SERVICES – III ( HVAC )

Course code : 17AATC303

 Topics / Chapters Teaching No. of No. of No. of Questions
Hrs Questions in Questions in in Assignment
Minor I Minor II

Unit I

1.Mechanical Ventilation 4 1.00 --

2.Air conditioning 8 2.00 --

Unit II

3.Air conditioning load calculation 2 -- 1.00 1.00

4. Lifts 6 -- 1.00 1.00

5.Escalators 4 -- 1.00 1.00

Unit III

6. Fire safety 2 -- -- 1.00

7.Active fire protection 2 -- -- 1.00

COURSE STRUCTURE
INTRODUCTION

HVAC

H - Heating
V - Ventilation
AC – Air - Conditioning Mechanically Controlled

System to control the ambient environment

( Temperature, Humidity, Air flow & Air Filtering ) .
VENTILATION

Ventilation is the intentional introduction of

outdoor air into a space and is mainly used to
control indoor air quality by diluting and displacing
indoor pollutants; it can also be used for purposes
of thermal comfort or dehumidification.

Ventilation is necessary in buildings to remove ‘stale’

air and replace it with ‘fresh’ air:
• Helping to moderate internal temperatures.
• Helping to moderate internal humidity.
• Replenishing oxygen.
• Reducing the accumulation of moisture, odours,
bacteria, dust, carbon dioxide, smoke and other
contaminants that can build-up during occupied
periods.
• Creating air movement which improves
the comfort of occupants.

• Very broadly, ventilation in buildings can be

classified as ‘natural’ or ‘mechanical’.
VENTILATION TYPES

The intentional introduction of outdoor air can be categorized as either mechanical ventilation, or natural
ventilation.

Mechanical ventilation uses fans to drive the flow of

outdoor air into a building. This may be accomplished by pressurization (in
the case of positively pressurized buildings), or by depressurization (in the
case of exhaust ventilation systems). Many mechanically ventilated buildings
use a combination of both, with the ventilation being integrated into
the HVAC system. An ab anbar (water reservoir) with double
domes and windcatchers (openings near
the top of the towers) in the central
desert city of Naeen, Iran. Windcatchers
are a form of natural ventilation.[1]

Natural ventilation is the intentional passive

flow of outdoor air into a building through planned openings
(such as louvers, doors, and windows). Natural ventilation
does not require mechanical systems to move outdoor air, it
relies entirely on passive physical phenomena, such
as diffusion, wind pressure, or the stack effect.
MECHANIC AL VENTILATION

Mechanical ventilation
NATURAL VENTILATION

Mechanical ventilation
VENTILATION C ATEGORIES

Two categories of Natural Ventilation :

- Controlled Natural ventilation

Intentional displacement of air though specified openings such as windows, doors & ventilators by using
natural forces. Usually controlled to some extent by the occupants.

- Infiltration ( air leakage into a building )

Uncontrolled random flow of air through unintentional openings driven by wind, temperature-
difference pressure and/or appliance – induced pressures across the building envelope .
VENTILATION TYPES

Natural ( Passive ) Ventilation –

• Is the process of supplying and removing air through an indoor
space without using mechanical systems.
• It refers to the flow of external air to an indoor space.

Natural ventilation occurs in two ways :

1. Pressure differences
2. Temperature difference.

Pressure Differences
• Air moves from high pressure to low pressure. Speed of air
movement depends on the pressure differences.
Can Occur Through
a) Windows , b) Roof Openings c) Fixed Louvers

Temperature Differences
•Air movement caused by stack effect. This effect occurs when
there are air temperature differences within outside and inside .
•Hot air in the building will rise up and will be replaced with cold
air from outside.
V E N T I L AT I O N FACTORS

Factors that influence the air flow in the Building :

1) Orientation of the buildings

• Point the main opening / largest towards the wind direction.

• Wind that comes from the oblique direction (45 °) can increase the speed and provide more uniform distribution in the building
compared with vertical direction (90 °)
V E N T I L AT I O N FACTORS

2) Position of the openings 3) Location of the openings

• Openings must be able to provide adequate air to the body level (living
zone) at the height of + 1 m.
• If the opening on the wall are located at the top, the wind will flow
upward.
• If the opening are located at the lower part of the wall, the wind will flow
downward to floor .
 VENTILATION FACTORS

4) Opening size 5) Opening method

Wind flow in the space are affected by

cantilever device and sun shade awnings
COURTYARD EFFECT

To facilitate the moment of cool air

Parapet towards road side to into the house, parapets are not built
avoid outside heat towards living area
COURTYARD EFFECT

RADIATION TO SKY

LANDSCAPE OR WATER BODY

COURTYARD EFFECT
VARIOUR ALTERNATIVE TECHNIQUES

Window for
view
and jali
ventilation
used at
Multi-directional
windcatcher
amber fort

Double apertures
used for ensuring
ventilation
in shahjahanabad
houses
VARIOUR ALTERNATIVE TECHNIQUES

Column Courtyard Cooling System

Diwan E-khas, Red Fort, Delhi

NATURAL VENTILATION ADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES

• To minimize the external energy or

mechanical system.

