MATH2023 Multivariable Calculus Problem Set 2

L3 (Fall 2019)

Solution to Extra Problem Set 2

1. (a) Sinusoidal cylinder (b) Parabolic cylinder

𝑧 𝑧

𝑥2 = 𝑦 − 𝑧

𝑦
𝑧 = cos 𝑥

𝑦
𝑥

2. Since 𝑃(𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐) lies on the given hyperbolic paraboloid, we have 𝑐 = 𝑏 2 − 𝑎2 . Now the line passing through 𝑃
with direction vector 〈1, 1, −2(𝑎 − 𝑏)〉 has parametric equations
𝑥 =𝑎+𝑡
{𝑦 = 𝑏 + 𝑡 ,
𝑧 = 𝑐 − 2(𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑡
where 𝑡 ∈ (−∞, +∞). So for every point (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) lying on this line, we have
𝑦 − 𝑥 2 = (𝑏 + 𝑡)2 − (𝑎 + 𝑡)2 = 𝑏 2 − 𝑎2 − 2(𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑡 = 𝑐 − 2(𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑡 = 𝑧,
2

i.e. (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) also lies on the hyperbolic paraboloid. Similarly, the line passing through 𝑃 with direction vector
〈1, −1, −2(𝑎 + 𝑏)〉 has parametric equations
𝑥 =𝑎+𝑡
{𝑦 = 𝑏 − 𝑡 ,
𝑧 = 𝑐 − 2(𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑡
where 𝑡 ∈ (−∞, +∞). So for every point (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) lying on this line, we have
𝑦 − 𝑥 2 = (𝑏 − 𝑡)2 − (𝑎 + 𝑡)2 = 𝑏 2 − 𝑎2 − 2(𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑡 = 𝑐 − 2(𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑡 = 𝑧,
2

i.e. (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) also lies on the hyperbolic paraboloid.

3. (a) Surface 𝐷: Ellipsoid

(b) Surface 𝐽: Hyperboloid of one sheet
(c) Surface 𝐴: Elliptic cylinder
(d) Surface 𝐺: Circular cone
(e) Surface 𝐿: Hyperbolic paraboloid
(f) Surface 𝐸: Circular paraboloid
(g) Surface 𝐵: Elliptic cylinder
(h) Surface 𝐼: Hyperboloid of one sheet
(i) Surface 𝐾: Hyperbolic paraboloid
(j) Surface 𝐹: Elliptic paraboloid
(k) Surface 𝐻: Elliptic cone
(l) Surface 𝐶: Ellipsoid

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MATH2023 Multivariable Calculus Problem Set 2
L3 (Fall 2019)

4. (a) The equation is 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 = 4 in Cartesian coordinates. Converting into spherical coordinates we have
𝑥 = 𝜌 sin 𝜙 cos 𝜃 and 𝑦 = 𝜌 sin 𝜙 sin 𝜃 ,
so the equation becomes
(𝜌 sin 𝜙 cos 𝜃)2 + (𝜌 sin 𝜙 sin 𝜃 − 2)2 = 4,
i.e. 𝜌 sin 𝜙 = 4 sin 𝜃.

(b) The equation is (𝑥 − 3)2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 9 in Cartesian coordinates. Converting into cylindrical coordinates we
have
𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 and 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 ,
so the equation becomes
(𝑟 cos 𝜃 − 3)2 + (𝑟 sin 𝜃)2 + 𝑧 2 = 9,
i.e. 𝑟 2 − 6𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑧 2 = 0.

5. The given equation 𝜌 = cos 𝜙 csc 2 𝜙 in spherical coordinates can be rewritten as

𝜌2 sin2 𝜙 = 𝜌 cos 𝜙 .
With the transformation 𝑥 = 𝜌 sin 𝜙 cos 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝜌 sin 𝜙 sin 𝜃 and 𝑧 = 𝜌 cos 𝜙, the equation becomes
𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑧
in rectangular coordinates; and with the transformation 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 and 𝑧 = 𝑧 , the equation
becomes
𝑟2 = 𝑧
in cylindrical coordinates. The given equation defines a circular paraboloid.
𝑧

𝜌 = cos 𝜙 csc 2 𝜙

6. The curve has parametric equations

𝑥=𝑡
{𝑦 = 0 .
2
𝑧 = 2𝑡 − 𝑡
At point(s) of intersection of the curve with the paraboloid 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 , we have
2𝑡 − 𝑡 2 = 𝑡 2 + 02 ,
so 2𝑡(𝑡 − 1) = 0, i.e. 𝑡 = 0 or 𝑡 = 1. These values of 𝑡 correspond to the points (0, 0, 0) and (1, 0, 1)
respectively.

