF2)(FANQ-QF3)
FANP =
(QF~-QF~) . .. (QF~-QF~)
(QF~-QF~)
This formula permits very simple programming and gives a smooth f i t of
t h e fan curves. Exceptions a r e t h e boundary regions where undulations
can occur. Beyond t h e l a s t s t a t e d p o i n t of t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c one can
have s t e e p extensions. To avoid d i f f i c u l t i e s i n t h e boundary region,
i n t o which t h e fan might e n t e r during t h e i t e r a t i o n process, t h e fan
pressure is, f o r t h e region t o t h e l e f t of t h e second p o i n t and t o t h e
r i g h t of t h e second l a s t p o i n t , made equal t o t h e pressures i n t h e s e
points. Fans, which i n t h e l a s t i t e r a t i o n before t h e output of a r e s u l t
a r e s t i l l i n t h e s e regions, a r e entered i n t o a NFCW-list which i s l a t e r
used f o r p r i n t i n g a warning.
For t h e g r a d i e n t of t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c RGRAD = dH /dQ, t h e slope
f
of a s t r a i g h t connection between t h e two s t a t e d p o i n t s t o t h e l e f t and t h e
r i g h t of t h e operating p o i n t FANQ, FANP i s used. This approach i s good
enough s i n c e t h e j u s t i f i c a t i o n of RGRAD i n CROSS' c o r r e c t i o n formula i s
questioned anyway (14) .
The c a l c u l a t e d fan pressures FANP replace t h e estimated pressures
i n t h e R - l i s t of t h e i n p u t d a t a . The counter of i t e r a t i o n s , which have
been performed with a p a r t i c u l a r assembly of meshes ( I T ) , and t h e counter
of t h e t o t a l number of i t e r a t i o n s performed i n t h e network c a l c u l a t i o n
(ITCT), a r e r a i s e d by one.

4.1.10 Continue i n Appropriate Program Section

A t l e a s t two i t e r a t i o n s (IT = 2) have t o be performed, otherwise

t h e fan c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s would remain unconsidered. After t h e second
i t e r a t i o n , a check i s made t o s e e i f t h e sum of a l l c o r r e c t i o n s DQSUM i s
smaller than 0.002*10
5
. - 0, c o n t r o l passes t o
I f it i s , and f o r NSNVP 5
t h e next program s e c t i o n . NSNVP i s a marker which i n d i c a t e s with NSNVP 2
0, t h a t t h i s i s t h e f i r s t network c a l c u l a t i o n of t h e program run, and t h a t
t h e s e c t i o n s " c a l c u l a t e n a t u r a l v e n t i l a t i o n pressure" and " c a l c u l a t e
5
r e s i s t a n c e of r e g u l a t o r s " have t o be executed. - 0.002*10
For DQSUM 1_ , a
check i s made t o see i f ITCT does not exceed t h e l i m i t ITN s e t i n t h e
c o n t r o l card. I f it does i n t h e l a s t network c a l c u l a t i o n of t h e program
run, the marker MARKN will cause the printing of a warning. For ITCT 2
ITN, a check is made to see if the number of iterations with the present
mesh assembly approaches twenty. This indicates a poor convergence and
a new mesh assembly is made by giving control to the section "arrange
airways to size and magnitude R*Q1'. The marker NSW, which prevents a
5
renewed division of Q by 10 , is made positive; the marker NSFLOW is set
to zero. NSFLOW - 0 indicates that a new mesh selection has been made in
the network part of the program and that a new flow scheme in the con-
centration part of the program is therefore necessary.
If this was not the first network calculation of the computer
run (NSNVP > 01, the next two program sections would be omitted. In
preparation for the concentration part of the program, the airflow rates
are multiplied by 10
5
. A check is made to determine if, during the last
network calculation which the computer was assigned to make (MADJC -
MADJ), an airflow reversal has taken place. If it has, it is an indica-
tion that an airway changes its airflow direction in every network calcu-
lation. This means that the airway is so unstable that the minute
adjustments of temperature and airflow distribution, which are made in
consecutive steps, did let the airflow in the airway oscillate. Since
the magnitude of the adjustments is well below the perennial changes
which occur in real mines, it seemed important to detect these airways
rather than to suppress the oscillations by finer adjustment procedures.

4.1.11 Calculate Resistance of Reuulators

The concept of fixed quantity airways is a valuable planning aid

for the simulation of such airways through which, in the realitv of a
mine, a certain fixed quantity is allowed to flow irrespective of the
state of the rest of the ventilation system. This concept is as old as
the use of computers for network calculations and was already part of the
first digital computer programs. The adjustment of regulators by mine
personnel, with which the airflow rate is kept constant, will not happen
in the case of an emergency. The fixed quantity airways have, therefore,
to be converted into regular airways to obtain a realistic simulation of
their behavior. This can cause problems with fixed quantity airways
which are used to simulate the outflow of compressed air. They should be
put in series with a pressure source in the same way as, in reality, the .

compressed air lines are connected to a compressor.

Fixed quantity airways are, therefore, in this program only
treated as fixed quantity airways in the first network calculation of
the computer run. After its completion, their resistance is calculated
and they are converted into regular airways. This section the program
is consequently executed only once (NSNVP = 0). If the changes in the
ventilation system are such that new network calculations become necessary
(NSNVP # 01, this section is omitted.
The determination of the resistance of fixed quantity airways
proceeds in the that meshes containing them are sorted out with the
help of the MSL and MEND-lists, The pressures H acting on the fixed
L'
quantity airways, are determined by summing up the pressures in all other
2
airways of these meshes. The resistance is calculated from R = HL/Q .
Subsequently NWTYP of the fixed quantity airways is changed from -1 to 0,
which means they are converted into regular airways.

4.1.12 Output of Results

This output contains the results of the first netwark calculation.

If temperature and concentration calculations are subsequently desired
(NCONC > 0, NTEMP > O), the output will show on which initial network data
they were based. If they are not desired (NCONC 0 NTEMP - 0 this
will be the only output and the computer will print information to that
effect. Printed are, for the regular and fixed quantity airways, the
airway numbers NO, their junction numbers JS, JF, calculated airflow rates
Q, and pressure losses P, resistance factors R, and the stated airway
dimension lengths LA, cross sectional areas A, friction factors KF', and
perimeters 0. A separate table is provided for fans with numbers NO,
junctions JS, JF, airflow rates Q, and fan pressures I?. Since ventilation
planning comprises, frequently, the selection of suitable fans, the char-
acteristics, which were used in the network calculation, are indicated
also. Finally, the number of airways and the number of junctions is
printed because they may be needed in future plannings, and experience
shows that, in their statement, errors occur frequently.
 I n p r e p a r a t i o n f o r t h e next network p a r t , t h e markers NSFLOW and
ITCT a r e s e t t o zero,

4.2 CONCENTRATION PART OF PROGRAM

4.2.1 Read and Complete Input Data

The i n p u t d a t a f o r t h i s program p a r t comprise: one concentration

c o n t r o l card; one average value card; a d d i t i o n a l airway cards; a d d i t i o n a l
junction cards; and contamination cards. A l l cards except f o r t h e c o n t r o l
card a r e o p t i o n a l . The computer must, however, r e c e i v e t h e i n p u t d a t a ,
which it needs f o r t h e assigned c a l c u l a t i o n s somehow, e i t h e r a s average
d a t a o r a s d e t a i l e d airway d a t a , The concentration c o n t r o l card has t o
state:

NDIM a d d i t i o n a l number of concentration airway cards t o follow

NCH4C a d d i t i o n a l number o f concentration junction cards t o follow
NAV marker f o r presence of average value card (> 0 yes)
MAXJ highest junction number used i n network
INFLOW number of cards specifying contamination
JSTART number of junctions from which concentration c a l c u l a t i o n s s h a l l
s t a r t ; normally t h i s w i l l be t h e atmosphere
TSTART temperature i n JSTART
TIME t i m e which has elapsed s i n c e beginning of contamination; t h i s i s
necessary f o r t h e temperature c a l c u l a t i o n where non-steady
s t a t e conditions have t o be assumed, only
CRITSM accuracy with which t h e r e s u l t s f o r smoke, methane, and tempera-
CRITGS t u r e a r e expected; when r e c i r c u l a t i o n occurs, an i t e r a t i o n
CRITHT method has t o be used and t h e s e a r e t h e t h r e s h o l d values a t
which i t e r a t i o n s s t o p
WRNPR pressure l o s s e s , smoke concentrations, methane concentrations,
WRNSM and temperatures which s h a l l be considered t o be c r i t i c a l , s o
WRNGS s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n should be drawn t o them i n output
WRNHT

The average value card contains average values f o r :

TAVR rock temperature

HAAVR rock d i f f u s i v i t y
HKAVR rock thermal conductivity
KFAVR f r i c t i o n f a c t o r o f airways
LAAVR airway l e n g t h
AAVR airway c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a
OAVR airway perimeter

This card is o p t i o n a l . I t was introduced t o keep t h e amount of i n p u t d a t a

a s small a s p o s s i b l e . Rock temperatures, d i f f u s i v i t i e s , c o n d u c t i v i t i e s ,
and airway friction factors can in many cases be assumed to be the same
for many airways of the mine. Many airways exist in hardrock mines, like
raises between levels, which have, essentially, all the same dimensions.
If detailed, accurate information is needed, it can always be entered with
the airway cards and override the average values. Another reason for the
introduction of average values was to prevent the termination of a computer
run due to lack of, perhaps, rather insignificant airway properties.
If additional concentration airway cards are wanted, NDIM in the
concentration control card has stated how many of them. They contain:

NOX airway number

CH4VX methane volume production rate in airway
CH4PAX methane volume production rate per unit surface area in airway
TROCKX average rock temperature in airway
HAX thermal diffusivity of rock in airway
HKX thermal conductivity of rock in airway
DZRDX elevation change in airway

Except for NOX, all of this information is optional. DZRDX must, however,
be unequal to zero if it shall override elevation changes calculated from
junction elevations, because the computer cannot decide if it is equal to
zero or if it has been forgotten. If it is equal to zero, it should be
given a small positive or negative value close to zero. .
If additional concentration junction cards are wanted, NCH4C in
the concentration control card has stated how many of them. They contain
only :

JNOX junction number

CH4CX methane concentration in junction

and are used if one wants to determine the methane evolution from concen-
trations in junctions and this was not entered into the junction cards in
the network part of the program.
If contamination enters the ventilation system, INFLOW contamina-
tion cards have to be used. Besides the airway number they contain three
sections: the first one with a specified contamination which can be any-
thing; the second one applying to oxygen rich fires; the third one applying
to fuel rich fires or any type of fire. As discussed in the introduction,
this is a preliminary stage which can be improved once the necessity
exists. The contamination cards contain:
NCENT number of airways into which the contaminants enter

Section 1
CONT volume flow rate of contaminated inflow
CONC concentration of contaminant in inflow
HEAT heat entering airway

Section 2
02MIN oxygen concentration with which fumes leave fire zone

Section 3
SMP02 smoke production per ft3 of oxygen delivery
HTPO2 heat production per ft3 of oxygen delivery

Section 2 overrides section 1, section 3 overrides section 1 and 2.

Control card, optional average value card, and optional additional
airway cards are read in. Methane evolution rate per airway CH4VX and per
unit area of airway CH4PAX, rock temperature TROCKX, thermal diffusivity
HAX and conductivity HKX, and elevation change DZRDX, are placed in the
airway files CH4V, CH4PA, TROCK, HA, HK, and DZRD. A check is made to see
if the number of airway cards in the input was equal to the stated number
of cards NDIM. If not, a message is printed and the calculation terminated.
The airway files are then completed. For every airway a check is
made to see if data for thermal diffusivity HA and conductivity HK from the
just received additional airway cards, and if data for the friction factor
KF, the airway length LA, the cross sectional area A, and the perimeter 0
from the network part of the program exist. If they don't, average values
from the average value card are substituted. If this card does not exist,
a message is printed and the calculation terminated. The elevation change
DZRD cannot be checked because it may in reality be equal to zero. Before
an average value is substituted for the rock temperature TROCK, it is
first checked to see if junction cards exist in the network part (NVPN >
0). If yes, the airway is marked by giving its airway number NO a dif-
ferent sign than the rest of the airways. Temperatures T and elevations
Z of starting and finishing junctions of these airways are then retrieved
I.
from the junction files of the network part of the program. Rock tempera-
tures are calculated from these in the following way. When the assumption
is made that the increase of rock temperature with depth has, due to the
heat exchange between rock and air, become the same as the increase of
rock temperature with depth, the air temperature change can, for steady
state heat transfer, be described by (7):

t = trO - ga LAsin 6 + (tl - tro) exp (-a 0 LA/G CP)

where: t = rock temperature at beginning of airway

rO
tl = air temperature at beginning of airway
= autocompression gradient
a'
B = slope angle (positive for ascending, negative for
descending ventilation)
a = convection coefficient
G = weight flow rate
CP = specific heat of air

If, for the convection coefficient, the approximation:

2
(7) where: a = convection coefficient (Btu/ft -hr-O~)
V = air speed (ft/sec)

is used, the exponent can be converted to:

With DZRD = LA sin f3 and the definition of an average rock temperature

'a
TROCK = t
rO
- -DZRD
2

one obtains for the rock temperature

t2 - tl * exp(-X*LA) + DZRD*ga
TROCK =
(1 - exp (-X*LA)
- a-
'
2
DZRD

Elevation changes DZRD are calculated as the difference between the two
elevations if DZRD, in the files, is equal to zero. It is for this reason
that DZRDX in the input data should not be made exactly equal to zero,
even for a horizontal airway, which it usually isn't anyway in so-called
level airways.

