Vectors

DGT MH –CET 12th MATHEMATICS Study Material 1
Vectors 88
05 Vectors
iii. Like and Unlike Vectors The vectors which
Syllabus have same direction are called like vectors and
which have opposite directions are called unlike
Representation of a Vector  Addition of Vectors vectors.
 Subtraction of Vectors  Multiplication of a

a

Vector by a Scalar. Linear Combinations. 
Collinearity and Coplanarity of Vectors.Product  b

of Two Vectors. Scalar Triple Product. Vector iv. Collinear or Parallel Vectors :
Triple Product Vectros having the same or parallel support
are called collinear vectros.
Those quantities which have only magnitude and v. Coinitial Vectors Two or more vectors having
as well as direction are called vector quantities or the same initial point are called coinitial vectors.
vectors e.g.Afootball player hit the ball to give a vi. Coplanar Vectors
pass to another player of his team. A system of vectors is said to be coplanar, if
Hence, he apply a quantity (called force) which their support is parallel to the same plane.
involves muscular strength (magnitude) and vii.Coterminous Vectors Vectors which have same
(direction in which another player is positioned). terminal points are called coterminous vectors.
e.g.
Scalar Quantities
The quantities which have only magnitude are
known as scalar quantities e.g. Mass, volume,
work, etc.
Here, a, band c are coterminous vectors.
Vector Quantities viii. egative of a Vector
The quantities which have both magnitude and Avector is said to be negative of a given vector,
direction are known as vector quantities e.g. if its magnitude is the same as that of the given
Force, velcoity, etc. vector but direction is opposite.
Representation of a Vector e.g. 

a
 
a

A vector is represented by a line segment e.g. ix. Reciprocal of a Vector Avector having same
a = AB Here, A is called the initial point and B is direction as that of a given vector a but
called the terminal point. magnitude equal to the reciprocal of the given
Magnitude or modulus of a is | a | = | AB |= AB. vector is known as the reciprocal of a and it is
denoted by a–1.
Types of Vector
1
Vectors can be defined into following types: a 1
i. Zero or Null Vector A vector whose a
magnitude is zero and has arbitrary direction x. Localised and Free Vectors Those vectors
is known as zero or null vector. which have not fixed initial point are called
ii. Unit Vector A vector whose modulus is unity free vectors and a vector which is drawn
is known as unit vector a is denoted by parallel to a given vector through a specified
ˆ thus aˆ  1
a, point in space is called localised vector.
xi. Position Vector The vector OA which
a represents the position of the point A with
â 
a respect to a fixed point 0 is called position
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Vectors 89
vector. in the direction of X -axis, Y-axis and Z-axis.
|r| x 2  y2  z 2
Direction cosines of r are cos .cos  and cos 
such that
x y z
cos  = l = r , cos  = m = r cos  = n r
(b) they have the same or parallel support.

(c) they have same direction.
xiii.Orthogonal Vectors Two vectors are said to

be orthogonal, if the angle between them is a
right angle.
Addition of Vectors
The addition of two vectors a and b is denoted by
a + b and it is known as resultant of a and b.
There are following three methods of addition of
vectors:
Components of a Vector in Two and Three i. Triangle Law of Addition
If two vectors a and b lie along the two sides of a
Dimensional System
triangle in consecutive order (as shown in the
i. Any vector r can be expressed as a linear
figure), then third side represents the sum
combination of two unit vectors î and ˆj and} at (resultant) a + b.
right angle.
i.e.
i.e. c = a+ b
ii. Parallelogram Law of Addition
If two vectors are represented by two adjacent
sides of a parallelogram, then their sum is
The vectors x î and ˆj are vector components of represented by the diagonal of the parallelogram.
vector r. The scalars x and yare called the scalar
components of r in the direction of X-axis and
Y-axis respectively.
y
| r | = x 2  y 2  = tan–1 x
ii. The position vector of r = xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ

OQ = OP + PQ  c = a + b
The vectors xiˆ , yjˆ and zkˆ are vector iii. Addition in Component Form
components of r.
If the vectors are defined in terms of î, ˆj, kˆ i.e. if
The scalars x,y and z are scalar components ofr
Vectors 90
a = a1î  a 2 ˆj  a 3kˆ
b = b1î  b 2 ˆj  b3kˆ
Then, a + b =(al +bl) î + (a2+ b2) ˆj + (a3+ b3)k
Properties of Vectors Addition
There are following properties of vectors addition:
• Closure property The sum of two vectors is
always a vector.
• Commutativity For any two vectors a and b,
we have a – b = (a1 – b1 ) î + (a1 –b2) ˆj + (a3–b3) k̂
a+b=b+a
• Associativity For any three vectors a, band c, Properties of Vectors Subtraction
we have a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c There are following properties of vectors
• Additive identity For any vector a, we have subtraction:
0+a=a+0 • a=bbca
• Additive inverse For every vector a, (-a) is the • (a– b) – c  a – (b – c)
additive inverse of the vector a. • |a + b| < | a | + | b |
i.e. a + (–a) = (– a) + a = 0 • |a + b| > | a | – | b |
• Example 1 • |a – b| < | a | + | b |
If A, Band C are the vertices of a ABC, then • |a – b| > | a | – | b |
what is the value of AB + BC + CA? • Example 2
a. 0 b. 1 Vectors drawn from the origin 0 to the points
c. 2 d. 4 A, B and C are respectively a, b and 4a – 3b.
Sol (a) By triangle law of vectors addition, Find AC and Be.
we get AB + BC = AC a. 3(a – b), 4(a – b)
b. 4(a – b), 2(a – b)
c. 3(a – 2b ),4(a – b)
d. (a – b), (a + b)
Sol (a) It is given that OA = a, OB = b and OC = 4a -
3b
In AC. we have
OA+ AC = OC  AC = OC – OA
Now, AB + BC + CA = AC + CA  AC = 4a – 3b – a = 3a – 3b = 3(a – b)
(adding CA on both sides)
 AB + BC + CA = AC – AC
[ AC = – CA or CA = – AC)
 AB + BC + CA = O
Subtraction of Vectors
If a and b are two vectors, then
a – b = a + (–b)
If a = a î  a ˆj  a kˆ
1 2 3
b = b1î  b2 ˆj  b3kˆ
In OBC BC. we have
OB + BC = OC
 BC = OC – OB
 BC = 4a – 3b – b = 4(a–b)
Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar

If a is a vector and m is a scalar. then m a is a
Vectors 91
vector whose magnitude is m times the magnitude
Sol (c) PQ  (2iˆ  ˆj  2k)
ˆ  (iˆ  ˆj  3k)
ˆ |
of a.
PQ  î  2ˆj  kˆ = 12  22  12 = 6
Properties of Scalar Multiplication
There are following properties of scalar | PR| 6iˆ  3jˆ  3kˆ  3 6
multiplication:
• m(–a) = – ma
• (–m) (–a) = ma
• m(na) = (mn)a =n(ma)
• (m + n) a = ma + na.
• m(a + b) =ma + mb
Example 3
Find a vector in the direction of vector a = î  2ˆj
that has magnitude 7 units.
6 1
2ˆ 3ˆ 5 ˆ 7ˆ Now. QS : SR = PQ : PR = =
a. i j b. i j 3 6 3
3 8 5 8
Position vector of S - Position vector of P
4 ˆ 2 ˆ 7 ˆ 14 ˆ
c. i j d. i j 3
ˆ  |PS| =
3
6 8 5 5 PS = (–i (  î  3j) 10
4 4
Sol (d) We have. a = î  2ˆj , then
Linear Combinations
|a| = (1)2  ( 2)2 = 1 4 = 5 Given a finite set of vectors a. b. c. ... . the vector
r = x a + y b + z c +... is called a linear combination
The unit vector in the direction gf the given vector of a,b,c ..... for any x, y. z ....  R We have the
a is following results:
i If a and b are non-zero. non-collinear vectors.
1 1 ˆ ˆ
a= .a  (i  2 j) then x a + y b = x' a + y' b
a 5  x = x' ; y = y'.
î 1 ˆ ii. Fundamental Theorem Let a, b be non-zero,
=  j non-collinear vectors. Then. any vector r
5 5 coplanar with a and b can be expressed
Now. the vector having magnitude 7 units and in uniquely as a linear combination of a, b i.e.
the direction ofa is 7 a there exists some unique x, y E R such that x
a + y b = r.
 î 2  7 ˆ 14 ˆ
=7   ĵ  = i j iii. If a, band c are non-zero. non-coplanar vectors.
 5 5  5 5 then
xa + y b + z c = x'a + y' b + z' c
• Example 4  x = x', y = y', z = z'
The position vector of the vertices P, Q and R of iv. Fundamental Theorem in Space Let a, band c
be non-zero, non-coplanar vectors in space.
a triangle are î  ˆj  3k,2i ˆ ˆ  ˆj  2kˆ and Then, any vector r, can be uniquely expressed
as a linear combination of a, b and c i.e. there
5iˆ  2ˆj  6kˆ respectively. The length of the
exists some unique x, y, z  R such that
bisector PS of the QPR, where S is on the x a + y b + z c = r.
segment RQ. is v. If x1' x2, ... , xn are n non-zero vectors and
5 2 k1' k2, .... , kn are n scalars and if the linear
a. 10 b.
3 3 combination k1xl + k2 x2+ ...+ kn xn = 0 
kl = 0, k2= 0 ...kn = 0, then we say that vectors
3 3 x1' x2, ... , xn are linearly independent vectors.
c. 10 d. 10
4 5
Vectors 92
vi. If x1' x2, ... , xn are not linearly independent,  (60x + 40y + az) î + (3x – 5y – 52z) ˆj = 0
then they are said to be linearly dependent
vectors. i.e.if k1x1 + k2x2 +..... + knxn= 0, if and x + y = z = 0
there exists atleast one i.e.60x + 40y + az = 0
Kr  0(r = 1,2,....n), then x1' X2 ,..... , Xn are 3x – 5y – 52z =0
said to be linearly dependent. and x + y + z =0
Then, points will be collinear, if
Linearly Dependent 60 40 a
If Kr,  0; k1x1+ k2x2 + k3x3 +···+ krxr +···+ knxn= 3 8 52
0 – Krxr =k1xl + k2x2 + ...+ kr–1 xr–1+... + kr+1 =0
1 1 1
xr+1+... + knxn
1 a= – 40
– K, K xr = K1– x1 + k2 – x2+ ··· ,
r
Coplanarity of Three Points
 1
+ Kr–1 Kr X r–1
+...+ Kn K r xn Three points A, Band C represented by position
vectors a, b and c respectively represent two
xr = c1x1 + c2x2 +....+ cr–1 + xr –1 + cr xr–1 +...+cnxn vectors AB and AC. From the figure, two vectors
i.e., xr is expressed as a linear combination of are always coplanar i.e. two vectors always form
vectors. their own plane.
xr = c1,xr .....xr+1 ..... xn Thus, a, band cwill be coplanar, if we can find
Hence, x, with x1' x2,.... x,r – 1' xn forms a linearly two scalars A and J..L such that
dependent set of vectors. a = b = c.
If a = 3iˆ  2ˆj  5kˆ , then a is expressed as a linear
combination of vectors i, j k. Also, a,i,j,k form a
lineary dependent set of vectors.
In general, every set of four vectors is a linearly
dependent system.
î, ˆj and k̂ are linearly independent set of vectors
Three vectors a1î  a 2 ˆj  a 3 k,b
ˆ î  b ˆj  b kˆ
1 2 3
for k k1î  k2ˆj  k3kˆ  0 k1  0  k1  0  k2  k3
a1 a2 a3
b1 b2 b3
Collinearity and Coplanarity of Vectors and c1î  c 2 ˆj  a 3 kˆ are coplanar, if =0
c1 c2 c3
Test of Collinearity of Three Points
The three points A, Band Cwith position vectors Coplanarity of Four Points
a, band c, respectively are collinear, if and only if The necessary and sufficient condition that four
there exist scalars x, y and Z not all zero such that points with position vectors a, b, c and d should
i. x a.+ y b + z c = 0 ii. x + y + z = 0 be coplanar is that there exist four scalars x, y, z
The vectors ABand AC are collinear, if there exists and t not all zero, such that
a linear relation between the two, such that xa + yb + zc + td = 0, x + y + z + t = 0
Then prove that the four points A,B,C and D
Example 5 having position vectors as a, b, c and d are
The three points which have the position vectors coplanar.
60iˆ  3j,40i
ˆ ˆ  8ˆj and aiˆ  52ˆj are collinear. If a Step I Find the vector AB, AC and AD having the
reference point as A.
is equal to
Step II Express one of these vectors as the linear
a. 30 b. – 40
combination of the other two
c. – 30 d. 25
AB = AC + AD
Sol (b) The three points are collinear, if
Step III Now, compare the coefficients on LHS and
x(60iˆ  2ˆj)  y (40iˆ  8j)
ˆ  z(aiˆ  52ˆj)  0 RHS in respective manner and thus find the
Such that, x,y and z are not all zero and x+y+z = 0 respective value of  and .
Vectors 93
Step IV If real values of the scalars", and fl exist, then Product of Two Vectors
the three vectors representing four points are There are two types of product of two vectors:
coplanar otherwise not. i. Scalar or Dot Product of Two Vectors
The scalar product of two vectors a and b is
Example 6 expressed as
The vectors 5a + 6b + 7c, 7a – 8b + 9c (a.b = |a| ||b| cos )
and 3a + 20b + 5c
are (where a, b, c are three non-coplanar vectors)
a. collinear b. coplanar
c. non-coplanar d. one of these
Sol (b) Let A = Sa + 6b + 7c, B = 7a – 8b + 9c
and C = 3a + 20b + Sc
A, B and C are coplanar.
 xA + yB + zC = 0
where, 0<qp
must have a real solution for x, y and z other than
a.b. < |a| |b|
(0, 0, 0).
 a.b > 0  angle between a and b is acute.
Now, x (5a + 6b + 7c)+ y(7a - 8b + 9c) + z
angle between a and b is obtuse.
(3a + 20b + Sc) = 0
 (5x+7y+ 3z)a+(6x–8y+20z)b+(7x+9y+ Sz)c=0
5x + 7y + 3z = 0 Geometrical Interpretation
6x – 8y + 20z = 0 OL is the projection of vector b in the direction of
7x + 9y + 5z = 0 vector a.
(as a, band c are non-coplanar vectors) OL = b cos  [ |a| = a and |b| – b ]
a.b = a (bcos) = (ab) cos  = b(acos)
3 7 3
6 8 20
Now, D = =0
7 9 5
So, the three linear simultaneous equation in x, y
and z have a non-trivial solution.
Hence, A,B and Care coplanar vectors.
Important Formulae
i. Section Formula Let a and b be two vectors
represented by OA and OB and the point P divides
a.b
AB in the ratio m : n.  cos =
If P divides AB in the ratio m :n internally, then ab
Projection of b in the direction of OA = OL =
mb  na
r= a.b
mn
If P divides AB in the ratio m : n externally, then a
mb  na a.b a.b
OL = a  | a |2 a
r=
mn
ii. Mid-point Formula If C(c) is the mid-point of AB,
Projection of a in the direction of OB = OM =
then
ab a.b
c= b
2
iii. Centroid of a Triangle Centroid of a.b
abc OM = b 2 .b
ABC =
3
where, a, band c are the position vectors of the
vertices with respect to origin 0.
Vectors 94
Properties of Scalar Product ii. Vector Product of Two Vectors
There are following properties of scalar product: The vector product of two non-null and non-
• a· b = b· a [Commutativity) parallel vectors a and b is expressed as
• a . (b + c) = a . b + a.c [Distributivity) (a × b = ab sin  n̂ )
• î.iˆ  ˆj.jˆ  k.k
ˆ ˆ 1
• î.jˆ  ˆj.iˆ  0, ˆj.kˆ  k.

ˆ ˆj  0, k.i
ˆ ˆ  î.kˆ  0
• For any two vectors a and b
(a) |a + b | = |a |+ |b|  a || b
(b) |a + b|2 = |a|2 + |b|2 a  b
(c) |a + b| = |a– b| a  b where, | a | = a, |b| = b
• If dot product of two vectors is zero, then where,  is the angle between a, band ii is a unit
atleast one of the vectors is a zero vector or vector perpendicular to the plane of a and b such
they are perpendicular. that a, b and ii form a right handed system.
(|a × b| 1 = |a| |b| sin )
• Example 7
Two vectors  = 4iˆ  3jˆ and yare perpendicular Geometrical Interpretation of Vector
to each other in the xy-plane. The vector in the Product
same plane having the projection 1, 2 along and Modulus of ax b is the area of the parallelogram
 is whose adjacent sides are represented by a and b.
|a × b| = Area of parallelogram OACE.
a. 2iˆ  ˆj b. 3iˆ  ˆj
c. 2iˆ  ˆj d. 2iˆ  ˆj
Sol (c) Given,  = 4iˆ  3jˆ and  i.e. . = 0
Let  = 2î  4ˆj for all values of x,
Suppose required vector be   liˆ  mjˆ
Properties of Vector Product
. 4l  3m There are following properties of vector product:
Projection of ex along  =  ; 1. = • a×bb×a
5
a × b = – (b a a)
4 l + 3m = 5 ...(i) • a×b=0
Similarly, projection of  along a || b or collinear or a = 0 or b = 0
. 3l  4m • î  î  ˆj  ˆj  kˆ  kˆ = 0
 =  ,2 =
5
• î  ˆj  k,
ˆ ˆj  kˆ  kˆ  î  ˆj
3l – 4 m = 10 ...(ii)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get l = Z and m = –1, • ˆj  î   k,
ˆ kˆ  ˆj   î, î  kˆ   ˆj
  2ˆj  ˆj • Lagrange's identity | a×b|2 =|a|2 |b|2 (a – b)2
Application of Dot Product • (ma) × b = m(a × b) = a × (mb)
Let a particle be placed atO and a force f • a × [b + c) = a × b + a × c
represented by OB be acting on the particle at O. Vector Product in Terms of Component
Then, Work done = (Force)· (Displacement) If a  a1î  a 2 ˆj  a 3kˆ
i.e. (W = f·d = fd cos )
and b  b1î  b2 ˆj  b3kˆ
î ˆj kˆ
a1 a2 a3
Then, a × b =
b1 b2 b3
Vectors 95
Example 8  (a  b)
Find the unit vector perpendicular to the plane + ab
ABC, where the position vectors of A, B and Care
Condition for Vectors to be Parallel
2iˆ  ˆj  k,
ˆ î  ˆj  2kˆ and 2iˆ  3kˆ respectively
If a1î  a 2 ˆj  a 3kˆ and b  b1î  b2 ˆj  b 2 kˆ are
3iˆ  2ˆj  kˆ 3iˆ  ˆj  5kˆ parallel, then
a. b.
14 18
a1 a 2 a 3
a × b = 0 or b  b  b
2iˆ  2ˆj  3kˆ î  2ˆj  2kˆ 1 2 3
c. d.
15 17 Condition for Three Points A, B, C to be
Sol (a) We have, Collinear
Determine AB and BC and show that
OA = 2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ OB = î  ˆj  kˆ
AB × BC = 0
OC = 2iˆ  3kˆ or AB = kBC
Now, AB = OB – OA where, k is any scalar.
= (iˆ  ˆj  2k)
ˆ  (2iˆ  ˆj  k)
ˆ = î  2ˆj  kˆ
Area of Parallelogram and Triangle
AC = OC – OA These formulae are given below:
= (2iˆ  3k) ˆ  (2iˆ  ˆj  k)
ˆ  ˆj  2kˆ i. The area of a parallelogram with adjacent sides a
and b is | a × b |
î ˆj kˆ ii. The area of a parallelogram with diagonals
1 2 1 1
Now, AB × AC = a and b is |a × b|
0 1 2 2
iii. The area of a plane quadrilateral ABCD is
= î (4  1)  ˆj( 2  0)  k(
ˆ 1  0)  3iˆ  2ˆj  kˆ 1
|AC×BD| ,where, AC and BD are diagonals.
 The required unit vector perpendicular to the 2
plane ABC iv. The area of a triangle with adjacent sides a and b
is | a × b |
AB  AC 3iˆ  2ˆj  kˆ 1
= AB  AC = v. The area of a ABC is |AB×AC|
32  2 2  ( 1)2 2
vi. If a, band c are position vectors of vertices of
3iˆ  2ˆj  kˆ 3iˆ  2ˆj  kˆ 1
= = MBC, then area = (a × b) + (b × c) + (c × a)|.
9  4 1 14 2
Angle between Two Vectors If (a × b) + (b × c) + (cx a) =0, then three points
If  is the angle between two vectors a and b, with position vectors a, band c are collinear.
then
ab Example 9
sin  , if If a = 2iˆ  3jˆ  k,
ˆ b  î  kˆ and c  2ˆj  kˆ three
ab
a = a1î  a 2 ˆj  a 3k,
ˆ b  b î  b ˆj  b kˆ vectors, find the area of the parallelogram having
1 2 3
diagonals (a + b) and (b + c).
(a 2 b3  a 3b2 ) 2  (a1b3  a 3b1 )2  (a1b 2  a 2 b1 ) 2
sin2  = 11 13
(a12  a 22  a 23 )(b12  b22  b32 ) a. sq. units b. sq units
5 6
Vector Normal to the Plane of Two Given
Vectors 21 23
c. sq units d. sq units
The vectors of magnitude' A' normal to the plane 2 3
of a and b
Sol (c) We have, a  2iˆ  3jˆ  k,
ˆ b  î  kˆ and
Vectors 96
c = 2ˆj  kˆ a1 a2 a3
Now, a+b= (2iˆ  3jˆ  k,
ˆ  b  î  kˆ and c = 2ˆj  kˆ Then, (a  b).c  b1 b2 b3
c1 c2 c3
= î  3jˆ  2kˆ
• (a × b) . c = a .(b xc)
î ˆj kˆ • [a b cl = [b c a] = [c a b]
1 3 2 • [abc] = – [bac]
and (a + b) × (b + c) = • [k abc] = k [abc]
1 2 0 • [a + b c d] = [a c d] + [b c d]
• If [a b c] = 0, then, a, band c are coplanar.
= î(0  4)  ˆj(0  2) k(2
ˆ  3)
= 4iˆ  2ˆj  kˆ • Example 10

