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05-1 N T4 Hydraulic Section Rev1
05-1 N T4 Hydraulic Section Rev1
05-1 N T4 Hydraulic Section Rev1
Hydraulic System
LS Spool Operation.................................................................................................................... 30
Two stage Relief Valve (580N with pilot control backhoe) ...................................................... 59
Inlet Section with Open Center Flow Control Valve Operation ................................................ 84
Adjustable circuit relief / Anti Cavitation Valve (SX14 Classic Sections) .................................. 90
Pilot Manifold............................................................................................................................ 92
There are a number of differences between the hydraulic systems of the four different models
of the Case N series loader backhoe.
• The 580N uses a single section gear pump with a steering priority spool in the pump end
housing. It can have either mechanical or pilot operated backhoe controls, and all hydraulic
configurations of this model are considered open center hydraulic systems.
• The 580SN, 580SNWT, and 590SN models use a variable volume axial piston pump. A
steering priority spool is located in the inlet section of the loader valve. These models are
available with mechanical or pilot operated backhoe controls. Machines with mechanical
backhoe controls use open center, monoblock casting loader and backhoe valves, while
machines with pilot backhoe controls use closed center, sectional loader and backhoe
valves.
• A new Power Lift feature is available on 580SN, 580SNWT, and 590SN models which uses
increased hydraulic system pressures to enhance backhoe performance. This feature is
optional on 580SN with mechanical backhoe controls, and standard on all other
configurations within these 3 models.
• The variable volume axial piston pump used on the 580SN, 580SNWT, and 590SN models
incorporates a feature called Torque Control. Torque Control cuts back the hydraulic pump
flow output at higher pressures in order to manage the horsepower requirements of the
hydraulic system at optimum levels for the engine capacity. Torque Control has two modes,
loader or backhoe, as the horsepower requirements of the engine are higher when using
the loader due to the additional drivetrain loads.
Based on the answers to these questions, the technician can determine what type of hydraulic
system the machine uses. There are a total of five distinctly different hydraulic systems which
are used, depending on the model and configuration:
• 580SN, 580SNWT, and 590SN with mechanical backhoe controls and Power Lift
• 580SN, 580SNWT, and 590SN with pilot backhoe controls and Power Lift
The chart on the following page will provide guidance how a machine can be equipped, which
components are on the machine, where pressures are measured, and main system pressure
specifications.
A general system overview will be given for each of these five hydraulic systems, with a detailed
look at each component and how it works given in subsequent sections.
Hydraulic system pressure is controlled and adjusted at two relief valves, a two stage relief
valve located at the inlet of the loader valve which controls pressure for the loader functions,
and an LS relief valve in the inlet section of the backhoe valve which controls pressure for the
backhoe functions. During backhoe operations, the two stage loader relief valve gets overset
by a pressure signal downstream from the loader valve. The combined action of the LS relief
and flow control valve acts as the main relief valve protecting the hydraulic system during
backhoe operations. Both relief valves are set to a system pressure of 3300 +/- 50 psi (228 +/-
3.5 bar).
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11
A variable volume piston pump supplies hydraulic oil flow to the loader valve, and the pump
swash plate is at a fully stroked (full flow) position upon startup and with the hydraulic controls
in neutral. A priority spool in the inlet section of the loader valve ensures that the steering and
coupler valve (if equipped) have oil flow before all other functions. Oil exits from the priority
spool and flows through the open center monoblock loader valve. If the loader functions are
not being used, the oil flows through the open center hammer valve (if equipped), then to the
inlet of the open center monoblock mechanical backhoe valve for backhoe operations. If the
backhoe functions are not being used then oil flows through the open center backhoe valve to
the hydraulic filter, the oil cooler, and then returns to the suction side of the pump.
The variable volume piston pump remains on stroke at all pressures below 3450 psi (238 bar).
Hydraulic system pressure control and adjustment is achieved with the high pressure cut off
(HPCO) spool at the rear of the variable volume piston pump by destroking the hydraulic pump
when 3450psi (238 bar) is achieved.
The spike clipper, located at the inlet of the loader valve, serves two purposes:
• It is used as a safety valve to relieve hydraulic pump flow in the event of a pump control
malfunction where the pump cannot fully destroke.
• Because the action of pump destroking takes time to complete, momentary pressure
spikes can be normally generated in the system. The spike clipper will alleviate those
momentary pressure spikes.
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Pressure control and adjustment is now achieved with two relief valves in the Power lift valve.
A main relief valve is for normal system pressure, and a Power Lift relief valve for when Power
lift is activated.
• Normal operating pressure for all machines is 3450 +/- 50 psi (238 +/- 3.5 bar).
• 580SN, 590SN Power Lift Pressure is 3625 +/- 50 psi (250 +/- 3.5 bar)
• 580SN WT Power Lift Pressure is 3780 +/- 50 psi (261 +/- 3.5 bar)
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A priority spool for steering (and coupler valve, if equipped) is in the inlet section of the loader
valve.
A spike clipper is in the inlet section of the backhoe control valve, and its function is the same
as described previously in the mechanical control backhoe system.
With all of the functions in a neutral position, the pump will be destroked at the LS
compensator spring pressure of 290 psi (20 bar). When a hydraulic function is activated, an LS
signal originating from the control valve working section is sent to the power lift valve and on to
the LS compensator of the pump to cause the pump to come on stroke and generate flow in the
system. The flow capacity of the pump will be adjusted by the swash plate position based on
the 290 psi pressure differential (margin pressure) between pump output and LS pressure as
the flow travels across the working valve section spool and compensator.
Pressure can build until the LS relief valve setting is reached. There are two LS relief valves in
the system, a main relief to control normal system pressures, and a Power Lift relief valve is
used when the Power Lift feature is activated. When the LS relief setting is reached, the pump
will destroke.
