Homework 2 Math2023 Homework 2 Math2023

Exercise 11.1 Exercise 11.3

√
Qu. 12 Position: r(t) = at cos ωt i + at sin ωt j + b ln t k Qu. 2 On the first quadrant part of the circle x2 + y 2 = a2 , we have y = a2 − x2 , 0 6 x 6 a. The
′
Velocity: v = r (t) = a(cos ωt − ωt sin ωt) i + a(sin ωt + ωt cos ωt) j + (b/t) k required parametrization is

Acceleration: a = r′′ (t) = −aω(2 sin ωt + ωt cos ωt) i + aω(2 cos ωt − ωt sin ωt) j − (b/t2 ) k p
r = r(x) = x i + a2 − x2 j, (0 6 x 6 a)
 1/2
Speed: kvk = a2 (1 + ω 2 t2 ) + b2 /t2
Let
x = at cos ωt (1)
y = at sin ωt (2)
z = b ln t ⇒ t = ez/b (3)

From (1) and (2)

x2 y2 Qu. 4 In terms of the parameter t,
+ 2 2 =1
a2 t2 a t

x2 + y 2 = a2 t2 = a2 e2z/b x = a sin t π
06t6
y = a cos t 2
∴ Path: a spiral on the surface (a“cone” - see page 6) Z t
s
s= a dτ = at ⇒ t =
x2 + y 2 = a2 e2z/b . 0 a
s s s π
∴ r(s) = a sin i + a cos j, where 0 6 6 .
a a a 2

Qu. 24 Note that if

r · r′ = 0
d Qu. 16
(r · r) = 0
dt a
x = a cos t sin t = sin 2t
2
krk = const. 2
a
⇒ krk = const. = a y = a sin2 t = (1 − cos 2t)
2
i.e. r(t) lies on a sphere centred at the origin with radius a. z = bt

 a 2 a2
∴ x2 + y − = , note also that as t increases, z increases too.
2 4
Qu. 29
∴ The curve is a circular helix lying on the cylinder
d
[u · (v × w)] = u′ · (v × w) + u · (v′ × w) + u · (v × w′ ).
dt
 a 2 a2
x2 + y − = (see page 6)
2 4

Qu. 32 It’s length, from t = 0 to t = T , is

d d d Z T
[(u × u′ ) · (u′ × u′′ )] = (u × u′ ) · (u′ × u′′ ) + [ (u × u′ )] · (u′ × u′′ ) p
dt dt dt L= a2 cos2 2t + a2 sin2 2t + b2 dt
0
′ ′′ ′′ ′ ′′′ ′ ′ ′′ ′ ′′
= (u × u ) · [u × u + u × u ] + [u × u + u × u ] · (u × u ) p
=T a2 + b2 (units)
= (u × u′′ ) · (u′ × u′′ ) + (u × u′ ) · (u′ × u′′′ ).

–1– –2–
 Homework 2 Math2023 Homework 2 Math2023

Qu. 18 (see page 6 also) Qu. 27 Since r1 (t) = r2 (u(t)), where u is a function from [a, b] to [c, d], having u(a) = c and u(b) = d.
We assume u is differentiable. Since u is one-to-one and orientation-preserving.

du
> 0 on [a, b].
dt

By the Chain rule:

d d du
r1 (t) = r2 (u)
dt du dt

and so
One-eighth of the curve C lies in the first octant.
Z b
d

Z b
d

du
r1 (t) dt = r2 (u) dt

x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 (sphere) (1)
a dt a du dt
2 2
x + 2z = 1 (elliptic cylinder) (2)
Z d
d

= r2 (u) du.

c du
From (2), Let

 x = cos t

π
1 06t6
 z = √ sin t 2
2

From (1),
r Extra questions
1
y= 1 − cos2 t − sin2 t Qu. 1 In cylindrical coord.
2
1 
dx dr dθ
= √ sin t (take +ve root only).
 dt = cos θ dt − r sin θ dt