Area of parallelogram having diagonals (a + b) If a.b and c are non -coplanar vectors and  is a
and (b + c) real number, then the vectors a +2 b + 3c,
b + 4c and (2 –1) are non-coplanar for
ˆ ˆ ˆ
(a  b)  (b  c) 4i  2 j  k a. all except one value of I!
=  b. no value of 
2 2
c. all except two values of 
16  4  1 21 1 d. all values of 
= = = 21 sq. units
2 2 2 Sol (c) Given that, a, b and c are non-coplanar vectors.
i.e. [a b c]  0
Now, a + 2b + 3c, ub + 4c and (2 – 1)c
Scalar Triple Product will be non-coplanar if
The scalar triple product of three vectors a, band (a + 2b 3c)' [b] × (2m –1) c ]c)  0
c is defined as  (a + 2b 3c). [(2–1) (abc)]0
(a  b).c  a b csin  cos  (2 –1) [abc]  0
  0,1/2
where,  is the angle between a and b and  is the
Hence, given vectors will be non-coplanar for all
angle between a × b and c. It is also defined as
[a b c]. 1
values of 0 and .
2
Geometrical Interpretation of a Scalar Vector Triple Product
Triple Product Let a, b, ebe any three vectors, then the
The scalar triple product [a b c] represents the expression a × [b × c) is a vector and is called a
volume of the parallelopiped whose coterminous vector triple product.
edges a, b, c form a right handed system of Geometrical Interpretation of ax (bx c)
vectors. Consider the expression a x [b × c) which itself is
a vector, since it is a cross product of two vectors
a and [bx e).Now, a × (b × c) is a vector
perpendicular to the plane containing a and (b ×
c) but bx e is a vector perpendicular to the plane
b and c, therefore a x [b × c)is a vector lies in the
plane of band c and perpendicular to a.
Hence, we can express a × [b × c) in terms of
Properties of Scalar Triple Product band c
There are following properties of scalar triple i.e. a × (b × c) = x b+y c, where x and yare
product scalars.
• If a = a î  a ˆj  a kˆ , b î  b ˆj  b kˆ • a × (b × c) = (a·c) b – (a·b) c
1 2 3 1 2 3
• (a × b) × c = (a·e) b – (b·c) a
and c1î  c 2 ˆj  c3kˆ • (a × b × c  a × (b × c)
Vectors 97
Example 11 '–' sign takes for external ratio.
iv. If a, b and c be the PV of three vertices of ABC
and r be the PV of the centroid of ABC, then
If î  (r  î)  ˆj  (r  ˆj)  kˆ  (r  k)
ˆ  (a  b)
a+b+c
where
abc
a  0, b  0, then r=
3
a. r = a × b
v. Equation of straight line in vector form
ab (a) Vector equation of the straight line passing
b. r =
2 through origin and parallel to b is given by r =
c. r = 0 t b, where t is scalar.
d. None of the above (b) Vector equation of the straight line passing
through a and parallel to b is given by
Sol (b) Given, î  (r  î)  ˆj  (r  ˆj)  k(r
ˆ  k)
ˆ  ab
r × b = a × b or r = a + t b, where t is scalar.
 (i.i)
ˆ ˆ r  (i.r)
ˆ î  ( ˆj.j)r
ˆ  ( ˆj.r)ˆj  (k.k)r
ˆ ˆ  (k.r)
ˆ kˆ  a  b (c) Vector equation of the straight line passing
ˆ î  ( ˆj.r)ˆj  (k.k)
ˆ ˆ r  (k.r)(k.r)
ˆ ˆ k} ˆ  a b through a and b is given by (r×a) × (b× a) = 0
 3r  (i.r)
or r = a + t (b × a), where t is scalar.
Now r  xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ (d) Equation of straight line passing through the
point a perpendicular to two non-parallel
 r = xi7
ˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ
vectors c and d is (r – a) × (c × d) = 0.
 î.r  x, ˆj.r  y
• Example 12
and k̂.r  z
Then, Eq. (i) becomes The vector equation of a line-passing through a
3r  {xiˆ  yjˆ  zk}
ˆ  a5b point with position vector 2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ and parallel
3r – r = 3 × b to the line joining the points with position
ab vector  î  4ˆj  kˆ and  î  2ˆj  2kˆ is
r=
2
a. 2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ
Applications of Vectors in Geometry
i) 'The points A, Band C are collinear' means b. 2iˆ  2kˆ  kˆ
(a) area of MBC is zero c. (2  2t) î  kˆ (l  t)
(b) b – a and c – a are collinear vectors
(c) b – a and c – a are parallel d. None of these
(d) (b – a) × (c – a) = 0 Sol (d) Let a = 2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ , b   î  4ˆj  kˆ and
(e) There exist a, 13and y not all zero such that
 + 13 + c = 0 and a + 13+ y = O. c = î  2ˆj  2kˆ
Otherwise, A, B and C are not collinear. Then, the equation of the line will be
ii. 'A, B, C and D are coplanar' means r = a + t (c – b)
(a) volume of tetrahedron ABCD is zero. = (2iˆ  ˆj  k)
ˆ  t (iˆ  2ˆj  2kˆ  î  4ˆj  k)
ˆ
(b) b – a, c – a and d – a are coplanar.
(c) [b – a, c–a, d – a) = O = (2iˆ  ˆj  k)
ˆ  t (2iˆ  2ˆj  k)
ˆ
(d) there exist a, 13,yand 0 not all zero such that
= (2  2t) î  ˆj( 1  2t)  k(1
ˆ  t)
 a + 13+  c + d = 0 and a + 13 + y + 0 = 0.
Otherwise A, B, Cand D are not coplanar. vi. Equation of a plane in vector form
iii: If a and b are the position vectors of A and B and (a) Vector equation of the plane through origin and
r be the position vector of the point P which parallel to band c is given by r = s b + t c, where
divides the join of A and B in the ratio m : n, then sand t are scalars.
(b) Vector equation of the plane passing through
mb  na a and parallel to band c is given by
r=
mn [r b c] = | a b c] or r = a + sb + tc
'+' sign takes for internal ratio and where s and t are scalars.
Vectors 98
(c) Vector equation of the plane passing through
a, b and c is r (b × c + c × a + a × b)  a.c 
r=a  
= [a bel or r = (1–s –t) a + sb + tc,  b.c 
where sand t are scalars. Tetrahedron
(d) Equation of plane which passes through the Atetrahedron is a three dimensional figure formed
point a and perpendicular to n, is r·n = a.n. by four triangles.
vii. Equation of a plane containing the line of
intersection of two planes
Let two planes be r.n1 = q1 and r.n2 =q2' then
equation (r.na, – q1) + A (r.n2 – q2) = 0, where A
be any scalar quantity, is the equation of plane
passing through the intersection line of planes.
viii. Equation of a line of intersection of two planes
Let r-n.=q, and rn, = q2 be two equation of planes, In figure, ABC  tetrahedron
then the equation of a line of intersection of two ABC  base
planes, is r = a +t(n,× n2)' where t be any scalar. OAB, OBC, OCA  faces
ix. Solving of vector equation OA, OB, OC, AB, BC and CA  edges
Solving a vector equation means determining an . OA, BC, OB, CA, OC and AB  pair of opposite
unknown vector (or a number of vectors satisfying edges.
the given conditions). Properties of Tetrahedron
Generally, to solve vector equations, we express i. Atetrahedron in which all edges are equal is
the unknown as the linear combination of three called a regular tetrahedron.
non-coplanar vectors as ii. If two pairs of opposite edges of a tetrahedron
r = x a + y b + z (a × b) as a, b and a x bare non- are perpendicular, then the opposite edges of the
coplanar and find x, y, z using given conditions. third pair are also perpendicular to each other.
