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MR 3 Earthwork Balance
MR 3 Earthwork Balance
MR 3 Earthwork Balance
EARTHWORK BALANCE
GOAL MR-3
Reduce need for transport of earthen materials by balancing cut and fill quantities.
CREDIT REQUIREMENTS
Balance earthwork cut and fill quantities to within A% (by volume) for the entire 1 POINT
project.
AND
RELATED CREDITS
Do not import more than B% of the fill material by volume. PR‐8 Low Impact
Development
AND MR‐2 Pavement
Reuse
Do not export more than C% of the cut material by volume. MR‐4 Recycled
Materials
AND MR‐5 Regional
Materials
Demonstrate that A% + B% + C% ≤ 10%
SUSTAINABILITY
Details
COMPONENTS
It is acceptable to use soil improvement or stabilization techniques in an effort to
Ecology
avoid removing existing soil.
Economy
Extent
It is acceptable to use design software and CAD drawings to calculate the design
Experience
volume of earthwork to be reported in relation to this credit.
BENEFITS
DOCUMENTATION
Reduces Fossil Fuel
Copy of the grading plan. The grading plan must report total cut and fill quantities
Use
and show that they are within 10% of one another.
Reduces Air
Calculate and report actual construction earthwork volume. This shall show the Emissions
following: Reduces Greenhouse
Gases
Actual cut and fill volumes during construction. Reduces Solid Waste
The percentage difference between actual cut and fill volumes (A%). Reduces Manmade
Actual volume of earthwork material imported to the project site. Footprint
Actual volume of earthwork material exported from the site. Reduces First Costs
The percentage of actual total fill volume that is imported to the project site Reduces Lifecycle
(B%). Costs
The percentage of actual total cut volume that is exported from the project site
(C%).
Show that A% + B% + C% ≤ 10%
Figure MR‐3.1: Runway 10C‐28C Paving and Electrical (West): Excavation in Area G5
(Photo Courtesy Chicago O’Hare Moderization Program)
Figure MR‐1.2: June 2010 Runway 10C‐28C Paving and Electrical (West): Placing and compacting Bit concrete
base course on taxiway (Photo Courtesy Chicago O’Hare Moderization Program)
Example: Wattstown Business Park Road Extension
The Wattstown Business Park Road Extension Project in Coleraine, Ireland implemented a balanced cut and fill
strategy that allowed all of the excavated materials to be re‐used on site including excavated topsoils in order
to minimize waste and hauling. The vertical alignment of the road was also kept to a minimum in order to
minimize earthwork.
Figure MR‐3.3: Wattstown Business Park (CEEQUAL,n.d.)
objectives of the British Columbia Ministry of Transportation (BCMoT) Climate Action Program. This balanced
earthwork program also included addressing safety concerns on the project, which called for improvements to
slope stability on roadway excavations as well as avalanche control and rockfall protection in several locations
along the corridor’s new alignments.
Slope stabilization on Phase 2 of the project was accomplished in some steep areas using 11,000 m3 of high
tensile strength steel mesh that also allowed for seeding to grow, which can add stability to upper soil layers
(BCMOT, n.d.). The mesh is tied to rock layers below the slope to stabilize the hillside (see Figure 4). Rockfall
areas are protected by approximately 20,000 m3 of drapery mesh (BCMOT, n.d.). Excess fill soils were also
stockpiled within the corridor for future lanes of highway (BCMOT, 2006). Construction of Phase 3 East ‐ Brake
Check to Yoho National Park (underway) is also following a balanced earthwork design program (see Figures
MR‐3.6 and MR‐3.7).
Figure MR‐3.2: Tecco® high‐strength steel mesh used for slope reinforcement. (BCMOT, 2010)
Figure MR‐3.3: West Alignment of Phase 2, Kickinghorse Canyon, showing approximate cut and fill boundary for
corridor segment (BCMOT, 2006)
Figure MR‐3.4: Phase 3 of The Kicking Horse Project: Excavation on north side of the highway (BCMOT, 2010)
Figure MR‐3.5: Phase 3 earthwork on east side of highway (BCMOT, 2010)
Example: Software Tools for Designers
The most straightforward means of balancing earthwork is to design and construct the project such that the
volume of cut within the project is equal to the volume of fill. For designers and contractors there are
numerous software packages that can provide exact and/or estimated earthwork quantities. The following are
examples of software packaging that can be used to achieve balanced cut and fill.