2 
x = r cos θ



 
dy dr dθ
 
y = r sin θ ⇒ = sin θ + r cos θ
Note that the first octant part of C lies in the plane y = z, it must be a quarter of a circle of

 
 dt dt dt
z=z

 dz = dz


radius 1 (why!). Thus the length of all of C is

dt dt
π
8× = 4π (units).
2  2
2 dx  dy 2  dz 2
kr′ (t)k = + +
If you wish to use an integral, the length is dt dt dt
π r  dr 2 dr dθ  dθ 2
1 1
Z 2
L=8 sin2 t + cos2 t + cos2 t dt = cos2 θ − 2r cos θ sin θ + r 2 sin2 θ
0 2 2 dt dt dt dt
π  dr 2 dr dθ  dθ 2  dz 2
Z 2
=8 dt + sin2 θ + 2r cos θ sin θ + r 2 cos2 θ +
0 dt dt dt dt dt
= 4π (units).  dr 2  dθ 2  dz 2
= + r2 +
dt dt dt

Hence the answer.

–3– –4–
 Homework 2 Math2023 Homework 2 Math2023

Qu. 2 In spherical coord. Ex 11.1 Qu. 12

x
-10
0
x = ρ sin φ cos θ, y = ρ sin φ sin θ, z = ρ cos φ 10

2 2

therefore, 0
0
0

z
dx dρ dφ dθ z z -2
-2
= sin φ cos θ + ρ cos φ cos θ − ρ sin φ sin θ -2
dt dt dt dt
-4 -10 -4
-10

dy dρ dφ dθ -4 0 x 0 x
= sin φ sin θ + ρ cos φ sin θ + ρ sin φ cos θ 10
dt dt dt dt -10
0
-10
0 10
-10
0
10 10 10
y y y

dz dρ dφ 2 2 2 2z/b
= cos φ − ρ sin φ Taking a = 2π and b = 2 The surface x + y = a e The surface and the curve
dt dt dt
 dx 2  dy 2  dz 2
2
kr′ (t)k = + +
dt dt dt
 dρ 2
2 dφ
 2  dθ 2 Ex 11.3 Qu. 16
= +ρ + ρ2 sin2 φ
dt dt dt y y y
0 0.5 0 0.5 0 0.5
1 1.5 1 1.5 1 1.5
2 2 2
Hence the answer.
15

15 15

10
Qu. 3 z 10 z z 10

3 3 π
r = a cos t i + a sin t j + b cos 2t k, 06t6 5
2 5 5
-1 -1 -1
2 2
v = −3a cos t sin t i + 3a sin t cos t j − 4b sin t cos t k -0.5 -0.5 -0.5
p 0 0 x 0 0 x 0 0 x
v = kvk = 9a2 + 16b2 sin t cos t 0.5 0.5 0.5

Z tp 1 1 1

s= 9a2 + 16b2 sin u cos u du Taking a = 2 and b = 2 The surface x2 + (y − a/2)2 = a2 /4

0

1p 2
= 9a + 16b2 sin2 t = K sin2 t
2
1p 2 Ex 11.3 Qu. 18
where K = 9a + 16b2
2
x
r r -1
0 -0.5
s s 2s 0.5
, cos 2t = 1 − 2 sin2 t = 1 − .
1 1
Therefore sin t = , cos t = 1− 1

K K K
0.5 0.5

The required parameterization is z z

0 0 0.5
-1
  z
 s 3/2  s 3/2 2s -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 0 -1

r=a 1− j+a j+b 1− k 0

-0.5

K K K -1 -1
x -0.5
0 x
-1 -1 0.5
-0.5 -1 0.5
0 0 0
0.5 1
y y 1
1p 2 1 1 y 1

for 0 6 s 6 K, where K = 9a + 16b2 . The surfaces x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1

2
and x2 + 2z 2 = 1

–5– –6–