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MATH2023 Multivariable Calculus Problem Set 2
L3 (Fall 2019)

7. (a) We parametrize the curve of intersection using the parameter 𝑡 = 𝑥.

From the equation of the cone we have 𝑧 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = √𝑡 2 + 𝑦 2 , so 𝑡 2 = 𝑧 2 − 𝑦 2 = (𝑧 − 𝑦)(𝑧 + 𝑦).
On the other hand, we also have 𝑧 − 𝑦 = 1 from the equation of the plane, so 𝑧 + 𝑦 = 𝑡 2. Now on solving
the system

𝑧 + 𝑦 = 𝑡2
{ ,
𝑧−𝑦=1

𝑡 2 +1 𝑡 2 −1
we obtain 𝑧 = and 𝑦 = . Therefore the vector-valued function 𝐫: ℝ → ℝ3 defined by
2 2

𝑡2 − 1 𝑡2 + 1
𝐫(𝑡) ≔ 〈𝑡, , 〉
2 2
represents the curve of intersection.

(b) We parametrize the curve of intersection using the parameter 𝑡 such that 𝑥 = cos 𝑡 and 𝑦 = sin 𝑡 in the
equation of the circular cylinder.
From the equation of the hyperboloid we then get 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = cos 2 𝑡 − sin2 𝑡 = cos 2𝑡. Therefore the
3
vector-valued function 𝐫: [0, 2𝜋] → ℝ defined by
𝐫(𝑡) ≔ 〈cos 𝑡 , sin 𝑡 , cos 2𝑡〉
represents the curve of intersection.

8. (a) The parametric equations of the path of motion are

𝑥 = 𝑡2 + 1
{ .
𝑦 = 2𝑡 − 1

𝑦+1 2
Eliminating the parameter 𝑡, we obtain 𝑥 = ( ) + 1, i.e.
2

𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 5 = 0.
Next since 𝐫 ′ (𝑡) = 〈2𝑡, 2〉 and 𝐫 ′′ (𝑡) = 〈2, 0〉, the velocity and acceleration vectors at 𝑡 = 1 are given by
𝐫 ′ (1) = 〈2, 2〉 and 𝐫 ′′ (1) = 〈2, 0〉.

(b) The parametric equations of the path of motion are

𝑥 = cos 2𝑡
{ .
𝑦 = 3 sin 2𝑡

𝑦 2
Eliminating the parameter 𝑡, we obtain 𝑥 2 + ( ) = 1, i.e.
3

9𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 9 = 0.
Next since 𝐫 ′ (𝑡) = 〈−2 sin 2𝑡 , 6 cos 2𝑡〉 and 𝐫 ′′ (𝑡) = 〈−4 cos 2𝑡 , −12 sin 2𝑡〉, the velocity and acceleration
vectors at 𝑡 = 0 are given by
𝐫 ′ (0) = 〈0, 6〉 and 𝐫 ′′ (0) = 〈−4, 0〉.

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MATH2023 Multivariable Calculus Problem Set 2
L3 (Fall 2019)

9. The velocity of the particle at time 𝑡 is

𝑡 1
𝐫 ′ (𝑡) = 〈− 3 , 3
〉,
(1 + 𝑡 2 )2 (1 + 𝑡 2 )2
so its speed at time 𝑡 is

2 2
𝑡 1 1
‖𝐫 ′ (𝑡)‖ = √[− 3] + [ 3] = .
(1 + 𝑡 2 )2 (1 + 𝑡 2 )2 1 + 𝑡2

Therefore the highest speed of the particle is 1, which is attained when 𝑡 = 0.