Sometimes, we can directly solve the given iii. The sum of the squares of two opposite edges
conditions. It would be more clear from some is the same for each pair of opposite edges.
examples. iv. Any two opposite edges in a regular tetrahedron
are perpendicular.
Example 13 v. Volume of a tetrahedron ABCD is
Solution of the vector equation r × b = a × b, 1
c = 0 provided that c is not perpendicular to b, is [a  d, b  d,c  d]
6
 a.c   a.c  where a, b, c and d are position vectors.
a. r = a –   b b. r = b –  a vi. Volume of a tetrahedren whose three
 b.c   b.r 
coterminous edges are in the right handed system
 b.c  1
c. r = b –  a d. None of these are a, hand C is given by [a b c]
 a.c  6
Sol (a) We are given; r × b = a × b
 (r– a) × b = 0 [a  b  c  d]
viii. centroid of tetrahedron is
Hence, (r – a) and b are parallel 4
 (r – a = t b) where a, b, c and d are position vectors
and we know r – c = 0,
Taking dot product of Eq. (i) by c we get
r.c – a.c = t (b.c)
0 – a.c. = t (b.c.)
 a.c 
t=–  
 b.c 
 From Eqs. (i) and (ii) solution of r is
Vectors 99
Exercise - 1
(Topical Problems)
Algebra of Vectors, Modulus of Vectors, 1
Collinearity and Coplanarity of Vectors c. d. None of these
4
1. If ABCD is a rhombus whose diagonals cut at the
origin 0, then OA + OB + OC + OD equals to 8. A vector coplanar with vectors î  ˆj and ˆj  kˆ and
a. AB+ AC b. O
c. 2 (AB + BC) d. AC + BO parallel to the vector 2iˆ  2ˆj  4kˆ is
2. Let AD be the angle bisector of A of ABC a. î  kˆ b. î  j  kˆ
such that AD =  AB +  AC, then
c. î  j  kˆ d. 3iˆ  3j  6kˆ
AB AC
a.  = AB  AC ,  = AB  AC 9. If a, b are the position vectors of A, B respectively
and C is a point on AB produced such that
AB  AC AB  AC AC = 3 AB, then the position vector of C is
b.  = ,  = a. 3 a – 2b b. 3b – 2a
AB AC c. 3b + 2a d. 2a – 3b
10. Let D, E, F be the middle points of the sides BC,
AC AB
c.  = AB  AC ,  = AB  AC CA, AB respectively of a triangle ABC.
Then, AD + BE + CF equals to
a. O b. O
AB AC c. 2 d. None of these
d.  = AC ,  = AB
11. Let ABC be a triangle having its centroid at G. If
3. If G is the centroid of a triangle ABC, then S is any point in the plane of the triangle, then
GA + GB + GC equals to SA + SB + SC is equal to
a. 0 b. 3GA a. SG b. 2SG
c. 3GB d. 3GC c. 3SG d. 0
4. If O and O' denote respectively the circumcentre 12. The figure formed by four points î  ˆj  kˆ ,
and orthocentre of ABC, then 0'A + O'B + O'C
is equal to 2iˆ  3jˆ , 3iˆ  5jˆ  2k,
ˆ kˆ  ˆj
a. O'O b. OO' a. parallelogram b. rectangle
c. 20'0 d. O C. trapezium d. square
5. Consider ABC and A1B1C1in such a way that 13. Given that the vectors a and b are non–collinear,
AB = A1 B1and M, N, M1, N1 be the mid–points the values of x and y for which the vector equality
of AB, BC, A,B1and BP1 respectively, then 2u – v = w holds true if
a. MM1 = NN1 u = xa + 2y b,v = – 2y a + 3xb, w = 4a – 2b are
b. CC1 = M1 4 6 10 4
c. CC1 = NN1 a. x = ,y b. x = ,y 
7 7 7 7
d. M1= BB1
6. If the position vector of three points are 8 2
c. x = ,y  d. x = 2, y = 3
a –2b + 3c, 2a + 3b – 4c, – 7b + 10c, then the 7 7
three points are 14. Three points with position vectors a b, c will be
a. collinear b. non–coplanar collinear, if there exist scalars x, y, z such that
c. non–collinear d. None of these a. xa + yb = zc b. xa + yb + z c = 0
7. The pcsition vectors of the vertices A, B, C of a c. xa + yb + zc = 0 d. xa + yb = c
 ABC are î  ˆj  3kˆ and 5iˆ  2ˆj  6kˆ where x + y + z = 0
respectively. The length of the bisector AD of the 15. If the points P (a + 2b + c), Q (2a + 3b),
angle LBAC where D is on the line segment BC, R (b + tc) are collinear, where a, b, c are three
is non–coplanar vectors, the value of t is
a. –2 b. – 1/2
15 11 c. 112 d. 2
a. b.
2 2
Vectors 100
16. ABCDEF is a regular hexagon with centre at the 23. If 2 a + 3b – 5 c = 0, then ratio in which c divides
origin such that AD + EB + FC =  ED. Then,  is
is equal to a. 3: 2 internally b. 3: 2 externally
a. 2 b. 4 c. 2: 3 internally d. 2: 3 externally
c. 6 d. 3 24. If C is the mid–point of AB and P is any point
17. A, B, C are three non–zero vectors, no two of outside AB, then
them are parallel. If A + B is collinear to C and a. PA+ PB= PC b. PA + PB + 2 PC = 0
B + C is collinear to A, then A + B + C is equal to c. PA+ PB – 2PC=0 d. PA + PB+ PC = 0
a. A b. B 25. Let a, b, c be three non–zero vectors such that no
c. C d. 0 two of these are collinear. If the vector a + 2b is
18. In a quadrilateral ABCD, the point P divides DC collinear with c, then a + 2b + 6c equals
in the ratio 1: 2 and Q is the mid-point of AC. If a.  a (0, a scalar)
AB + 2AD + BC – 2 DC = k PQ, then k is equal b.  b (0, a scalar)
to c.  c (0, a scalar)
a. – 6 b. – 4 d. 0
c. 6 d. 4 26. If a = î  ˆj  kˆ , b = î  ˆj  kˆ and c =
19. If m1,m2, m3 and m, are respectively the
magnitudes of the vectors xi  (x  2) ˆj  kˆ and if the vector c lies in the
a  2iˆ  ˆj  k,a
1
ˆ  3iˆ  4ˆj  4kˆ , a  î  ˆj  kˆ
2 3
plane of vectors a and b, then x equals
a. 0 b. 1
a 4  î  3jˆ  kˆ , then the correct order of m1, m2, c. –2 d. 2
m3 and m4 is 27. A, B, C, D, E, F in that order, are the vertices of
a. m3 < m1, < m4 < m2 a regular hexagon with centre origin. If the position
b. m3 < m1, < m2 < m4 vector of the3 vertices A and B are respectively,
c. m3 < m4, < m1 < m2
4iˆ  2ˆj  kˆ and 3iˆ  ˆj  kˆ , then DE is equal to
d. m3 < m4, < m2 < m1
20. If a = (2,1,– 1),b = (1,–1,0), c = (5, – 1,1), then
unit vector parallel to a + b – c but in opposite a. 7iˆ  2ˆj  2kˆ b. 7iˆ  2ˆj  2kˆ
direction is
c. 3iˆ  ˆj  kˆ d. 4iˆ  3jˆ  2kˆ
1 1
a. (2iˆ  ˆj  2k)
ˆ b. (2iˆ  ˆj  2k)
ˆ 28. If the position vectors of the vertices of ABC
3 2
are 3iˆ  ˆj  2k,
ˆ î  2ˆj  7kˆ and 2iˆ  3jˆ  5kˆ
1 ˆ ˆ ˆ
c. (2i  j  2k) d. None of these then the ABC is
3 a. right angled and isosceles
21. The vectors a = î  ˆj  mkˆ , b = î  ˆj  (m  )kˆ b. right angled, but not isosceles
c. isosceles but not right angled
and c = î  ˆj  m kˆ are coplanar, if m is equal to d. equilateral
a. 1 29. Let two non-collinear unit vectors â and b̂ form
b. 4
an acute angle. A point P moves so that at any
c. 3
time t the position vector OP (where, 0 is the
d. no value ofm for which vectors are coplanar
origin) is given by it cos t + b sin t. When P is
22. Given, p = 2iˆ  2ˆj  4kˆ , a = î  ˆj , b = ˆj  kˆ farthest from origin 0, let M be the length of OP
c = î  kˆ and P = xa + y b + zc, then x, y, z are and u be the unit vector along OP. Then,
respectively â  bˆ
û 
3 1 5 1 3 5 a. ˆ ˆ 1/ 2
â  bˆ and M = (1  a.b)
a. , , b. , ,
2 2 2 2 2 2
â  bˆ
5 3 1 1 5 3 û 
c. , , d. , , b. ˆ ˆ 1/ 2
â  bˆ and M = (1  a.b)
2 2 2 2 2 2
Vectors 101
â  bˆ 36. If a  2iˆ  2ˆj  3kˆ , b  î  2ˆj  kˆ and c  3iˆ  ˆj