A detailed look at the Power Lift valve operation is covered in subsequent sections of this
manual.
System pressure control and adjustment is achieved at the power lift valve located at the rear
of the hydraulic pump.
• Normal operating pressure for all machines is 3450 +/- 50 psi (238 +/- 3.5 bar).
• 580SN, 590SN Power Lift Pressure is 3625 +/- 50 psi (250 +/- 3.5 bar)
• 580SN WT Power Lift Pressure is 3780 +/- 50 psi (261 +/- 3.5 bar)
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Common Components
All models and configurations of the N-Series loader backhoe share some common hydraulic
components. Common components are:
The reservoir breather is at the rear of the hydraulic reservoir under the loader hydraulic tube
lines. This breather regulates the internal reservoir pressure to a slight pressure of 0.6 – 0.8 bar
(9 to 11 psi). This small positive pressure helps supply oil into the pump inlet and prevent
cavitation. There is a vacuum check valve that opens at 2 to 3 inches Hg ( –1 to –1.5 psi) to
protect the reservoir.
The battery compartment is located inside the cover on the outside of the hydraulic oil
reservoir. There can be one battery (standard) or two batteries (cold weather starting option)
inside the battery compartment.
Battery
compartment Fluid level
sight gauge
cover
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From the center area of the filter base, the oil flows unrestricted to the hydraulic oil cooler,
mounted in front of the radiator. If the oil cooler will not accept the full system flow, the oil can
flow directly back to the reservoir by forcing open the cooler bypass valve located in the filter
base. This valve opens at 70 psi pressure differential to protect the oil cooler. The oil that flows
through the oil cooler returns directly to the tank at the hydraulic pump inlet port, supplying
the pump with the coolest and cleanest oil possible.
Note that the filter is a new design and style for the N series as compared with the previous
Case backhoes, and the filter elements are not interchangeable.
50 psi filter
bypass valve
Inlet port
Inlet port
70 psi cooler
bypass valve
Spin on filter
element
19
When the oil is cold the thick oil viscosity may create enough pressure differential in the filter
to activate this filter restriction switch. The hydraulic filter restriction indicator light on the
instrument cluster may remain on until the oil warms up. If the filter restriction light does not
turn off when the oil warms up, then the filter may need changing.
20
LS port (from
steering valve)
Suction port
(not shown)
CF port (to
steering) EF port (to
loader valve)
Priority spool is
under the plug at
this location
21
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23
The variable volume axial piston pump uses a swash plate to control output flow. The swash
plate is spring loaded to the full flow position with the on-stroke piston and can be destroked
to a minimum flow position by the hydraulically controlled destroking piston. There is no
minimum displacement stop, so the pump is capable of destroking to zero flow position.
24
Pump
output port Case drain
port
Pump suction
port
Torque Control
Torque Control Tubes, DO NOT
Mode Selector LIFT USING
Solenoid THE TUBES AS
A HANDLE
25
The destroking piston hydraulic pressure is controlled by two spools at the rear of the hydraulic
pump.
• The spool toward the front of the pump is the high pressure cut off (HPCO) compensator
(machines without power lift) or the load sense (LS) compensator (machines with power
lift).
• The spool toward the rear of the pump is the Torque Control compensator (all models).
HPCO or LS
compensator.
Torque Control
compensator,
do NOT adjust.
26
On stroke
piston
LS compensator
Destroking
Piston
Torque Control
Restriction
compensator
simulating
control valve
operation.
27
28
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Why is Torque Control needed? On the N-Series loader backhoes, the hydraulic system
operating pressures have increased from M Series 3 but the flow has not changed. This would
mean the hydraulic system requires more power input to operate. Since the N series uses
exactly the same Tier 3 NEF engines as the M series 3 and the available power was not
increased, the power input requirements of the hydraulic system must to be limited. Cutting
back the pump output flow at higher pressures achieves this requirement.
Torque Control is active at all times, but has two modes of operation.
• Backhoe mode - For backhoe operation the full engine power available is needed to give
the maximum backhoe productivity possible. The torque control is set to a higher
power level.
• Loader mode - When using the loader the hydraulic system must “share” power with
the drivetrain. The torque control is shifted to a lower power level so the machine is not
overloaded.
These two modes of operation are switched by an electrically activated solenoid located at the
rear of the hydraulic pump.
The “default” mode for the torque control system is the backhoe, or higher power level, mode.
A variable relief valve is externally attached to the pump at the location of the axis of the swash
plate. This relief valve is attached to the swash plate pivot shaft, and swash plate shaft
increases and decreases the tension on the relief valve springs as it rotates through its angle of
motion of the swash plate. This action varies the relief valve setting based on pump flow rate
(swash plate angle).
• Higher swashplate angle = higher displacement = lower TC relief valve pressure setting.
• Lower swashplate angle = lower displacement = higher TC relief valve pressure setting.
The TC compensator is located at the rear of the pump, and its spool is balancing pump output
pressure on one side of the spool with spring pressure (245-275 psi / 17-19 bar) + TC relief
pressure on the opposite side of the spool.
32
Torque Control
Variable Relief
Valve.
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34
35
36
Torque Control function can be quickly eliminated for troubleshooting by simply removing the
external hydraulic tube line on the pump that runs from the Torque Control compensator to the
Torque Control variable relief valve and capping the ports. Torque Control will not be
functional with this tub line removed, and the pump will operate as if Torque Control were not
there.
A detailed step by step guide to performing Torque Control testing and adjustment is included
in the “Pump Setting Procedure” document at the end of this training manual section.
• Torque Control compensator spool margin (spring) setting: 245 - 275 psi (17 - 19 bar).
580SN / 580SNWT variable relief valve set points (in loader mode) @ 2000rpm:
The relief valve set points in backhoe mode are not recorded. The design is that when the
loader mode is set correctly, the backhoe mode will automatically be correct.
