UCAR

Solution
Vinyl Resins
for Coatings

U
 Contents
UCAR® Solution Vinyl Resins for Coatings|1
Typical Properties Table|2
Applications Table|4
General Characteristics Table|4

FDA Status|5

Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl Acetate Copolymers|6

Carboxyl-Modified Vinyl Chloride/

Vinyl Acetate Copolymers|7

Epoxy-Modified Vinyl Chloride/

Vinyl Acetate Copolymers|7

Hydroxyl-Modified Vinyl Chloride/

IMPORTANT: Vinyl Acetate Copolymers|8
Union Carbide Corporation has compiled the information
contained herein from what it believes are authoritative Hydrolyzed Resins|8
sources and believes that it is accurate and factual as of Directly-Polymerized Resins|8
the date printed. It is offered solely as a convenience to UCARMAG® 527 and 569 Resins|9
its customers and intended only as a guide concerning the
products mentioned. Since the user’s product formulation,
specific use application, and conditions of use are beyond Solution Vinyl Resins for
Union Carbide’s control, Union Carbide makes no warranty
or representation regarding the results that may be VOC-Compliant Coatings|9
obtained by the user. It shall be the responsibility of the
user to determine the suitability of any products mentioned Solutions|9
for the user’s specific application. This information is not
to be taken as a warranty or representation for which Viscosity Behavior|19
Union Carbide assumes legal responsibility nor as permission Application Methods|20
to practice any patented invention without a license.
Solution Preparation|20
FOOD, DRUG, OR COSMETIC
No chemical should be used as or in a food, drug, or Formulation of Clear Coatings|22
cosmetic, or in a product or process in which it may contact
a food, drug, or cosmetic, until the user has determined the Plasticizers|22
safety and legality of the use. Since government regulations Heat Stabilizers|22
and use conditions are subject to change, it is the user’s
responsibility to determine that the information contained Light Stabilizers|23
herein is appropriate and suitable under the current,
applicable laws and regulations. Formulation of Pigmented Coatings|24
Many chemicals of a toxic nature are discussed in this publi-
cation. Before using any of them, we urge you to contact Modification with Other Polymers|27
the supplier and obtain the Material Safety Data Sheet and
other safety information so that you can take the necessary Compatibility|27
measures to protect the health and safety of your workers. Reactive (Crosslinking) Systems|27

CELLOSOLVE, FLEXOL, PROPASOL, UCAR, UCARMAG, and

UNION CARBIDE are registered trademarks of Union Carbide. Adhesion|29

Copyright © 1980, 1983, 1988, 1990, 1992, 1994, 1996, 1998

Union Carbide. Where Not to Use Vinyl Coatings|29

Product Safety|31

Further Information|31

Emergency Service|32

UCAR® Solution Vinyl Resins for Coatings
Through advanced solution vinyl resin
technology, Union Carbide has successfully
extended the 50 years of proven performance
of the vinyl chloride backbone.
UCAR® Solution Vinyl Resins are available in four general
copolymer types:
■ Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl Acetate
■ Carboxyl-Modified Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl Acetate
■ Epoxy-Modified Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl Acetate
■ Hydroxyl-Modified Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl Acetate
These copolymers are available as powders and solutions
in a range of molecular weights and compositions.
Coatings based on these resins are non-oxidizing and
permanently flexible, and are characterized by the
absence of color, odor, and taste. They are not attacked
at normal temperatures by dilute alkalies or mineral
acids, alcohols, greases, oils, or aliphatic hydrocarbons.
They have a low moisture-vapor transmission rate, low
order of water absorption, and are tough and durable.
The molecular weight and the ratio of vinyl chloride
to vinyl acetate affect the solubility and other physical
properties of the resin. As the molecular weight (degree
of polymerization) is increased, the solution viscosity
increases and the strength of the film increases. Vinyl
chloride contributes film strength and toughness, as well
as water and chemical resistance. Vinyl acetate improves
solubility and film flexibility.
Return to Contents
When properly pigmented, coatings based on vinyl
chloride/acetate copolymers have excellent outdoor
durability. Hydroxyl-modification improves compatibility
and adhesion, and provides a site for crosslinking.
Carboxyl modification permits formulation of coatings
that will adhere to clean metal surfaces on air-dry.
Epoxy modification provides the ability to crosslink with
carboxyl-modified vinyl resins to give an all-vinyl reactive
system that yields thermoset-like characteristics, most
notably improved toughness, enhanced physical
properties, and superior chemical resistance.
UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins, produced by a proprietary
solution polymerization process, offer several advantages:
High Purity
No water-soluble suspending agents or surfactants are
used in the manufacture; therefore, water resistance is
outstanding. Additionally, the as-received vinyl chloride
monomer (VCM) content of dry vinyl powders is <10 ppb
(parts per billion). In formulated coatings, the VCM level
is below the detectable limit of 3.2 ppb.
Uniform Polymer Composition and Narrow
Molecular Weight Distribution
Provide predictable solution viscosities and batch-to-batch
production uniformity.
Low in Gels
Easily dissolved and low in gels and insoluble materials.
Compatibility
All UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins are completely compatible
with each other and many different types of resins.
Recoatable
Typically dry by evaporation. Hydroxyl-modified vinyls
can be cured by crosslinking.
1
 Return to Contents