10. The velocity vector at time 𝑡 is

𝐫 ′ (𝑡) = 〈𝑒 𝑡 (cos 𝑡 − sin 𝑡), 𝑒 𝑡 (sin 𝑡 + cos 𝑡)〉,
and the acceleration vector at time 𝑡 is
𝐫 ′′ (𝑡) = 〈−2𝑒 𝑡 sin 𝑡 , 2𝑒 𝑡 cos 𝑡〉.
Since
𝐫(𝑡) ⋅ 𝐫 ′′ (𝑡) = −2𝑒 2𝑡 sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡 + 2𝑒 2𝑡 sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡 = 0
for every 𝑡, it follows that the position vector and the acceleration vector are always orthogonal. In other words,
𝜋
the angle between the position vector and the acceleration vector is always . ∎
2

11. (a) The tangent vector of the curve is

1
𝐫 ′ (𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑡 𝐢 + cos 𝑡 𝐣 − 𝐤.
1−𝑡
The point (1, 0, 0) corresponds to 𝑡 = 0, so the tangent vector at (1, 0, 0) is 𝐫 ′ (0) = 𝐢 + 𝐣 − 𝐤. Therefore
(i) The tangent line to the curve at (1, 0, 0) has parametric equations
𝑥 =1+𝑡
{𝑦 = 𝑡
𝑧 = −𝑡
where 𝑡 ∈ (−∞, +∞), and
(ii) The plane orthogonal to the curve at (1, 0, 0) has equation
(1)(𝑥 − 1) + (1)(𝑦 − 0) + (−1)(𝑧 − 0) = 0,
i.e. 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 1.

(b) The tangent vector of the curve is

𝐫 ′ (𝑡) = −√2 sin 𝑡 𝐢 + √2 cos 𝑡 𝐣 + 𝐤.
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
The point (1, 1, ) corresponds to 𝑡 = , so the tangent vector at (1, 1, ) is 𝐫 ′ ( ) = −𝐢 + 𝐣 + 𝐤 .
4 4 4 4
Therefore
𝜋
(i) The tangent line to the curve at (1, 1, ) has parametric equations
4
𝑥 =1−𝑡
{𝑦 = 1 + 𝑡
𝑧 = 𝜋/4 + 𝑡
where 𝑡 ∈ (−∞, +∞), and

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MATH2023 Multivariable Calculus Problem Set 2
L3 (Fall 2019)
𝜋
(ii) The plane orthogonal to the curve at (1, 1, ) has equation
4

𝜋
(−1)(𝑥 − 1) + (1)(𝑦 − 1) + (1) (𝑧 − ) = 0,
4
𝜋
i.e. 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧 + = 0.
4

12. We look for point(s) of intersection of the curves by solving the system
𝑡 =3−𝑢
{1 − 𝑡 = 𝑢 − 2 .
3 + 𝑡 2 = 𝑢2
The first two equations are equivalent, and the only solution to the system is 𝑡 = 1 and 𝑢 = 2. Therefore the
only point of intersection is (1, 0, 4).

The tangent vectors of the curves are

𝐫 ′ (𝑡) = 〈1, −1, 2𝑡〉 and 𝐬 ′ (𝑢) = 〈−1, 1, 2𝑢〉
respectively. At the point of intersection, their tangent vectors are 𝐫 ′ (1) = 〈1, −1, 2〉 and 𝐬 ′ (2) = 〈−1, 1, 4〉
respectively, so the angle between them at this point (1, 0, 4) is
𝐫 ′ (1) ⋅ 𝐬 ′ (2) 6 1
𝜃 = arccos = arccos = arccos ≈ 54.74° or 0.9553 radians.
‖𝐫 ′ (1)‖‖𝐬 ′ (2)‖ √6√18 √3

13. (a) Since 𝐋(𝑡) = 𝐫(𝑡) × 𝑚𝐫 ′ (𝑡), it follows that the vectors 𝐋(𝑡) and 𝐫(𝑡) are always orthogonal. If the angular
momentum of the particle is conserved, then 𝐋(𝑡) = 𝐋 is a non-zero constant vector, so that
𝐫(𝑡) ⋅ 𝐋 = 0
for every 𝑡. Thus the vector 𝐫(𝑡) always lie in the plane passing through the origin with normal vector 𝐋.
[To obtain the equation of the plane, we may write 𝐫(𝑡) = 〈𝑓(𝑡), 𝑔(𝑡), ℎ(𝑡)〉 and 𝐋 = 〈𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐〉. Then for
every 𝑡 we have
𝑎𝑓(𝑡) + 𝑏𝑔(𝑡) + 𝑐ℎ(𝑡) = 0,
which shows that 𝐫(𝑡) always lie in the plane with equation 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 = 0.] ∎