4.2.2 SetUpJNOList

If no junction number cards were, in the network part of the pro-

gram, read into the computer, no junction number list (JNO-list) yet exists.
I t is s e t up i n t h i s program s e c t i o n t o g e t h e r with a check, i f t h e s t a t e d
number of junctions i s equal t o t h e a c t u a l number, and, when necessary,
with a c o r r e c t i o n . This i s a frequent source of e r r o r when concentration
c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e performed only. The reason i s t h a t t h e number of junc-
t i o n s must be obtained by marking them i n a c h e c k - l i s t , whereas t h e
number of airways can simply be obtained by counting t h e airway cards. It
can be disputed whether junction cards and information on junctions serve
a u s e f u l purpose. The c a l c u l a t i o n of t h e n a t u r a l v e n t i l a t i o n p r e s s u r e i n
t h i s way i s , however, s o widespread t h a t i n t h i s program junction cards
were r e t a i n e d . The occasionally made comment of s t o r a g e waste i s not
true. Since t h e number of junctions i s , with a t l e a s t t h r e e airways
e n t e r i n g o r leaving a junction, equal t o o r smaller than 2/3 of t h e a i r -
way number, it t a k e s , a t t h e most, t h e same space t o s t o r e temperature and
e l e v a t i o n d a t a junction-wise with a s p e c i a l junction number l i s t than t o
do i t airway-wise.

4.2.3 Calculate Methane Evolution

With a junction number l i s t e s t a b l i s h e d , p o t e n t i a l a d d i t i o n a l

NCH4C junction cards can be read i n . They contain, besides t h e junction
number, only methane concentrations CH4C i n junctions, which a r e placed
into the pertinent list. A check i s made again t o s e e i f a l l cards r e f e r
t o junctions of the network. When n o t , a message i s p r i n t e d b u t no termi-
nation of c a l c u l a t i o n s t a k e s p l a c e s i n c e information on methane evolution
i s provided from s e v e r a l s i d e s .
For a l l v e n t i l a t i o n planning i n c o a l mines, it i s very important
t o a s s e s s t h e methane evolution s i n c e changes i n t h e a i r f l o w d i s t r i b u t i o n
w i l l cause changes i n t h e methane concentration d i s t r i b u t i o n a l s o . Airflow
reductions can lead t o dangerous concentrations, t h e main concern i n a l l
f i r e f i g h t i n g operations. I t i s j u s t i f i e d t o consider t h e r a t e of methane
r e l e a s e from c o a l f a c e s , r i b s , and p i l l a r s a s roughly constant over s h o r t
time periods. Even t h e increased methane production caused by mining
operations w i l l , when t h e operations s t o p , only gradually t a p e r o f f (2,121.
The r a t e of methane evolution p e r airway CH4V i s introduced i n t o
t h i s program i n t h r e e d i f f e r e n t ways. ~t is i n t h e a d d i t i o n a l airway cards
e i t h e r s t a t e d d i r e c t l y (CH4VX) o r s t a t e d p e r u n i t s u r f a c e a r e a (CH4PAX)
and then multi-plied by t h e s u r f a c e a r e a LA*O. I f both statements have not
been given, it i s c a l c u l a t e d from t h e methane concentrations i n junctions
by assuming t h a t t h e concentration change between s t a r t i n g and f i n i s h i n g
junction of an airway m u l t i p l i e d by i t s a i r f l o w r a t e i s equal t o i t s
methane production.
This l a s t approach i s a convenient one s i n c e methane concentra-
t i o n s i n junctions, l i k e temperatures, a r e , by most v e n t i l a t i o n engineers,
known by h e a r t f o r t h e i r mine. I t i s , however, a crude approach s i n c e it
is accurate only when merging a i r c u r r e n t s have t h e same concentrations.
I f t h e p r i n t o u t of t h e i n p u t d a t a f o r concentrations and temperature c a l -
c u l a t i o n s shows t h a t t h e methane production obtained i n t h i s way i s
u n r e a l i s t i c f o r some airways, it has t o be s t a t e d d i r e c t l y . Methane
evolutions CH4V obtained from d i r e c t statements CH4VX override a l l o t h e r
values; those i n d i r e c t l y obtained from CH4PAX o v e r r i d e t h e ones derived
from junction concentrations.
A t t h e end of t h i s s e c t i o n , t h e contamination cards a r e read i n .

4.2.4 Output of Input

To allow a c r i t i c a l assessment o f t h e q u a l i t y of r e s u l t s obtained

with t h e h e l p of t h i s program, a l l important i n p u t d a t a , which a r e not
contained i n t h e network output, a r e p r i n t e d out. These d a t a comprise a
t a b l e with airway numbers NO, s t a r t i n g and f i n i s h i n g junctions JS, J F ,
e l e v a t i o n d i f f e r e n c e s DZRD, rock temperatures TROCK, methane e v o l u t i o n
CHIV, thermal conductivity HK, and thermal d i f f u s i v i t y HA. The time a f t e r
t h e beginning of t h e contamination TIME, number JSTART and temperature
TSTART of t h a t junction, from which t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s t a r t s , a r e given a l s o .
F i n a l l y , t h e contamination with NCENT, CONT, CONC, HEAT, O I M I N , SMPO2, and
HTPO2 i s l i s t e d , o r , i f no contamination occurs, a r e l e v a n t message i s
printed.

4.2.5 Flowscheme

A l l airways a r e checked f o r negative a i r f l o w r a t e s . I f any a r e

d e t e c t e d , t h e flow i s made p o s i t i v e by exchanging s t a r t i n g and f i n i s h i n g

junctions. This makes a new mesh s e l e c t i o n necessary i n following network
c a l c u l a t i o n s and t h e marker NSFLOW i s , t h e r e f o r e , s e t equal t o z e r o . With
t h e exchange of j u n c t i o n s , t h e s i g n of t h e e l e v a t i o n change DZRD has t o be
changed a l s o .
For t h e purpose of i d e n t i f y i n g airways with a i r f l o w r e v e r s a l s i n
t h e o u t p u t , t h e y a r e placed i n t o a NREV f i l e and t h e i r t o t a l number i s
counted by NRCT. Since t h e p o s s i b i l i t y e x i s t s t h a t i n t h e i t e r a t i o n pro-
c e s s between t h e network and c o n c e n t r a t i o n s p a r t s of t h e program, an a i r -
way experiences a i r f l o w r e v e r s a l r e p e a t e d l y , it is checked t o s e e i f t h i s
airway i s n o t a l r e a d y i n t h e NREV f i l e . I f it i s , t h i s means t h a t an even
number of r e v e r s a l s has taken p l a c e and t h a t t h e a i r f l o w i n t h i s airway
has i t s o r i g i n a l d i r e c t i o n again. I t i s t h e r e f o r e removed from t h e NREV
file. A f t e r a l l airways have been checked, t h e NREV f i l e i s compacted and
NRCT s e t t o i t s proper value.
For t h e purpose of c a l c u l a t i n g temperatures and c o n c e n t r a t i o n s ,
one has t o know which a i r c u r r e n t s go i n t o t h e same junction and a r e mixed
t h e r e and which a i r c u r r e n t s l e a v e from t h e same junction and have conse-
q u e n t l y t h e same p r o p e r t i e s . Since t h e number of airways connected t o a
junction can change i n wide l i m i t s , it i s n o t a d v i s a b l e t o compile t h i s
information i n a multidimensional a r r a y i n which many p l a c e s could remain
empty. I n s t e a d a s e r i e s of one-dimensional a r r a y s i s used, which was, f o r
t h e same reasons, t h e approach w i t h t h e mesh-lists i n t h e network p a r t of
t h e program a l s o . The procedures chosen f o r assembling t h e s e a r r a y s a r e
s i m i l a r t o t h e ones used by GEIGER ( 6 ) . The following 5 a r r a y s a r e s e t

JNOL l i s t of a l l junction numbers arranged according t o magnitude of

numbers
NGOUT list of a l l airways going away from j u n c t i o n s
LOUT l i s t of l a s t p l a c e occupied i n NGOUT-list by a s e r i e s of airways
leaving a p a r t i c u l a r junction
NGIN l i s t of a l l airways e n t e r i n g j u n c t i o n s
MIN l i s t of l a s t p l a c e s occupied i n N G I N - l i s t by a s e r i e s of airways
entering a p a r t i c u l a r junction

The example given i n Fig. 1 may make t h i s procedure c l e a r e r . The f i r s t

junction number considered i s JNOL(1) = 3 . LOUT(^) = 2 indicates that
airways NGOUT (1) = 3 and NGOUT ( 2 ) = 5 l e a v e t h i s junction. M I N (1) = 1
i n d i c a t e s t h a t airway N G I N ( 1 ) = 1 e n t e r s it. The second junction number
F i g . 1: Flowscheme of a simple network d e s c r i b e d with the help
of onedimens ional arrays

J N O L NGOUT L O U T NGIN MIN JNOL JNO JLR

I I I I 0
i s JNOL ( 2 ) = 5. Airways l e a v i n g t h i s j u n c t i o n occupy t h e p l a c e s LOUT (1)
+ I = 3 through LOUT(2) = 3 i n t h e NGOUT-list, consequently NGOUT(3) = 6
i s t h e o n l y airway l e a v i n g t h i s j u n c t i o n . Airways e n t e r i n g t h i s j u n c t i o n
occupy t h e p l a c e s M I N ( 1 ) + 1 = 2 through MIN(2) = 3 i n t h e N G I N - l i s t , con-
s e q u e n t l y NGIN(2) = 3 and NGIN(3) = 4 a r e e n t e r i n g t h i s j u n c t i o n . The
procedures f o r a l l o t h e r j u n c t i o n s a r e t h e same.

I n t h e JNOL-list t h e j u n c t i o n numbers a r e arranged according t o

t h e i r magnitude. I f a J N O - l i s t h a s been c r e a t e d by (NVPN >O) r e a d i n g
j u n c t i o n c a r d s i n t h e network p a r t o f t h e program i n t o t h e computer, t h e
j u n c t i o n numbers i n t h i s l i s t can be i n any a r b i t r a r y sequence which i s
convenient f o r i n p u t and o u t p u t . Both l i s t s a r e c o r r e l a t e d by t h e JLR-
l i s t which i n d i c a t e s i n which p l a c e a j u n c t i o n from the.J'NOL-list is con-
tained i n the JNO-list. Fig. 1 shows, f o r i n s t a n c e , t h a t t h e j u n c t i o n
JNOL (1) = 3 can from JLR(1) = 4 be l o c a t e d a s JNO(4) = 3.
I n t h i s s e c t i o n t h e contaminant c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n j u n c t i o n s PROP
and PRCH4 a r e s e t e q u a l t o z e r o a l s o .

4.2.7 I n d i c e s of S t a r t i n g J u n c t i o n (Atmosphere)

The i n d i c e s o f t h e j u n c t i o n a t which one wants t h e temperature

and c o n c e n t r a t i o n c a l c u l a t i o n t o begin a r e determined, They a r e MSTART
f o r t h e JNOL-list and ISTART f o r t h e J N O - l i s t . The temperature of t h i s
j u n c t i o n i s s e t t o TSTART, which had been s t a t e d i n t h e c o n t r o l card. The
c o u n t e r MRC and t h e marker MARKC a r e s e t t o zero.

4.2.8 Conditions a t Roadway Ends

4.2.8.1 General Remarks

Determined w i t h t h e h e l p of t h i s program a r e : contaminant con-

c e n t r a t i o n s ; methane c o n c e n t r a t i o n s ; and temperatures,
Changes o f c o n c e n t r a t i o n s and temperatures can occur i n roadways
due t o contaminants, methane, and h e a t e n t e r i n g o r l e a v i n g t h e a i r . They
can occur i n j u n c t i o n s due t o mixing of a i r c u r r e n t s w i t h d i f f e r e n t
concentrations and temperatures. Since t h e processes i n roadways and
junctions a r e completely d i f f e r e n t , two d i f f e r e n t program s e c t i o n s have
been provided.
Contaminant concentrations i n roadways have received t h e name
RDPROP, i n junctions PROP, a t roadway beginnings PROPJS. Methane concen-
t r a t i o n s have received t h e names RDCH4, PRCH4, and CH4JS. Temperatures
have received t h e names TRD, T , and TJS.
Temperature c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e performed only when demanded (NTEMP
> 0). Concentration c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e performed when demanded (NCONC > O ) ,
but a l s o when only temperature c a l c u l a t i o n s were d e s i r e d , s i n c e varying
temperatures can cause varying a i r f l o w d i s t r i b u t i o n s and, t h e r e f o r e ,
varying methane concentrations.
The concentration c a l c u l a t i o n s have, a t t h i s s t a g e , been kept
q u i t e simple s i n c e t h e program r e q u i r e s t h a t e n t e r i n g o r leaving contami-
nants be s p e c i f i e d . The temperature c a l c u l a t i o n s have, however, become
r e l a t i v e l y comprehensive and complicated. On t h e one hand, t h e techniques
f o r p r e c a l c u l a t i n g mine temperatures a r e more advanced than those f o r pre-
c a l c u l a t i n g contaminant p r o d u c t i o n ~ . On t h e o t h e r hand, t h e author attached
more importance t o t h e s e temperature p r e c a l c u l a t i o n s s i n c e v e n t i l a t i o n
disturbances a r e mainly caused by thermal f o r c e s , not by concentration
changes.
Roadway c a l c u l a t i o n s s t a r t o u t with s e t t i n g t h e p r o p e r t i e s PROPJS,
CH4JS, TJS a t the beginning of roadways, leaving a junction equal t o t h e
equivalent p r o p e r t i e s PROP, PRCH4, T i n t h i s junction when t h e p r o p e r t i e s
a r e known. For t h e f i r s t c a l c u l a t i o n s t h i s junction w i l l be t h e s t a r t i n g
junction JSTART, l a t e r on every junction, f o r which t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s of
t h e program s e c t i o n "conditions i n junctions", could be completed. The
roadways coming o u t of t h e junctions a r e found from t h e LOUT- and NGOUT-
l i s t s and i d e n t i c a l c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e performed f o r a l l of them. A t the
s t a r t of every c a l c u l a t i o n t h e counter ICFTM i s s e t t o zero.