Typical Properties of UCAR® Solution Vinyl Resins

UCAR® Solution Vinyl Resins

table 1
VYNS-3 VYHH VYHD VMCH VMCC VMCA
Polymer Composition % by Wt
VCl 90 86 86 86 83 81
VAc 10 14 14 13 16 17
Other — — — 1a 1a 2a

Reactive Functionality
Type — — — carboxyl carboxyl carboxyl

% by Wt — — — 1.0 1.0 2.0

Acid No. — — — 10 10 19

Hydroxyl Value — — — — — —

Epoxy Equivalent Wt — — — — — —

Inherent Viscosity ASTM-D1243 0.74 0.50 0.40 0.50 0.38 0.32

Specific Gravity ASTM-D792 1.36 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.34 1.34

Glass Transition Temp. (Tg), ºC 79 72 72 74 72 70

Average Molecular Wt, Mn* 44,000 27,000 22,000 27,000 19,000 15,000

Solution Viscosityh at 25ºC, cP 1300j 600 200 650 100 55

Typical Solution Properties

Solids, % by Wt 15 20 25 20 25 30
MEK/Toluene 67/33 50/50 33/67 50/50 25/75 25/75
Viscosity at 25ºC, cP 250 200 175 150 250 370

(a) Maleic acid (f) Oxirane oxygen

(b) Epoxy-containing monomer (g) On solids
(c) Solution — 40% resin in MEK/toluene, 3/2 by wt (h) 30% resin in MEK
(d) Vinyl alcohol (j) 20% resin in MEK
(e) Hydroxyalkyl acrylate (k) Sulfonate-containing monomer

* Referenced to polystyrene standard.

2
 Return to Contents

UCARMAG® Binder
VERR-40 VAGH VAGD VAGF VAGC VROH 527 569

82 90 90 81 81 81 82 85
9 4 4 4 4 4 4 13
9b,c 6d 6d 15e 15e 15e 14a,e 2k

epoxy hydroxyl hydroxyl hydroxyl hydroxyl hydroxyl hydroxyl/ sulfonate

carboxyl
1.8f,g 2.3 2.3 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.0 1.0

— — — — — — — —

— 76 76 59 63 66 59 —

1600g — — — — — —

— 0.53 0.44 0.56 0.44 0.30 0.56 0.40

— 1.39 1.39 1.37 1.36 1.37 1.37 1.35

67 79 77 70 65 65 72 72

15,000 27,000 22,000 33,000 24,000 15,000 35,000 22,000

— 1000 400 930 275 70 720 1050

40c 20 25 20 30 30 20 20
— 50/50 50/50 50/50 50/50 25/75 50/50 50/50
1000 350 400 171 184 340 170 500

3
 Return to Contents

Applications & Characteristics

Applications
table 2

Packaging General Marine & Magnetic Strippable Wood

Food Non-Food Metals Maintenance Media Inks Adhesives Coatings Finishes

VYNS-3 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
VYHH ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
VYHD ■ ■ ■ ■
VMCH ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
VMCC ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
VMCA ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
VERR-40 ■
VAGH ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
VAGD ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
VAGF ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
VAGC ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
VROH ■ ■ ■ ■

UCARMAG®
Binder
527 ■
569 ■

General Characteristics of UCAR® Solution Vinyl Resins

table 3

Appearance* White powder

Particle Size
% by wt, min, through 20 mesh 98
Bulk Density, lb/ft3 24 to 34
Heat Loss, % by wt, max 3.0
Water Content, % by wt, max 0.5
Melting Point, ºC 93 to 135

*VERR-40 is a solution

4
 Return to Contents

FDA Status
The UCAR® Solution Vinyl Resins listed below are cited in the
following regulations1 of the United States Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) for use in food-contact applications, such
as can, paper, film, and foil coatings, and coatings for closures.

FDA Regulation Use UCAR® Solution Vinyl Resin

21CFR 175.105 Components of adhesives used in articles intended VYHD, VYHH, VYNS-3,
for packaging, transporting or holding food. VMCA, VMCC, VMCH,
VAGD, VAGH, VERR-40

21CFR 175.300 Components of resinous and polymeric coatings VYHD, VYHH, VYNS-3,
to be applied as continuous films to food-contact VMCA, VMCC, VMCH,
surfaces of articles intended for use in processing, VAGD, VAGH, VERR-40
manufacturing, packing, producing, heating,
packaging, holding, or transporting food.