(b) For every 𝑡 we have

𝑑
𝐋′ (𝑡) = (𝐫(𝑡) × 𝑚𝐫 ′ (𝑡))
𝑑𝑡

𝑑 𝑑
=( 𝐫(𝑡)) × 𝑚𝐫 ′ (𝑡) + 𝐫(𝑡) × ( 𝑚𝐫 ′ (𝑡))
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝐫 ′ (𝑡) × 𝐫 ′ (𝑡) + 𝐫(𝑡) × 𝑚𝐫 ′′ (𝑡)

= 𝑚⏟
=𝟎

= 𝟎 + 𝐫(𝑡) × 𝑚𝐫 ′′ (𝑡)
= 𝐫(𝑡) × 𝐅(𝑡).
𝐋(𝑡) is a constant vector if and only if 𝐋′ (𝑡) = 𝟎, which happens if and only if the vectors 𝐫(𝑡) and 𝐅(𝑡) are
always parallel.

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MATH2023 Multivariable Calculus Problem Set 2
L3 (Fall 2019)

14. We consider the motion of the stone to be in the plane ℝ2 , so that the gravitational acceleration vector at time 𝑡
is always 𝐫 ′′ (𝑡) = −10𝐣. Suppose that the initial speed of the stone is 𝑣 m/s. Then the initial velocity vector is
𝑣 𝑣
𝐫 ′ (0) = 𝑣 cos 45° 𝐢 + 𝑣 sin 45° 𝐣 = 𝐢+ 𝐣,
√2 √2
the velocity vector at time 𝑡 is
𝑡
𝑣 𝑣
𝐫 ′ (𝑡) = 𝐫 ′ (0) + ∫ 𝐫 ′′ (𝑢)𝑑𝑢 = 𝐢+ 𝐣 − 10𝑡𝐣,
0 √2 √2
and the displacement vector at time 𝑡 is
𝑡
𝑣 𝑣
𝐫(𝑡) − 𝐫(0) = ∫ 𝐫 ′ (𝑢)𝑑𝑢 = 𝑡𝐢 + ( 𝑡 − 5𝑡 2 ) 𝐣.
0 √2 √2
At some time 𝑡 = 𝑡0 the stones lands 90 m away, so 𝐫(𝑡0 ) − 𝐫(0) = 90𝐢. This implies that
𝑣
𝑡0 = 90
{𝑣 √2 .
𝑡0 − 5𝑡0 2 = 0
√2
On solving this system we get 𝑡0 = √18 and 𝑣 = 30, so the initial speed of the stone was 30 m/s.

15. The motion of the ball is in ℝ3 . Suppose that it lands at the point (𝑥, 𝑦, 0) on the 𝑥𝑦-plane. Then at some
instant 𝑡 = 𝑡0 we have
𝐫(𝑡0 ) − 𝐫(0) = 𝑥𝐢 + 𝑦𝐣.
′ (0)
Now the initial velocity vector of the ball is 𝐫 = 50𝐢 + 80𝐤, and acceleration vector at time 𝑡 is always
𝐫 ′′ (𝑡) = −4𝐣 − 32𝐤,
so the velocity vector at time 𝑡 is
𝑡
𝐫 ′ (𝑡) = 𝐫 ′ (0) + ∫ 𝐫 ′′ (𝑢)𝑑𝑢 = (50𝐢 + 80𝐤) − 4𝑡𝐣 − 32𝑡𝐤 = 50𝐢 − 4𝑡𝐣 + (80 − 32𝑡)𝐤,
0

and the displacement vector at time 𝑡 is

𝑡
𝐫(𝑡) − 𝐫(0) = ∫ 𝐫 ′ (𝑢)𝑑𝑢 = 50𝑡𝐢 − 2𝑡 2 𝐣 + (80𝑡 − 16𝑡 2 )𝐤.
0

Therefore we obtain the system of equations

50𝑡0 = 𝑥
{ −2𝑡0 2 = 𝑦 ,
80𝑡0 − 16𝑡0 2 = 0

and the solution apart from (0, 0, 0) is 𝑡0 = 5, 𝑥 = 250 and 𝑦 = −50. Therefore the ball lands at the point
(250, −50, 0) on the 𝑥𝑦-plane, with a speed of
‖𝐫 ′ (5)‖ = √502 + (−20)2 + (−80)2 = 10√93.