4.2.8.2 Concentration Changes and Added Heat i n Airways

A check is made t o s e e i f contaminants o r h e a t e n t e r t h e airway

(NO = NCENT). I f n o t , t h e volume flow r a t e of the pure (100% concentra-

t i o n ) contaminant CONTAM, t h e volume flow r a t e of t h e gas c u r r e n t carrying
t h e contaminant CONTQ, and t h e h e a t a d d i t i o n HEATAD a r e s e t e q u a l t o zero.
I f a contaminant o r h e a t e n t e r s t h e mine a i r , it can b e s p e c i f i e d i n t h e
contamination c a r d s i n s e v e r a l ways. I n s e c t i o n 1 t h e volume flow r a t e of
t h e gas c u r r e n t c a r r y i n g t h e contaminant CONT, i t s c o n c e n t r a t i o n CONC ( % ) ,
and t h e h e a t HEAT a r e s p e c i f i e d . CONTAM, CONTQ and HEATAD a r e determined
from :

CONTAM = CONT*CONC/100

CONTQ = CONT

HEATAD = HEAT

CONT and HEAT can have n e g a t i v e s i g n s f o r gas a b s o r p t i o n s and h e a t s i n k s .

I f t h e i n f l o w CONT i s s o l a r g e t h a t it i n f l u e n c e s t h e a i r f l o w d i s t r i b u t i o n ,
which w i l l v e r y r a r e l y b e t h e c a s e , a f i x e d q u a n t i t y airway similar t o
compressed a i r d i s c h a r g e s should be provided f o r it.
S e c t i o n 2 of t h e contamination c a r d a p p l i e s t o oxygen r i c h f i r e s
and s t a t e s t h e oxygen c o n c e n t r a t i o n 02MIN w i t h which t h e fumes l e a v e t h e
f i r e zone. The assumption is made t h a t a l l consumed oxygen i s converted
i n t o C02. The oxygen c o n c e n t r a t i o n e n t e r i n g t h e f i r e zone i s 0.21 -
PROPJS, t h e oxygen consumption i s 0.21 - PROPJS - 02MIN/100f t h e volume
flow r a t e of CO consequently: .
2
CONTAM = (0.21 - PROPJS - 02MIN/100) * Q

No a d d i t i o n a l g a s e n t e r s t h e mine:

CONTQ = 0
3
The r a t e of h e a t g e n e r a t i o n i s , w i t h 437 B t u / f t of consumed oxygen:

HEATAD = CONTAM * 437

S e c t i o n 3 a p p l i e s t o f u e l r i c h f i r e s and contaminant and h e a t

3
production, SMP02 and HTP02 p e r f t o f oxygen d e l i v e r y , have t o be s t a t e d .
One o b t a i n s :

CONTAM = (0.21 - PROPJS) *Q*SMP02

HEATAD = (0.21 - PROPJS) *Q*HTPO2

CONTQ = 0
A t t h i s place, a s u i t a b l e function r e l a t i n g contaminant and h e a t production
with t h e oxygen supply can e a s i l y be introduced, i f so d e s i r e d and such a
function i s a v a i l a b l e .
Contamination and methane concentration a t t h e end of t h e roadway
can then be c a l c u l a t e d from:

I f a temperature c a l c u l a t i o n is d e s i r e d (NTEMP > O ) , t h e h e a t a d d i t i o n

HEATAD f i n d s use; i f it i s n o t d e s i r e d TRD i s s e t equal t o zero, JF' made
negative t o mark t h e completed roadway c a l c u l a t i o n , and t h e r e s t of t h i s
program s e c t i o n is omitted.

4-2.8.3 Temperature Changes i n Airways

#

The a i r temperature is increased by h e a t a d d i t i o n and subse-

quently reduced again by h e a t t r a n s f e r t o t h e airway walls. The tempera-
t u r e increase:

where : tl = temperature before h e a t a d d i t i o n

DR = reference d e n s i t y
CP = s p e c i f i c h e a t of a i r

I f f o r CP a temperature function CP = a + b * t i s assumed, one obtains:

and with a = 0,2376 ~ t u / l . b O ~b, = 0.000024 ~ t u / l b ' ~ O ~ ,

This equation i s based on pure a i r . One might d i s p u t e i f t h e assumption of

temperature v a r i a b l e s p e c i f i c h e a t s i s necessary, s i n c e t h e influence of
t h e a i r composition i s neglected, b u t t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n of v a r i a b l e s p e c i f i c
h e a t s causes no g r e a t d i f f i c u l t i e s .
 Heat transfer to the airway walls lets the air temperature drop
from an initial value of t to t, which for horizontal airways can be
1
calculated from (7):

t = tr + (tl - tr) exp (-HK*LA*O*K(a)/ (Q*DR*cP*R~)

)

where: tr = rock temperature

Ro = 2 A/O = hydraulic radius

K(a), the so-called "coefficient of age", is a dimensionless scale for the

thickness of the insulating rock layer surrounding airways which increases
with age. Its use allows treating non-steady state heat transfer like a
steady state process and has, therefore, in mine ventilation become common
practice.
In non-horizontal airways, the change of rock temperature with
depth and the so-called "autocompression heat", the increase of air tem-
perature with air pressure, have to be included. If one makes the justi-
fied assumption that the rock immediately surrounding an airway has, with
some age of the airway, assumed the same temperature as the air ordinarily
passing through it, geothermal and autocompression gradients become the
same and the temperature can be calculated from (7):

= t r ~
- ga LA sin 6 + (t
1
- tro) exp (-HK*LA*O*K(a)/ (Q*DR*CP*RO))

where: ga = autocompression gradient

6 = slope angle (positive for ascending, negative for
descending ventilation)
trO = rock temperature at airway beginning

If an average rock temperature TROCK = *DZRD/2 is defined, one

t r ~- a'
obtains with DZRD = LA*sin 8:

t = TROCK + (tl - TROCK) exp (-HK*LA*O*K(a)/(Q*DR*CP*RO))

The autocompression gradient g can be calculated from the mechanical heat

a
equivalent 778.26 ft-lb/Btu and CP as:
The coefficient of age K(a) is a function of the dimensionless Fourier
(FO) and Biot (BI) numbers. They are defined as:

where HA and HK are the previously introduced thermal diffusivity and

conductivity and HC is the convection coefficient.
K(a) has been calculated by several researchers whose results are
in good agreement (7). A solution for short periods of heat exchange has
been provided by SCERBAN and Kremnev (17) which reads:

K ( a ) = BI - B I ~*f(x)/(0.375 + BI)

X
2 2
where f (x) = [l - exp(x ) * (I - - 1 exp(-x)dx)]
J;; 0

and x = (0.375 + BI)

For the calculation of the error function

in this computer program, the author introduced the power series:

9 (XI =
2
- 1 -(-lln
*- x 2n+1
for x 5
- 2.5
J;; n=o n 2n+l

JT
- [l - $(XI 1
.-. exp (-x')
[l -- 1*3 - 1*3*5 + ....I
2 2x 2x2 (2X2l2 (2x2 3

for x > 2.5

Development.ofthe series is stopped when the terms in the brackets become

smaller than
The convection coefficient HC is a function of air thermal con-
ductivity HKA, Reynolds number RN, Prandtl number PR, and airway dimen-
sions. A formula proposed by KREITH (13) for the turbulent flow in smooth
ducts seems to be an average among the many suggestions found in the
literature (7) . It reads:
With t h e P r a n d t l number being e s s e n t i a l l y independent o f t h e a i r tempera-
t u r e , and having a v a l u e of 0.70 between 0 and 1600'~ and w i t h R = 2A/O,
0
t h i s becomes:

A c o r r e c t i o n f o r rough w a l l s can b e made by i n t r o d u c i n g t h e c o r r e c t i o n

factor (7) :

0.125
f (lOO/RN)
COR = ( y )

where: f = f r i c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t o f rough w a l l
f o = f r i c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t of h y d r a u l i c a l l y smooth w a l l

The f r i c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t f i s p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e f r i c t i o n f a c t o r KF. For

LI
3
a d e n s i t y of 0.075 I b / f t t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p i s f = KF/809, f o r a reference
d e n s i t y DR it i s f = KF*0. 075/(809*DR) .
f (FRO i n t h e program) can be o b t a i n e d from:
0

The thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y of a i r can be approximated by:

HKA = 0.015 (T/492) Btu/ft h OF

where: T = a b s o l u t e a i r temperature (OR)

The temperature dependence o f a i r v i s c o s i t y VISC and weight WT, b o t h of

which a r e needed f o r t h e Reynolds number, can be expressed by:

1.75
-4 T 2
VISC = 10 * 1.43 1-(
492
ft / s e c

WT = DR * (TR + 460)/T
where: TR = r e f e r e n c e temperature

and t h e Reynolds number:

RN = V ~ ~ / V i s c
 where : = hydraulic diameter = 4 A/O
Do
V = air velocity

with V = Q*DR/(60*AWWT)

The program starts the temperature calculation by setting the temperature

at the beginning of the airway TJS equal to the pertinent junction tempera-
ture To If a heat addition takes place (HEATAD = O), the temperature
behind the heat source is determined and made equal to TJS, It is stored
in the TFSI file also because it is needed in later program sections.
For the calculation of WT, VISC, CP, and HKA, the average tem-
perature in the roadway is needed, It is tentatively (ICE'TM = 0) assumed
to be the arithmetic mean between starting and rock temperature (TM = (TJS
+ TROCK)/2). If after the completion of the temperature calculation the
result shows that the temperature at the end of the roadway TRD is more
than 50'~ different from TROCK, a new TM is assumed (ICFTM = 1) . Since the
temperature along an airway follows an exponential curve of the type:

TRD = TROCK + (TJS - TROCK) exp(-X*LA)

the factor X can be calculated from the last calculated TRD value as:

- [ln (TJS - TROCK)/ (TRD - TROCK)1

1
X =
LA

and TM can be determined as the integral mean 1/LA TRD*dLA as:

(TJS - TROCK)
TROCK exp (-X*LA))
LA*X

This procedure of assuming a new TM is repeated until the calculated

values for TRD vary less than 50'~. Since TM is, at this place, only
needed to take the changes of the air properties WT, VISC, CP, and HKA
with temperature into account, this threshold of 50'~ seems to be stringent
enough. After these properties have been determined, Reynolds number RN,
convection coefficient HC, Fourier number FO, Biot number BI, and coeffi-
cient of COAGE are calculated. The exponent in the temperature formula:

becomes with R = 2 A/O and the factor 60 min/hr, when HK is, as customary,
0
expressed per hour but Q is stated per minute:
 2
XNEW = HK*LA*O *COAGE/(~~O*DR*Q*CP*A)

and TRD can be calculated. XNEW is placed in a file for future use.
After the calculation has been completed, the roadway is marked by making
its finishing junction JF negative.

Conditions in Junctions

Junctions, for which the junction calculations have been com-

pleted, receive a negative number JNO. They are disregarded in this pro-
gram section. For the other junctions with a positive JNO, the airways
going into a junction are located from the MIN- and NGIN-lists. In order
to be able to perform a junction calculation the roadway calculations for
these airways must have been completed, which means that they must all
have negative finishing junctions. If they don't, the junction is dis-
regarded. For the rest, the air quantities Q flowing into the junction
(SUMAIR), the contaminant quantities RDPROP * Q (SUMPR), the methane
quantities RDCH4 * Q, and the enthalpies TRD * Q * CP (SUMHT) are all
summed up. Contaminant and methane concentrations in the junction are
calculated' from:

PROP = SWR/SUMAIR

the temperatures from:

which with CP = 0.2376 + 0.000024 * T results in:

The program returns to the section "conditions at roadway ends" where the
number JNO of the junctions, with completed junction calculations, is made
negative.

4.2.10 Recirculation, First Approximation

If, in the previous section, no junctions with a positive JNO can

be found for which all entering airways have negative finishing junctions
JF, recirculation occurs in the network. The alternating roadway and
junction calculations cannot be continued since concentrations and tem-
perature of recirculated air entering a junction are not known. This
difficulty is overcome by introducing estimated concentrations and tem-
peratures for all recirculated airflows, with which the junction and
roadway calculations are completed. The results obtained for the recir-
culated airflows are then taken as new, better estimates and the con-
centration and temperature calculations for the network are repeated.
This process is continued until the differences between results and
estimates are smaller than the thresholds CRITSM, CRITGS, CRITHT stated
in the control card.
A variety of methods was tried to overcome the recirculation
problem. With the complexity of most ventilation networks, only itera-
tion methods seem to be practical. The herein described procedure, which
is similar to the adjustment of trigonometric height measurements, showed
the best convergence.
The program section starts by setting NREC = I. NREC helps in
searching for junctions where the ratio of recirculated air QREC to not
< NREC/2.
recirculated air QIN is QREC/QIN = If no such junction can be
found, NREC is stepwise increased.
All junction numbers JNO are then checked for their signs. Nega-
tive junction numbers are counted by L and then disregarded because the
junction calculations have been completed for them. Positive junction
numbers JNO are one after the other compared with the finishing junctions
JE' of airways. Junctions JNO, for which no negative JF can be found
(JNO + JF + 0, C
N = 01, are disregarded because no airway with a complete
roadway calculation exists for them. The remaining junctions JNO are the
ones where recirculated air enters the intake air.
To find reasonable first estimates for the recirculated air,
concentrations RDPROP, RDCH4, and temperatures TRD for the airways with
completed roadway calculations (JNO + JF = 0) as we11 as their airflow
rates Q are summed up (SRPR, SRCH4, STRD, QIN) and average values AVRPR,
AvRCH~,AVTRD are calculated. The airways with recirculated air are
entered into a temporary file (MEMREC) first and their airflow rates are
summed up also (QREC). If a comparison shows that the recirculated airflow
r a t e QREC f o r an airway i s s m a l l e r t h a n one h a l f of t h e n o t r e c i r c u l a t e d
a i r Q I N (QREC*2/QIN - NREC 01, t h e airway and t h e f i r s t e s t i m a t e s f o r
i t s c o n c e n t r a t i o n s and temperature a r e e n t e r e d i n t o t h e permanent r e c i r -
culation f i l e s . I f QREC is l a r g e r than 1/2 Q I N , t h e next p o s i t i v e junc-
t i o n JNO i s t r i e d . If no junction with QREC 5 1/2 Q I N could be found,
NREC i s i n c r e a s e d by 1 which changes t h e c r i t e r i o n t o QREC 5 QIN. If
again no junction can be found, NREC i s i n c r e a s e d t o 3 and s o on,
The r e c i r c u l a t i o n f i l e s have been introduced t o avoid t h e r e p e t i -
t i o n o f t h i s s e a r c h procedure i n every s t e p of t h e i t e r a t i o n p r o c e s s , i n
which c o n c e n t r a t i o n s and temperatures o f r e c i r c u l a t e d a i r f l o w s a r e d e t e r -
mined. Airways with r e c i r c u l a t i o n a r e counted with MRC, t h e i r p l a c e i n
t h e airway l i s t i s t r a n s c r i b e d from t h e temporary f i l e MEMREC i n t o NOREC,
and t h e f i r s t e s t i m a t e s f o r t h e i r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s and temperatures a r e
e n t e r e d i n t o ESTPR, ESTCH4, ESTTR. After t h i s , they receive these e s t i -
mated v a l u e s a s t h e i r roadway end p r o p e r t i e s RDPROP, RDCH4, TRD, and t h e i r
f i n i s h i n g junctions a r e made n e g a t i v e a s i f t h e roadway c a l c u l a t i o n had
been completed. The p l a c e o f t h e p e r t i n e n t junction i n t h e JNOL-list i s
l o c a t e d and t h e junction c a l c u l a t i o n f o r t h i s junction completed. The
program s t a t e m e n t s f o r doing t h i s a r e e s s e n t i a l l y t h e same a s i n t h e pro-
gram s e c t i o n "conditions i n junctions". The program r e t u r n s t o t h e
s e c t i o n "conditions a t roadway ends".

