ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Our efforts were assisted and made possible with the kind support and help of many
individuals. We would like to extend our sincere thanks to all of them who have
helped us in our endeavor.

We are grateful to our project internal guide, Dr. Anjaneyappa, Associate Professor, R.V
College of Engineering, Bengaluru for their guidance and constant supervision as well as
for providing necessary information regarding the project & also for their support in
completing the project.

We would like to express our gratitude towards to our Head of Department, Dr. M. V.
Renukadevi for her kind co-operation and encouragement which helped us in
completion of this project.

We are also grateful to our Principal, Dr. K. N. Subramanya for providing us with
such an environment to achieve our goals and deliver our best.

Last, but not the least, we had like to express our sincere gratitude to the college and
project committee, directly or indirectly, contributed, supported or helped us in
completing this project.

MOHAMMED
SHAMSUDDIN

1RV16CHT08
 ABSTRACT

Interface bonding between Portland cement concrete (PCC) overlay and existing
distressed asphalt is one of the most influencing factors affecting overlay service life.
The factors which affect the interlayer bonding are types of tack coat, rate of
application of tack coat, surface characteristics of either layer , surface treatment
given to existing layer, temperature and moisture variation in the layers. Therefore, it
is required to analyze the interlayer bonding between the existing asphalt layer and
cement concrete overlay. The main objective of this research is to investigate the
interface bonding condition between the concrete overlay and existing distressed
asphalt layer by considering surface characteristics of existing asphalt layer and by
giving various surface treatments to existing asphalt layer. Shear test is carried out by
fabricating required set up to quantify the interlayer interface bond strength and to
examine the strain energy stored in various types of composite samples of different
surface treatment and surface characteristics.
PCC-AC composite cubes with grooves of varying depth, skid resistance and texture
depth were subjected to horizontal shear load in the presence of constant pre
compression vertical load in the shear test set up to determine the interface interlayer
bonding between two layers. The composite geometry models (PCC-AC) were
developed in the Solidworks Design modular software which was then analyzed in the
Ansys software to obtain interface shear strength.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CERTIFICATE
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
ABBREVIATION

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background 1
1.1.1 Types of white toping 1
1.1.2 Bond development 2
1.2 Feasibility of white toping 3
1.3 Benefits of white toping 3
1.4 Problem Statement 4
1.5 Important Factors Affecting the interface Bond Strength 4
1.6 Objectives 6
1.7 Summary of Findings 6
1.8 Literature Review 7

CHAPTER 2 THEORY AND CONCEPTS

2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 Edge and corner Stresses 15
CHAPTER 3 PROJECT METHODOLOGY
3.1 General 17
3.2 Outline of methodology 18
CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
4.1 Introduction 19
4.2 Material Used 19
4.3 Preparation of Specimens 23
4.3.1 Asphalt Layer 23
4.3.1.1 British Pendulum Tester 23
4.3.1.2 Sand Patch Method 23
4.3.1.3 Image Processing 26
4.3.2 Concrete Layer 30
4.3.2.1 Compressive Strength Test 31
4.4 Testing of Specimens 32
 4.5 Experimental Set up to measure interface Bond strength 33

CHAPTER 5 MODELLING AND ANALYSIS

5.1 Introduction 39
5.2 Modeling for Composite Specimens 39
5.3 Analysis for Composite Specimens 39
5.3.1 Engineering Data 40
5.3.2 Geometry 41
5.3.3 Model 42
5.3.4 Set up 42
5.3.5 Solution 44
5.3.6 Results 44

CHAPTER 6 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

6.1 Introduction 48
6.2 Results 48
CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK
7.1 Conclusion 68
7.2 Scope for Future Work 69
REFERENCES
ANNEXURE

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Description Page No.