The graphs on the following pages show the torque control flow curves of the hydraulic pumps
as the pump was tested on a flow bench. Note these flow readings are a bit higher than will be
seen on a machine due to internal leakage of the rest of the hydraulic system.
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Cold Start
Solenoid Valve
Cold Start
Solenoid Valve
42
A Power Lift valve is mounted to a bracket on the rear of the hydraulic pump. There are 4
different Power Lift valve part numbers available, depending on machine model and control
type. To ensure easy identification, the machine model and type is engraved into the Power Lift
valve body.
The Power Lift valve contains two relief valves, a normal relief valve and a higher pressure
Power Lift relief valve, and an electrically controlled solenoid which switches the relief valve
operation.
Power Lift valve operation in controlling pressure varies slightly on whether the machine has a
mechanical or pilot controlled backhoe:
• On mechanical controlled backhoe (open center hydraulic system) the pump output
is directly sent directly to the Power Lift valve “LS in” port, flows across a small
orifice, and then goes directly to the LS compensator on the variable volume piston
pump via the “LS out” port.
• On pilot controlled backhoe (closed center hydraulic system) the LS signal from the
loader and backhoe valves is sent to the Power Lift valve “LS in” port, flows across a
large orifice, and then goes directly to the LS compensator on the variable volume
piston pump via the “LS out” port. The LS drain cartridge is also incorporated into
the Power Lift valve.
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44
DO NOT
ADJUST!
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Because the Power Lift relief valve is ALWAYS present in the circuit, regardless of the solenoid
valve position, it is important to set the higher pressure Power Lift relief valve BEFORE setting
the normal relief valve. Failure to adjust the relief valves in this order may result in an inability
to adjust the normal relief pressure setting correctly.
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This LS pressure signal is sent to the pressure relief valves and to the LS compensator spool of
the pump. The system will build pressure until the pump output pressure at the left side of the
LS spool is 290 psi (20 bar) higher than the LS signal pressure, then the LS spool will overcome
the spring tension, shift to the right, send pump output pressure to the destroking piston, and
reduce pump flow.
With all hydraulic functions in a neutral position, minimal LS pressure (approximately 100psi) is
present, so the pump will build to 290psi (20 bar) above the LS pressure, the LS spool will shift
to the right, and the pump will destroke. The pump will remain on stroke slightly to maintain
the pump margin pressure above the LS pressure, accounting for system internal leakage
When a function is activated, LS pressure from the sectional compensator of the work valve
section is sent to the Power Lift valve, the relief valves, and the LS compensator spool. With the
LS pressure at the right side of the LS spool, the spool will shift to the left, the destroking piston
pressure will vent to tank, and the swash plate will come “on stroke” to provide hydraulic flow.
Because the LS pressure signal is connected to the work port of the function which is actuated,
the pump will always modulate the swash plate and thus pump flow output to maintain an
output pressure 290psi above the LS pressure. This 290psi pressure drop takes place across the
work spool and/or sectional compensator valve of the working section Thus the pump will only
provide the flow and pressure required to do the work based on maintaining this 290 psi
pressure differential. When a cylinder reaches the end of travel, or a heavy load is encountered,
LS pressure will continue to rise until the one of the Power Lift relief valves open, and the pump
output pressure will then rise until the LS spool is shifted back to the right, again destroking the
pump. The pump will remain at a flow position required to maintain the output pressure
290psi above the LS pressure signal.
An LS drain is also incorporated into the Power Lift valve. The LS drain is a 0.7 liter/min “leak”
designed into the LS circuit, and allows the LS signal pressure to drain off quickly when a
hydraulic function is returned to neutral. If the “leak” is too small, the pump may hang on
50
Do NOT attempt to adjust the LS drain cartridge, even though it appears to be adjustable. If a
problem with the LS drain is suspected, then replace it with a new one.
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Attenuator hose
On all 580SN, 580SNWT, and 590SN, an attenuator hose is attached with a tee at the outlet of
the piston pump. This hose serves two purposes:
• The attenuator hose dampens harmonic noise from the pump due to a tuned hose
length and diameter design which cancels sound waves. When replacing this hose,
always ensure that an identical hose is used, and air should be bled from this hose if it is
disconnected for service.
• It provides a convenient place to attach a pressure gauge for hydraulic system testing. A
quick disconnect fitting is on all Tier 3 machines at the end of this hose.
Attenuator Hose
Hydraulic System
Pressure Test Port
52
Pump Output
Pressure Test
Port
Load Sense
Pressure Test
Port
53
A steering priority spool is at the inlet of the loader valve on 580SN, 580SNWT, and 590SN
models. An LS pressure signal from the steering (or coupler valve, if equipped) will shift the
priority spool to send oil flow out of the priority flow (labeled “PF”) port of the housing. The
model 580N does not have a priority spool bore in the casting.
1. Bucket Spool – mechanically operated three position, and has an electrically operated
magnetic detent for the Return To Dig feature. A 3625 psi (250 bar) circuit relief / anti
cavitation valve is included in each of the work ports.
2. Lift Spool – mechanically operated four position (fourth position is float), and has a
mechanical detent to hold the spool in the float position. An anti cavitation valve is
included in each of the work ports.
3. Clam Spool (optional) – pilot operated, three position. There is no provision for circuit
relief valves or anti cavitation valves in the work ports.
With the working spools in a neutral position, oil flows through the open center passages of the
valve and exits out of the power beyond (labeled “PB”) port where the oil flows on to the rest
of the hydraulic system. When one of the working spools are moved, the open center flow is
blocked, and oil is routed across a load check valve to the work port of the function. Since the
bucket spool is the first spool in the series of oil flow, the lift spool will not receive any oil if the
bucket spool is fully stroked. However, if the optional clam spool is present, a parallel passage
will allow use of the clam function simultaneously with the bucket or loader lift. The work port
“A” ports are the side closest to the spool clevis attachment end, with the opposing side being
the “B” port. Return oil from the work functions flows out through the tank (labeled “T”) port
and goes directly to the filter, oil cooler, and the hydraulic reservoir.