û 
c. ˆ ˆ 1/ 2
â  bˆ and M = (1  2a.b) such that a + b is perpendicular to e, then the
value of  is
a. 2 b. 4
â  bˆ
û  c. 6 d. 8
d. ˆ ˆ 1/ 2
â  bˆ and M = (1  2a.b) 37. If a· a = 0 and a .b = 0,then what can be conclude
about the vector b?
30. The non–zero vectors a, band e are related by
a. Any vector b. Zero–vector
a = 8b and e = –7 b. Then, the angle between a
c. Unit vector d. None of these
and c is
38. If the vertices A, B, C of a ABC have position
a.  b. 0
vectors (1,2, 3), (–1, 0, 0), (0,1, 2) respectively,
  then ABC (ABC is the angle between the
c. d.
4 2 vectors BA and BG), is equal to
31. The position vectors of P and Q are respectively  
a and b. If R is a point on PQ such that a. b.
2 4
PR = 5PQ, then the position vector of R is
a. 5n – 4a b. 5b + 4a  10  1
c. 4b – 5a d. 4b + 5a c. cos–1   d. cos–1  
 102   3
32. If ABCDEF is a regular hexagon with AB = a and
39. Let a, band e be three non–coplanar vectors and
BC = b, then CE equals
let p, q and r be vectors defined by the relations.
a. b – a b. – b
c. b – 2a d. None bc ca ab
p =  abc  , q =  abc  and r =  abc 
Product of Two Vectors Then, the value of label the expression (a + b)·
33. If a and b are two collinear vectors, then which p + (b+ c)· q + (e+ a)· r is equal to
of the following are incorrect? a. [x ab]2 b. [xbc]2
a. b = .a, for some scalar A. c. [x c a] 2
d. 0
b. â   bˆ 40. If x.a = x·b = x·c = 0, where x is a non-zero
c. The respective components of a and bare vector. Then, [a × b b×c c × a] is equal to
proportional a. [x a b]2 b. [x b c]2
2
d. Both the vectors a and b have same direction c. [x ca] d. 0
but different magnitudes 41. If for a unit vector a,(x – a)· (x + a) = 12, then |x|
is equal to
34. The projection of the vector î+ 3jˆ + 7kˆ on the
a. 4 b. 2
vector 7iˆ  ˆj  8kˆ is c. 13 d. 11
60 30 42. For any two non–zero vectors a and b, |a| b + |b| a
a. b. and |a| b – |b| a are
122 144 a. parallel b. perpendicular
60 60 c. non–parallel d. None of these
c. d. 43. If a, b, c are unit vectors such that a + b + c = 0,
114 111
then the value of a .b + b·c + c· a is
35. If (a + b)· (a–b) = 8 and |a| = 8 |b|, then the values
of |a| and |b| are 1
a. 0 b. –
2
16 2 2 2 4 2 2 3
a. , b. , 3
3 7 2 7 3 7 3 7 c. d. 2
2
12 2 4 2 44. The points A(l, 2, 7), B (2, 6,3) and C(3,10,–1)
c. , d. None of these
5 7 3 7 are
a. collinear b. coplanar
c. non–collinear d. None of these
Vectors 102
45. The moment about the point M( –2,4, – 6) of the c. rectangle. but not a square
represented in magnitude and position AB, where d. rhombus, but not a square
the points A and B have the coordinates (1,2, – 3) 55. Two adjacent sides of a parallelogram ABCD are
and (3, – 4,2) respectively, is given by AB = 2iˆ  10ˆj  11kˆ and and
a. 8iˆ  9 ˆj  14kˆ b. 2iˆ  6ˆj  5kˆ
AD =  î  2ˆj  2kˆ The side AD is rotated by an
c. 3iˆ  2ˆj  3kˆ d. 5iˆ  8jˆ  8kˆ acute angle a in the plane of the parallelogram so
46. Let a and b be unit vectors inclined at an angle that AD becomes AD'. If AD' makes a right angle
2 (0 <  < n) each other, then | a+ b| < 1, if with the side AB, then the cosine of the angle
  is given by
a.  = b.  <
2 3 8 17
a. b.
2  2 9 9
c.  > d. <<
3 3 3 1 4 5
47. a × [a × (a × b)] is equal to c. d.
9 9
a. (a × a) (b × a) b. a·(b × a) – b (a × b)
c. [a.a × b)]a d. (a.a) b × a) 56. If the vectors a = î  ˆj  2kˆ , b = 2iˆ  4ˆj  kˆ and
48. If a = (iˆ + ˆj + k)
ˆ = l and a × b = ˆj  kˆ , then b is c = î  ˆj  kˆ are mutually orthogonal, then
a. î  ˆj  kˆ b. 2ˆj  kˆ (, ) is
a. (–3, 2) b. (2, –3)
c. î d. 2iˆ c. (–2, 3) d. (3, –2)
49. If a = î  ˆj  kˆ , b = î  ˆj , c = î and (a × b) × c 57. If p, q and r are perpendicular to q + r, r + p and
p + q respectively and if [p + q] = 6,|q + r| =
= a + a –  b, then  +  is equal to
a. 0 b. 1 4 3 and r  p  4 ,then | p+ q + r | is
c. 2 d. 3 a. 5 2 b. 10
50. [b × c c × a a × b] is equal to
c. 15 d. 5 e. 25
a. [a b c] b. 2 [a b c]
c. [a b c] 2
d. ax(b × c) 58. If the scalar product of the vector î  ˆj  2kˆ with
ˆ ˆ ˆ
51.If a = i  2 j  3k and the unit vector along miˆ  2ˆj  3kˆ is equal to 2,
b = î  (a  î)  ˆj  (a  ˆj)  kˆ  (a  k)
ˆ then length of then one of the values of m is
b is equal to a. 3 b. 4
c. S d. 6 e. 7
a. 12 b. 2 12
59. Which one of the following vector is of magnitude
c. 3 14 d. 2 14
6 and perpendicular to both a = 2iˆ  2ˆj  kˆ and
52. If a, b and c are unit coplanar vectors, then
[2a – b, 2b – c, 2c – a] is equal to b = î  2ˆj  2kˆ ?
a. 1 b. 0
a. 2 î  ˆj  2kˆ b. 2 2iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ
c. – 3 d. 3
c. 3(2iˆ  ˆj  2k)
ˆ d. 2(2iˆ  ˆj  2k)
ˆ
53. [ î kˆ ˆj ] + [ kˆ ˆjiˆ ] + [ ˆjkˆ î ] is equal to
a. 1 b. 3 e. 2(2iˆ  ˆj  2k)
ˆ
c. –3 d. –1 60. If |a| = 5, |b| = 6 and a .b = – 25, then Ia x b Iis
54. Let P, Q, Rand S be the points on the plane with equal to
position vectors 2iˆ  ˆj, 4i,3j ˆ ˆ and 3iˆ  2ˆj a. 25 b. 6 11
respectively. The quadrilateral PQRS must be a c. 11 5 d. 11 6
a. parallelogram, which is neither a rhombus nor 61. Vectors a and b are inclined at an angle  = 1200.
a rectangle If | a | = | b | = 2, then [(a + 3b) × (3a + b)]2 is
b. square equal to
Vectors 103
a. 190 b. 275 then 2[abi]i ˆ ˆ  2[abj]jˆ ˆ  2[abk]k
ˆ ˆ  [aba] is equal
c. 300 d. 320
e. 192 to
62. If the projection of the vector a on b is |a × b | and a. 2(a × b) b. a × b
c. a + b d. None of these
if 3 b = î  ˆj  kˆ , then the angle between a and b 71. If the volume of the parallelopiped with a, band c
is as coterminous edges is 40 cu units, then the
  volume of the parallelopiped having b + c, c + a
a. b. and a + b as coterminous edges in cubic units is
3 2
a. 80 b. 120
  c. 160 d. 40
c. d. 72. The volume of the tetrahedron having the edges
4 6
63. If 2 a + 3b + c = 0, then a × b + b × c + c × a is î  2ˆj  k,
ˆ î  ˆj  k,
ˆ î  ˆj  kˆ as coterminous,
equal to
a. 6 (b×c) b. 3(b × c) 2
is cu unit. Then, A equals
c. 2(b × c) d. 0 3
64. (x – y) x (x + y) = ..... where x,yR3 a. 1 b. 2
a. 2 (x × y) b. | x |2 – | y|2 c. 3 d. 4
c. – (x × y) d. None of these 73. If  = x (a × b) + y (b × c) + z (c × a) and [a b c]
ˆ ˆ
65. Let a = 2i  k , b = i  ˆj  kˆ and c = 4iˆ  3jˆ  7kˆ
ˆ 
= then x + y + z is equal to
k, If r is a vector such that r × b = c × b and 8
r·a = 0, then value of r – b is a. 8  (a + b + c) b. · (a + b + c)
a. 7 b. – 7 c. 8 (a + b + c) d. None of these
c. – 5 d. 5 74. Volume of the parallelopiped having vertices at
66. If the vectors a = 2iˆ  k,
ˆ b  î  ˆj  kˆ , and O  (0, 0, 0), A  (2, – 2,1), B (5, – 4,4) and
C  (t – 2, 4) is
c = 2iˆ  3jˆ  kˆ are coplanar, then the value of a. 5 cu units b. 10 cu units
 is equal to c. 15 cu units d. 20 cu units
a. 2 b. 1 75. If î  k,
ˆ  î  ˆj  (1   ) k̂ and î  ˆj  (1    )kˆ
c. 3 d. – 1 are three coterminal edges of a parallelopiped, then
67. If u, v, w are non–coplanar vectors and p, q are its volume depends on
real numbers, then the equality [3 u p v p w] – a. only  b. only 
[p v w q u] – [2 w q v q u] = 0 holds for c. Both  and  d. Neither  nor 
a. exactly two values of (p, q) 76. The edges of a parallelopiped are of unit length
b. more than two but not 0 all values of (p, q) and are parallel to non–coplanar unit vectors
c. all values of (p, q)
1
d. exactly one value of (p, q) ˆ bˆ  b,c
ˆ ˆ such that it a,
ˆ b,c
a, ˆ ˆ  c.a
ˆ ˆ  . Then, the
68. If r.a = 0, r.b = 0 and r– c = 0 for some non–zero 2
vector r. Then, the value of [a b c] is volume of the parallelopiped is
1 1 1
a. 0 b. a. cu unit b. cu unit
2 2 2 2
c. 1 d. 2
3 1
69. If the vectors, î  2ˆj  3k,
ˆ 2iˆ  3jˆ  4kˆ , c. cu unit d. cu unit
2 3
î  ˆj  2kˆ are linearly dependent, then the value 77. The vector a = î  2ˆj   kˆ in the plane of the
of A is equal to
a. 0 b. 1 vectors b = î  ˆj and c = ˆj  kˆ and bisects the
c. 2 d. 3 angle between b and c. Then, which one of the
70. If a and b are two non–zero, non–collinear vectors, following gives possible value of  and ?
Vectors 104
a.  = 1, = 1 b.  = 2,  = 2 84. The value of A, for which the four points
c.  = 1, = 2 d.  = 2,  = 1
2iˆ  3jˆ  k,
ˆ î  2ˆj  3k,3i
ˆ ˆ  4ˆj  2k,
ˆ î  6ˆj  kˆ
78. If the volume of a parallelopiped with a×b, b × c,
c × a as coterminous edges is 9 cu units, then the are coplanar, is
volume of the parallelopiped with a. 2 b. 4
(a × b) × (b × c), (b × c) × (c×a), (c × a) × (a × b) c. 6 d. 8
as coterminous edges is 85. The number of distinct real values of  for which
a. 9 cu units b. 729 cu units the vectors  2 î  ˆj  k,
ˆ î   2 ˆj  kˆ and î  ˆj   2 kˆ
c. 81 cu units d. 27 cu units coplanar, is
e. 243 cu units a. zero b. one
79. If a = î  ˆj  kˆ , b = î  ˆj  kˆ , c = î  ˆj  kˆ and c. two d. three
86. If a is perpendicular to b and c, |a| = 2, |b| = 3,
d = î  ˆj  kˆ , then observe the following lists |c| = 4 and the angle between band c is 2, then
List I List II [a b c] is equal to
A a·b 1. a – d a. 4 3 b. 6 3
B b.c 2. 3
C [a bc ] 3 b· c. 12 3 d. 18 3
87. If the points whose position vectors are
D b×c 4 2iˆ  2kˆ
6 2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ , 6iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ and 14iˆ  5jˆ  pkˆ are
5 2ˆj  2kˆ
collinear, then the value of p is
6 4
a. 2 b. 4
The correct match of List I to List II
c. 6 d. 8
Codes
88. The volume (in cubic unit) of the tetrahedron with
A B C D A B C D
a. 3 1 2 6 b. 3 1 6 5 edges î  ˆj  k,
ˆ î  ˆj  kˆ and î  2ˆj  kˆ is
c. 1 3 2 6 d. 1 2 6 4
2
80. Three vectors 7i  11jˆ  k,5i
ˆ ˆ ˆ  3jˆ  2kˆ and a. 4 b.
3
12iˆ  8ˆj  kˆ forms 1 1
c. d.
a. an equilateral triangle 6 3
b. an isosceles triangle Application of Vectors in Geometry
c. a right angled triangle 89. The vector equation of a plane which is at a
d. collinear distance of 7 units from the origin and normal to
81. If the vectors 2iˆ  3jˆ  4kˆ and î  2ˆj  kˆ and the vector 3iˆ  5jˆ  6kˆ is
miˆ  ˆj  2kˆ are coplanar, then the value of m is 3 5 6
a. x+ y– z= 7
5 8 70 70 70
a. b.
8 5 b. 3x + 5y – 6z = 7
7 2 c. 3 70 x + 5 70 y – 6 70 z = 7
c. – d. d. None of the above
4 3
82. If the volume of parallelopiped with coterminous 90. Let P(3,2,6) be a point in space and Q be point
ˆ +  (3iˆ  ˆj  5k)
on the line r = (iˆ  ˆj  2k) ˆ .
edges 4iˆ  5jˆ  k,
ˆ  ˆj  kˆ and 3iˆ  9ˆj  pkˆ is 34
cu units, then p is equal to Then, the value of 11for which the vector PQ is
a. 4 b. –13 parallel to the plane x – 4y + 3z = 1 is
c. 13 d. 6 1 1
a. b. –
83. If a· î = 4 then (a  ˆj).(2ˆj  k)
ˆ is equal to 4 4
a. 12 b. 2 1 1
c. 0 d. –12 c. d. –
8 8
Vectors 105
91. Let the vectors, a, b, c and d be such that 97. The angle between the straight lines
(a × b) × (c × d) = 0. Let P1 and P2 be planes r = (2 – 3t) î + (1+ 2t) ˆj + (2+6t) k̂ and r=(1+ 4s)
determined by the pairs of vectors a, b and c, d
respectively. Then, the angle between P1 and P2 + (2 – 5) ˆj + (8s – 1) k is

