Biological

and
Environmen
tal
Disabilitie
s
Group 2- BEED 4A
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Reina Charisse Benedicto

Angelica Marie Escalante
Host

Kathleen Oriel
Joyce Anne Arellano
Girl Trends

Joan Hilario
Kendriz Amboya
Reynajaspine Hernandez
Sarah Vergara
Shine Macahipay
IT Girls

Ryan Christian Dela Cruz

Yorme
 Early child development is influenced by a wide variety of both biological and environmental factors.
Certain biological factors including genetics, nutrition, and gender can play a particularly important role in the
course of early development. These factors influence a child both in positive ways that can enhance their
development and in negative ways that can compromise developmental outcomes. These factors can impact
kids throughout the course of development, particularly at critical periods of development during the prenatal
period and early childhood.
Biological Disabilities
Dyslexia is a learning disorder that involves difficulty reading due to problems identifying speech sounds and
learning how they relate to letters and words (decoding). Also called reading disability, dyslexia affects areas of
the brain that process language.

Down Syndrome
In every cell in the human body there is a nucleus, where genetic material is stored in genes. Genes carry the
codes responsible for all of our inherited traits and are grouped along rod-like structures called chromosomes.
Typically, the nucleus of each cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, half of which are inherited from each
parent. Down syndrome occurs when an individual has a full or partial extra copy of chromosome 21.
This additional genetic material alters the course of development and causes the characteristics associated with
Down syndrome. A few of the common physical traits of Down syndrome are low muscle tone, small stature,
an upward slant to the eyes, and a single deep crease across the center of the palm – although each person with
Down syndrome is a unique individual and may possess these characteristics to different degrees, or not at all.

Are There Different Types of Down Syndrome?

TRISOMY 21 (NONDISJUNCTION)
Down syndrome is usually caused by an error in cell division called “nondisjunction.” Nondisjunction results in
an embryo with three copies of chromosome 21 instead of the usual two. Prior to or at conception, a pair of 21st
chromosomes in either the sperm or the egg fails to separate. As the embryo develops, the extra chromosome is
replicated in every cell of the body. This type of Down syndrome, which accounts for 95% of cases, is called
trisomy 21.

MOSAICISM
Mosaicism (or mosaic Down syndrome) is diagnosed when there is a mixture of two types of cells, some
containing the usual 46 chromosomes and some containing 47. Those cells with 47 chromosomes contain an
extra chromosome 21.
Mosaicism is the least common form of Down syndrome and accounts for only about 1% of all cases of Down
syndrome. Research has indicated that individuals with mosaic Down syndrome may have fewer characteristics
of Down syndrome than those with other types of Down syndrome. However, broad generalizations are not
possible due to the wide range of abilities people with Down syndrome possess.
ADHD
ADHD stands for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. It is a medical condition. A person with ADHD has
differences in brain development and brain activity that affect attention, the ability to sit still, and self-control.
ADHD can affect a child at school, at home, and in friendships.

What Are the Signs of ADHD?

All kids struggle at times to pay attention, listen and follow directions, sit still, or wait their turn. But for kids
with ADHD, the struggles are harder and happen more often. 
Autism, or autism spectrum disorder (ASD), refers to a broad range of conditions characterized by challenges
with social skills, repetitive behaviors, speech and nonverbal communication. According to the Centers for
Disease Control, autism affects an estimated 1 in 59 children in the United States today.
Several factors may influence the development of autism, and it is often accompanied by sensory sensitivities
and medical issues such as gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, seizures or sleep disorders, as well as mental health
challenges such as anxiety, depression and attention issues.
Indicators of autism usually appear by age 2 or 3. Some associated development delays can appear even earlier,
and often, it can be diagnosed as early as 18 months. Research shows that early intervention leads to positive
outcomes later in life for people with autism.
Asperger syndrome, or Asperger’s, is a previously used diagnosis on the autism spectrum. In 2013, it became
part of one umbrella diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders 5 (DSM-5).
Typical to strong verbal language skills and intellectual ability distinguish Asperger syndrome from other
types of autism.
Asperger syndrome generally involves:

 Difficulty with social interactions

 Restricted interests
 Desire for sameness
 Distinctive strengths
Strengths can include:

 Remarkable focus and persistence

 Aptitude for recognizing patterns
 Attention to detail
Challenges can include:

 Hypersensitivities (to lights, sounds, tastes, etc.)

 Difficulty with the give and take of conversation
 Difficulty with nonverbal conversation skills (distance, loudness, tone, etc.)
 Uncoordinated movements, or clumsiness
 Anxiety and depression
 Environmental disorder

Cold Intolerance

is when you’re extremely sensitive to cold temperatures. Cold intolerance is more severe than
the normal feeling of chilliness when you’re outdoors on a cool day.

Some people are prone to feeling cold, especially those who have chronic health problems or
little body fat.

If you have cold intolerance, you’ll likely find yourself complaining of cold when others around
you are comfortable or even too warm. Simply adding extra layers of clothing may not relieve
your feeling of being cold.

It’s also possible to experience sensitivity to cold in certain parts of your body, such as your
hands.

See your doctor for an evaluation if you have no history of cold intolerance, and the problem of
feeling cold persists. Your treatment will depend on your diagnosis.

What causes cold intolerance?

Your body temperature is regulated by several different systems. A part of the brain called
the hypothalamus acts as the body’s thermostat to regulate your body temperature. It sends
messages to the body that regulate heat production or ways to cool down.

The hypothalamus also directs the thyroid gland to increase or decrease your body’s
metabolism. The thyroid is a crucial part of this regulation. It has to be functioning properly to
burn calories in the body to create heat and fuel.

Your blood flow, which helps spread the heat, and your body fat, which helps to maintain it, are
also important. Cold intolerance can be the result of problems with one or a combination of
these processes.
Sun allergy
A sun allergy is an immune system reaction to sunlight, most often, an itchy red rash. The most
common locations include the "V" of the neck, the back of the hands, the outside surface of the arms
and the lower legs. In rare cases, the skin reaction may be more severe, producing hives or small
blisters that may even spread to skin in clothed areas.
Sun allergies are triggered by changes that occur in sun-exposed skin. It is not clear why the body
develops this reaction. However, the immune system recognizes some components of the sun-
altered skin as "foreign," and the body activates its immune defenses against them. This produces an
allergic reaction that takes the form of a rash, tiny blisters or, rarely, some other type of skin eruption.
Sun allergies occur only in certain sensitive people, and in some cases, they can be triggered by only
a few brief moments of sun exposure. Some forms of sun allergy are inherited.
Food intolerance

A food intolerance is difficulty digesting certain foods and having an unpleasant physical reaction to them. 
It causes symptoms, such as bloating and tummy pain, which usually happen a few hours after eating the food.
The number of people who believe they have a food intolerance has risen dramatically over recent years, but
it's hard to know how many people are truly affected. Many people assume they have a food intolerance when
the true cause of their symptoms is something else.

Heat intolerance
Most people don’t like extreme heat, but you might find that you’re always uncomfortable in hot
weather if you have heat intolerance. Heat intolerance is also referred to as hypersensitivity to heat.

When you have heat intolerance, it’s often because your body isn’t regulating its temperature
properly. Your body regulates its temperature by maintaining a delicate balance between hot and
cold.

The hypothalamus is a part of the brain that regulates your body’s temperature. When you get too
hot, your hypothalamus sends a signal through your nerves to your skin, telling it to increase sweat
production. When sweat evaporates off of your skin, it cools your body down.