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Bucket Spool
55
Priority Spool
Pressure
In Port
Tank
Port
Load Sense Port
(for priority spool)
Float (Mechanical)
Detent
Return to Dig Solenoid
(Magnetic Detent)
56
Parallel passage
(to clam spool)
57
If a function is activated and the pressure in the work port is greater than the pressure in the
open center core of the valve (for example, if the work cylinder is overloaded, or engine is not
running), then the load check valve prevents the oil from back-flowing through the valve and
lowering the load. A faulty or leaking load check valve is often seen as a momentary drop in the
load when opening a spool to perform a function.
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59
In the lift circuit where the loader is lowered quickly, especially at low engine rpm, gravity can
cause the cylinder to move faster than the pump can supply oil flow, causing a vacuum. When
the pressure of the oil in the circuit is less than the pressure in the tank passage, the poppet in
the anti cavitation check valve will open to allow the oil in the tank passage to flow into the
circuit to keep the circuit full, and prevent cavitation (vacuum bubbles in the oil) from occuring.
Evidence of hydraulic cavitation is spongy or springy cylinder movement and a pause or delay in
cylinder movement when activated.
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The order of the control valve spools from left to right (as seated in the backhoe position) is as
follows:
1. Swing spool – contains a restricted orifice at the spool inlet passage to slow down the
speed of the swing function. Two non adjustable 3000 psi (207 bar) circuit relief / anti
cavitation valves are used in the work ports. An externally located swing dampening
valve is for the swing function to provide increased operating smoothness.
2. Boom spool – contains a regeneration spool inside of the main boom spool to provide
additional oil for the boom cylinder during full speed boom lowering and prevent
cylinder cavitation. A non adjustable 3335 psi (230 bar) circuit relief / anti cavitation
valve is in the boom down (A) work port, and a non adjustable 4930 psi (340 bar) circuit
relief valve is in the boom up (B) work port. A low-leak check valve is also contained in
the boom up (B) work port to limit leak down of the boom.
3. Left stabilizer spool – no load check valves or circuit relief / anti cavitation valves are
used for this function. The work ports exit the opposite side of the valve from all other
functions.
4. Right stabilizer spool – no load check valve or circuit relief / anti cavitation valves are
used for this function. The work ports exit the opposite side of the valve from all other
functions.
5. Dipper spool – Two non adjustable 4100 psi (283 bar) circuit relief / anti cavitation
valves are contained in the work ports.
6. Bucket spool - A non adjustable 4290 psi (296 bar) circuit relief / anti cavitation valve is
in the bucket dump (A) work port, and a non adjustable 4100 psi (283 bar) circuit relief /
anti cavitation valve is in the bucket curl (B) work port.
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8. The additional separate section for the bi-directional auxiliary function contains two
adjustable circuit relief / anti cavitation valves in the work ports, which are initially set
to 3190 psi (220 bar). The technician can adjust these circuit relief valves as required for
the auxiliary attachment being used. A spool lock solenoid is used on the bidirectional
auxiliary spool to prevent inadvertent operation when using the uni-directional auxiliary
hydraulics.
Hydraulic flow enters the valve at the inlet port, and with all controls in neutral, the oil travels
through the open center valve spools and exits the valve at the outlet port. When a spool is
actuated, the open center flow is blocked, forcing the oil flow across the load check valve, and
into the work port of the actuated function. Return oil flow from the cylinder is directed
through the spool to the outlet port. An inlet parallel passage ensures flow sharing for all
functions in the monoblock casting, so multi-functioning by the operator can be accomplished.
Note that in this system, the function with the lowest pressure demand will have the priority
for the oil flow, and the operator must manually meter the control valve spools to share the
flow between functions. The optional bi-directional auxiliary section is not connected to the
parallel passage, so oil flow is not available to this section when other backhoe functions are
being used and the open center passage is blocked.
63
Inlet port
Spool
LH Stabilizer RH Stabilizer lock
“A” port “B” port Outlet port solenoid
LH Stabilizer RH Stabilizer
“B” port “A” port
64
Load
check
valve
Extendahoe
“B” port
Dipper Boom Swing
Bucket “B” port “B” port “B” port
Bi-directional
auxiliary adjustable “B” port
“B” port circuit Boom low
relief leak check
valve
65
Regeneration valve
Swing spool
Boom spool
LH Stab spool
RH Stab spool
Dipper spool
Bucket spool
Extendahoe spool
Bi-directional
auxiliary spool
66
Boom spool
Regeneration Bi-directional
valve Inlet port Boom spool Outlet port auxiliary spool
67
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The valve is composed of an inlet section and two work sections, with an additional third work
section being added if the optional loader clam control is installed:
1. Closed center inlet section containing a priority spool for dynamic load sensing (DLS)
steering (and hydraulic coupler valve, if equipped).
2. Loader lift section is manually actuated, has a four position spool (additional float
position) with a mechanical detent, and an anti cavitation valve in each work port. A
sectional compensator provides flow sharing and load sensing capabilities, and
incorporates the load check valve into its design.
3. Loader bucket section is manually actuated, has a three position spool with a magnetic
detent for the return to dig (RTD) feature, and a 3625 psi (250 bar) circuit relief / anti
cavitation valve in each work port. A sectional compensator provides flow sharing and
load sensing capabilities, and incorporates the load check valve into its design.
4. Loader clam section is pilot actuated, has a three position spool, and contains no circuit
relief valves or anti cavitation valves (a core plug is installed in their place). A sectional
compensator provides flow sharing and load sensing capabilities, and incorporates the
load check valve into its design.