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MATH2023 Multivariable Calculus Problem Set 2
L3 (Fall 2019)

16. As long as the engine is kept switched on, the velocity vector of the space ship at time 𝑡 is
1 8𝑡
𝐫 ′ (𝑡) = 〈1, , 2 〉.
𝑡 (𝑡 + 1)2

If the engine is switched off at the time 𝑡 = 𝑡0 , then the spaceship will continue moving with constant velocity
1 8𝑡0
𝐫 ′ (𝑡0 ) = 〈1, , 2 〉
𝑡0 0 + 1)2
(𝑡

starting from the point

4
𝐫(𝑡0 ) = 〈3 + 𝑡0 , 2 + ln 𝑡0 , 7 − 2
〉,
𝑡0 + 1

so it will move along the line with equation

1 4 8𝑡0
𝐑(𝑢) = 𝐫(𝑡0 ) + 𝑢𝐫 ′ (𝑡0 ) = 〈3 + 𝑡0 + 𝑢, 2 + ln 𝑡0 + 𝑢, 7 − 2 + 2 2
𝑢〉.
𝑡0 𝑡0 + 1 (𝑡0 + 1)

Now the captain wants the spaceship to arrive at (6, 4, 9) at some time 𝑢, so
1 4 8𝑡0
3 + 𝑡0 + 𝑢 = 6 and 2 + ln 𝑡0 + 𝑢=4 and 7− 2 + 2 𝑢 = 9.
𝑡0 𝑡0 + 1 (𝑡0 + 1)2

On solving this system of equations we have 𝑡0 = 1 and 𝑢 = 2. Therefore the engine should be switched off at
time 𝑡 = 1.

17. We have 𝐫 ′ (𝑡) = 〈√2, √2, −2𝑡〉 and so

2 2
‖𝐫 ′ (𝑡)‖ = √(√2) + (√2) + (−2𝑡)2 = 2√1 + 𝑡 2 .

The end-points (0, 0, 1) and (√2, √2, 0) correspond to 𝑡 = 0 and 𝑡 = 1 respectively, so the arc-length of the
curve is
𝜋
1 1
4
𝑙=∫ ‖𝐫 ′ (𝑡)‖𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 2√ 1 + 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 = 2 ∫ sec 3 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0 0 0

with the substitution 𝑡 = tan 𝜃. Now

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝜋
4 4 4
3 [sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃]04
∫ sec 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ sec 𝜃 𝑑 tan 𝜃 = − ∫ tan 𝜃 𝑑 sec 𝜃
0 0 0
𝜋 𝜋
4 4
= √2 − ∫ sec 𝜃 tan2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = √2 − ∫ sec 𝜃 (sec 2 𝜃 − 1)𝑑𝜃
0 0
𝜋 𝜋
4 4
= √2 + ∫ sec 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − ∫ sec 3 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 ,
0 0

so
𝜋 𝜋
𝜋
4 4
3
𝑙 = 2 ∫ sec 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = √2 + ∫ sec 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = √2 + [ln(sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃)]04 = √2 + ln(√2 + 1).
0 0

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MATH2023 Multivariable Calculus Problem Set 2
L3 (Fall 2019)

18. We have 𝐫 ′ (𝑡) = 〈3 cos 𝑡 , 4, −3 sin 𝑡〉 and so

‖𝐫 ′ (𝑡)‖ = √(3 cos 𝑡)2 + 42 + (−3 sin 𝑡)2 = 5
for every 𝑡. Now the starting point (0, 0, 3) corresponds to 𝑡 = 0, and we suppose that 𝑡 = 𝑡0 when the
particle has traveled a distance of 5 units. Then we have
𝑡0 𝑡0
5 = 𝑙 = ∫ ‖𝐫 ′ (𝑡)‖𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 5 𝑑𝑡 = 5𝑡0 ,
0 0

so 𝑡0 = 1. Therefore after the particle has traveled a distance of 5 units, its position vector is
𝐫(1) = 〈3 sin 1 , 4, 3 cos 1〉.