Trakware Inc. Earthworks Software
Pizer Inc. EARTH Software
Trimble Inc. Paydirt Software
Vertigraph Inc. SiteWorx/OS
Roctek Inc. WinEx Master Software
POTENTIAL ISSUES
1. When using stabilization material it is possible that the life cycle inputs for such material (e.g., energy use and
emissions associated with their manufacture, transport and use) may be greater than that associated with
moving soil associated with unbalanced earthwork.
2. Subsurface conditions may not be well known for the project site. Therefore, a balanced earthwork design that
assumes a certain soil type and characteristics may not be feasible if, during earthwork, different soil types,
moisture conditions or other characteristics are found.
3. Geosynthetics and stabilization additives may add significant cost over conventional methods.
4. Contractor familiarity and experience with alternative methods and materials can be highly variable.
5. Some roadwork does not lend itself to a balanced earthwork plan. For instance, work in an urban area may not
work because the primary concern is typically maintaining existing elevation. Therefore, if a thicker pavement
section is placed, some earth must be removed.
6. In a waterway corridor (area near a river or other waterway) balanced earthwork may not be sufficient. It is
more important to ensure that earthwork does not reduce either the flood storage or flood carrying capacity of
the waterway area (City of Brisbane, n.d.).
7. Rain events or prolonged wet periods can render on‐site material unsuitable for fill until it is sufficiently dried.
There may not be enough time in the construction schedule to allow adequate drying time.
8. Designers may neglect to consider or poorly estimate shrink or swell of soil material.
9. Earthwork on a phased project may not be completed by the same contractor.
10. Efforts across phases may be difficult to coordinate without clear documentation of intent of stockpiled
materials.
RESEARCH
Most roadway construction involves some earthwork (moving of soil mass from one location to another).
Earthwork can represent a significant project expense, especially in roadway projects. Because of the cost of
landfill and truck transport most roadway designs seek to minimize earthwork as much as possible. When other
ecological costs are added (i.e., landfilled waste, fuel use, truck emissions) the incentive to minimize earthwork
grows. Thus, the goal is to minimize the earth moved and to minimize the distance it is moved. Ideally, a balanced
earthwork project is one that matches cut and fill volumes and therefore does not required cut export or fill
import. This section reviews typical methods used to achieve balanced earthwork.
Balancing Earthwork
The most straightforward means of balancing earthwork is to design and construct the project such that the
volume of cut within the project is equal to the volume of fill. In rural projects this can often be accomplished by
choosing the appropriate gradeline (roadway profile) so that cut volumes are roughly equal to fill volumes. For
urban environments, this may be more difficult as urban projects are often severely constrained by right‐of‐way or
required to match existing abutting elevations (e.g., other streets, parks, drainage conveyances, etc.). For
designers and contractors there are numerous software packages that can provide exact and/or estimated
earthwork quantities.
Once in construction, a balanced earthwork design may not be achievable for several reasons. First, earthwork
often involves unknown quantities. Although geotechnical engineers can attempt to characterize existing soil with
test pits, soil borings and laboratory tests, these characterizations are usually only done on a few locations within
the project site and cannot guarantee the condition of untested locations. Therefore, it is possible that unexpected
soil is encountered that when excavated is unsuitable for use as fill elsewhere. Second, environmental conditions
can change causing previously acceptable soil to become unacceptable. For instance precipitation can substantially
alter the moisture content of in‐situ material making it unsuitable for use as fill elsewhere. Finally, design
estimation may be inaccurate or, more likely, changes to the design during construction may add cut or fill
quantities such that the overall effect is unbalanced earthwork.
Unsuitable Material
One of the most common impediments to balanced earthwork is in‐situ material that is either (1) unsuitable to be
used as fill elsewhere, or (2) unsuitable to be used as a foundation for other items such as structures (bridges,
walls, etc.) and pavements. The most straightforward option in these cases is often to remove the unsuitable
material and replace it with suitable fill. While this is feasible, it may result in unbalanced earthwork. It may be
advantageous to treat the in‐situ soil rather than remove and replace it. This section discusses several treatment
options.
Traditional Soil Stabilization
Soil stabilization is the process of improving the engineering properties of soils through the use of additives
that are mixed into the soil (Army, Navy, Air Force, 1994). These improved engineering properties can include:
Reduced plasticity
Drying
Reduced swelling
Improved stability
Stabilization can be done by mixing soils of two different gradations to achieve desirable qualities (mechanical
stabilization) or by adding binding materials (additive stabilization). This section briefly reviews three common
soil stabilization additives. The Army, Navy and Air Force Soil Stabilization for Pavements (1994) offers a means
to choose between portland cement, lime and asphalt as soil stabilization additives.