The work “A” ports are toward the clevis end of the spool, and the “B” ports are on the
opposing side.
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Clam sectional
compensator /
load check valve
Bucket
Priority
“B” port
flow port
(to steering)
Inlet port
Bucket “B”
port circuit Magnetic
detent for Lift “B” port Priority spool
relief / anti
cav valve bucket spool anti cav valve
DLS port not
visible, adjacent
to priority spool
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LS pressure
(isolated
from DLS
pressure by
check valve
D port to
steering
Pressure In
Pressure to
rest of valve
Priority Spool
DLS pressure
(from steering)
and spring
72
LS pressure
(isolated
from DLS
pressure by
check valve
D port to
steering
Pressure In
Pressure to
rest of valve
Priority Spool
DLS pressure
(from steering)
and spring
73
Core plugs
blocking tank
passage from
LS passage
Pressure to
valve work
LS pressure port
sections
DLS isolation
check valve Return
(tank)
passage
DLS pressure port
74
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Blocking
core plug
Tank (Return)
port
“B” work
port
Pressure
In Port
Sectional
Compensator Load Check
Valve
“A” work
Main Control
port
Spool
76
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The valve is composed of an inlet section and six work sections, with an additional seventh and
eight work section being added if the optional extendahoe and bi-directional auxiliary is
installed. All work sections contain pilot operated, three position spools, and a sectional
compensator (except the stabilizer sections) provides flow sharing and load sensing capabilities.
The A ports are located toward the top of the valve, and the B ports are toward the bottom of
the valve assembly, as it is installed in the machine. The order of installation of the valve
sections is as follows, from left to right (as seated in the backhoe position):
1. The inlet section can be two configurations, depending on whether the valve is installed
in a 580N (gear pump) or 580SN, 580SNWT, and 590SN (piston pump). The 580N uses
an open center inlet flow control valve, and the LS relief and LS drain cartridge are also
in this inlet section. The 580SN, 580SNWT, or 590SN use a closed center inlet with a
spike clipper and flushing valve, but the LS relief and drain cartridge locations are
plugged off with core plugs.
2. The swing section is an SX14 “Classic” section and contains two adjustable 2975 psi (205
bar) circuit relief / anti cavitation valves.
3. The boom section is an SX14 “S slice” section and contains two non adjustable circuit
relief / anti cavitation valves. The “A” port circuit relief setting is 4930 psi (340 bar), and
the “B” port circuit relief setting is 3340 psi (230 bar). The boom spool incorporates a
regeneration spool inside of the main spool to help prevent boom cylinder cavitation in
high speed boom down operation.
4. The LH stabilizer section is a special SX14 “S slice” section and contains no circuit relief
or anti cavitation valves, and has no provision for them.
5. The RH stabilizer section is a special SX14 “S slice” section and contains no circuit relief
or anti cavitation valves, and has no provision for them.
6. The dipper section is an SX14 “S slice” section and contains two non adjustable circuit
relief / anti cavitation valves. The “A” and “B” port circuit relief setting is 4100 psi (283
bar).
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8. The extendahoe section is an SX14 “S slice” section and contains no circuit relief or anti
cav valves, and core plugs are installed in their place to block the passages.
9. The bi-directional auxiliary section is an SX14 “Classic” section and contains two
adjustable 3190 psi (220 bar) circuit relief / anti cav valves .
LS
port
81
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The flow control valve has a 275 psi (19 bar) spring, and the valve spool is balancing pump
output pressure on one side and LS pressure on the other side of the spool. When no LS
pressure is present, pump output pressure will build to 275 psi and the flow control valve will
open, allowing the full hydraulic flow to go back to the reservoir through the tank port. When a
function is actuated, LS pressure is sent to the flow control spool, and the LS pressure combined
with spring pressure closes the flow control valve. Pressure will continue to build until the LS
relief valve opens, limiting the LS pressure. The pump output pressure will continue to rise an
additional 275 psi, then the flow control valve will open allowing the pump output to flow out
of the tank port.
The LS drain is a 0.7 liter/min “leak” designed into the LS circuit, and allows the LS signal
pressure to drain off quickly when a hydraulic function is returned to neutral. If the “leak” is
too small, the pump may hang on pressure when a function is returned to neutral, but if the
“leak” is too large, then the backhoe may be weak or unresponsive. In cases of slow or weak
backhoe function, a faulty or sticking LS drain or relief is the most likely cause of trouble.
Note also that the T1 return from the LS relief and drain valve is separated from the main
return oil exiting the T port. The T1 return must go directly to the hydraulic reservoir with no
blockage, or the LS relief and drain would fail to function and hydraulic pressures could go
extremely high.
84
LS drain valve
LS drain valve
T1 tank
port
T tank
port
P2 pressure
LS port in port
85
The flushing valve places a slight load on the pump when in a destroked, low rpm condition. In
development it was found that the load on the pump was so light, that the input shaft splines
would make noise, and this valve is necessary to create a slight hydraulic load to prevent this
condition. It circulates about 35 liter/min back to tank with all controls in neutral, and this will
also help with hydraulic system warm up and anti-cavitation valve performance. Note that the
flushing valve does make a slight hissing noise when open, and clicks each time it closes.
The flushing valve is located inside the spike clipper spool in the backhoe valve inlet section.
Note that the spool has pump output pressure on one side of the piston, and LS pressure on the
other side. When no LS pressure is present, the flushing valve spool opens and allows some oil
to flow back to tank. Due to the differential area of the flushing valve piston, as soon as a
hydraulic function is activated and LS pressure builds to around 360 psi (25 bar), the flushing
valve piston shifts to the closed position, cutting off the flow to tank, and ensuring full hydraulic
flow is available to the hydraulic functions.