19. In cylindrical coordinates, the curve of intersection has parametric equations

𝑟 = 𝑒𝑡
{𝜃 = 𝑡
𝑧 = 𝑒𝑡
where 𝑡 ∈ [0, ln 8]. So in Cartesian coordinates, the parametric equations become
𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 = 𝑒 𝑡 cos 𝑡
{𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 = 𝑒 𝑡 sin 𝑡
𝑧 = 𝑒𝑡
where 𝑡 ∈ [0, ln 8]. Therefore the curve of intersection can be parametrized by 𝐫: [0, ln 8] → ℝ3 , defined by
𝐫(𝑡) = 〈𝑒 𝑡 cos 𝑡 , 𝑒 𝑡 sin 𝑡 , 𝑒 𝑡 〉.
Now we have 𝐫 ′ (𝑡) = 〈𝑒 𝑡 (cos 𝑡 − sin 𝑡), 𝑒 𝑡 (sin 𝑡 + cos 𝑡), 𝑒 𝑡 〉, and so
‖𝐫 ′ (𝑡)‖ = √[𝑒 𝑡 (cos 𝑡 − sin 𝑡)]2 + [𝑒 𝑡 (sin 𝑡 + cos 𝑡)]2 + (𝑒 𝑡 )2 = √3𝑒 𝑡 .
Therefore the arc-length of the curve is given by
ln 8 ln 8
𝑙=∫ ‖𝐫 ′ (𝑡)‖𝑑𝑡 = ∫ √3𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = √3(𝑒 ln 8 − 𝑒 0 ) = 7√3.
0 0

20. (a) Since 𝐫 ′ (𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑡 𝐢 + √2𝐣 + 𝑒 −𝑡 𝐤, we have

2
‖𝐫 ′ (𝑡)‖ = √(𝑒 𝑡 )2 + (√2) + (𝑒 −𝑡 )2 = 𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡

for every 𝑡 ∈ (0, +∞). So the arc-length function is

𝑡 𝑡
𝑔(𝑡) = ∫ ‖𝐫 ′ (𝑢)‖𝑑𝑢 = ∫ (𝑒 𝑢 + 𝑒 −𝑢 )𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑡 .
0 0
𝑡 −𝑡
On solving for 𝑡 in the equation 𝑠 = 𝑒 − 𝑒 , we find that the inverse of 𝑔 is

𝑠 + √𝑠 2 + 4
𝑓(𝑠) = ln ( ).
2
Consequently, the arc-length parametrization of 𝐫 is given by

𝑠 + √𝑠 2 + 4 𝑠 + √𝑠 2 + 4 2
𝐑(𝑠) = 𝐫(𝑓(𝑠)) = 𝐢 + √2 ln ( )𝐣− 𝐤
2 2 𝑠 + √𝑠 2 + 4
for 𝑠 ≥ 0.

(b) The length is 2047 − 1997 = 50.

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MATH2023 Multivariable Calculus Problem Set 2
L3 (Fall 2019)

21. (a) Let (ℎ, 𝑘) be the center of the circle. An arc-length parametrization of the circle is
𝑠 𝑠
𝐑(𝑠) = 〈ℎ + 𝑎 cos , 𝑘 + 𝑎 sin 〉
𝑎 𝑎
𝑠 𝑠 1 𝑠 1 𝑠
for 0 ≤ 𝑠 ≤ 2𝜋𝑎. Since 𝐑′ (𝑠) = 〈− sin , cos 〉 and 𝐑′′ (𝑠) = 〈− cos , − sin 〉, the curvature at the
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
point 𝐑(𝑠) is

1 𝑠 2 1 𝑠 2 1
𝜅 = ‖𝐑′′ (𝑠)‖ = √(− cos ) + (− sin ) =
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
for every 𝑠.

(b) According to Q20(a), an arc-length parametrization of the given curve is

𝑠 + √𝑠 2 + 4 𝑠 + √𝑠 2 + 4 2
𝐑(𝑠) = 𝐢 + √2 ln ( )𝐣 − 𝐤
2 2 𝑠 + √𝑠 2 + 4
for 𝑠 ∈ ℝ. Since
1 𝑠 √2 2
𝐑′ (𝑠) = ( + )𝐢 + 𝐣+ 𝐤
2 2√𝑠 2 + 4 √𝑠 2 + 4 √𝑠 2 + 4(𝑠 + √𝑠 2 + 4)
and
2 √2𝑠 2
𝐑′′ (𝑠) = 3 𝐢− 3 𝐣− 3 𝐤,
(𝑠 2 + 4)2 (𝑠 2 + 4)2 (𝑠 2 + 4)2
the curvature at the point 𝐑(𝑠) is
1 2 √2
𝜅 = ‖𝐑′′ (𝑠)‖ = 3
√22 + (−√2𝑠) + (−2)2 =
(𝑠 2 + 𝑠2 +4
4)2
for each 𝑠.

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