a. 0 b.  41   1 
2 a. cos–1  34  b. cos –1
 
   34 
 
c. d.
3 2  43   5 23 
92. Equation of the plane through three points A, B c. cos–1   d. cos–1  41 
 63   
and C with position vectors
6iˆ  2ˆj  2k,3i
ˆ ˆ  2ˆj  4kˆ and 5iˆ  7ˆj  3kˆ is  34 
e. cos–1  
 63 
a. r· (iˆ  ˆj  7k)
ˆ + 23 = 0
98. Find the equation of the perpendicular drawn from
b. r· (iˆ  ˆj  7k)
ˆ = 23 the origin to the plane 2x + 4y – 5z = 10.
a. r = (2k, 5k, 4k), k  R
c. r· (iˆ  ˆj  7k)
ˆ + 23 = 0
b. r = (2k, 4k, – 5k), k  R
d. r· (iˆ  ˆj  7k)
ˆ = 23 c. r = (3k, 4k, Sk), k  R
d. None of these
93. For the lines L1 r = a + t (b + c) and L2 r = b + s
99. If a, b, c are three non–coplanar vectors, then the
(c + a), then L1 and L2 intersect at
vector equation r = (1– p – q) a+pb+ q c represents
a. a b. b
a. straight line
c. a + b + c d. a + 2b
b. plane
94. Let P(3, 2,6) be a point in space and Q be a point
c. plane passing through the origin
ˆ +  ( 3iˆ  ˆj  5k)
on the line r = (iˆ  ˆj  2k) ˆ . d. sphere
Then, the value of 11for which the vector PQ is 100. The vector equation of the plane passing through
parallel to the plane x – 4y + 3z = 1 is the origin and the line of intersection of the planes
r.a =  and r. b = , is
1 1
a. b. – a. r· (a – b) = 0 b. r'(b – 11a) = 0
4 4 c. r'(a + b) = 0 d. r'(b + a) = 0
1 1 101. The cartesian form of the plane
c. d. –
8 8 r = (5 – 2t) î + (3 – t) ˆj + (25 + t) k̂ is
95. A non–zero vector a is parallel to the line of a. 2x – 5y – z – 15 = 0
intersection of the plane determined by the vectors b. 2x–5y+z–15=0
î, î  ˆj and the plane determined by the vectors c. 2x – 5y – z + 15 = 0
d. 2x + 5y – z + 15 = 0
î  ˆj, î  kˆ .The angle between a and e. 2x + 5y + z + 15 = 0
î  2ˆj  2kˆ is 102. The equation of the plane perpendicular to the
x 1 y  2 z 1
  line   and passing through the
a. b. 1 1 2
2 3
point (2, 3, 1)
  a. r. (iˆ  ˆj  2k)
ˆ =1
c. d.
5 4
b. r. (iˆ  ˆj  2k)
ˆ = 1
96. The two variable vectors 2xiˆ  yjˆ  3kˆ and
c. r. (iˆ  ˆj  2k)
ˆ =7
xiˆ  4yjˆ  4kˆ are orthogonal to each other, then
the locus of (x, y) is d. r. (iˆ  ˆj  2k)
ˆ = 10
a. hyperbola b. circle e. None of these
c. straight line d. ellipse e. parabola
Vectors 106
103. If the planes r. (2iˆ  ˆj  3k)

ˆ = 0 and 108. Let a = î  ˆj  kˆ , b = î  ˆj  kˆ and c î  ˆj  kˆ be
r· (î  5jˆ  k)
ˆ = 5 are perpendicular to each three vectors. A vector v in the plane of a and b,
other, then the value of 2 +  is 1
whose projection on c is is given by
a. 0 b. 2 3
c. 1 d. 3 e. 4
a. î  2ˆj  3kˆ
104. Match the terms of column I with the terms of
column II and choose the correct option from the c. 3iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ
codes given below.
Column I Column - II b. 3iˆ  3jˆ  kˆ
A 10 kg 1. Scalar
d. î  3jˆ  3kˆ
B 2 m North – West 2. Vector
C 40' 109. Find the distance between the planes
D 40 W r. (2iˆ  ˆj  2k)
ˆ  4and r.(6iˆ  3j  9kˆ  13  0)
E 10–19C
F 20 m/s2 5 10
a. b.
Codes 3 14 3 14
A B C DE
a. 2 1 1 1 2 25
c. d. None of these
b. 1 2 1 1 1 3 14
c. 1 2 1 1 2
d. 2 1 1 2 1 Scalar Triple Product and its Applications
105. Match the terms of column I with the terms of 110. If a, b and c are three non-coplanar vectors and
column II and choose the correct option from the
codes given below. bc
p, q are r are vectors defmed by p = ,
Column I Column -I [abc]
A. Times period 1. Scalar
ca
B. Distance 2. Vector q= and, then the value of
C Force [abc]
D Velocity (a + b).p + (b + e).q + (c + a).r is equal to
E Work done a. 0 b. 1
c. 2 d. 3
Codes 111. If the volume of the parallelopiped formed by three
A B C D E non–coplanar vectors a, band e is 4 cu units, then
a. 1 1 2 2 1 [a × b b × c c × a] is equal to
b. 1 1 2 1 2 a. 64 b. 16
c. 2 1 2 2 1 c. 4 d. 8
d. 2 1 2 1 2 112. If a, ˆ
ˆ b,cˆ , are unit vectors such that
106. The vector equation r = î  2ˆj  kˆ  t(6ˆj  k)ˆ
1
a × ( b̂ × ĉ ) = then angle between a and c is
represents a straight line passing through the points 2 b̂
a. (0,6, –1) and (1,–2, –1) a. /6 b. /4
b. (0, 6, –1) and (–1, – 4, – 2)
c. /2 d. /3
C. (1,– 2, –1) and (1,4, – 2)
d. (1,– 2, –1) and (0, – 6,1)
107. In R2, find the unit vector orthogonal to unit vector
x = (cos , sin  )
b. (– cos , – sin )
c. (– sin , cos )
d. (cos , sin )
Vectors 107
Exercise 2 a. 1/3 b. 1/2
(Miscellaneous Problems) c. 1 d. 2
1. If a and b are unit vectors, then the greatest value 8. In a parallelogram ABCD, |AB| = a, |AD| = b and
of | a + b | + |a – b| is |AC| = a, then DA·AB is equal to
a. 2 b. 4 1 2 1 2 2 2
c. 2 2 d. 2 a. (a + b – c) b. (a –b +c )
2 2
2. If a, band c are non–coplanar vectors and r is a
1 2
real number, then the vectors a + 2b + 3c, b + 4 c. (a + b2 – c2) d. (b2 + c2 – a2)
c and (2– 1) c are non–coplanar for 4
a. no value of  9. Let a1î  a 2 ˆj  a 3k,
ˆ b  î  b ˆj  b kˆ
2 3
b. all except one value of 
c. all except two values of  c = c1 î  c 2 ˆj  c 3kˆ . If |c| = 1 and (a×b) × c = 0,
d. all values of f... then
3. Vectors a and b are such that IaI= 1, Ibl = 4 and
a b = 2. If c = 2a × b – 3b, then the angle between a1 a2 a3
b and c is b1 b2 b3
is equal to
 5 c1 c2 c3
a. b.
6 6 a. 0 b. 1
 2 c. a b
2 2
d. |a × b|2
c. d.
3 3
10. If the sum of two unit vectors is a unit vector,
4. The distance of the point 3iˆ  5kˆ from the line then the magnitude of their difference is
parallel to 6iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ and passing through the a. 2 b. 3
point 8iˆ  3jˆ  kˆ is c. 5 d. 7
a. 1 b. 2 11. The three vectors a, band c with magnitude 3, 4
c. 3 d. 4 and 5 respectively and a + b + c = 0, then the
5. Let a, band c be three non–zero vectors such that value of a – b+ b· c+ c· a is
a. –23 b. –25
1 c. 30 d. 26
no two of them are collinear and (a × b) × c =
3 12. The vectors (a, a + 1,a + 2)(a + 3, a + 4, a + 5),
|b| |c| a. If  is the angle between vectors b and c, (a + 6, a + 7, a + 8) are coplanar for
then a value of sin  is a. a  R b. a  R
2 2 c. a = 3 d. None of these
a. b. î  kˆ
3 13. If a = î  2ˆj  3kˆ , b   î  2ˆj  kˆ and
c. î  ˆj d. î  2ˆj  kˆ
c = 3 î  ˆj then p such that a + p b is at right
6. A vector of magnitude 2 coplanar with angle to c will be
î  ˆj  kˆ and î  2ˆj  kˆ and perpendicular to a. 7 b. 9
c. 3 d. 5
î  ˆj  kˆ is
14. Let a = i  2 j  k , b = î  ˆj  kˆ and c = î  ˆj  kˆ
ˆ ˆ ˆ
a.  î  kˆ b. î  kˆ A vector in the plane a and b whose projection on
c. î  ˆj d. î  2ˆj  kˆ 
c is is
7. Let a, band c be three unit vectors such that a is 3
perpendicular to the plane of b and c. If the
a. î  ˆj  2kˆ b. 3iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ

angle between band c is , then | a × b– x c | is c. 4iˆ  ˆj  4kˆ d. 4iˆ  ˆj  4kˆ
3
equal to
Vectors 108
15. If a = î  2ˆj  3kˆ , b = 2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ , c = 22. Three vectors a = î  ˆj  kˆ , b =  î  2ˆj  kˆ and
î  2ˆj  kˆ and [a b c] = 6, then A is equal to c =  î  2ˆj  kˆ , then the unit vector perpendicular
a. – 8 or 3 b. –9 or 3 to both a + band b + c is
c. –30r + 9 d. 8 or 5
î
16. Three points A,B and C with position vectors a. b. 6kˆ
3
a = a  3iˆ  2ˆj  kˆ , a  î  3jˆ  4kˆ and
1 1 2
k̂ î  ˆj  kˆ
a 3  2iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ relative to an origin O. The c. d.
3 3
distance of A from the plane OBC is (magnitude)
23. If a, b and c are unit coplanar vectors, then the
a. 5 b. 3 scalar triple product [2 a – b, 2b – c, 2 c – a] is
c. 3 d. 2 3 a. 2 b. –3
17. If a and b are two vectors such that a.b < 0 and c. 0 d. None of these
|a – b | = | a × b|, then the angle between a and b is 24. The vectors a = 2iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ , b = î  ˆj. . If c is a
3 2 vector such that a.c.  | c | and | c–a| = 2 2 ,
a. b.
4 3 angle between a × b and c is 45°, then
  I(a × b) × c] is
c. d.
4 3 3 2 3
18. If V is the volume of the parallelopiped having a. b.
2 2
three coterminous edges, as a, band c, then the
volume of the parallelopiped having three 3 3
coterminous edges as c. d. None of these
2
. = (a.a) a + (a.b) b + (a.c) c
 = (a.b) a + (b.b) b + (b.c) c 25. The three vectors a = î  ˆj  kˆ , b = î  ˆj and c
 = (a.c) a + (b.c) b + (b.c) c = î and (a × b) × c =  + a + b, then the value
a. V3 b. 3V of  +  is
c. V2 d. 2V a. 2 b. 3
19. Let a  2iˆ  ˆj and b  2iˆ  ˆj . If c is a vector such c. 0 d. None of these
that a.c = | c|, |c – a| = 2.[2 and the angle between 26. If [a × b b × c c × a] = [a b c]2, then A is equal
a × b and c is 30°, then |(a × b) × c| is equal to to
a. 2/3 b. 3/2 a. 1 b. 2
c. 2 d. 3 c. 3 d. 0
20. If the position vectors of P, Q, Rand S are 27. If the vectors AB = 3iˆ  4kˆ and AC =
2iˆ  ˆj, î  3j,
ˆ and î  ˆj respectively and ˆ are the sides ABC, then the length
(5iˆ  2ˆj  4k)
PQ || RS, then the value of  is of the median through A is
a. –7 b. 7
a. 18 b. 72
c. – 6 d. None of these
21. The angle between the vectors c. 33 d. 45
a = 2iˆ  2ˆj  kˆ 28. Let it and 6 be two unit vectors. If the vectors
c = â  2bˆ and d = 5aˆ  4bˆ are perpendicular to
and b = 6iˆ  3jˆ  2kˆ
each other, then the angle between it and b is
3 2  
a. cos–1 b. cos–1 a. b.
11 11 6 2
4 3  
c. cos–1 d. cos–1 c. d.
11 22 3 4
Vectors 109
29. Let ABCD be a parallelogram such that AB = q, a. exactly two values of (p, q)
AD = P and BAD be an acute angle. If r is the b. more than two but not all values of (p, q)
vector that coincides with the altitude directed from c. all values of (p, q)
the vertex B to the side AD, then r is given by d. exactly one value of (p, q)
37. The position vector of the point, where the line
3(q.q) (q.p)
a. r = 3r p b. r = – q + p
(p.p) (p.p) r = î  ˆj  kˆ  t (iˆ  ˆj  k)
ˆ meets the plane
(p.q) 3(p.q) r. (iˆ  ˆj  k)

ˆ = 5 is
c. r = q – p d. r = –3q + p
(p.p) (p.p) a. 5iˆ  ˆj  kˆ b. 5iˆ  3jˆ  3kˆ
1 1 c. 2iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ d. 5iˆ  ˆj  kˆ
30. If a = (3iˆ  k)
ˆ and b = – (2iˆ  3jˆ  6k)ˆ ,
10 7 38. The non–zero vectors a, b and c are related by
then the value of (2 a – b)· [(a × b) × (a + 2b)] is a = 8b and c = – 7 b. Then, the angle between
a. – 3 b. 5 a and c is
c. 3 d. – 5 a.  b. 0
31. The vectors a and b are not perpendicular and c
 
and d are two vectors satisfying b × c = b × d and c. d.
a. d = 0. Then, the vector d is equal to 4 2
39. If û and v̂ are unit vector and  is the acute
 a.c   b.c 
a. c +  b b. b+  c angle between them, then 2 û × 3 û is a unit
 a.b   a.b 
vector for
 a.c   b.c  a. exactly two values of 
c. c –  b d. b –  c b. more than two values of 
 a.b   a.b 
c. no value of 
32. If the vector piˆ  ˆj  k,
ˆ î  qjˆ  kˆ and d. exactly one value of 
î  ˆj  rkˆ (q  q  r1) are coplanar, then the 40. Let a = î  ˆj  kˆ , b = î  j  2kˆ and
value of pqr – (p + q + r) is c = xiˆ  (x  2)ˆj  kˆ . If the vector c lies in the
a. – 2 b. 2 plane of a and b, then x equals to
c. 0 d. –1 a. 0 b. 1
33. Let a, band c be three non–zero vectors which c. – 4 d. – 2
are pairwise non – collinear. If + 3b is collinear 41. If (a × b) × c = a × (b × c), where a, band c are
with c and b + 2c is collinear with a, then any three vectors such that a. b = 0, b·c 0, then
a + 3b + 6 c is a and c are
a. a + b b. a a. parallel
c. c d. 0

ˆ ˆ
34. Let a = i  k and c = î  ˆj  kˆ , then the vector b b. inclined at an angle of between them
3
satisfying a × b + c = 0 and a b = 3, is

a.  î  ˆj  2kˆ b. 2iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ c. inclined at an angle of between them
6
c. î  ˆj  2kˆ d. î  ˆj  2kˆ d. perpendicular
42. The value of a, for which the points, A, B and C
35. If the vectors a = î  ˆj  2kˆ , b = 2iˆ  4ˆj  kˆ and
with position vectors 2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ 3jˆ  5kˆ and
c = î  ˆj  kˆ are mutually orthogonal, then
aiˆ  3jˆ  kˆ respectively are the vertices of a right
(,) is equal to
a. (–3, 2) b. (2,–3) 
c. (–2,3) d. (3,–2) angled triangle with C = are
2
36. If u, v, w are non–coplanar vectors and p,q are a. – 2 and – 1 b. – 2 and 1
real numbers, then the equality [3u pv pw] – c. 2 and –1 d. 2 and 1
[pv w qu] – [2w qv qu] = 0 holds for
Vectors 110
43. If C is the mid–point of AB and P is any point 51. Let u, v, w be such that
outside AB, then | u | = 1, |v| = 2, |w| = 3
a. PA + PB + PC = 0 b. PA + P B + 2 PC = 0 If the projection v along u is equal to that of w
c. PA+ PB = PC d. PA + PB = 2PC along u and v, ware perpendicular to each other,
44. For any vector a, then the value of then |u – v + w | is equal to
(a × î ) 2 + (a × ˆj ) 2 + (a × k̂ ) 2 is a. 2 b. 7
2 2
a. 4 a b. 2 a c. 14 d. 14
c. a 2 d. 3a2 52. Let a, band c be non–zero vectors such that
45. If a  î  k,b
ˆ  xiˆ  ˆj  (1  x) k̂ and
1
(a × b) × c = |b| c | a. If  is the acute angle
c = yiˆ  xjˆ  (1  x  y) k̂ Then, [a b c] depends 3
on between the vectors band c, then sine equals to
a. Only x b. Only y 1 2
c. Both x and y d. Neither x nor y a. b.
3 3
46. Let a, band c be distinct non–negative numbers.
If the vectors aiˆ  ajˆ  ckˆ , î  kˆ and ciˆ  ˆj  bkˆ lie 2 2 2
c. d.
3 3
in a plane, then c is
a. the harmonic mean of a and b 53. The value of [(a – b) (b – c) (c – a)] is equal to
b. equal to zero a. 2 b. 1
c. the arithmetic mean of a and b c. 2[a be] d. 2
d. the geometric mean of a and b 54. If î  ˆj, ˆj  k, î  kˆ are the position vectors of
47. If a, b, c are non–coplanar vectors and A is a real the vertices of a ABC taken in order, then A is
number, then [(a + b) c] = [a (b + c) b] for equal to Kerala
a. exactly two values of A
b. exactly three values of A  
a. b.
c. no value of A 2 5
d. exactly one value of A   
48. Let a,b and c be three non–zero vectors such that c. d. e.
6 4 3
no two of these are collinear. If the vector a + 2b
55. If a, band c are three non–zero vectors such that
is collinear with c and b + 3 c is collinear with a
each one of them being perpendicular to the sum
( being some non–zero scalar), then a + 2b + 6 c
of the other two vectors, then the value of
equals to
|a + b + c| 2 is
a. a b. b
a. |a|2 + |b|2 + |c|2 b |a| + |b| + |c|
c. c d. 0
49. A particle is acted upon by constant forces 1 2
c. 2|a|2 + |b|2 + |c|2 d. |a| + |b|2 + |c|2
4iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ and 3iˆ  ˆj  kˆ which displace it from 2
56. Let a = î  ˆj  kˆ , b = î  ˆj  kˆ and c = î  ˆj  kˆ
a point î  2ˆj  3kˆ to the point 5 I+ 41 + k. The
be three vectors. A vector v in the plane of a and
work done in standard units by the forces is given
by 1
a. 40 units b. 30 units b, whose projection on c is is given by
3
c. 25 units d. 15 units
50. If a, band c are non–coplanar vectors and  is a a. 2iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ b. 3iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ
real number, then the vectors a + 2b + 3c, c. 3iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ d. 3iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ
b + 4 c and (2 –1) c are non–coplanar for
a. all values of A 57. If r.a = r.b = r.c = 1 where a, b, c are any three
b. all except one value of A non–coplanar vectors, then r is
c. all except two values of A a. coplanar with a, b, C
d. no value of A b. parallel to a + b + C
c. parallel to b × c + c × a + a × b
d. parallel to (a × b) × c
Vectors 111
MHT - CET Corner
1. If the position vectors of the vertices A, B and C 1 1 1