21CFR 175.320 Components of a coating that is applied as a VYHD, VYHH, VYNS-3,

continuous film over one or both sides of a base VMCA, VMCC, VMCH,
film produced from one or more of the basic olefin VAGD, VAGH
polymers complying with 177.1520.

21CFR 176.170 Components of the food-contact surface of paper VYHD, VYHH, VYNS-3,
and paperboard used to package aqueous and VMCA, VMCC, VMCH,
fatty foods. VAGD, VAGH

21CFR 176.180 Components of paper and paperboard in contact VYHD, VYHH, VYNS-3,
with dry food. VMCA, VMCC, VMCH,
VAGD, VAGH, VERR-40

21CFR 177.1210 Components of closures with sealing gaskets VYHD, VYHH, VYNS-3,
for food containers. VMCA, VMCC, VMCH,
VAGD, VAGH, VERR-40

(1) Since government regulations are subject to revision, it is the user’s responsibility to refer to the Code of Federal Regulations
or the Federal Register to determine current regulatory status.

5
 Return to Contents

Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl Acetate Copolymers

VYNS-3
The highest molecular weight solution vinyl resin, having
a composition of approximately 90 percent vinyl chloride
and 10 percent vinyl acetate. UCAR® Solution Vinyl Resin
VYNS-3 is usually dissolved in relatively strong ketone
systems to provide resin solutions of 13 to 17 percent
solids. VYNS-3 is used where the ultimate toughness,
durability, and chemical resistance are required. Because
of its excellent tensile tear properties, VYNS-3 is ideally
suited for strippable coatings applications. VYHH is often
blended with VYNS-3 to increase sprayable solids.
VYHD
A medium molecular weight resin having a composition
of approximately 86 percent vinyl chloride and 14 percent
vinyl acetate. UCAR Solution Vinyl Resin VYHD is more
soluble in ketones and other solvents than VYHH and,
therefore, has a greater tolerance for aromatic hydrocarbon
diluents. Resin solutions of 25 percent solids can be
achieved by dissolving VYHD in a system consisting
of ketone solvent/aromatic diluent (35/65 percent by
weight). VYHD can be substituted for VYHH in most
applications where higher solids are needed.

VYHH
A high molecular weight resin having a composition of
approximately 86 percent vinyl chloride and 14 percent
vinyl acetate. VYHH offers a desirable balance of chemical
resistance, solubility, film strength, and thermoplasticity.
VYHH is usually dissolved in a relatively strong
solvent/diluent combination, such as ketone solvent/
aromatic diluent (50/50 percent by weight). With this
system, a solids content of 20 to 22 percent can be
achieved. Marine and maintenance coatings, ink and
overlacquers for vinyl substrates, strippable coatings,
and masonry and metal coatings are among the principal
applications for UCAR Solution Vinyl Resin VYHH.

6

Carboxyl-Modified
Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl Acetate Copolymers
The carboxyl-modified vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate
copolymers are made specifically for the formulation of
coatings having excellent adhesion to various substrates,
especially metals, cellulosics, and certain plastics.
VMCH
A high molecular weight resin containing approximately
86 percent vinyl chloride, 13 percent vinyl acetate, and
1 percent maleic acid. UCAR® Solution Vinyl Resin VMCH
is usually dissolved in relatively strong solvent/diluent
combinations, such as 50 percent ketone/50 percent
aromatic hydrocarbon, to produce solutions of 20 to 22
percent solids. UCAR Solution Vinyl Resin VMCH is used
primarily for air-dry finishes, such as maintenance,
marine, and metal coatings. VMCH is often used to
make heat-sealable packaging coatings.
VMCC
A medium molecular weight resin containing approxi-
mately 83 percent vinyl chloride, 16 percent vinyl acetate,
and 1 percent maleic acid. UCAR Solution Vinyl Resin
VMCC is more soluble than VMCH in ketones, esters, and
other solvents used to dissolve vinyl resins. VMCC also has
a higher tolerance for aromatic hydrocarbon diluents.
Epoxy-Modified
Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl Acetate Copolymers
VERR-40
A low molecular weight epoxy-modified copolymer
available only as a solution at 40 percent solids in
MEK/toluene (3/2 by weight). VERR-40 can be blended
with carboxyl-modified vinyls (VMCH, VMCC, and VMCA)
to provide an all-vinyl reactive coating system that,
when cured by baking, yields coatings with enhanced
toughness, flexibility, and solvent resistance.
Return to Contents
When dissolved in a suitable solvent system, such as a
50 percent ketone/50 percent aromatic hydrocarbon,
resin solutions of 23 to 25 percent solids can be achieved.
VMCC is often used in the same applications as VMCH.
However, because of its better solubility, it also finds
use as an adhesion promoter for vinyl organosols in
can coatings.
VMCA
A low molecular weight resin containing approximately
81 percent vinyl chloride, 17 percent vinyl acetate, and
2 percent maleic acid. UCAR Solution Vinyl Resin VMCA
is characterized by a high degree of solubility in solvent
systems having a high aromatic hydrocarbon content.
When dissolved in a suitable solvent/diluent combination,
such as 25 percent ketone/75 percent aromatic hydro-
carbon, resin solutions of 30 percent solids can be
achieved. VMCA yields the good balance of solubility
and viscosity properties needed for high-build, air-dry
maintenance finishes. VMCA can also be used in coatings
and adhesives applications where higher solids are
desirable.
7