4.2.11 Recirculation, Preparation f o r I t e r a t i o n

I f i n t h e previous program s e c t i o n it h a s been found t h a t a l l

junction numbers JNO a r e n e g a t i v e (L L N J ) , t h e c a l c u l a t i o n of concentra-
t i o n s and temperatures i s complete. A l l f i n i s h i n g j u n c t i o n s JF and junc-
t i o n numbers JNO a r e made p o s i t i v e again. I f t h e counter MRC f o r t h e
r e c i r c u l a t i o n f i l e s i n d i c a t e s t h a t no r e c i r c u l a t i o n e x i s t s (MRC = 01, t h e
r e s t of t h i s program s e c t i o n i s omitted. For MRC > 0 t h e d i f f e r e n c e s
DIFPR, DIFCH4, DIFTRD between l a s t estimated v a l u e s ESTPR, ESTCH4, ESTTR
and l a s t c a l c u l a t e d r e s u l t s RDPROP, RDCH4, TRD a r e determined f o r every
airway with r e c i r c u l a t i o n , I f these differences a r e l a r g e r than t h e
t h r e s h o l d s CRITSM, CRITGS, CRITHT, a marker L i s made > 0 . The l a s t
c a l c u l a t e d p r o p e r t i e s RDPROP, RDCH4, TRD a r e made the new e s t i m a t e s ESTPR,
ESTCH4, ESTTR, and t h e f i n i s h i n g j u n c t i o n s JF' a r e made negative. If this
was the last iteration, these junctions will be the only negative ones in
the JF-list and can be used to identify recirculation paths. The itera-
tion counter ITCT is raised by one. If a positive marker L indicates that
more iterations are necessary, it is checked to see if the maximum number
ITN, which had been stated in the control card, is not exceeded. If not,
the computer goes back to the beginning of the section "conditions at road-
way ends" to start another iteration. If ITN would be exceeded, the marker
.MARKC is made positive for an appropriate message. If temperature and net-
work calculations were demanded, the next program section is entered, if
not, this section is omitted and a message printed.

4.2.12 Calculation of Natural Ventilation Pressure

This section determines the thermal forces which are caused by

changed temperature distributions and introduces them into the ventilation
system.
The energy per unit mass, which is required to overcome the flow
resistance of an airway, is proportional to the velocity of the air in the
airway. The same applies to the pressure loss when the latter is based on
a constant reference density. If the density of the air changes, energy
or pressure losses will change inversely proportional to the square of the
density ratios. If the density change is caused by temperature changes,
energy or pressure losses will change proportional to the square of the
absolute temperature ratios. This change can,.ina mass flow rate based
network calculation, be accounted for by multiplying the resistance factor
?

R by a factor (T2/T1) where the subscripts 1 and 2 denote the old and
new temperatures.
Since temperatures along the length LA of an airway vary, it is
2
necessary to use a mean square temperature Tm , which for accurate calcu-
lations should be:

With the previously quoted formula (section "conditions at roadway ends"):

gaDZRD
t = tr + (tl - tr) exp (-X*LA) - 2 (1 + exp (-X*LA) )
one obtains with the abbreviations:

E = ga*DZRD/2, B = (tl - track, XNEW = X*LA

2
+ -XNEW (Track - E)*(B - E)*(l - exp(-XNEW))

The natural ventilation pressure can be calculated from:

/

f T dZ ccn be replaced by Z t *DZRD when one assumes airways with constant

m
slopes. This requires knowing the mean temperature t =
m
LA I t dLA in
the airways. It can be calculated from the above formula for t as:

The program starts this section by setting the temperature at the beginnings
of airways T1 equal to the temperature T of the starting junction JS. If
contamination in an airway occurs (NCENT = NO), T1 is set equal to the
calculated temperature TFSI behind the contamination source. The mean tem-
perature TMRD (i.e. t ) and mean square absolute temperature TMSQR (i.e.
2 m
T ) are calculated next for every airway. To account for the pressure
m
loss changes with temperature, the resistance Eactor R is set to new
adjusted values which are the product of RSTD and the ratio rmSQR/(TR +
2
460) . RSTD is the resistance factor of the airways based on the reference
temperature TR.
If the marker NSFLOW z . 0 indicates that an airflow reversal has
taken place, a new mesh selection is necessary before the natural ventila-
tion pressure can be calculated. The rest of this program section is,
therefore, omitted. With NSFLOW > 0, the natural ventilation pressures
are calculated for all meshes of the network.
Since it is the thermal forces (i.e. the changed flow resistances
and natural ventilation pressures and among these mainly the latter) which
can alter the temperature distribution and with it the thermal forces
again, the changes of natural ventilation pressures from one iteration to
t h e next one a r e made t h e threshold f o r t h e d e c i s i o n whether more i t e r a -
t i o n s should be performed. The n a t u r a l v e n t i l a t i o n pressure FNVP of t h e
l a s t i t e r a t i o n i s t h e r e f o r e preserved as ONVP before a new value FNVP i s
calculated. §
T dZ = C t *DZRD is c a l c u l a t e d by summing up i n HSU t h e
m
products FRNVP = TMRD*DZRD f o r a l l airways of a mesh. The d i r e c t i o n i n
which t h e computer progressed i n forming t h e mesh i s accounted f o r by
FACT (+1 f o r d i r e c t i o n JS t o J F , -1 f o r d i r e c t i o n J F t o J S ) . The average
temperature i n t h e mesh i s c a l c u l a t e d a s t h e weighed a r i t h m e t i c mean by
summing up i n TSU a l l a b s o l u t e values of FRNVP and d i v i d i n g them by two
times t h e t o t a l e l e v a t i o n change i n t h e mesh.
Errors i n t h e statement of DZRD can make t h e sum of a l l e l e v a t i o n
changes around a mesh unequal t o zero. This means t h a t t h e temperature-
e l e v a t i o n p l o t of t h e mesh is n o t closed which can, even f o r small e r r o r s
i n DZRD, cause very l a r g e e r r o r s f o r t h e n a t u r a l v e n t i l a t i o n pressure.
The sum of a l l p o s i t i v e e l e v a t i o n changes ZUP and a l l negative changes
ZDOWN i n t r a v e r s i n g around t h e mesh i s , t h e r e f o r e , determined. For ZUP #
ZDOWN t h e mesh i s closed by s u b s t i t u t i n g t h e r e f e r e n c e temperature f o r t h e

gap -
The d i f f e r e n c e s between o l d and new n a t u r a l v e n t i l a t i o n pressures
a r e c a l c u l a t e d and t h e i r a b s o l u t e values summed up i n DNVP.

4.2.13 Reroute t o Appropriate Program Section

Calculations of t h e n a t u r a l v e n t i l a t i o n p r e s s u r e a r e necessary a t
two p l a c e s i n t h e program: within t h e network c a l c u l a t i o n ; a t t h e comple-
t i o n of the temperature c a l c u l a t i o n i n order t o f i n d o u t i f such s i g n i f i -
c a n t changes have taken place t h a t a new network c a l c u l a t i o n i s required.
I f t h e former i s t h e case and t h e n a t u r a l v e n t i l a t i o n p r e s s u r e s
a r e wanted f o r a network c a l c u l a t i o n , t h i s is i n d i c a t e d by t h e marker
NNVP > 0 and t h e program r e t u r n s t o t h e s e c t i o n " i t e r a t i o n " of t h e network
part. The marker NNVP and t h e counter ITCT a r e s e t t o zero. I f the
l a t t e r i s t h e case, it i s checked t o see i f t h e average change i n t h e
n a t u r a l v e n t i l a t i o n pressure between t h e l a s t two i t e r a t i o n s was l a r g e r
than 0.001 inches watergage p e r mesh. I f it was s m a l l e r , t h e c a l c u l a t i o n
i s considered t o be canpleted and t h e s e c t i o n "output of r e s u l t s " i s
entered. I f it was l a r g e r , it i s checked t o s e e i f t h e maximum number of
i t e r a t i o n s MADJ between network and concentration p a r t , which had been
s t a t e d i n t h e c o n t r o l c a r d , has been reached (MADJC - MADJ 2 0). In this
case a message is p r i n t e d before t h e output s e c t i o n i s entered a l s o . For
(MADJC - MADJ < 0, t h e counter MADJC is r a i s e d by one, t h e counter ITCT
and t h e marker MARKN a r e r e s e t t o zero, t h e marker NSNVP is s e t t o one,
a l l f i n i s h i n g junctions JF a r e made p o s i t i v e and t h e a i r f l o w r a t e s Q a r e
5
divided by 10 again. I f NSFLOW LO i n d i c a t e s t h a t a new mesh s e l e c t i o n
i s necessary, NSW is made equal t o one and t h e s e c t i o n "arrange airways t o
s i z e and magnitude R*Qn is entered. For NSFLOW > 0, t h e c a l c u l a t i o n i s
continued i n t h e s e c t i o n " i t e r a t i o n " .

4.2.14 Output of Results

The p r e s s u r e l o s s e s f o r t h e r e g u l a r airways a r e c a l c u l a t e d and

t h e fan pressure e x t r a c t e d from t h e R-file. I f t h e s t a t e d maximum number
of i t e r a t i o n s ITN was exceeded i n t h e network p a r t (MARKN > 0) o r i n t h e
concentration p a r t (MARKC > O ) , warnings a r e p r i n t e d .
A t a b l e with t h e r e s u l t s of t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s f o r t h e s t a t e s of t h e

airway ends comes next. I t l i s t s airway numbers NO, junctions JS and JF,
c a l c u l a t e d a i r f l o w r a t e s Q , temperatures TRD, smoke concentrations RDPROP,
methane concentrations RDCX4, and p r e s s u r e l o s s e s P. The term "smoke"
stands f o r "contaminant" because it is s h o r t e r and t h i s program w i l l
mainly be used f o r f i r e emergency plans. Airflow r a t e s and p r e s s u r e s a r e
based on reference d e n s i t i e s .
Another t a b l e with t h e r e s u l t s of t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s f o r t h e junc-
t i o n s follows. I t contains junction numbers J N O , temperatures T , smoke
concentrations PROP, and methane concentrations PRCH4. The number of
i t e r a t i o n s MADJC between network and concentration p a r t s of t h e program
i s p r i n t e d next.
The l i s t of a l l f i n i s h i n g junctions JF i s then s c r u t i n i z e d f o r
negative values which i n d i c a t e r e c i r c u l a t i o n . The p e r t i n e n t airways and
t h e i r junctions a r e p r i n t e d o u t t o g e t h e r with an explanation t h a t a
r e c i r c u l a t i o n p a t h i s closed a t t h i s place.
Next, it i s checked t o see i f any threshold l i m i t s f o r c r i t i c a l
s t a t e s (WRNPR, WRNGS, WRNSM, WRNHT) were s p e c i f i e d . I f n o t , a message i s
printed. I f y e s , a l l airways a r e checked f o r c r i t i c a l s t a t e s and i f any
a r e d e t e c t e d t h e y a r e p l a c e d i n a p r i n t e d l i s t of airways t o g e t h e r w i t h
t h e c r i t i c a l conditions. The same i s done f o r j u n c t i o n s .
With t h e h e l p o f t h e c o u n t e r NRCT and t h e NREV-list, which were
b o t h e s t a b l i s h e d a t t h e beginning o f t h e s e c t i o n "flowscheme", airways
with airflow reversal a r e f i n a l l y printed out. To make t h e airways i n t h e
p r i n t e d l i s t appear i n t h e same sequence a s i n a l l o t h e r airway l i s t s , t h e y
have t o b e e x t r a c t e d i n t h i s sequence from t h e NREV-list. With t h i s l a s t
l i s t , t h e o u t p u t i s complete.

4.3 COOPERATION OF PROGRAM SECTIONS

The c o o p e r a t i o n o f t h e d i f f e r e n t program s e c t i o n s is shown i n

F i g s . 2a - 2e. The computer nomenclature, which h a s been used i n t h e s e
f i g u r e s , i s l i s t e d i n Table 1.
Fig. 2a shows a l l e x i s t i n g major connections between program s e c -
tions. Fig. 2b i n d i c a t e s which c o n n e c t i o n s a r e used when o n l y a network
c a l c u l a t i o n is d e s i r e d . Fig. 2c does t h e same f o r a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o r tem-
p e r a t u r e c a l c u l a t i o n w i t h o u t a network c a l c u l a t i o n . Fig. 2d r e f e r s t o a
combined network, c o n c e n t r a t i o n , and temperature c a l c u l a t i o n (NETW=l,
NCONC=l, NTEMP=l), where t h e s t a t e d number of i t e r a t i o n s is s u f f i c i e n t
(ITCT < ITN, MADJC < M A D J ) , where no a i r f l o w r e v e r s a l s occur i n t h e
i t e r a t i o n p r o c e s s (which would make new mesh s e l e c t i o n s n e c e s s a r y ) , and
where no r e c i r c u l a t i o n o c c u r s . Fig. 2e shows t h e same f o r t h e c a s e of
a i r f l o w r e v e r s a l s during t h e i t e r a t i o n process.
F i g s . 2d and 2e a r e s i m p l i f i c a t i o n s . Normally a i r f l o w r e v e r s a l s
w i l l happen a t some s t a g e s of t h e i t e r a t i o n p r o c e s s and n o t happen a t
others. The r e v e r s a l s , i n t u r n , can cause o r remove r e c i r c u l a t i o n . An
i n s u f f i c i e n t number of i t e r a t i o n s w i l l be t h e r u l e a t t h e s t a r t o f t h e
calculations also. The u s u a l f l o w c h a r t w i l l , t h e r e f o r e , resemble Fig. 2a
more t h a n F i g s . 2d o r 2e.