a. < , , >
ˆ ˆj and k̂ respectively w.r.t. origin O, the
are 6i,6 3 3 3
volume of the tetrahedron OABC is
a. 6 b. 3 b. 16  (a.b) 2
1 1 c. 2 4  (a.b)2
c. d.
6 3
d. 2 4  (a.b)2
2. If three vectors 2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ , î  2ˆj  3kˆ and
9. If a, b, e are three non–coplanar vectors and
3iˆ  ˆj  5kˆ are coplanar, then the value of A is p, q, r are defined by the relations
a. – 4 b. – 2
c. – 1 d. – 8 ba
bc ca
3. The vector perpendicular to the vectors p= ,q= and r =  abc 
[abc] [abc]
4iˆ  ˆj  5kˆ and 2iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ whose magnitude
a· p + b· q + c· r is equal to
is a. 0 b.
a. 3iˆ  6ˆj  2kˆ b. 3iˆ  6ˆj  2kˆ c. 1 d. 3
10. The volume of a parallelopiped whose coterminous
c. 3iˆ  6ˆj  6kˆ d. None of these edges are 2a, 2b, 2e, is
4. If in a ABC, 0 and 0' are the incentre and ortho a. 2 [a b e] b. 4 [a b c]
centre respectively, then (0' A + O' B + O' C) is c. 4 [a b c] d. 8 [a b c]
equal to 11. The position vectors of vertices of a 6 ABC are
a. 2O'O b. O'O
4iˆ  2ˆj, î  4ˆj  3kˆ and  î  5jˆ  kˆ respectively,,
c. OO' d. 2OO'
5. If a + b + c = 0 and Ia I= 5, Ib I= 3 and Ic I= 7, then  ABC is equal
then angle between a and b is  
a. b.
  6 4
a. b.
2 3  
c. d.
  3 2
c. d. 12. Given p =
4 6
6. If u = a – b and v = a + b and | a | = |b| = 2, then 3iˆ  2ˆj  4k,a
ˆ  î  ˆj, b  ˆj  k,c
ˆ  î  kˆ
|u×v| is equal to and p = x a + y b + z e, then x, y, z are
a. 2 16  (a.b) 2
b. 16  (a.b) 2 respectively
3 1 5 1 3 5
c. 2 4  (a.b) d. 2 4  (a.b)2 a. , , b. , ,
2 2 2 2 2 2
7. If the vectors a, band c are coplanar, then
5 3 1 1 5 3
c. , , d. , ,
a b c 2 2 2 5 2 2
a.a. a.b. a.c. 13. Volume of the parallelopiped having vertices at
is equal to
b.a. b.b b.c O = (0, 0, 0), A = (2, – 2, 1),B  (5, – 4,4) and
C = (1, –2, 4) is
a. 1 b. 0 a. 5 cu units b. 10 cu units
c. –1 d. None of the above c. 15 cu units d. 20 cu units
8. A vector v is equally inclined to the X–axis, 14. If 2a + 3b – 5c = 0, then ratio in which c divides
Y–axis and Z–axis respectively, its direction AB is
cosines are a. 3 : 2 internally b. 3 : 2 externally
c. 2 : 3 internally d. 2 : 3 externally
Vectors 112
15. If the constant forces 2iˆ  5jˆ  6kˆ and a.(b  c) b(a  b)
22.  is equal to
î  2ˆj  6kˆ act on a particle due to which it is b.(c  a) (b  c)
a. 1 b. 2
displaced from a point A (4, – 3, – 2) to a point
c. 0 d. 
B(6, t – 3), then the work done by the forces is
2008 23. If |a | = |b | = 1and | a + b+| = 3 , then the value
a. 10 units b. –10 units of (3a – 4b)· (2a + 5b) is
c. 15 units d. –9 units
21
16. If the vectors î  3jˆ  2k,
ˆ  î  2ˆj represent the a. –21 b. –
2
diagonals of a parallelogram, then its area will be 21
c. 21 d.
21 2
a. 21 b.
2 24. If a is perpendicular to band c, |a| = 2, |b| = 3,
|c| = 4 and the angle between b and c is 27, then
21 [a b c] is equal to
c. 2 21 d.
4 a. 4 b. 6
3 3
17. If |a| = 2, |b| = 3 and a, b are mutually
perpendicular, then the area of the triangle whose c. 12 3 d. 18 3
vertices are 0, a + b, a – b is 25. If a, band e are perpendicular to b + e, e + a and
a. 5 b. 1 a + b respectively and if |a + b | = 6, |b + c| = 8
c. 6 d. 8 and |c + a| = 10 then |a + b + c| is equal to
18. a × [a × (a × b)] is equal to a. 5 2 b. 50
a. (a × a)· (b ×a) b. a·(b × a) –b (a × b)
c. [a·(a × b)] a d. (a·a) (b × a) c. 10 2 d. 10 2
19. If the vectors a + Ab + 3c, –2a + 3 b – 4e and 26. If vectors î  ˆj  kˆ , î  ˆj  kˆ and 2iˆ  3jˆ  kˆ
a – 3b + 5c are coplanar, then the value of A is
are coplanar, then  is equal to
a. 2 b. –1
a. – 2 b. 3
c. 1 d. –2
c. 2 d. –3
20. If the vectors a = î  ajˆ  a 2ik,
ˆ b  î  bjˆ  b 2 kˆ 27. Given a  b |a| 1 and if (a + 3b) . (2a – b) = – 10,
then b is equal to
c = î  cjˆ  c 2 kˆ are three non–coplanar vectors
a. 1 b. 3
and c. 2 d. 4
28. [a + b b + e e + a] ==[a b c], then
a a2 1  a3
a. [a b c] = 1
b b2 a  a3 b. a, b, c are coplanar
= 0, then the value of abc is
c c2 1  c3 c. [a b c] = –1
d. a, b, c are mutually perpendicular
a. 0 b. 1 29. Area of rhombus is , where diagonals are
c. 2 d. –1
a = 2iˆ  3jˆ  5kˆ and b =  î  ˆj  kˆ
21. Let a = 2i  j  k, b  i  2ˆj  kˆ and
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
a. 21.5 b. 31.5
c = î  ˆj  2kˆ be three vectors. A vector in the
c. 28.5 d. 38.5
plane of b and c whose projection on a is of
30. Let ABCD be a parallelogram whose diagonals
2 intersect at P and 0 be the origin, then
magnitude
3 OA + OB + OC + OD equals
a. OP b. 2 OP
a. 2iˆ  3jˆ  3kˆ b. 2iˆ  3jˆ  3kˆ c. 3 OP d. 4 OP
c. 2iˆ  2ˆj  5kˆ d. 2iˆ  ˆj  5kˆ
Vectors 113
Answers
Exercise 1
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (a)
11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (d) 16. (b) 17. (d) 18. (a) 19. (a) 20. (a)
21. (d) 22. (b) 23. (a) 24. (c) 25. (c) 26. (c) 27. (a) 28. (d) 29. (a) 30. (a)
31. (a) 32. (c) 33. (d) 34. (c) 35. (a) 36. (d) 37. (a) 38. (c) 39. (d) 40. (d)
41. (c) 42. (b) 43. (c) 44. (a) 45. (a) 46. (d) 47. (d) 48. (c) 49. (a) 50. (c)
51. (d) 52. (b) 53. (d) 54. (a) 55. (b) 56. (a) 57. (a) 58. (d) 59. (e) 60. (e)
61. (e) 62. (a) 63. (b) 64. (a) 65. (b) 66. (b) 67. (d) 68. (a) 69. (a) 70. (a)
71. (a) 72. (a) 73. (a) 74. (b) 75. (d) 76. (a) 77. (a) 78. (c) 79. (b) 80. (d)
81. (b) 82. (b) 83. (d) 84. (c) 85. (c) 86. (c) 87. (b) 88. (b) 89. (a) 90. (a)
91. (a) 92. (a) 93. (c) 94. (a) 95. (d) 96. (a) 97. (e) 98. (b) 99. (b) 100. (b)
101. (c) 102. (b) 103. (a) 104. (b) 105. (a) 106. (c) 107. (c) 108. (c) 109. (c) 110. (d)
111. (b) 112. (d)
Exercise 2
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (b)
11. (b) 12. (a) 13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (a) 16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. (c)
21. (c) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (c) 25. (c) 26. (a) 27. (c) 28. (c) 29. (b) 30. (d)
31. (c) 32. (a) 33. (d) 34. (a) 35. (a) 36. (d) 37. (b) 38. (a) 39. (d) 40. (d)
41. (d) 42. (d) 43. (d) 44. (b) 45. (d) 46. (d) 47. (c) 48. (d) 49. (a) 50. (c)
51. (c) 52. (d) 53. (a) 54. (e) 55. (a) 56. (b) 57. (c)
MHT–CET Corner
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (c)
11. (d) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (a) 15. (c) 16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (d) 19. (d) 20. (d)
21. (a) 22. (a) 23. (b) 24. (c) 25. (d) 26. (c) 27. (c) 28. (b) 29. (c) 30. (d)
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47

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DGT MH –CET 12th MATHEMATICS Study Material 1

Representation of a Vector e.g. 

MATHEMATICS – MHT-CET Himalaya Publication Pvt. Ltd.

(b) they have the same or parallel support.

xiii.Orthogonal Vectors Two vectors are said to

ii. The position vector of r = xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ

MATHEMATICS – MHT-CET Himalaya Publication Pvt. Ltd.

Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar

MATHEMATICS – MHT-CET Himalaya Publication Pvt. Ltd.

MATHEMATICS – MHT-CET Himalaya Publication Pvt. Ltd.

MATHEMATICS – MHT-CET Himalaya Publication Pvt. Ltd.

MATHEMATICS – MHT-CET Himalaya Publication Pvt. Ltd.

• ˆi.jˆ  ˆj.iˆ  0, ˆj.kˆ  k.

MATHEMATICS – MHT-CET Himalaya Publication Pvt. Ltd.

MATHEMATICS – MHT-CET Himalaya Publication Pvt. Ltd.

= 4iˆ  2ˆj  kˆ • Example 10

MATHEMATICS – MHT-CET Himalaya Publication Pvt. Ltd.

MATHEMATICS – MHT-CET Himalaya Publication Pvt. Ltd.

MATHEMATICS – MHT-CET Himalaya Publication Pvt. Ltd.

MATHEMATICS – MHT-CET Himalaya Publication Pvt. Ltd.

MATHEMATICS – MHT-CET Himalaya Publication Pvt. Ltd.

â  bˆ 36. If a  2iˆ  2ˆj  3kˆ , b  ˆi  2ˆj  kˆ and c  3iˆ  ˆj

MATHEMATICS – MHT-CET Himalaya Publication Pvt. Ltd.

MATHEMATICS – MHT-CET Himalaya Publication Pvt. Ltd.

MATHEMATICS – MHT-CET Himalaya Publication Pvt. Ltd.

MATHEMATICS – MHT-CET Himalaya Publication Pvt. Ltd.

MATHEMATICS – MHT-CET Himalaya Publication Pvt. Ltd.

103. If the planes r. (2iˆ  ˆj  3k)

MATHEMATICS – MHT-CET Himalaya Publication Pvt. Ltd.

MATHEMATICS – MHT-CET Himalaya Publication Pvt. Ltd.

MATHEMATICS – MHT-CET Himalaya Publication Pvt. Ltd.

(p.q) 3(p.q) r. (iˆ  ˆj  k)

MATHEMATICS – MHT-CET Himalaya Publication Pvt. Ltd.

MATHEMATICS – MHT-CET Himalaya Publication Pvt. Ltd.

MHT - CET Corner

1. If the position vectors of the vertices A, B and C 1 1 1

MATHEMATICS – MHT-CET Himalaya Publication Pvt. Ltd.

c. 2iˆ  2ˆj  5kˆ d. 2iˆ  ˆj  5kˆ

MATHEMATICS – MHT-CET Himalaya Publication Pvt. Ltd.

MATHEMATICS – MHT-CET Himalaya Publication Pvt. Ltd.

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