Flushing Valve
Spike Clipper
86
Tank (Return)
Circuit Relief / port
Anti cav valve
Main Control
“A” work
port Spool
Sectional
Compensator
“B” Load
Check Valve
“B” work
port
Circuit Relief /
Anti cav valve
87
88
“A” Port
LS
isolation
Pressure In
check
valve
LS
passage
Load Check Valve
“B” Port
89
90
The swing, boom, dipper, and bucket functions are sent pilot pressure which is manually
metered by the two joysticks of the backhoe controls.
The stabilizers, extendahoe, and bi-directional aux functions are sent pilot pressure metered
from pulse width modulated (PWM) electric solenoids at the pilot control manifold.
91
Hydraulic oil enter the pilot manifold “P” port where it travels across the orifice, pressure
reducing valve and the check valve. Pilot pressure is reduced to 450 psi (31 bar) by the pressure
reducing valve. The check valve and accumulator maintain a consistent and steady pilot
pressure despite main system pressure fluctuations and also allow the pilot controls to be
actuated in the event that the engine dies or shuts down.
The accumulator and check valve can be tested by turning off the engine, returning the key to
the on position, enabling the pilot controls, and activating the joystick functions. The functions
should still operate the control valve spools for several cycles of joystick actuation. Note that
BEFORE servicing the pilot system, the stored pilot system pressure must be bled off by
performing this action.
There are several control solenoids on the pilot manifold including the joystick enable solenoid,
the pattern change solenoids, and the PWM function solenoids.
Note that pilot pressure is present at the four stabilizer PWM solenoids even with the joystick
enable solenoid off. When the joystick enable solenoid is engaged, pilot pressure is then sent
to the joysticks and the extendahoe and bi-directional auxiliary PWM solenoids. The following
schematic is shown with the joystick enable solenoid energized.
The two pattern change solenoids engage simultaneously when the pattern is switched. If one
of the solenoids does not engage for some reason, then the pattern will be divided between the
two joysticks, with each joystick controlling one direction of the dipper and boom functions.
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93
94
95
When the pilot joystick is in neutral and the pilot enable switch enabled, the pilot supply oil is
available to the (P) Port of the valve. The return springs on the spools bring the joystick control
spools to the neutral position connecting all four of the control ports to the tank (T) port.
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97
98
99
The swing dampening valve, which is located between the backhoe control valve swing work
ports and the swing cylinders, meters oil from one side of the swing cylinder circuit to the other
when the control spool is returned to the neutral position to prevent the bouncing and harsh
stop of the hoe during swing operation.
In a standby mode or In an acceleration mode, the swing dampening valve main spool does not
shift, and fluid does not bypass. The pressure side is isolated from the return side of the
cylinders. Pressure is equal on both sides of the main spool assembly and the spool return
spring holds the spool closed.
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101
102
103
Customers may notice a small amount of swing drift, when traveling from job to job with the
machine. This does not always indicate a problem with the system. The movement of the
machine may cause the swing to drift to one side. Installing the swing lock pin when traveling
will resolve this issue.
Because some amount of swing drift may be normal, it is important to accurately test to
determine whether the observed drift exceeds normal leakage specifications.
With the machine setting on a flat surface, warm the hydraulic system up to operating
temperature. Extend the BOOM, DIPPER, and BUCKET horizontal to the ground. Using a
stabilizers, raise one side of the machine until the machine is leaned over as far as possible.
Make sure the boom is elevated off the ground to allow unrestricted movement, and shut the
machine off. Mark the swing cylinder rods so movement can be measures. Allow 10 minutes
to pass, then measure how far the swing cylinder rods moved during this time. Maximum
allowable drift spec is 0.75” of rod travel in 10 minutes when tested in the manner shown.
Center the backhoe and lower the machine back to the ground. Raise the other side up and
check the cylinder drift in the same manner.
If the measurement is more than 0.75" of rod travel in 10 minutes, bypass the swing dampening
valve and retest. If the swing drift is resolved without the swing dampening valve in the system,
then the swing dampening valve should be replaced or repaired.
Another test method is to center the backhoe swing and install the swing pin. With the engine
running at full RPM, hold the swing in one direction and check for hot spots at the swing circuit
relief valves, both swing cylinders and the swing dampening valve. Allow the machine to cool
down. Perform the same test as above, but holding the swing in the opposite direction.
A noticeable hot spot location indicates that the source of the leakage is directly adjacent inside
the component.
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Pressurized oil flows into the rod end of cylinder one and continues to the floating orifice in the
fitting of cylinder one, which shifts open, allowing unrestricted flow to enter the base end of
cylinder two through the combined cushion ports in the barrel. The return oil from the rod end
of cylinder two exhausts directly to the swing spool and back to tank. As the cylinders begin to
move, the return oil from the base end of cylinder one crosses the combined cushion orifices at
the base end port of the barrel and then encounters a restriction at the floating orifice in the
rod end fitting of cylinder two, slowing down the flow. This restriction in flow controls the
cylinder speeds, maintaining more consistent function speed as the cylinder geometry changes
while travelling through the arc of swing travel. As cylinder one is retracting and getting close
to the end of stroke, the flow out of the base end of that cylinder is greatly amplified due to the
geometry constraints. The orifice is sized to not do too much restricting during mid-travel
output flow from the base end, but to restrict and slow the swing some before it gets to the
cylinder cushion, acting as a “pre-cushion”. Removal of this floating orifice could lead to
premature failure of the swing cylinder. After crossing this restriction, the oil enters the rod
end of cylinder two, which is exhausted directly to tank through the control valve function
spool.
Cylinder 1
Cylinder 2
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As the piston continues to travel the edge of the piston and the cast iron piston ring will
gradually cover the larger ports (there are two adjacent large 6mm ports in the barrel) in the
barrel, forcing the flow to exit through the single smaller 2.25mm port, restricting the flow and
slowing down the swing function speed.