Portland cement. When added with water, portland cement hydrates and binds adjacent soil particles
together resulting in a stiffer and perhaps stronger stabilized material. Portland cement can generally be
used with well‐graded granular materials with sufficient fines to mix with the portland cement (Army, Navy,
Air Force, 1994).
Lime. Added in the form of quicklime (CaO), hydrated lime (Ca[OH]2) or lime slurry. Lime does three basic
things: drying (through hydration with existing water in the soil), modification (Ca ions migrate to clay
particle surfaces and displace water making the soil more granular), stabilization (increases the pH of the
soil causing clay particles to break down). The National Lime Association (2004) states, “When added with
In general, fine‐grained clay soils (with a minimum of 25 percent passing the #200 sieve (74mm) and a
Plasticity Index greater than 10) are considered to be good candidates for stabilization.”
Asphalt emulsions. Most suitable for silty sand and granular materials since these are more likely to have
all particles fully coated by the emulsion.
Ecological Impacts of Soil Stabilization
Mroueh et al. (2001) reviewed several different combinations of industrial byproducts for use in earthwork.
Results generally show that soil stabilization (as Mroueh et al. describe it this involves cement stabilization)
generally has a higher environmental loading than simple soil replacement in most all areas (e.g., fuel use,
energy, CO, particulate, SO2, CO2, VOC) except the amount of natural materials used.
GLOSSARY
Additives Manufactured commercial products that, when added to the soil in the proper quantities,
improve some engineering characteristics of the soil such as strength, texture, workability, and
plasticity (Army, Navy, Air Force 1994).
REFERENCES
British Columbia Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure. (2010). Kicking Horse Canyon Project Fact Sheet.
Accessed 14 August 2010. Available at http://www.th.gov.bc.ca/kickinghorse/updates/KHCP_Fact_Sheet.pdf.
British Columbia Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure. (2010). Kicking Horse Canyon Project: Photo
Gallery‐Phase 3 East Construction. Accessed 14 August 2010. Available at
http://www.th.gov.bc.ca/kickinghorse/khc_gallery‐01‐Phase3_east.htm
British Columbia Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure. (2010). Kicking Horse Canyon Project. Accessed 14
August 2010. Available at http://www.th.gov.bc.ca/kickinghorse/index.htm
British Columbia Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure and Partnerships British Columbia. (2006, June).
Project Report: Achieving Value for Money ‐ Kicking Horse Canyon – Phase 2 Project. Available at
http://www.th.gov.bc.ca/kickinghorse/reports/0606_PBCKickingHorse.pdf
British Columbia Ministry of Transportation. (n.d.). Did You Know? Accessed August 15, 2010. Available at
http://www.th.gov.bc.ca/kickinghorse/documents/KHCP_Did_You_Know_080304.pdf
CEEQUAL. (2010). Wattstown Business Park Road Extension: Interim Client and Outline Design Award. Accessed 13
August 2010. Available at http://www.ceequal.co.uk/awards_063.htm
City of Brisbane. (n.d.). Compensatory Earthwork Planning Scheme Policy. Accessed 12 January 2010. Available at
http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/bccwr/lib181/appendix2_compensatoryearthworks_psp.pdf.
City of Chicago, Aviation. (2010). City of Chicago: Construction Progress. Accessed August 16, 2010. Available at
http://www.cityofchicago.org/city/en/depts/doa/provdrs/omp/svcs/blank.html
Department of the Army, the Navy and the Air Force. (1994). Soil Stabilization for Pavements. ARMY TM 5‐822‐14,
AIR FORCE AFJMAN 32‐1019.
Mroueh, U‐M., Eskola, P. & Laine‐Ylijoki, J. (2001). Life‐cycle impacts of the use of industrial by‐products in road
and earth construction. Waste Management, 21, 271‐277.
National Lime Association. (2004). Lime Treated Soil Construction Manual: Lime Stabilization and Lime
Modification. National Lime Association.
Pizer Inc. EARTH: Earthwork Quantity Software. Accessed 14 August 2010. Available at
http://www.earthworksoftware.com/
Roctek Inc. Excavation/ Cut and Fill: WinEx Master. Available at http://www.roctek.com/
Trakware Inc. Earthworks Excavation Software. Accessed 14 August 2010. Available at http://www.trakware1.com/
Trimble Inc. Trimble Paydirt. Accessed 14 August 2010. Available at http://www.trimble.com/paydirt.shtml
Vertigraph Inc. SiteWorx/OS. Accessed 14 August 2010. Available at
http://www.interworldna.com/vertigraph/siteworx_os.php