• Implementation of natural ventilation

system - natural daylighting can be NO NO SPACE
MAINTENAN SAVINGS
CAPITAL
provided. CE
COST
• Thermal comfort can be acquired with
less economical budget .
NATURAL VENTILATION DISADVANTAGES

Quality internal No noise,

air depend on humidity and
external air temperature Depend on
control external wind
pressure

No control over Depend on

pollutants building form
WHY MECHANICAL VENTILATION WINS OVER
NATURAL VENTILATION

• The layout buildings does not help natural ventilation.

a) Spaces are too deep to be ventilated from the perimeter.

b) Air paths are being mitigated by the internal partitions.

• Highly dense areas will not have enough wind velocity to pump enough air flow into a
building.
• Natural ventilation absorbs any poor local air quality if present whereas mechanical
ventilation can filter these pollutants out.
• Mechanical ventilation will allow less noise pollution to enter the building via openings such
as windows.
• Mechanical ventilation increases security as the building unit can be more sealed.
 UNIT 1 - 1.MECHANIC AL VENTILATION

Mechanical Ventilation – is the process of "changing" or replacing air in any space to

provide high “ indoor air quality.”
Mechanical ventilation is used for applications where natural ventilation is not appropriate.

The importance of ventilation is to maintain air purity, i.e.

• Preservation of O2 content – this should be maintained at approximately 21% of air
volume .
• Removal of CO2
• Control of humidity – between 30 & 70% RH is acceptable for human comfort.
• Prevention of heat concentrations from machinery, lighting and people .
• Dispersal of concentrations of bacteria.
• Dilution and disposal of contaminants such as smoke, dust, gases and body odours.
• Provision of freshness .
• Creating air movement which improves the comfort of occupants.
UNIT 1 -

• BENEFITS OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION

• Better Indoor Air Quality - Indoor air can be many times more polluted than outdoor air, and the
average American spends 90 percent of the day inside. Ventilation systems can significantly improve a home’s
air quality by removing allergens, pollutants, and moisture that can cause health problems.

• More Control - When homes rely on air flow through walls, roofs, and windows for ventilation, there is
no control over the source or amount of air that comes into the house. In fact, air leaking into the house
may come from undesirable areas such as the garage, attic, or crawl space. Mechanical ventilation systems,
however, provide proper fresh air flow along with appropriate locations for intake and exhaust.

• Improved Comfort - Mechanical ventilation systems allow a constant flow of outside air into the home
and can also provide filtration, dehumidification, and conditioning of the incoming outside air.
UNIT 1 - MECHANIC AL VENTILATION TYPES

• NATURAL INLET & MECHANICAL EXTRACT :

This is the most common type of system and is used for kitchens, workshops, laboratories,
apartments, garages and assembly halls.

• The fan creates negative pressure on its inlet side, and this causes the air inside the
room to move towards the fan and the room air is displaced by the fresh air from outside
the room.
UNIT 1 - MECHANIC AL VENTILATION TYPES

• MECHANICAL INLET & NATURAL EXTRACT

•It is essential with this system that the air is heated before it is forced into the
building.
•The system may be used for boiler rooms, offices and certain types of factories.
•The air may be heated in a central plant and ducted to the various rooms, or a unit
fan convector may be used.
UNIT 1 - MECHANIC AL VENTILATION TYPES

• MECHANICAL INLET & NATURAL EXTRACT – OTHER OPTION

UNIT 1 - MECHANIC AL VENTILATION TYPES

• MECHANICAL INLET & EXTRACT

• This provides the best possible system of

ventilation.
• It is also the most expensive.
• Used for many types of buildings
including cinemas, theatres, offices, lecture
theatres, dance halls, restaurants,
departmental stores & sports centers.
• The system is essential for operating
theaters & sterilizing rooms.
UNIT 1 - MECHANIC AL VENTILATION TYPES
• MECHANICAL INLET & EXTRACT
Areas of application/installation
• Preferred when a high air volume and minor cooling output are required with a
high room height.
• The displacement ventilation system is suited for ventilation and cooling systems.
The system is not suited for heating.
UNIT 1 - MECHANIC AL VENTILATION TYPES
2. Piston ventilation:

• In this method out door air propels the contaminated room air.
• The room air is continuously swept by outdoor air and little spread of contaminants
generated within the room takes place before this is carried by the out door air to the
extract duct.
• It is more effective if the air turbulence is reduced to a minimum . So that contamination
dispersion is reduced.
• This system is adopted in clean rooms which are used in semi conductor industry,
pharmaceutical industry.
VENTILATION REQUIREMENTS

Control of ventilation rates - normally based on recommendations by authorities or code of practice

Conversion from “m3/hour per person “ to “air changes per hour”.