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The operator now switches direction to swing the hoe back toward the center. Cylinder one
begins to extend while the piston at the end of the travel with the cushion ports covered by the
piston, and the pressurized oil enters the base end port of the cylinder through the combined
cushion ports. The pressurized oil and the initial movement of the piston shifts over the cast
iron piston ring toward the base end, exposing two 4.8 mm ports behind the cast iron piston
ring. The cast iron piston ring effectively acts as a “check valve” controlling oil through these
two 4.8 mm ports. This allows relatively unrestricted flow to travel to the base end of the
barrel behind the piston, providing fast response and speed for the swing function during this
initial stage of movement when the cushion passages would normally restrict the flow.
Note that there are similar cushions contained in the boom, dipper, backhoe bucket, some
loader lift, and some loader dump cylinders. The only difference is the different size orifices
and number of drilled holes depending on the application.
107
Cylinder 1
Cylinder 2
108
When actuated, pressure is sent from the control valve work port to lock valve port V1, which
opens the check valve poppet and flows on to the hydraulic cylinder through port C1. Return
oil from the cylinder enters the lock valve at port C2, but is blocked by the check valve poppet.
Pressure in port V1, which is higher than the pressure in port V2, causes the spool to shift and
push open the check valve poppet in V2, allowing the oil from C2 to exit the lock valve via port
V2 and return to the control valve work port.
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• Uni-directional hydraulics only for using a hammer or other single direction flow
attachment
The bi-directional auxiliary hydraulics are not available by themselves. The operation of the bi-
directional auxiliary control valve section is covered in the portions of this training manual
pertaining to the backhoe control valve.
The uni-directional hydraulic (hammer) valve is a separate valve from the other valves in the
hydraulic system. There are two types and configurations of the hammer valve which are used.
• All machines with mechanical backhoe controls are an open center valve which is in
series with the open center flow between the loader and the backhoe valve.
• All machines with pilot backhoe controls are a closed center valve which is in parallel
flow with the backhoe control valve.
Both types of hammer valves use a six detent position flow control valve and adjustable circuit
pressure relief valve to control flow to the hammer circuit. The flow control valve is easily
adjusted by a cable routed to a knob between the cab and hydraulic tank next to the hydraulic
tank breather. The six flow settings are:
Note that on the 580N positions 4, 5, and 6 are the same , as the pump is not capable of higher
flow.
The pressure relief valve is adjustable and is preset to 1670 psi (115 bar). Adjustable range of
the pressure relief valve is 1520 – 3050 psi (105 – 210 bar).
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Oil enters the valve “P” port and encounters a priority spool which supplies priority flow to the
hammer valve “A” port. The priority spool is balancing A port pressure on one side of the spool
with spring pressure combined with an internal LS pressure on the other side. When the
solenoid is not energized, internal LS signal is vented to tank, and the spring holds the spool in a
position to send the open center flow to the B port which is connected to the inlet of the
backhoe valve.
When the solenoid energizes to run the hammer or other attachment, the LS pressure being
vented to tank is blocked, and the hydraulic pressure on both sides of the spool is equalized.
This causes the spring pressure to shift the spool back to the position to send all flow out of the
A port and to the hammer.
As flow is sent to the hammer the adjustable flow control will create a pressure drop based on
hydraulic flow, and this pressure drop is also working to create a pressure differential across
the two sides of the priority spool. The priority spool modulates, sending any excess flow not
needed by the hammer to be sent out of the B port.
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A gauge port (GP) is used to send an A port pressure signal to the dual auxiliary return valve
when a machine is equipped with the dual auxiliary option.
A port to
hammer
Guage Port
Tank (GP) on side
(return) (not visible)
port used on
machines
equipped with
Hammer dual auxiliairy
engagement option
Solenoid
Pressure In (P)
Flow control
port on bottom
adjustment
(not visible) from
loader valve
112
Operation of the closed center valve is very similar to the previous description of the open
center valve. However, in this case there is no B port, and the priority spool simply blocks flow
to the A port as commanded by the internal LS pressure signal. Another LS pressure signal from
the A port is sent out of the valve LS port with two possible destinations, depending on model:
• On 580N models, the LS pressure signal is sent to the inlet compensator of the backhoe
control valve. Any excess open center system flow not required by the hammer is sent
out of the inlet compensator at the backhoe control valve inlet section.
• On 580SN, 580SNWT, and 590SN models, the LS pressure signal is joined to the other
valve’s LS signals and sent to the piston pump controls, and system flow is controlled by
the piston pump.
This LS pressure signal is isolated from the rest of the system LS by a check valve to prevent LS
pressure signal leakage back into the hammer valve.
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114
Only two hoses go out to the dipper in the dual auxiliary system for both uni- and bi-directional
auxiliary functions.
• On machines equipped with mechanical backhoe controls, the switch sends power to
one of two components.
o In bi-directional auxiliary mode, the spool lock solenoid is energized, freeing the
bi-directional control spool to be used, and no power is sent to the hammer
switch.
• On machines equipped with pilot backhoe controls, the same buttons on the left
joystick control both the uni and bi-directional aux, depending on selector switch
position. Power from the selector switch is sent to the pilot electronic controller, which
uses that signal to determine whether to power the hammer valve solenoid, or the bi-
directional PWM solenoids based on the commands of the joystick buttons. More
information on the electrical side of the pilot control system is in the electrical section of
this training manual.
A 75 psi (5 bar) check valve is added hammer output hose to prevent pressure from the bi-
directional lines from back feeding into the hammer valve.
A dual auxiliary return valve is added to the tank return line. This valve is normally closed,
blocking return flow for bi-directional auxiliary operation. Anytime the hammer valve activates,
a pressure signal from the hammer valve GP port is sent to the dual aux return valve, shifting its
spool, and opening return flow to go directly back to the hydraulic return.
