ACKOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our special thanks of gratitude to

our teacher Ms. ARCHANA SAHANI as well as our
principal of Rayat college of law, Railmajra who gave us the
golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic
inflation and it’s theories, which also helped us in doing a lot
of Research and i came to know about so many new things I
am really thankful to them.
Secondly we would also like to thank my parents and friends
who helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the
limited time frame.
CONTENTS:-

· Introduction and Examples

· Matrix Addition and Subtraction
· Matrix Multiplication
· The Transpose of a Matrix
· The Determinant of a Matrix
· The Inverse of Matrix
· Systems of Linear Equations
· The Inverse Matrix Method
· Cramer's Rule
 Introduction and Examples
MATRIX:-
DEFINITION: A matrix is defined as an ordered rectangular array of
numbers. They can be used to represent systems of linear
equations, as will be explained below.

TYPES OF MATRIX:-
Here are a couple of examples of different types of matrices:

Upper Lower
Symmetr
Diagonal Triangul Triangul Zero Identity
ic
ar ar

And a fully expanded m×n matrix A, would look like this:

... or in a more compact form:

Matrix Addition and Subtraction

DEFINITION: Two matrices A and B can be added or subtracted if
and only if their dimensions are the same (i.e. both matrices have
the same number of rows and columns. Take:

Addition
If A and B above are matrices of the same type then the sum is
found by adding the corresponding elements aij + bij .

Here is an example of adding A and B together.

Subtraction

If A and B are matrices of the same type then the subtraction is

found by subtracting the corresponding elements aij − bij.

Here is an example of subtracting matrices.

Matrix addition is fairly simple, and is done entry-wise.

 Add the following matrices:

I need to add the pairs of entries, and then simplify for

the final answer:

So the answer is:

Subtraction works entry-wise, too. Copyright © Elizabeth

Stapel 2003-2011 All Rights Reserved
  Given the following matrices, find A – Band A – C,
or explain why you can not.

A and B are the same size, each being 2 × 3 matrices,

so I can subtract, working entry-wise:

However, A and C are not the same size, since A is 2 ×

3 and C is 2 × 2. So this subtraction is not defined.

A – C is not defined, because A and C are not the

same size.

Matrix Multiplication
DEFINITION: When the number of columns of the first matrix is the
same as the number of rows in the second matrix then matrix
multiplication can be performed.

Here is an example of matrix multiplication for two 2×2 matrices.

Here is an example of matrix multiplication for two 3×3 matrices.

Now lets look at the n×n matrix case, Where A has dimensions
m×n, B has dimensions n×p. Then the product of A and B is the
matrix C, which has dimensions m×p. The ijth element of matrix C is
found by multiplying the entries of the ith row of A with the
corresponding entries in the jth column of B and summing the n
terms. The elements of C are:

Note: That A×B is not the same as B×A

Transpose of Matrices:-
DEFINITION: The transpose of a matrix is found by exchanging
rows for columns i.e. Matrix A = (aij) and the transpose of A is:

AT = (aji) where j is the column number and i is the row number of

matrix A.

For example, the transpose of a matrix would be:

In the case of a square matrix (m = n), the transpose can be used

to check if a matrix is symmetric. For a symmetric matrix A = AT.
 The Determinant of a Matrix
DEFINITION: Determinants play an important role in finding the
inverse of a matrix and also in solving systems of linear equations.
In the following we assume we have a square matrix (m = n). The
determinant of a matrix A will be denoted by det(A) or |A|. Firstly the
determinant of a 2×2 and 3×3 matrix will be introduced, then the
n×n case will be shown.

Determinant of a 2×2 matrix

Assuming A is an arbitrary 2×2 matrix A, where the elements are
given by:

then the determinant of a this matrix is as follows:

Determinant of a 3×3 matrix

The determinant of a 3×3 matrix is a little more tricky and is found
as follows (for this case assume A is an arbitrary 3×3 matrix A,
where the elements are given below).

then the determinant of a this matrix is as follows:

Determinant of a n×n matrix

For the general case, where A is an n×n matrix the determinant is
given by:
Where the coefficients αij are given by the relation:

where βij is the determinant of the (n-1) × (n-1) matrix that is

obtained by deleting row i and column j. This coefficient αij is also
called the cofactor of aij.

The Inverse of a Matrix

DEFINITION: Assuming we have a square matrix A, which is
non-singular (i.e. det(A) does not equal zero), then there exists an
n×n matrix A-1 which is called the inverse of A, such that this
property holds:

AA-1 = A-1A = I, where I is the identity matrix.

The inverse of a n×n matrix

The inverse of a general n×n matrix A can be found by using the
following equation.

Where the adj(A) denotes the adjoint (or adjugate) of a matrix. It

can be calculated by the following method:

 Given the n×n matrix A, define

B = bij
to be the matrix whose coefficients are found by taking the
determinant of the (n-1) × (n-1) matrix obtained by deleting
the ith row and jth column of A. The terms of B (i.e. B = bij) are
known as the cofactors of A.
 Define the matrix C, where
cij = (−1)i+j bij.
 The transpose of C (i.e. CT) is called the adjoint of matrix A.

Lastly to find the inverse of A divide the matrix CT by the

determinant of A to give its inverse.
DEFINITION: A system of linear equations is a set of equations
with n equations and n unknowns, is of the form of

The unknowns are denoted by x1, x2, ..., xn and the coefficients (a
and b above) are assumed to be given. In matrix form the system of
equations above can be written as:

A simplified way of writing above is like this: Ax = b

After looking at this we will now look at two methods used to solve
matrices. These are:

 Inverse Matrix Method

 Cramer's Rule

Inverse Matrix Method

DEFINITION: The inverse matrix method uses the inverse of a
matrix to help solve a system of equations, such like the above Ax
= b. By pre-multiplying both sides of this equation by A-1 gives:

or alternatively
So by calculating the inverse of the matrix and multiplying this by
the vector b we can find the solution to the system of equations
directly. And from earlier we found that the inverse is given by

From the above it is clear that the existence of a solution depends

on the value of the determinant of A. There are three cases:

1. If the det(A) does not equal zero then solutions exist

using
2. If the det(A) is zero and b=0 then the solution will be not be
unique or does not exist.
3. If the det(A) is zero and b=0 then the solution can be x = 0 but
as with 2. is not unique or does not exist.

Looking at two equations we might have that

Written in matrix form would look like

and by rearranging we would get that the solution would look like

Similarly for three simultaneous equations we would have:

Written in matrix form would look like

and by rearranging we would get that the solution would look like

Top

Cramer's Rule:-
DEFINITION: Cramer's rule uses a method of determinants to
solve systems of equations. Starting with equation below,

The first term x1 above can be found by replacing the first column of
A by . Doing this we obtain:

Similarly for the general case for solving xr we replace the

rth column of A by and expand the determinant. This method of
using determinants can be applied to solve systems of linear
equations. We will illustrate this for solving two simultaneous
equations in x and y and three equations with 3 unknowns x, y and
z.

Two simultaneous equations in x and y

To solve use the following:

or simplified:

Three simultaneous equations in x, y and z

ax + by + cz = p
dx + ey + fz = q
gx + hy + iz = r

To solve use the following:

 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Emma's Final Year Project
 www.maths.surrey.ac.uk
 www.researchgate.net
 Transpose of a Matrix - Properties and
 Examplesbyjus.com
 Conclusion on matrices - Brainly.inbrainly.in