4.4. EXAMPLES FOR PROGRAM USE

4.4.1 General Remarks

The program h a s been designed i n such a way t h a t it can be used

f o r a l l mine v e n t i l a t i o n systems, c o a l mines and hardrock mines a l i k e . It
 NETWORK P A R T CONCENTRATION P A R T Fie:. 2 a :
i MARK0 -
- F l o w c h a r t of P r o g r a m
Read&Compl. =I O u t p u t of
Start
Network Input , I - . rr
Netw. Input CJTPHPt)
1
 NETWORK P A R T CONCENTRATION P A R T

: Read&Compl. Output of
Start Network Input 1 ~ o n c .~ n p u t I
I
F l o w c h a r t for N e t w o r k C a l c u l a t i o n

Base System Methane ~ v o l 7

Output of i
Meshes
D
Junc t. E quat.
I

i
* 1 \
Natevent. Ps. dfPbl=0

I
btT:B--p ~teratton
'
t7fl $ I7'U Its# Fancharacter.
Recisculat.
1 s t Approx. Preparation
ITCT >ITN DQsuM 4 0.002

B Regulators

Output Netw.
a\.
NETWORK P A R T CONCENTRATION P A R T
b 4
F i e . 2 c : Flowchart f o r
Read&Compl. Output of ,Read&Compl.
Network Input Netw. Input C o n c . Input Concentration and T e m -
p -

I perature Calculation with

1 Recirculation

-1Base S y s t e m I Methane E v o l .
I Meshes I G
I
'
I Concentr. Inp.
I
1Junct. Equat. 1
I JNO - JNOL ]

Roadway Cond. Junct. Cond.

I Iteration 1
IF a n c h a r a c t e r . I
- - pp

Continue
1

Instabilities Output .
 NETWORK P A R T CONCENTRATION P A R T
*
Read&Compl. Read&Compl. F i g . 2d: F l o w c h a r t f o r
Network Input ( N e t w . Input Conc. Input C o m b i n e d N e t w o r k , Con-
I
c e n t r a t i o n , and T e m p e r a -
t u r e C a l c u l a t i o n s Without
JNO L i s t NJPM., Airflow R e v e r s a l s o r
R*Q Recirculation

Base System
, Methane E v o l . ,
I

Meshes Output of - initial c o u r s e

. / Concentr. Inp. --_f o l l o w i n g c o u r s e s
4
I Flowscheme
I JNO - JNOL 111
,20
Indic. Start
AI
I N a t - v e n t . Pr.
I
I

Iteration
a~suM?o.oo~I T = l Fancharacter.

/
Regulators
4
UQ~UN< 0.802 t
i
Output Netw.
. i

Instabilities
'\d---i(
 NETWORK P A R T CONCENTRATION P A R T

F i g . 2e: F l o w c h a r t f o r
Combined Network, Con-
c e n t r a t i o n , and T e m p e r a -
madm !
e - w . .- !-ere Ca!cu!at-or:s --;+'..-- d t
L k l "
at
% JNO L i s t
A r r a n g e R*Q ~ e c i r c u l a t i o nbut w i t h
Airflow Reversals
/"' ,
Base System Methane E v o l .
Meshes
I
", I
: Output of
Concentr. Inp.
initial c o u r s e
_ _ -f o l l o w i n gcourses
DUVP/MNO
Junct. Equat.
J
>o.w / 1
IT )20 \ I Flowscheme
rFI \ JNO - JNOL
\ Indic. Start
-
t * I;\ / -
I \
I N a t e ~ e n t Pr.
. v
Roadway Cond. Junct. Cond.

Instabilities 17 Output
<Stop)
- -- - ,U
b1
 Table 1: Computer Nomenclature f o r Cooperation o f Program S e c t i o n s

CRITGS thresholds f o r corrections i n i t e r a t i o n s of concentration p a r t

CRITHT of program
CRITSM

DIFCH4 change i n p r o p e r t i e s between l a s t two i t e r a t i o n s of concentra-

DIFPR t i o n p a r t of program
DIFTRD

average change o f n a t u r a l v e n t i l a t i o n p r e s s u r e p e r mesh

0.001 t h r e s h o l d f o r adjustment o f n a t u r a l v e n t i l a t i o n p r e s s u r e t o
changed temperature d i s t r i b u t i o n (0.001 inches watergage)

CQSUM sum of a l l c o r r e c t i o n s i n one network i t e r a t i o n

t h r e s h o l d f o r c o r r e c t i o n s i n network i t e r a t i o n s (200 cfm)

IT c o u n t e r o f i t e r a t i o n s i n network p a r t f o r every given mesh

assmebly

ITCT c o u n t e r of i t e r a t i o n s i n network and c o n c e n t r a t i o n p a r t s o f

program

ITN maximal allowed number o f i t e r a t i o n s

- J'S? f i n i s h i n g j u n c t i o n of airway; a n e g a t i v e s i g n of J F i s used a s

marker f o r completed roadway c a l c u l a t i o n s

ZJF<O roadway c a l c u l a t i o n s f o r a l l airways going i n t o one p a r t i c u l a r

j u n c t i o n have been completed

JNO junction number; a n e g a t i v e s i g n of JNO i s used a s marker f o r

completed j u n c t i o n c a l c u l a t i o n s

a l l j u n c t i o n c a l c u l a t i o n s have been completed

MADJ maximal allowed number of exchanges between network and concen-

t r a t i o n p a r t s o f program

MADJC counter of exchanges between network and c o n c e n t r a t i o n p a r t s

MARKD>O no r e s i s t a n c e nor dimensions were s t a t e d f o r a n airway

MRC c o u n t e r of airways c l o s i n g r e c i r c u l a t i o n p a t h s

NCONC>O a concentration calculation s h a l l beperformed

Table 1 (continued)

NETW>O a network c a l c u l a t i o n s h a l l be performed

NNVP>O t h i s is a natural ventilation pressure calculation within the

network p a r t of t h e program

junction cards were used and read i n t o t h e computer

NTEMP>O a temperature c a l c u l a t i o n s h a l l be performed

can perform network (flow distribution), concentration, and temperature
calculations separately as well as combined. Concentration calculations
can be performed for methane and other contaminants, separately or com-
bined. The quantities of contaminants entering the ventilation system can
be stated directly as flow rates and concentrations or, as for fires, as a
function of the oxygen supply.
Rather than demonstrating all possible combinations, a number of
examples shall be given which are all different from each other but still
relatively close to mine ventilation realities. The examples have been
selected for an easy understanding of how to use the program rather than
for a demonstration of the program capabilities. All examples are based
on the same comparatively small ventilation network to make the understand-
ing simple and not to burden this report with too much input and output
information. The program has been used so far for mines with up to 180
airways.
The selected ventilation system is that of a small multilevel
coal mine with single entries and longwall faces. This type of mine was
chosen because it represents something like a blend of hardrock and coal
ventilation systems. Sufficient nonhorizontal airways, like in many
hardrock mines, exist for the development of large thermal drafts and at
the same time methane evolution is taking place. Fig. 3 shows the venti-
lation plan this system. Those input data, which were used in all
examples, are compiled in Tables 2 through 6.
The data from Tables 2 through 4 are fead into the computer in
the network part of the program. Table 2 lists the contents of the airway
and additional airway cards, table 3 the contents of the junction cards.
Information on temperatures and elevations of junctions is required only
when a network calculation with natural ventilation pressures, based on
actually observed temperatures, is desired. If not, elevation differ-
ences can be stated and temperatures can be calculated in the concentra-
tion part of the program and can be entered here or later via additional
junction cards. Table 4 lists the points of the fan characteristic which
are entered with the fan characteristic cards. Fig. 4 shows a plot of
these fan characteristics.
The input, which during the concentration part of the program is
read into the computer has been kept to a minimum. Table 5 lists methane
Table 3: List of Junction Cards Containing Junction Numbers JNO, Tempera-
tures T, elevations Z, and methane concentrations CH4C

JNO JNO

10

11

12

13

14

15

16
 5
'd 0e 0. 0 0
8
p,
.
o o o o
.

C V C V c J L n
mrl (U
a,
E:
cd
5
2

0
.
U)
m 0
d'm
 8
G
t
u:
0
O~dQO00OOOOOOOOOdOdOOOOO&,OOOOOOdOO~0Or3OC>OOOOr3OOOO~~
Z e . . . . . e . o . . . ~ C . * . b * . . o e . . e w . e e e m . o . . o * . . o * . . . . . ~
3 6UlP=CN-4 J3rf-WlNN NNCM M M N c ( , ~ ~ W ~ ~ ~ ~ M b b + M ~ 3 ~ d r d + c 3 a~m+m-G3Q
t+ WrUOcbQ NabI f I I . W # . r , 1 . N m d P m-fi 1 - ) . M O . , I I 1-NO 8 ' ~
I- L?~L~VI LCIV" LC\ M r~ I rbtm mm J NN NN ot
4aCttm i I I &i
> t ma
W

Lu
productions for the active longwall faces, Table 6 some additional methane
concentrations in junctions. Methane productions in other airways, eleva-
tion differences, and rock temperatures have not been stated. They are
calculated from methane concentrations, elevations, and temperatures in
junctions, which are contained in the junction cards. Thermal conductivi-
ties and diffusivities have not been stated for individual airways either,
instead average values from the average value card are used. Table 7 gives
a summary of the input which was used in this way for the concentration
part of the program.
The output has, in all examples, been organized in the same way.
It starts (Table -a) with the results of a conventional network calcula-
tion executed with the Michigan Tech program. This network calculation is
always performed as a check if the input data for the network description
are correct and complete. In many cases these data will already exist
from previous network calculations. A list of fan operating points in the
network calculations comes next (Table b . Additionally used input is
listed in Table -c. The results of the concentration and temperature cal-
culations and of the new network calculation, which takes the thermal
forces developed by the new temperature distribution into account, are
shown in Tables -d and -e. Table -d list temperatures, smoke (contaminant)
concentrations, methane concentrations, air flow rates and pressure losses
for airway ends. The two last quantities are based on reference densities.
Pressure losses in airways were added.becausetheir magnitude is a cri-
terion for the stability of airways. Table -e contains temperatures,
smoke and methane concentrations for junctions. Table -f lists airways
and junctions with critical conditions and airways with airflow reversals
to draw the attention of the program user to these. The number of itera-
tive adjustments between network and concentration parts of the program
is stated in Table -e. If this number has been too small for completion
of the calculation, a message is printed out in Table -b.

4.4.2 Executed Examples

4.4.2.1 Example 1: Simulation of a Normal Ventilation State

Tlhis example brings a simulation of the normal ventilation system

without any contamination. The results are contained in Tables 8 a - f.
so
-0
0' *'
=rm

' o r
00
00
00
00
3m
d

00
em-
0*
an

I
00
.a0
a0
0:a
mo
M

0-0
M 0.
m
a.m

m
OQ
00
00
mtn
Ne
A comparison of the junction temperatures and junction methane concentra-
tions from Table 8e with the input data from Table 3 shows good agreement.
A comparison between airflow rates in Table 8a and Table 8d shows an
acceptable but not complete agreement. The reason is that the Michigan
Tech program assumes, for the temperatures on which the calculation of
natural ventilation pressures are based, linear changes along the airways
whereas the change in reality is exponential.

4.4.2.2 Example 2: Changed Surface Temperature

This example investigates how a change in the surface temperature

from 50°F.to 90°F has after 6 hours effected the airflow distribution.
The results are contained in Tables 9 a - f. A comparison of calculated
temperatures with those from example 1 shows that the temperatures in-
crease mainly in the intake airways whereas in the return airways they
remain virtually unchanged. This reduces the natural ventilation in the
meshes going through the intake shafts and subsequently the airflow
entering the mine. The result is a slight increase in methane concentra-
tions which at several places rise to above 1%.
Junction temperatures based on 50'~ and 90'~ (lower placed
figures) from Tables 8 and 9 have been plotted into Fig. 5. In some
places the calculated temperatures for 90'~ surface temperature are lower
than those for 50'~. The explanation is that for the 90'~ an elapsed time
period of 6 hrs instead of 2 hrs was assumed. This allows the buildup of
a thicker layer of insulating rock around the airways.
For airway 50 (the leakage from the surface into the fan drift),
a temperature of 107'~ has been calculated. The reason is that the rock
temperature for this airway was determined from the temperature difference
between junctions 1 and 32. The genuine temperature rise in airway 50,
which has no practical importance, would have been obtained by stating the
genuine rock temperature of this airway in the input data.