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Hydraulic
Return Filter
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Steering
The Case N series backhoes all use a dynamic load sensing orbital steering valve with a built in
hand pump. The 580SNWT and 590SN use a slightly larger capacity hand pump.
The dynamic load sense (DLS) circuit uses a small designed leak to keep a small amount of flow
constantly circulating. This constant flow improves steering response and helps ensure uniform
component temperature with the rest of the hydraulic system during periods of inactivity.
When steering is actuated, the DLS pressure signal is applied to the priority spool located at the
hydraulic pump (580N model) or loader valve inlet (580SN, 580SNWT, and 590SN models).
A 2465 psi (170 bar) LS relief valve is built into the assembly and is not adjustable or replaceable.
If a faulty steering LS relief valve is found, then the only option is to replace the steering unit
assembly.
The steering hand pump is rotated by the steering wheel and has two purposes:
• To meter the flow rate of oil to the steering cylinder as the steering wheel is rotated.
The steering unit is also a “modified load reaction” design where feedback from the steering
cylinder is “felt” in the steering wheel, providing better roading operation.
Load Sense
Port
Tank Port
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118
Due to the extremely fast steering response, Comfort Steer only works in the transmission 1st
or 2nd gear and is locked out when the transmission 3rd or 4th gear has been selected for
safety reasons. If the transmission is shifted to 3rd or 4th gear, then shifted back to 1st or 2nd,
the Comfort Steer switch must be re-enabled for the feature to again be operational.
The Comfort Steer system consists of a different steering unit from standard steering with 2
hand pump sections and a solenoid valve located adjacent to the hydraulic return filter which
sends a pilot pressure signal to the steering unit to engage comfort steer when the solenoid is
energized.
Hydraulic Pump
Comfort
Steering
Unit
Comfort Steer
Solenoid Valve
119
Input Shaft
Spline
Tank Port
In normal steering mode, only one hand pump section is in the circuit, so normal steering speed
is used. When the steering unit receives the pilot pressure signal from the Comfort Steer valve,
the internal spool shifts, which places two hand pump sections in parallel flow to the work port,
effectively doubling the work port output flow to the steering cylinder.
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The pilot pressure to actuate the clam spool comes from the Electro – Hydraulic (EH) clam valve
which is located adjacent to the loader control valve on the right side frame. The clam valve
contains a pressure reducing valve, a check valve, an accumulator, and two electrical PWM
solenoids which send a variable pressure signal to move the spool.
The accumulator and check valve can be tested by turning off the engine with the clam in the
open position, returning the key to the on position, and engaging the clam close switch. The
function should still operate for several cycles of switch actuation. Note that BEFORE servicing
the EH clam system, the stored pilot system pressure must be bled off by performing this action.
I Port to PWM
Pressure loader valve solenoid
Reducing Valve
K Port to Accumulator
loader valve
PWM
solenoid
P port
T port
121
When the electrical PWM signal is sent to the EH clam valve solenoid, the solenoid valve shifts
and sends pilot pressure oil to actuate the loader control valve clam spool and send oil pressure
to move the clam cylinders.
A lock valve is located on the clam bucket, and this pilot operated check valve locks the barrel
end of the clam cylinders to keep the clam from bleeding open and dropping a clamped load. A
pressure signal from the rod side hydraulic line opens the check valve and allows the oil from
the base end of the cylinders to return.
122
The coupler valve is installed on the inside of the LH frame. The coupler valve can be two styles,
a two solenoid valve for machines equipped with one hydraulic coupler (loader or backhoe), or
a three solenoid valve for machines equipped with both a loader and backhoe hydraulic coupler.
The three solenoid valve is shown below.
A 2750 psi (190 bar) LS pressure relief valve is in the coupler valve to limit LS pressure when the
coupler valve is activated
Loader “A”
LS port, on
Relief side of
Valve valve
123
To retract either of the coupler cylinders, the LS activate solenoid is energized to send the LS
pressure signal back to the priority spool to direct flow to the coupler valve, and one of the
coupler retract solenoids is also engaged to route the pressure to retract the cylinder pistons.
Because the coupler valve LS signal is in the same hydraulic circuit as the steering DLS, the
steering can be used to help diagnose problems if the coupler valve is not working to retract
the pins. If turning the steering at the while attempting to retract the coupler pins results in the
coupler pins retracting, then this would indicate that the LS activate solenoid is not working.
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To retract the bucket pins, oil enters port "A", pulling the pistons (2) back into the cylinder,
retracting the step pins, and releasing the bucket ears.
To extend the bucket pins, oil enters port B, pushing the pistons (2) outward, extending the
step pins into the bucket ears.
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126
Ride Control
Ride Control is an option that improves the
ride of the machine on rough terrain,
especially when roading with a load in the
loader bucket. Ride Control is selected by a
two position switch (standard Ride Control)
or three position switch (Auto Ride Control)
on the side console. See the VCM section fo
this training manual for more information
regarding Auto Ride Control operation.
The Ride Control system is composed of the ride control valve with 2 electric solenoid valves
and a large accumulator. These components are mounted to the right side of the frame
adjacent to the loader valve.
Tee Connections at
Loader Lift Tubes
Ride Control
Accumulator
Ride Control
Valve
Tank Connection
at Filter Head
127
Note that when Ride Control is turned on, there is NO loader down pressure, as the rod end of
the cylinders is connected directly back to tank.
To test the Ride Control operation, with the loader at mid height, turn on the ride control
switch. The loader arm should lower a couple of inches as the accumulator is filled. If the
loader arm does not move, then Ride Control valve accumulator solenoid is not engaging.
Next turn back off the Ride Control Switch and lower the loader to raise the front of the
machine off the ground slightly. Turn on the Ride Control switch. The loader arms should raise
and the machine lower to the ground. If the machine does not lower, then the Ride Control
valve tank solenoid is not engaging.
128