CHAPTER 6

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

List and Uses of Apparatus

1. Sedimentation Study Apparatus – provides a facility for studying the basic physical processes

involved in sedimentation.

2. Mortar and Pestle – is often used to prepare reactants for a solid state synthesis.

3. Digital balance – are very sensitive instruments used for weighing substances to the milligram level.

4. Stirring Rod -is a piece of laboratory equipment used to mix chemicals. They are usually

made of solid glass, about the thickness and slightly longer than a drinking straw, with rounded

ends.

5. 1000 ml Beaker- is a cylindrical container used to store, mix and heat liquids in laboratories.

Most are made of glass, but other non-corrosive materials, such as metal and heat-resistant

plastic, are also used.

 APPENDIX B

DEFINITION OF TERMS

1. Sedimentation – is the tendency for particles in suspension to settle out of the fluid in which they

are entrained and come to rest against a barrier.

2. Static Water – refers to the level of the water in a well under normal, undisturbed, no – pumping

conditions.

3. Settling Rate – it is the rate at which suspended solids subside and are deposited.

4. Slurry- is a suspension of solids in a liquid. It is also referred to as pulp. In the metallurgical

industry, the liquid is almost always water.

5. Suspension- is a heterogeneous mixture in which solute-like particles settle out of a solvent-like

phase sometime after their introduction.

 APPENDIX C

COMPUTATIONS

Density determination of chalk

(Trial 1) Vol. of H2O = 25ml ; (Trial 2) Vol. of H2O = 30ml ; (Trial 3) Vol. of H2O = 35ml

(Trial 1) Mass of chalk =1.8g ; (Trial 2) Mass of chalk =2.5g ; (Trial 3) Mass of chalk =3g

(Trial 1) Vol. of mixture = 26ml ; (Trial 2 ) Vol. of mixture = 31ml ; (Trial 3)Vol. of mixture

= 36ml

 Volume of water displace = volume of mixture - volume of water

Volume of water displaced = 26-25 ml

Volume of water displaced = 1 ml = volume of chalk

 Density of chalk = mass of chalk / volume of chalk

Density of chalk = (1.8 + 2.5 + 3) / 3 = 2.4333 g/ml

Preparation of chalk – water slurry of different concentrations

a. Using constant volume of water, Vwater = 1600 mL

% of chalk = [vol of chalk / (vol of chalk + vol of water) ] x 100
Volume of water = 1600 ml
% vol. of chalk = 6%
Let x be the volume of chalk =
x
6 *100
x  1600

X= volume of chalk = 102.1277 ml

Mass of chalk = density of chalk x volume of chalk

Mass of chalk = 2.4333 x 102.1277 ml

Mass of chalk = 248.5073 g

 1kg 
248.5073 g  
 1000 g 
CL  2
 1L  1m    
3
1m   1m 
102.1277 ml      5.05cm    793mm  
 1000ml  1000 L   4  100cm   1000mm 
C L  147.0043kg / m3

mslurry 248.5073 g  1600 g

 slurry    1.0860 g / ml
Vslurry 1600  102.1277

Theoretical Height:

g
C L  Co  0.1360
ml

Height after 24 hours = mm


Vu   5.05cm  2  60mm  100cm   120.1777cm3
4  1000mm 

248.5073
CL 
102.1277  120.1777 =1.1179g/ml
 H oCo 60 0.1360 
HU    7.2994
Co 1.1179 mm

tu  min (Based from the graph)

 m3  60 s 
1.6  min  
 s  1 min 
At  
 1m 
mm 
 1000mm  m2

 m3 
1.6   
 s 
Qc 

Theoretical height:

Height after 24 hours = 228 mm

 (Based from the graph)

Therefore,

Hydraulic Loading Rate:

Solids Loading =

b. Using constant volume of slurry, Vslurry = 1600 mL

 16

Theoretical height:

Height after 24 hours = 217 mm

(Based from the graph)

17
Therefore,

Hydraulic Loading Rate:

Solids Loading =
 APPENDIX D

DOCUMENTATION

Fig D.1 Screening of the size reduced

chalk using a Mesh no. 25

Fig D.3 Sedimentation Apparatus set - up

 APPENDIX E

REFERENCES

 Van Santen, P.; Augustinus, P. G. E. F.; Janssen-Stelder, B. M.; Quartel, S.; Tri, N. H. (2007-02-

15). "Sedimentation in an estuarine mangrove system". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences.

Morphodynamics of the Red River Delta, Vietnam. 29 (4): 566–575. Bibcode:

2007JAESc.29...566V. Doi: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2006.05.011.

 Martin Rhodes. Introduction to Particle Technology.

 https://www.iwapublishing.com/news/sedimentation-processes

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 CHAPTER 7

QUESTIONS/PROBLEMS

1. Why are sedimentation tanks and thickeners commonly employed in removing suspended

solids in water?

Sedimentation is employed usually after coagulation or filtraton. The purpose of thickening

is to produce clear effluent and to remove solids. Thickeners are inexpensive thus usually used for

achieving separation. It is also low maintenance cost, and contains high holding capacities, with low

operating cost, and also consistent recovery values. This is why why sedimentation tanks and

thickeners are commonly used in removing suspended solids in water.

2. Name chemical industries (at least 5) that employ sedimentation in treating water.

 Food and Beverage

 Metal and Mining

 Pharmaceutical

 Power

 Hydrocarbon Processing

3. When is the critical point of sedimentation said to be reached?

The critical sedimentation point is known as compression point. It is the point in the settling process at

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which the particles in the mixture have reached the sediment stage. At the critical point, it should be

noted that things have not been completely compressed; merely compressed enough for all the particles

to have entered into the sediment zone.

4. Describe the effect of each of the following factors upon sedimentation rate:

a. Concentration of slurry – is inversely proportional to the rate of sedimentation. The lesser

the concentration, the lower the collision of particles and the higher the rate would be.

b. Height of slurry – does not substantially affect the rate of sedimentation rate because it is

the density, viscosity, and particle diameter that defines the rate of sedimentation.

c. Wall of sedimentation tube - can affect the rate of sedimentation by means of friction.

Rough wall will decrease the rate while smooth wall is the otherwise.

5. What data are needed to design the area of sedimentation tanks or thickeners for a certain

purpose?

 The detention time for plain sedimentation should be three to four hours and for

coagulated sedimentation is two to two and a half hours.

 The velocity of flow should not be greater than thirty centimeters per minute in horizontal

flow.

 The ratio in the tank dimensions of length to breadth is three to five is to one. Generally,

the length is commonly thirty meters to a maximum of one hundred meters. The breadth

should be six to ten meters. In circular sedimentation tanks, diameter should not be

greater than sixty meters and it is generally twenty to forty meters. The depth should be

two and a half to five meters or an average of three meters.

 The surface overflow rate for plain sedimentation should be twelve thousand to eighteen

thousand liters per day per meter squared tank area, and for thoroughly flocculated water

should be twenty-four thousand to thirty thousand liters per day per meter squared tank

area.

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 The slopes in rectangular sedimentation tanks should be one percent towards the inlet and

in the circular sedimentation tanks should be eight percent towards the inlet.

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