1.1 White toping underlined with asphalt layer 2

1.2 Stress variation in bonded and unbonded layers 3

2.1 Variation of effect of stresses in bonded and unbonded 16

layers

3.1 Outline of methodology 19

4.1 Ordinary portland Cement 20

4.2 Coarse Aggregate 20

4.3 Fine Aggregate 21

4.4 Bitumen binder 21

4.5 Sand patch method 26

4.6 British pendulum tester 26

4.7 Imported image in imagej software 28

4.8 Scaling of sample 28

4.9 Grey scale imaging 29

4.10 Examining corase aggregate area 29

4.11 Composite specimens moulds 31

4.12 Grooved surface details 33

4.13 Composite specimens 34

4.14 Experimetal set up model in solidworks 35

4.15 Experimental set up with composite specimen 36

4.16 Drawing of experimental set up with composite specimens 36

4.17 Shear testing experimental set up 37

4.18 Strain gauge reading during testing 37

4.19 Cracks in tested sample at interface 38

4.20 Specimens tested at 0.5and 0.75Mpa normal pressure 38

4.21 Specimens tested at 1.0Mpa normal pressure 39

5.1 Composite Geometry 41

5.2 Details of Static structural 41

5.3 Details of Engineering data 42

5.4 Composite model geometry developed in Solidworks 42

design modular

5.5 Composite model in ansys 43

5.6 Fine meshing of model 43

5.7 Boundary condition with horizontal load and normal 44
pressure

5.8 Total deformation at interface for solution-1 45

5.9 Shear strength at interface for solution-1 45

5.10 Total deformation at interface for solution-2 46

5.11 Shear strength at interface for solution-2 46

5.12 Total deformation at interface for solution-3 47

5.13 Shear strength at interface for solution-3 47

5.14 Total deformation at interface for solution-4 48

5.15 Shear strength at interface for solution-4 48

6.1 Area under load deformation curve 50

6.2 Plot of shear strength vs. Normal pressure for BC 52

6.3 Plot of load Vs. Deformation with various Normal 53

Pressure for BC

6.4 Plot of load Vs. Deformation with trend line for 0P 54

Normal pressure

6.5 Plot of load Vs. Deformation with trend line for 0.5P 54
Normal pressure

6.6 Plot of load Vs. Deformation with trend line for 0.75P 55
Normal pressure
6.7 Plot of load Vs. Deformation with trend line for 1.0P 55
Normal pressure
6.8 Plot of load Vs. Deformation with various Normal Pressure 59
for SMA
6.9 Plot of load Vs. Deoformation with trend line for 0 Normal 60
Pressure
6.10 Plot of load Vs. Deoformation with trend line for 0.5 60
Normal Pressure
6.11 Plot of load Vs. Deoformation with trend line for 0.75 61
Normal Pressure
 6.12 Plot of load Vs. Deoformation with trend line for 1.0 61
Normal Pressure
6.13 Plot of Shear Strength Vs. Normal Pressure for SMA 62
6.14 Plot of Shear Strength Vs. groove depth for BC 65
6.15 Plot of Strain Energy stored Vs. Normal pressure for BC 68
6.16 Plot of Strain Energy stored Vs. Normal pressure for SMA 68

LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Description Page No.

4.2 Adopted gradation for BC 22

4.3 Physical properties of coarse aggregate 22

4.4 Adopted gradation for SMA 23

4.5 Physical properties of VG30 bitumen binder and cement 23

4.6 Skid resistance test by British pendulum tester for BC 25

4.7 Skid resistance test by British pendulum tester for SMA 25

4.8 Texture depth results by sand patch method for BC 26

4.9 Texture depth results by sand patch method for SMA 27

4.10 Surface area covered by coarse aggregate 30

4.11 Surface area covered by coarse, fines and binder 31

4.12 Mix design of concrete 32

4.13 Compressive strength of composite specimen before testing 32

4.14 Compressive strength of composite specimen after testing 33

4.15 Grove dimension details 34

6.1 Shear strength for BC with normal pressure=0Mpa 50

6.2 Shear strength for BC with normal pressure=0.5Mpa 51

6.3 Shear strength for BC with normal pressure=0.75Mpa 51

6.4 Shear strength for BC with normal pressure=1.0Mpa 52

6.5 Load Vs. Deformation with various Normal Pressure for 53

BC
6.6 Percentage Error between theoretical and Practical 56
deformation
6.7 Shear strength for BC Specimens with surface area covered 56
by various percentage of coarse, fines and binder
6.8 Shear strength for SMA for normal pressure=0Mpa 57

6.9 Shear strength for SMA for normal pressure=0.5Mpa 57

6.10 Shear strength for SMA for normal pressure=0.75Mpa 58

6.11 Shear strength for SMA for normal pressure=1.0Mpa 58

6.12 Load Vs. Deformation with various Normal Pressure for 59

SMA
6.13 Percentage Error between theoretical and Practical 61
deformation
6.14 Shear strength for BC Specimens with surface area covered 63
by various percentage of coarse, fines and binder
6.15 Shear strength for BC layer with 0.2cm Groove depth 63

6.16 Shear strength for BC layer with 0.4cm Groove depth 64

6.17 Shear strength for BC layer with 0.6cm Groove depth 65

6.18 Strain Energy stored in different composite specimens 66

 ABBREVIATIONS
Sl. no Symbol Description
1 WT White Toping
2 UTWT Ultra Thin White toping
3 PCC Portland Cement Concrete
4 HMA Hot Mix Asphalt
5 AC Asphaltic Concrete
6 UB Un-Bonded
7 B Bonded
8 FEA Finite Element Analysis
9 FEM Finite Element Modeling
10 SS Slow Setting emulsion
11 RC Rapid Curing
12 MC Medium Curing
13 CRS Cationic Rapid Setting
14 AASHTO The American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials
15 CCM Continuous Construction Method
16 ALDOT Alabama Department of Transportation
17 CSS Cationic Slow Setting
18 PG Paving Grade
19 DBM Dense Bituminous Concrete
20 BC Bituminous Concrete
21 SMA Stone Matrix Asphalt
22 OGFC Open Graded Friction Course
23 ASTM American Standard Testing Materials
24 BCO Bonded concrete overlay
25 APT Accelerated Pavement Testing
26 WC Wearing Course
27 BPT British Pendulum Tester
28 OPC Ordinary Portland Cement
29 MORTH Ministry Of Road Transport and Highway
30 IRC Indian Road Congress
31 IS Indian Standard
32 VG Viscosity Grade
33 CA Coarse Aggregate
34 FA Fine Aggregate
35 Mpa Mega Pascal
36 N Newton
37 PRR Proving Ring Reading
38 SES Strain energy stored