4.4.2.3 Example 3: Main Fan Failure

It is assumed that the surface fan fails (airway 51) but that the
underground booster fan continues to work. The surface temperature is 50°F,
the time after the event 15 minutes.
cow
mo.
*-
am,
OIZ--
m*--w-r
Z'Z.XIXrcr
-4 BzzO
-0-P
S-$-Q-
G
23-n
29
u .z
. =.-K.Ow
a-mucr
IR0.3: -4
m 3l3 +.1
mm o
23xl';o ;iZ
m u ,
a44
 A problem of t h i s type, where a l a r g e p a r t of t h e mine is v e n t i -
l a t e d by small n a t u r a l v e n t i l a t i o n p r e s s u r e s only, can give problems t o
t h e program i n i t s h e r e i n presented form. These p r e s s u r e s a r e s m a l l e r t h a n
t h e t o l e r a n c e s which have been allowed i n t h e CROSS approximation method
i n o r d e r t o keep t h e number o f i t e r a t i o n s low. This means t h a t t h e CROSS
method can, f o r t h e same i n p u t d a t a , come up with d i f f e r e n t answers f o r
the airflow directions. This h a s no p r a c t i c a l importance. Airways with
p r e s s u r e l o s s e s lower than t h e chosen t o l e r a n c e s a r e s o u n s t a b l e t h a t a
p r e c a l c u l a t i o n of t h e i r a i r f l o w r a t e s o r d i r e c t i o n s makes l i t t l e p r a c t i c a l
sense.
I n t h i s program, every time t h a t an a i r f l o w r e v e r s a l t a k e s p l a c e
i n a computer run, a new flowscheme and mesh assembly has t o be s e t up,
followed by a new network c a l c u l a t i o n w i t h t h e h e l p o f t h e CROSS method.
The r e s u l t can be a continuous o s c i l l a t i o n of a i r f l o w d i r e c t i o n s i n t h e
u n s t a b l e airways. The obvious remedy, t o make t h e t o l e r a n c e s s m a l l e r ,
o f f e r s l i t t l e advantage. One does no longer g e t convergence problems, b u t
t h e r e s u l t s a r e no more.convincing.
A b e t t e r way f o r problems of t h i s type i s t o assume t h a t t h e tem-
p e r a t u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n remains c o n s t a n t and t o perform only one network
c a l c u l a t i o n followed by a c o n c e n t r a t i o n c a l c u l a t i o n b u t n o t by a tempera-
ture calculation. Tables 10 a - f show t h e r e s u l t s . I n judging t h e s e ,
one should keep i n mind t h a t t h e aixways w i t h low p r e s s u r e l o s s e s must be
considered u n s t a b l e . The o u t p u t draws s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n t o r e c i r c u l a t i o n
and t h e airways with a i r f l o w r e v e r s a l s a l s o . Fig. 6 shows t h e methane
c o n c e n t r a t i o n of j u n c t i o n s b e f o r e (Table 8) and a f t e r (lower placed
f i g u r e s ) (Table 10) t h e main f a n f a i l u r e . Arrows mark airways with a i r -
flow r e v e r s a l .

4.4.2.4 Example 4 : F i r e I n a Horizontal Airway

A f i r e i s assumed a t t h e beginning of airway 5 (NCENT). It is

estimated t h a t 30,000 cfm of a i r (CONT) t r a v e l s through t h e f i r e zone,
l e a v e s a smoke (carbon dioxide) c o n c e n t r a t i o n of 1.00% (CONC) , and pro-
4
duces a h e a t of 15*10 Btu/min (HEAT). The r e s u l t s of t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s
a r e shown i n Tables 11 a - f. One s e e s t h a t t h e fumes coming from t h e
f i r e have cooled down t o almost normal temperatures b e f o r e t h e y l e a v e
am-
-.

0- a
Jrn
0 -.
00
00

me.
me
w

-10
-0
e-a-
a?'t

'

-
00

3UI
0

00
0

.r.

as-
-
00
Q =

-
m m
00
00
oe
PI0
;*

09
w4m
m m
=wl

m
mm
-m a
00
00

06
a
Q I
)rW

-
(li I
00
00
00
C10
a?'
W
W
u.
a t
'
d
3 4
 (Om 00'
Jr.n OM
0 .r 0 -'

SRt N-5
rl.

0 -m. m *
00 00
00 00
90 00
ma 00
ma 00
N mro

cD.Q
-0
0 .
am
I'
im-
06

d
- 0-

-
- a m ' C I
00 06
00 00
c30 08
1230 500
wa

-
4 Nt-

W
CE
3
.a-
.U3m-.
w-
dL --
--
-Oe
aa-
0

* m
00

M
m

m
00
I

th f d 00
4 OQ 60
2 00 00
4 'CsO xao
L mo ma
4 4

S m= 09 am
0- Me OeD
doe
*m 0 0

3e?
I

-
Ir- 0.0
d
Kcart
-+a
a * 00
a 0
oe
Q I

00
00 00
w OO
WQ 00
cqn
9-
t
a@ mu-
-mu m
m 0 * I

r m* NO
0- d
[L: m
L * 0 m
00 00
00 00
F 00 00
.Q: 00 00
3- t5x- '-0
of Ln S
n-l
4
 -
0a m 0
o m e
M r U
OWN@
m o m -

4
airway 5. Consequently, t h e r e i s no s u b s t a n t i a l change i n t h e a i r flow o r
temperature d i s t r i b u t i o n . Since airway 5 i s an i n t a k e airway, almost t h e
whole mine i s f i l l e d with smoke e x c e p t f o r t h e p a r t v e n t i l a t e d from i n t a k e
s h a f t 4.

4.4.2.5 Example 5: Oxygen Rich F i r e a t Bottom of Timbered Raise

A f u l l y developed f i r e burns a t t h e bottom o f r a i s e airway 18.

This r a i s e i s timbered and i t i s assumed t h a t t h e fumes l e a v e t h e f i r e zone
w i t h a n oxygen c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 16% (02MIN). The r e s u l t s o f t h e c a l c u l a -
t i o n a r e shown i n Tables 12 a - f. The n a t u r a l v e n t i l a t i o n of t h e f i r e
w i l l i n c r e a s e t h e a i r flow i n airway 18 from approximately 24,000 cfm t o
40,000 cfm (based on t h e r e f e r e n c e d e n s i t y ) . Raise 20, which i s an
u n s t a b l e d e s c e n s i o n a l l y v e n t i l a t e d airway, w i l l e x p e r i e n c e a s t a b l e a i r
flow r e v e r s a l and t r a n s p o r t approximately 10,000 cfm of fumes up t o t h e
n e x t h i g h e r l e v e l , where an a d d i t i o n a l contamination o f airway 11 t a k e s
place.

4.4.2.6 Example 6: Fuel Rich F i r e i n a Descensionally V e n t i l a t e d Raise

A smoldering f i r e i s assumed i n r a i s e airway 20. Since t h e r a i s e

i s p o o r l y v e n t i l a t e d , t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of c o n s i d e r a b l e p r e h e a t i n g s h a l l be
considered, leading t o a f u e l r i c h f i r e . I n t h i s , a l l of t h e oxygen i n t h e
3
a i r supply i s consumed. The smoke p r o d u c t i o n (SMP02) p e r f t o f oxygen i s
3
e s t i m a t e d t o be I f t , t h e h e a t p r o d u c t i o n (HTP02) 300 Btu. The r e s u l t s
a r e shown i n Tables 13 a - f. Raise 20 develops a v e r y powerful n a t u r a l
d r a f t , t r a n s p o r t i n g approximately 31,000 cfm o f smoke up i n t o airway 11.
Since 11 i s t h e r e t u r n f o r airways 8, 9 , and 1 0 , t h e s e airways w i l l expe-
r i e n c e a i r flow r e d u c t i o n and methane c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n c r e a s e s t o above 1%.
I n t h e d e s i g n of t h e program it h a s been assumed t h a t t h e l o c a t i o n
o f a f i r e i s a t t h e beginning of t h e airway i n which t h e f i r e o c c u r s . If
an a i r flow r e v e r s a l i n a n airway w i t h f i r e o c c u r s , t h e program w i l l move
t h e f i r e zone from one end of t h e airway t o t h e o t h e r end. This f e a t u r e
had been i n t r o d u c e d t o assume, f o r t h e d e t e c t i o n o f i n s t a b i l i t i e s , t h e
worst p o s s i b l e c o n d i t i o n s . I f t h i s approach becomes u n r e a l i s t i c , one h a s
t o c o n s i d e r t h e f i r e zone a s a s e p a r a t e airway whose l o c a t i o n i s f i x e d .
This s h a l l be demonstrated w i t h t h e n e x t example.
~ O l r c S . . ~ . c r o O ~ 6 $ 3 ~ 3 U \ M F ~ - ~ 3 W l + c O 1 . . r \ 0 0 ~ Q 1 0 w 0 N n t - 3 W
Mnl 4 vl
- - - ~ ~ - - ~ - C U ~ W ~ ~ N ~ ; I ~ ~ N ~ C I N Z U N P I W * ~ ~ ~ M
 s
w C1 rn
a m . . a * * * e.... m e . . +
~ - e ~ & ~ = - 5: a c
Q i r S O C 5 0 ~ ~ - ~ - P P r t & , O P
CP--U-oVbu z
o~
~ ~ O f u c O - t c - t n , Q ; n ; - -m
urGrr;
ZOW
C3zx
.-
4.4.2.7 Example 7: Oxygen Rich F i r e i n an I n t a k e S h a f t

I t s h a l l be i n v e s t i g a t e d i f a f i r e i n t h e timbered s h a f t airway
3 is c a p a b l e o f r e v e r s i n g t h e a i r flow i n t h i s s h a f t . For t h i s purpose
t h e s h a f t simulation is divided i n t o t h r e e p a r t s : an upper s e c t i o n a i r -
way 53; a lower s e c t i o n airway 52; and t h e f i r e zone airway 3 . A length
of 27 f t i s assumed f o r t h e f i r e zone, t h e remaining s h a f t l e n g t h i s 2550
f t (Fig, 7 ) . Tentatively different locations a r e selected f o r the f i r e
zone u n t i l a n a i r flow r e v e r s a l o c c u r s . With t h e s e c t i o n below t h e f i r e
zone b e i n g 50, 75, o r 100 f t l o n g , n o t s u f f i c i e n t n a t u r a l v e n t i l a t i o n
p r e s s u r e is developed f o r a r e v e r s a l , a l t h o u g h t h e a i r flow r a t e through
t h e s h a f t drops from approximately 103,000 cfm normal t o 43,000, 27,000,
and 17,000 cfm (Table 14 a - c). With t h e s e c t i o n below t h e f i r e zone
being 125 f t l o n g , t h e r e v e r s a l i n t h e s h a f t h a s t a k e n p l a c e (Tables 15 a -
f ) and a l a r g e a i r flow r a t e o f 207,000 cfm i s exhausting. This i n t u r n
c a u s e s r e v e r s a l s and h i g h methane c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n a number of o t h e r a i r -
ways. Fig. 7 shows a p l o t o f o r i g i n a l a i r flow r a t e s (Table 15a) and
f i n a l a i r flow r a t e s (Table 15d) w i t h t h e lower p l a c e d f i g u r e s i n d i c a t i n g
the l a t t e r state.
Should t h e f i r e s t a r t a t t h e t o p of t h e s h a f t , one w i l l have a
somehow d i f f e r e n t phenomenon. A i r flow r e v e r s a l w i l l occur f a s t b u t w i l l

be maintained o n l y when t h e f i r e zone i s more t h a n 100 f t below t h e s u r f a c e .

Otherwise t h e n a t u r a l v e n t i l a t i o n p r e s s u r e w i l l , a f t e r t h e r e v e r s a l , be t o o
weak t o m a i n t a i n t h i s flow d i r e c t i o n and a v e r y u n s t a b l e s t a t e w i t h f l u c t u a -
t i o n s of t h e a i r flow w i l l develop,

4.4.2.8 Example 8 : Layout of F i r e Warning System

I t s h a l l b e i n v e s t i g a t e d i f a f i r e warning system i n s t a l l e d a t
t h e u p c a s t s h a f t airway 49 can d e t e c t spontaneous combustion i n t h e gob
a r e a of longwall f a c e airway 17. For t h i s purpose one r e l e a s e s 100 cfm
of contaminant (CONT) w i t h a c o n c e n t r a t i o n (CONC) of 100.00% i n t o airway
17. Table 1.6 shows t h a t t h i s r e s u l t s i n a c o n c e n t r a t i o n of 0.0347% i n
u p c a s t s h a f t 49 and o f 0.1218% i n r e t u r n airway 48. I f a d e t e c t i o n of 5
ppm CO can be accomplished, t h e spontaneous combustion s o u r c e must r e l e a s e
a t l e a s t 100*5/347 = 1.44 cfm of CO f o r an i n s t r u m e n t i n s t a l l a t i o n a t t h e
s u r f a c e and 100*5/1218 = 0.41 cfm f o r an i n s t a l l a t i o n i n airway 48.
 ORGANIZATION OF INPUT

4.5.1 Common I n p u t Cards

The sequence of i n p u t d a t a is: 1 network c o n t r o l c a r d ; NB airway

c a r d s ; N J j u n c t i o n c a r d s ( o p t i o n a l ) ; NFNUM s e t s o f f a n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c c a r d s
( o p t i o n a l ) , each s e t comprising 1 f a n i d e n t i t y c a r d , 1 o r more curve p o i n t
c a r d s ; NADBC a d d i t i o n a l network airway c a r d s ( o p t i o n a l ) ,
I f a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o r temperature c a l c u l a t i o n i s d e s i r e d , t h e s e
c a r d s a r e followed by: 1 concentration c o n t r o l card; 1 average value card
( o p t i o n a l ) ; NDIM a d d i t i o n a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n airway c a r d s ; NCH4C a d d i t i o n a l
c o n c e n t r a t i o n j u n c t i o n c a r d s ( o p t i o n a l ) ; INFLOW contamination c a r d s
(optional) .
The term " o p t i o n a l " does n o t mean t h a t a l l of t h e o p t i o n a l c a r d s
can be omitted. There must be s u f f i c i e n t i n p u t i n f o r m a t i o n f o r t h e given
assignm.ent. Otherwise a message w i l l s t a t e what i s l a c k i n g and t h e c a l c u -
l a t i o n w i l l be t e r m i n a t e d .
The network c o n t r o l c a r d c o n t a i n s :
NB NJ NFNUM NADBC NVPN NETW NCONC NTEMP MADJ ITN DR TR
FORMAT ( 1015,2F10.5)
These symbols have been e x p l a i n e d i n t h e program d e s c r i p t i o n , I n example
1 t h i s c o n t r o l card reads:
51 32 2 3 1 1 1 1 10 30 .075 70.0
The NB airway c a r d s c o n t a i n :
NO JS JF NWTYP R Q KF LA A 0
FORMAT (415,F10.3,F10.0,2110,2F10,1)
For i n s t a n c e , airway c a r d 1, which remained unchanged i n a l l examples,
reads :
1 1 2 0 0.156 200000 250 2597 200.0 50.0
The NJ j u n c t i o n c a r d s c o n t a i n :
JNO T Z CH4C ( o p t i o n a l )
FORMAT ( 1 5 , T l l , F 5 . 1 , ~ 2 0,F6 .O ,F5.2)
For i n s t a n c e , j u n c t i o n c a r d 1 r e a d i n a l l d e s c r i b e d examples:
1 50.0 114
The NFNUM s e t s of fan c h a r a c t e r i s t i c c a r d s c o n t a i n t h e f a n iden-
t i t y card with:
NOF MPTS
FORMAT (215)
and t h e curve p o i n t c a r d s w i t h :
QF PF QF PF QF PF QF PF QF PF
FORMAT (5(F8.O,F6.2))
For i n s t a n c e , t h e s e t f o r f a n No. 6 , which w a s used throughout a l l exam-
p l e s , reads:

The NADBC a d d i t i o n a l airway c a r d s c o n t a i n :

NOX KX LX AX OX
FORMAT ( 1 5 , ~ 4 1 , 2 1 1 0 , 2 ~ 1 0 . 1 )
For i n s t a n c e , c a r d 45 r e a d s i n a l l d e s c r i b e d examples:
45 100 300 80.0 35.0
The c o n c e n t r a t i o n c o n t r o l c a r d c o n t a i n s :
NDIM NCH4C NAV MAXJ INFLOW JSTART TSTART TIME CRITSM CRITGS
CITHT WRNPR WRNSM WRNGS WRNHT
FORMAT (615,F5.1,F8.2,F7.5,F5.3,F6.3,F4.2,F6.4,F4.1,F5.0)
I n example 1 t h i s c o n t r o l c a r d r e a d s :
5 2 1 32 0 1 50.0 2.0 0.005 0.10 0.20 0.01 0.05
1.0 95.0
The magnitude o f t h e i t e r a t i o n t h r e s h o l d s CRITSM, CRITGS, CRITHT
is a matter of personal preference. Low v a l u e s w i l l r e q u i r e more i t e r a -
t i o n s b u t g i v e more a c c u r a t e r e s u l t s and v i c e v e r s a . The s e l e c t i o n of t h e
warning t h r e s h o l d s depends on what one c o n s i d e r s t o be a s t a t e r e q u i r i n g
special attention.
The average v a l u e c a r d c o n t a i n s :
TAVR HMVR HKAVR KFAVR LAAVR AAVR OAVR
FORMAT (3F10.5,2110,2F10.2)
I t r e a d s i n t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s of this r e p o r t :
70.0 0.10 3.0 100 1000 100.0 100.0
Only HAAVR and HKAVR were used i n t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s .
The NDIM a d d i t i o n a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n c a r d s c o n t a i n :
NOX CH4VX CH4PAX TROCKX HAX HKX DZRDX
FORMAT (15,F10.2,4F10.5,F10.1)
 In the described examples, 5 such cards were used stating the
methane production CH4VX of the longwall faces only. Card 1 reads, for
instance:
9 320.0
The NCH4C additional concentration junction cards contain:
JNOX a34cx
FORMAT (I5,T26,F5.2)
These calculations used two such cards for the input of two additional
junction concentrations. The first of the cards reads, for instance:
27 0.60
The INFLOW contamination cards contain:
NCENT CONT CONC HEAT 02MIN SMF'02 HTP02
FORMAT (15,F10.O,F10.5,F10.2,3F10.5)
Patterns for these cards will be given later.
In all of the described examples all input cards, except for the
network and concentration control cards, and the contamination cards, did
not change, since the network did not change either. Two new airway and
two new junction cards were added, only in example 7.

4.5.2 Control and Contamination Cards

In example 1 a simulation of the normal ventilation system with-

out any contamination was demanded. This requires a network, concentra-
tion, and temperature calculation. It was assumed that the surface tem-
perature is 50.0'~. The time after the ventilation change (which in this
case did not take place) was arbitrarily set to 2 hrs.
The network control card states in this case:

and the concentration control card states:

5 2 1 32 0 1 50.0 2.0 0.005 0.10 0.20 0.01 0.05

There are no contamination cards since INFLOW = 0.

In exampie 2 the normal ventilation system, without contamination
but with a surface temperature of 90.0'~ 6 hrs after the temperature change,
was simulated. This requires a network, concentration, and temperature
calculation.
 The network c o n t r o l c a r d remains t h e same a s i n example 1, t h e
c o n c e n t r a t i o n c o n t r o l c a r d changes t o :
5 2 1 '32 0 1 90.0 6.0 0.005 0.10 0.20 0.01 0.05
1.0 95
No contamination c a r d s a r e needed.
I n example 3 a f a i l u r e of t h e s u r f a c e f a n 51 was assumed. The
s u r f a c e temperature i s ~ o ' F , t h e time a f t e r t h e f a n f a i l u r e 0.25 h r s .
Only a network and c o n c e n t r a t i o n c a l c u l a t i o n , b u t no temperature c a l c u l a -
t i o n , was performed. To i n d i c a t e t h e f a n f a i l u r e t h e network airway c a r d
51 has t o be changed from NWTYP = 1 t o NWTYP = 0. I n t o t h e R column, which
f o r t h e airway c a r d s of NWTYP = 1 s t a t e s t h e f a n p r e s s u r e , t h e flow r e s i s -
t a n c e o f t h e i d l i n g f a n h a s t o be i n s e r t e d . The s e t o f f a n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
c a r d s f o r f a n 51 has t o be removed.
The network c o n t r o l c a r d r e a d s consequently:
51 32 1 3 1 1 1 0 10 30 0.075 70.0
t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n c o n t r o l c a r d reads:
5 2 1 32 0 1 50.0 0.25 0.005 0.10 0.20 0.01 0.05
1.0 95
No contamination c a r d s a r e needed.
I n example 4 a f i r e was assumed a t t h e beginning of airway 5,
producing 30,000 cfm of contaminated a i r (CONT) w i t h a smoke c o n c e n t r a t i o n
4
of 1.0% (CONC) and 15*10 Btu/min h e a t production (HEAT). Of i n t e r e s t i s
a time p e r i o d 1 hour a f t e r t h e event. The network c o n t r o l c a r d remains
t h e same a s i n examples 1 and 2 , t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n c o n t r o l c a r d reads:
5 2 1 32 1 1 50.0 1.0 0.005 0-10 0.20 0.01 0.05
1.0 95
The contamination c a r d reads:
5 30000. .1.0 150000.00 0. 0. 0.
I n example 5 an oxygen r i c h timber f i r e was assumed a t t h e bottom
of r a i s e 1 8 which reduces t h e oxygen c o n c e n t r a t i o n of t h e a i r t r a v e l i n g
through t h e f i r e zone t o 16.0% (02MIN). Network and c o n c e n t r a t i o n c o n t r o l
c a r d s remain t h e same a s i n example 4 , b u t t h e contamination c a r d changes
to:
18 0. 0. 0. 16.0 0. 0.
 I n example 6 a f u e l r i c h f i r e i n r a i s e 20 i s assumed which pro-
duces 1 cfm of smoke w i t h 100% c o n c e n t r a t i o n and 300 Btu of h e a t p e r cfm
of oxygen. The network and c o n c e n t r a t i o n c o n t r o l c a r d s remain t h e same a s
i n t h e p r e v i o u s example, t h e contamination c a r d changes t o :
20 0. 0. 0. 0. 1.00 300,OO
I n example 7 , o 2- r i c h t i m b e r f i r e s a r e assumed a t d i f f e r e n t l o c a -
t i o n s i n s h a f t 3. Two new a i r w a y s , 52, 53, and two new j u n c t i o n s , 33, 34,
a r e introduced. T h e i r network airway and j u n c t i o n c a r d s have t o b e added.
The number of airways NB, and t h e number of j u n c t i o n s N J , and t h e h i g h e s t
j u n c t i o n number MAXJ, change. The network c o n t r o l c a r d r e a d s , t h e r e f o r e :
53 34 2 3 1 1 1 1 10 30 0.075 70.0
t h e concentration c o n t r o l card reads:
5 2 1 34 1 1 50.0 0.5 0.005 0.10 0.20 0.01 0.05
1.0 95
and t h e contamination c a r d r e a d s :
3 0. 0. 0. 16.0 0. 0.
I n example 8 a contaminant volume of 100.00 cfm (CONT) w i t h a
c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 100.0% (CONC) is r e l e a s e d i n t o airway 17. No h e a t i s
added. The network c o n t r o l c a r d r e a d s :
51 32 2 3 1 1 1 1 10 30 0.075 70.0
t h e concentration c o n t r o l card reads:
5 2 1 3 2 1 1 50.0 0.1 0.005 0.10 0.20 0.01 0.05
1.0 95
and t h e contamination c a r d r e a d s :
17 100. 100.00 0. 0. 0. 0.

STORAGE REQUIREMENTS

The s t o r a g e requirements f o r t h e e x e c u t i o n o f t h i s program a r e

not small, b u t n o t excessive e i t h e r . NB (number of airways) p l a c e s a r e
needed f o r t h e a r r a y s :
NO, J S , JF, Q , NGOUT, N G I N , RDPROP, TRD, LA, A , 0, KF, CH4V, CH4PA, TROCK,
HA, HK, DZRD, RDCH4, XNEW, R, RST, FRNVP, NWTYP, P, RQ, I N U , KJS, KJF, KNO.
These a r e 30 a r r a y s which, w i t h t h e EQUIVALENCE (P,RQ) , (CH4PA,RDCH4) ,
(NGOUT, I N U ) , ( N G I N ,KJF), (MIN,KN0) , can be reduced t o 26.
 NJ (number of junctions) p l a c e s a r e needed f o r t h e a r r a y s :
LOUT, MIN, JNOL, JNO, J L R , PROP, CH4C, T, 2 , PRCH4
These a r e 10 a r r a y s which with EQUIVALENCE (CH4C, PRCH4) , ( 2 , PROP) , (LOUT,
K J S ) can be reduced t o 6.
NFNUM (number of f a n s ) places a r e needed f o r t h e a r r a y s :
NOF, MPTS, NFREG, NFCW, RGRA
MPTS (number of curve p o i n t s ) * NFNUM places a r e needed f o r t h e
arrays :
QF, PF
NB - NJ + 1 p l a c e s a r e needed f o r t h e a r r a y s :
FNVP, MEND
How l a r g e t h e a r r a y MSL has t o be i s hard t o p r e d i c t , s i n c e t h e
number of airways i n meshes depends very much on t h e network configuration.
A f i g u r e of 5 t o 10 times t h e number of airways NB w i l l u s u a l l y be s u f f i -

cient.
A s many places a s r e c i r c u l a t i o n paths e x i s t , a r e needed f o r t h e

arrays :
MEMREC, NOREC, ESTPR, ESTCH4, ESTTR
A number of 1/5*NB should be s u f f i c i e n t even f o r bad cases.
A s many p l a c e s a s airways with inflow of contaminants e x i s t a r e

needed f o r t h e a r r a y s :
HEAT, MCENT, CONT, CONC, 02MIN, SMP02, HTP02, TFSI
How many p l a c e s t h e a r r a y NREV r e q u i r e s depends on t h e type of
calculations. This a r r a y r e g i s t e r s t h e airways with a i r f l o w r e v e r s a l . In
t h e worst case t h i s can be a l l NB airways, b u t normally a smaller number
of 1/3*NB should be s u f f i c i e n t .
With t h e assumption of N J = 2/3*NB, N F N M = 1/30*NB and MPTS = 10
t h i s adds up t o approximately 40*NB. Few network c a l c u l a t i o n s use more
than NB = 200 airway simulations.

4.7 EXECUTION TIME

This depends on t h e number of i t e r a t i o n s , which have t o be per-

formed, In t h e described examples it never exceeded 10 seconds with a
UNIVAC 1110. A s a safeguard a g a i n s t excessive time consumptions, which
can happen i n unstable networks with o s c i l l a t i n g a i r c u r r e n t s , t h e thresh-
o l d s ITN and MADJ a r e s t a t e d i n t h e network c o n t r o l card.
 5. TABLE OF TEXT NOMENCLATURE

Text Computer Text Definition

Dimension
Symbol Symbol Page

2
A A 12 f t airway c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a
Btu
a HC 29 convection c o e f f i c i e n t
2
f t hr OF

29 slope angle
BI B i o t Number
COR COR c o r r e c t i o n o f c o n v e c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t f o r rough w a l l s
CP specific heat of air
h y d r a u l i c d i a m e t e r of a i r w a y
a c t u a l average a i r d e n s i t y i n airway
reference air density
Fourier Number
f r i c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t f o r rough w a l l s
FRO f r i c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t f o r h y d r a u l i c a l l y smooth w a l l
weight flow rate of a i r
a u t o compression g r a d i e n t
i n . wg. a c t u a l fan pressure
FANP i n . wg. reference fan pressure
i n . wg. actual pressure l o s s
i n . wg. reference pressure loss
n a t u r a l v e n t i l a t i o n head
i n . wg. natural ventilation pressure
Table of Text Nomenclature (continued)

Text Computer Text

Dimension
Symbol Symbol Page

FNVP 13 in. wg. reference natural ventilation pressure

friction factor

COAGE 38 coefficient of age

LA 12 airway length
NB 14 number of'airways in network
NJ 14 number of junctions in network
14 number of meshes in network
0 12 airway perimeter
13 static air pressure
12 actual volume flow rate
Q reference volume flow rate
R lolo in. wg. resistance factor
3 2
RSTD (ft /mid reference resistance factor
hydraulic radius
absolute air temperature
TRD temperature of air in airway
TM estimated average air temperature in airway
TM average absolute air temperature in airway
TMRD mean air temperature in airway

TMSQR mean square absolute air temperature in airway

TROCK rock temperature '-t
t
a
V1
Table of Text Nomenclature (continued)

