Stimulus piece

This study examined ecstasy use in 30 college students who participated in one of four 60-
minute focus groups.
To obtain a sample, fliers were posted on a large university campus, inviting individuals who had
used ecstasy on at least one occasion to anonymously contact the researcher via telephone or e-
mail using a fictitious first name if they were interested in participating in a focus group about
ecstasy. Four focus groups of six to 10 individuals were held in a private room on campus.
Upon entering the room for the focus group, each participant was instructed to write the fictitious
first name they had used during the telephone screening on a name-tag. Participants were
instructed to only use their fictitious first name during the session to protect their identity.
After completion of a brief survey, the guidelines for the hour-long group discussion were
reviewed. Participants were told that they could speak about their personal experiences or what
they knew about other substance users, but they could not disclose anyone's true identity. The
researcher asked specific questions and permitted group members to respond to each other. The
amount of time allotted to each topic varied based on group feedback and the judgment of the
researcher. The researcher introduced six main topics, but discussion was not limited to these
topics. Responses were written down by both the researcher and a trained research assistant.
Most participants had a basic understanding of the effects that ecstasy has on the brain and
bodily functions. Participants reported positive effects on mood, social pressure, curiosity and
boredom.  They also reported a desire for an altered state of mind, desire to escape, desire to
have fun, and the ease of use of ecstasy in comparison to other drugs as reasons for initiating
ecstasy use. Participants described their experiences of both the positive and negative effects
(physical and psychological) that they attributed to their use of ecstasy. The majority was
unaware of specific types of problems ecstasy could potentially cause and discounted its
potential harm.
At the conclusion of the group discussion, the researcher provided participants with a list of
mental health resources and an informational handout about ecstasy containing a list of websites
pertaining to substance use.
Reference
Levy, K. B., Ogrady, K. E., Wish, E. D., & Arria, A. M. (2005). An In-Depth Qualitative
Examination of the Ecstasy Experience: Results of a Focus Group with Ecstasy-Using College
Students. Substance Use & Misuse, 40(9-10), 1427-1441. doi:10.1081/ja-200066810

Questions
1a. Identify the method used and outline two characteristics of the method.
This study used a focus group. A focus group is a group interview which is facilitated by a
researcher. It is an efficient way of collecting information from several participants at the same
time. In addition, by listening to other participants, this may inspire participants to say something
that they would not have said on their own. The conversation may bring up memories or help
them to define their opinions. It may help them to be more honest about their experience with
drugs.
1b. Describe the sampling method used in the study.
A self-selected sample was chosen for this study. With the controversial nature of the topic
studied, it is important that participants choose to reveal this "private" part of their lives. The
method used is efficient and does not require any previous knowledge or contact with the target
population. A self-selected sample responds to a request for participants, based on interest in the
study.
1c. Suggest an alternative or additional research method giving one reason for your choice.
One additional method might be a survey.  This would give the researcher more specific
information about individual's ecstasy use and their thoughts on it. It would also avoid the
conformity effect that could happen as a result of a group interview where they may not want to
disagree publically with members of the focus group.
2. Describe the ethical considerations that were applied in the study and explain if further ethical
considerations could be applied.
There are several ethical considerations that are discussed in the study.  Anonymity of the data
was clearly kept.  The participants only used a fake name and were never actually identified. In
addition, the focus groups were not recorded; the responses were written down by the
researcher and an assistant with the hope of confirming the data. It was also made clear that
they should not disclose information about someone else.
In addition, the researchers debriefed the participants, explaining to them both the findings and
then discussing with them the potential negative outcomes of ecstasy use.
Other ethical considerations include informed consent, the right to withdraw and undue stress or
harm. The researchers should have clearly explained the goals of the study and how the
information would be used.  The participants had to agree to take part in the study.  As the study
was made up of volunteers, we can assume that consent was gained.  In addition, they should
know that they may withdraw at any point in the study.  This includes during the debriefing; after
having the discussion, they may conclude that they do not want their information included in the
study.  Finally, they have to make sure that the members of the group are protected from harm. 
This is difficult because although they are anonymous, they are on a campus where there is a
potential for the other members of the focus group to come into contact with them again.  It would
be important for the researchers to have a confidentiality agreement which is signed by the
members of the group so that they would not use this information in any way to harm another
member of the study.
3. To what extent could you generalize the findings of this study?
There is some question about whether this study could represent the population from which the
sample was drawn.  As this was a volunteer sample, it is possible that a certain type of ecstasy
user would volunteer.  The sample may be made up of mostly extroverted individuals who are
very confident and satisfied with their ecstasy use. It could even be that they see ecstasy use as
part of their social identity.  In this case, it may not represent all ecstasy users on that campus
and not be fully generalizable.
In addition, psychologists consider inferential generalization.  Can this information be transferred
to other student communities? To other types of drugs? In order to do this well, it is important
that psychologists document the nature of the sample population so that readers of the study can
determine the extent to which the findings may be transferred to other samples. In this study, it
would be important to know the age, culture and socio-economic status of the participants. It
would also be important to know what type of university culture the students come from. Is it a
liberal arts school? A medical university? A highly competitive, well-known university? This type
of information would help readers to determine whether the populations are similar enough to
potentially generalize the findings.
Finally, the psychologists could employ theoretical generalization - that is, they could use their
findings to generate more theory.  For example, that young people are more likely to discount the
negative effects of a drug; or that a certain culture may be more likely to do so.