1. Air supply rate x nos. occupants

Room volume

|Example -
A private office of 30 m3 volume designed for 2 people

43 / 30 x 2 = 2.86 air changes per hour .

Components of Mechanical Ventilation :

• Fan
• Filters
• Ductwork
• Fire dampers
• Diffusers
TYPES OF FAN

• Propeller Fan – Does not create much air pressure and has limited effect
in ductwork.
• Ideal for use at air openings in windows and walls.
TYPES OF FAN

• Axial flow Fan – Can develop high pressure and is used for moving air
through long sections of Ductwork.
• The fan is integral with the run of ducting and
does not require a base.
TYPES OF FAN

• Centrifugal Fan – Can produce high pressure

and has the capacity for large volumes of air.
• Most suited to larger installations such as air
conditioning systems.
• It may have one or two inlets. Various forms of
impeller can be selected depending on the air
condition.
• Variable impellers and pulley ratios from the
detached drive motor make this the most versatile
of fans.
TYPES OF FILTERS

• CELL OR PANEL TYPE

• Flat or in a vee formation to increase the surface contact area .

• Available in dry or wet (viscous) composition in disposable format for simple fitting within
the ductwork. A rigid outer frame is necessary to prevent flanking leakages of dirty air.
• Dry filters can be vacuum cleaned to extend their life, but in time will be replaced.
• The viscous filter is coated with an odorises, non-toxic,
non-flammable oil.
• These can be cleaned in hot soapy water and recoated with oil.
TYPES OF FILTERS

BAG TYPE
• A form of Filtration material providing a large air contact area.
• When the fan is inactive the bag will hang limply unless wire reinforced .
• It will resume a horizontal profile during normal system operation.
• Fabric bags can be washed periodically and replaced .
TYPES OF FILTERS

ROLLER TYPE FILTERS

• Operated manually or by pressure sensitive switch .

• As the filter becomes less efficient, resistance to air
flow increases.
• The pressure effects a detector which engages a motor
to bring down clean fabric from the top spool.
• Several perforated roller can be used to vee format and
increase the fabric contact area.
TYPES OF FILTERS

VISCOUS TYPE FILTER

• These have a high dust retention capacity and are often specified for
application to industrial situation.

• An improvement on the panel type has closed spaced corrugated metal

plates continuously sprayed with oil. A rotating variation has filter plates
hung from chains.

• The lower plates in the cycle pass through a bath of oil which removes
attached particles and resurfaces the plates with clean oil.
TYPES OF FILTERS
ELECTROSTATIC UNIT TYPE
• This has an ionising area which gives suspended dust particles a positive
electrostatic charge.
• These are conveyed in the air stream through metal plates which are
alternately charged positive and earthed negative .
• Positively charged particles are repelled by the positive plates and
attracted to the negative plates.
• The negative plates can also be coated with a thin layer of oil or gel for
greater retention of dust.
• The unit can have supplementary, preliminary and final filters as shown
below, giving an overall efficiency of about 99% .
DUCT WORK
• Ducts are conduits or passages used
in heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning (HVAC) to deliver and
remove air.

• The needed airflows include, for

example, supply air, return air, and exhaust
air.
• Ducts commonly also deliver ventilation
air as part of the supply air. As such, air
ducts are one method of ensuring
acceptable indoor air quality as well
as thermal comfort.

• A duct system is also called ductwork.

Planning (laying out), sizing, optimizing,
detailing, and finding the pressure losses
through a duct system is called duct design.

https://youtu.be/5y_VBiTiuAY
 DUCT WORK

Materials
Ducts can be made out of the
following materials:

Galvanized steel

Aluminium (Al)

Polyurethane and
phenolic insulation
panels (pre-insulated
air ducts)

Fiberglass duct board

(preinsulated non-
metallic ductwork)

Fabric ducting

PVC low profile

ducting
https://youtu.be/5y_VBiTiuAY
DUCT WORK
 DIFFUSERS

• Air diffusers are

used to control and
direct airflow in
heating, ventilation,
and air conditioning
(HVAC) systems.

Types

• Product categories
include:
• two-way diffusers
• four-way diffusers
• radial vane diffusers
FIRE DAMPERS
• Fire dampers are passive fire
protection products used in heating,
ventilation, and air
conditioning (HVAC) ducts to prevent
the spread of fire inside the ductwork
through fire-resistance rated walls and
floors.
• When a rise in temperature occurs,
the fire damper closes, usually
activated by a thermal element which
melts at temperatures higher than
ambient but low enough to indicate
the presence of a fire, allowing springs
to close the damper blades.
• Fire dampers can also close following
receipt of an electrical signal from a
fire alarm system utilising detectors
remote from the damper, indicating
the sensing of heat or smoke in the
building occupied spaces or in the
HVAC duct system.