Text Computer Text

Dimension Definition
Symbol Symbol Page

TR TR 40 OF reference temperature
TJS 29 OF air temperature at beginning sf airway
TRS 29 OF rock temperature at beginning of airway
TO,T1 21 OR absolute temperatures of starting and finishing junctions
of airway
v 13 ft3/lb specific volume of air
V 29 ft/sec air velocity
2
VISC VISC 40 ft /sec kinematic viscosity of air
WT WT 40 specific weight of air
quantity ~O/(G*CP)
. quantity (0.375 + BI) 6
XNEW XNEW 42 exponent in formula for air temperature in airways
Z Z 21 ft elevation
ZO,Zl 21 ft elevations of starting and finishing junctions of airways
zsrzf
6. BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Amano, K. and Shigeno, S., An underground ventilation network analysis

and estimation of temperature of air current. A Decade of Digital
Computing in the Mining Industry. AIME, New York, 1969

2. Cervik, J., An investigation of the behavior and control of methane

gas. Min. Congr. Journ. 53 (19671, No. 7, pp. 52/57

3. Chaiken, R. F. and.Singer,J. M., Experimental coal mine fire research.

IV International Symposium on Combustion Processes 1975,
Czestochowa, Poland

4. Duerr, H. G., The calculation of ventilation and compressed air net-

works based on energy principles under consideration of thermal
energies with the help of electronic digital computers. Bergbau
Wissenschaften 10 (1963), pp. 73/84

5. Edwards, J. C., Perlee, H. E., and Chaiken, R. F., Flame spread in a

duct fire. ASME-AICHE Heat Transfer Conference 1976, St. Louis

6. Geiger, G. E., Development of an Air quality simulator for coal mines.

NTIS Pb-213 833, 1972

7. Greuer, R., Influence of mine fires on the ventilation of underground

mines. NTIS Pb-225 834, 1973

8. Hall, C. J., Wang, F. D., and Wang, Y. J., Athermodynamic basedven-

tilation network digital computer program. International Mine
Ventilation Congress Johannesburg, 1975

9. Haxtman, H. L., Mine ventilation and air conditioning. The Ronald

Press Company, New York, 1960

10. Hitchcock, W. W. and Hoover, T. E., Computer analysis of mine venti-

lation and environmental control. International Mine Ventilation
Congress Johannesburg, 1975

11. Kingery, D. S., Introduction to mine ventilation principles and

practice. USBM Bulletin 589, 1960

12. Kissell, F. N., Methane migration characteristics of the Pocahontas

No. 3 coal bed. USBM Rep. Inv. 7649, 1972

13. Kreith, F., Principles of heat transfer. International Textbook

Company, 1965

14. Maassen, F., Ventilation calculation by digital computer. Bergbau

Wissenschaften 9 (1962), pp. 179/190
15. McElroy, G. E. and Kingery, D. S., Making ventilation pressure surveys
with altimeters. USBM Inform. Circ. 7809, 1957

16. McPherson, M. J., The simulation of airflow and temperature in the

stopes of South African gold mines. International Mine Ventila-
tion Congress Johannesburg, 1975

17. Scerban, A. N. and Kremnev, 0. A,, The scientific basis of calcula-

tions and control of climatic conditions in deep mines. A. N.
Ukrain. RSR, Kiev, 1959

18. Scott, D. R. and Hinsley, F. B., Ventilation network theory. Colliery

Engrg. 28 (1951), pp. 67/71, 159/166, 229/235, 497/500

19. Stefanko, R. and Ramani, R. V., Computerized planning for mine atmos-
pheric environment. International Mine Ventilation Congress
Johannesburg, 1975

20. Wang, Y. J. and Saperstein, L. W., A computer-aided solution of

. .
complex ventilation networks. Transact. Soc Min Engrs AIME .
247 (1970), pp. 238/250
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 8. LIST OF COMPUTER SYMBOLS WHICH ARE EXPLAINED I N TEXT

Computer Text
Definition
Synbol Page

A a i r w a y c r o s s s e c t i o n a l area
AAVR average airway c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a
AVRCH 4 a v e r a g e methane c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f u n r e c i r c u l a t e d a i r c u r r e n t s e n t e r i n g j u n c t i o n
AVRPR average contaminant c o n c e n t r a t i o n of u n r e c i r c u l a t e d a i r c u r r e n t s e n t e r i n g junction
AVTRD average temperature of u n r e c i r c u l a t e d a i r c u r r e n t s e n t e r i n g junction
AX airway c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a
CH4C methane c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n j u n c t i o n
CH4CX methane c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n j u n c t i o n
CH4J S methane c o n c e n t r a t i o n a t roadway b e g i n n i n g
CH4PA methane volume p r o d u c t i o n r a t e p e r f t 2 o f s u r f a c e area i n a i r w a y
2
CH4PAX methane p r o d u c t i o n r a t e p e r f t s u r f a c e area i n a i r w a y
CH4V methane volume p r o d u c t i o n r a t e i n a i r w a y
CH4VX methane p r o d u c t i o n r a t e i n a i r w a y
COAGE c o e f f i c i e n t of a g e
CONC c o n c e n t r a t i o n of c o n t a m i n a n t i n g a s i n f l o w
CONT volume f l o w r a t e o f c o n t a m i n a t e d g a s i n f l o w
CONTAM volume f l o w r a t e o f c o n t a m i n a n t
CONTQ volume f l o w r a t e o f g a s i n f l o w c a r r y i n g t h e c o n t a m i n a n t
COR c o r r e c t i o n o f HC f o r rough w a l l s
CRITGS a c c u r a c y o f methane c o n c e n t r a t i o n c a l c u l a t i o n when r e c i r c u l a t i o n o c c u r s
CRITHT a c c u r a c y o f t e m p e r a t u r e c a l c u l a t i o n when r e c i r c u l a t i o n o c c u r s
CRITSM a c c u r a c y o f c o n t a m i n a t i o n c a l c u l a t i o n when r e c i r c u l a t i o n o c c u r s
List of Computer Symbols Which Are Explained in Text (continued)

Computer Text
Definition
Symbol Page
- -

DNVP difference between natural ventilation pressures in last two iterations

DPSUM sum of pressure losses around mesh
DQ CROSS correction per mesh
DQSUM sum of DQ for all meshes of network
DR reference density
DZRD elevation change in airway
DZRDX elevation change in airway
ESTCH4 estimated methane concentration for recirculated air
ESTPR estimated contaminant concentration for'recirculated air
ESTTR estimated temperature for recirculated air
FACT factor indicating direction of elevation change
FANP fan pressure at airflow rate FANQ
FANQ airflow rate passing through fan
FNVP list of natural ventilation pressures in meshes
FRNVP product TMRD*DZRD
HA thermal diffusivity of rock in airway
HAAVR average rock diffusivity
HAX thermal diffusivity of rock in airway
HC convection coefficient
HEAT heat entering airway
HEATAD heat addition to air
HK thermal conductivity of rock in airway
HKA thermal conductivity of air
L i s t o f Computer Symbols Which Are E x p l a i n e d i n T e x t ( c o n t i n u e d )

Computer Text
Definition
Symbol Page

HKAVR 26 average rock thermal conductivity

HKX 27 thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y of rock i n airway
HSU 47 sum o f q u a n t i t i e s FRMVP
3
HTP02 heat production per f t o f oxygen d e l i v e r y
ICFTM marker
INFLOW number o f c o n t a m i n a t i o n c a r d s
INU a u x i l i a r y l i s t f o r forming b a s e system
ISTART i n d e x o f JSTART i n J N O - l i s t
IT i t e r a t i o n counter
ITCT i t e r a t i o n counter
ITN maximal number o f i t e r a t i o n s i n network and c o n c e n t r a t i o n c a l c u l a t i o n s
JF j u n c t i o n number o f a i r w a y end
JLR l i s t r e l a t i n g JNO- and JNOL-lists
JS j u n c t i o n number of a i r w a y b e g i n n i n g
JSTART number o f j u n c t i o n from where c o n c e n t r a t i o n c a l c u l a t i o n s h a l l s t a r t
JNO j u n c t i o n number
JNOL l i s t o f j u n c t i o n numbers i n i n c r e a s i n g o r d e r
JNOX j u n c t i o n number
KF friction factor
KFAVR a v e r a g e f r i c t i o n number
KNO l i s t of a i r w a y s i n b a s e system
KX friction factor
List of Computer Symbols Which Are Explained in Text (continued)

Computer Text
Definition
Symbol Page
- - -- - - - - -- -- ---

LA airway length
LAAVR average airway length
LOUT list of last airway per junction in NGOUT-list
LX airway length
MADJ maximal number of network calculations in one program run
MADJC iteration counter
MARKC marker
MARKN marker
MAXJ highest junction number
MEMREC temporary list of airways carrying recirculated air
MEND list of mesh ends in MSL-list
MIN list of last airway per junction in NGIN-list
MPTS number of points used to define fan characteristics
MSL list of all independent meshes
MSTART index of JSTART in JNOL-list
NADBC number of additional airway cards
NAV marker for presence of average value card
NB number of airways in network
NCENT number of airways into which contaminants enter
NCH4C additional number of concentration junction cards
NCONC marker for desired concentration calculation
NDIM additional number of concentration airway cards
NETW marker for desired network calculation
List of Computer Symbols Which Are Explained in Text (continued)

Computer Text
Definition
Symbol Page

NFNUM number of fan characteristics to be read into computer

NFREG list of fans with characteristic
NGIN list of airways entering junction
NGOUT list of airways leaving junction
NJ number of junctions in network
NO airway number
NOF airway number of fan
NOREC permanent list of airways carrying recirculated air
NOX airway number
NOX airway number
NNVP marker
NRCT number of airways with airflow reversal
NREC marker
NREV list of airways with airflow reversal
NSFLOW marker
NSNVP marker
NSW marker
NTEMP marker for desired temperature calculation
NVPN marker for presence of junction cards
NWTYP airway type
0 airway perimeter
OAVR average airway perimeter
ONVP natural ventilation pressure in last iteration
L i s t o f Computer Symbols Which Are E x p l a i n e d i n T e x t ( c o n t i n u e d )

Computer Text Definition

Symbol Page

02MIN oxygen c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f fumes l e a v i n g f i r e zone

OX airway perimeter
P c a l c u l a t e d p r e s s u r e l o s s e s and f a n p r e s s u r e s
PF f a n p r e s s u r e a t g i v e n p o i n t of f a n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
PR P r a n d t l number
PRCH4 methane c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n j u n c t i o n
PROP contaminant c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n j u n c t i o n
PROPJ S contaminant c o n c e n t r a t i o n a t roadway b e g i n n i n g
Q airflow r a t e
QF a i r f l o w r a t e a t given p o i n t of f a n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
QIN suna o f u n r e c i r c u l a t e d a i r f l o w r a t e s e n t e r i n g j u n c t i o n
QREC recirculated a i r entering junction
R r e s i s t a n c e f a c t o r o f airway
RDCH4 methane c o n c e n t r a t i o n a t roadway ends
RDPROP contaminant c o n c e n t r a t i o n a t roadway ends
RGRAD s l o p e of fan c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
RN Reynolds number
RSTD r e s i s t a n c e f a c t o r b a s e d on r e f e r e n c e t e m p e r a t u r e TR
SMPO2 contaminant p r o d u c t i o n p e r f t3 o f oxygen d e l i v e r y
SRCH4 s u m of methane c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f u n r e c i r c u l a t e d a i r f l o w s e n t e r i n g j u n c t i o n
SRPR sum o f u n r e c i r c u l a t e d c o n t a m i n a n t flow r a t e s e n t e r i n g j u n c t i o n
STRD sum o f t e m p e r a t u r e s o f u n r e c i r c u l a t e d a i r f l o w s e n t e r i n g j u n c t i o n
SUMAIR t o t a l airflow r a t e entering junction
~ i s tof Computer Symbols Which Are Explained in Text (continued)

Computer Text
Definition
Symbol Page

total methane flow rate entering junction

SUMHT total enthalpy/reference density entering junction
SUMPR total contaminant flow rate entering junction
T temperature of air in junction
TFSI air temperature behind heat source
TIME ' time since beginning of contamination
TJS temperature at roadway beginning
TM estimated average air temperature
TMRD mean temperature of air in airway
TMSQR mean square absolute temperature
T1 air temperature at beginning of airway
TR reference temperature
TRD temperature at roadway end
TROCK average rock temperature in airway
TROCKX average rock temperature in airway
TSTART temperature in JSTART
TSU sum of absolute quantities FRNVP (in concentration part of program)
WRNGS threshold value for critical methane concentration
WRNHT threshold value for critical temperature
WRNPR threshold value for critical pressure loss
WRNSM threshold value for critical contamination
XNEW exponent in formula for calculation of temperatures in roadways
 9. LIST OF ADDITIONAL COMPUTER SYMBOLS NOT QUOTED IN TEXT

(This list does not contain some temporary used indices and counters whose meaning
and function, when reading the program, can be easily recognized)

Computer Symbol Definition

ADDT intermediate quantity for calculation of COAGE

BI Biot number
CH4S,CH4F methane concentrations in starting and finishing junctions of airway
CP specific heat of air
DIFCH4 difference in last two iterations for methane concentration
DIFTRD difference in last two iterations for air temperatures
ES ,EF elevations of starting and finishing junctions of airway
FO Fourier number
FRO coefficient of friction for hydraulically smooth walls
FX intermediate quantity for calculation of COAGE
KJF temporary list for assembling base system
KJS temporary list for assembling base system
MARKD marker
MBEGW first airway in mesh
MENDW last airway in mesh
MESC mesh counter
MNO number of meshes in network
NBL counter
List of Additional Computer Symbols Not Quoted in Text (continued)

Computer Symbol Definition

NBU counter
NFCW list of fans whose characteristic is exceeded
NRETU marker
POT exponent for COR
OLADDT intermediate quantity for calculation of COAGE
QBL lowest airflow rate used of fan characteristic
QBR highest airflow rate used of fan characteristic
RQ product R*Q
RQSUM sum of all products 2*R*Q
SUMT intermediate quantity for calculation of COAGE
TO,T1 absolute temperatures of starting and finishing junctions of airway (in network
part of program)
TOLD last calculated temperature at airway end
TRS ,TRF temperatures of starting and finishing junctions of airways
TSU sum of absolute temperatures of all junctions in mesh (used in network part of
progrm)
VART content of square root for calculating temperature behind a heat source
VISC kinematic viscosity of air
WT specific weight of air
X quantity aO/ (G*cP)