Hydroxyl-Modified
Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl Acetate Copolymers
UCAR® Hydroxyl-Modified Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl Acetate
Copolymers are manufactured using two different processes.
VAGH and VAGD are polymers made in a two-step process
that yields vinyl alcohol in the backbone. The other
hydroxyl-modified resins are produced by a one-step
polymerization process similar to that used to make the
copolymer and carboxy-functional solution polymerized
resins described above.
Hydroxyl-modified vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate copolymers
are noted particularly for compatibility with other film-
forming resins, such as alkyds, urethane elastomers,
isocyanate resins, epoxy polymers, and urea and melamine
resins. Hydroxyl-modified vinyls are, therefore, often
formulated with these and other film-forming materials
to improve coating properties, such as adhesion, flexibility,
toughness, hardness, and chemical resistance. Hydroxyl-
modified resins are often used to impart snap-dry properties
to a coating. The hydroxyl functionality permits crosslinking
reactions for thermoset coating systems that exhibit
outstanding chemical and water resistance. Coatings based
on these resins also have good adhesion to wash primers,
metals, wood, and many plastic substrates.
■ HYDROLYZED RESINS
VAGH
A high molecular weight, partially-hydrolyzed vinyl chlo-
ride/vinyl acetate resin having a composition of approxi-
mately 90 percent vinyl chloride, 4 percent vinyl acetate,
with a hydroxyl content of approximately 2.3 percent. UCAR
Solution Vinyl Resin VAGH can be dissolved in relatively
strong solvent/diluent combinations, such as 50 percent
ketone/50 percent aromatic hydrocarbon, to produce resin
solutions of 20 percent solids. VAGH can be used for a
wide range of coatings applications, including industrial
maintenance and marine finishes, wood finishes, paper
coatings, metal decorative and container coatings, and
as a binder in magnetic tape.
VAGD
A medium molecular weight, partially-hydrolyzed vinyl
chloride/vinyl acetate resin having a composition of approxi-
mately 90 percent vinyl chloride, 4 percent vinyl acetate,
8
Return to Contents
with a hydroxyl content of approximately 2.3 percent.
The lower molecular weight provides improved solubility
and permits the formulation of solutions containing
higher solids.
■ DIRECTLY-POLYMERIZED RESINS
VAGF
A high molecular weight copolymer comprised of vinyl
chloride, vinyl acetate, and a hydroxyalkyl acrylate. The vinyl
chloride portion is about 81 percent with the hydroxyl content
at 1.8 percent. The solution viscosity and other properties of
VAGF strongly resemble those of VAGH. VAGF can be used for
a wide range of coatings applications, including industrial
maintenance and marine finishes, paper coatings, general
metal finishes, and as a binder in magnetic tape.
VAGC
A medium molecular weight copolymer comprised of vinyl
chloride, vinyl acetate, and a hydroxyalkyl acrylate. The
vinyl chloride portion is about 81 percent with the hydroxyl
content at 1.9 percent. The solution viscosity and other
properties of VAGC are very similar to those of VAGD.
VAGC finds commercial application in clear and pigmented
coatings for metal, wood, paper, concrete, masonry, films,
foils, fabrics, and leather.
VROH
A low molecular weight terpolymer comprised of vinyl
chloride, vinyl acetate, and a hydroxyalkyl acrylate. The
vinyl chloride portion is approximately 81 percent, and the
hydroxyl content is approximately 2 percent. High tolerance
for alcohols and aliphatic diluents broadens the usefulness
of VROH. UCAR Solution Vinyl Resin VROH can be dissolved
in solvent/diluent combinations, such as 25 percent
ketone/75 percent aromatic hydrocarbon, to produce resin
solutions of 30 percent solids. Also, 35 percent resin solutions
can be prepared with VROH using Rule 66-type exempt
solvent systems (for the wood coatings industry) containing
as much as 30 percent by volume butanol. UCAR Solution
Vinyl Resin VROH can be used in a wide variety of clear
and pigmented coatings for metal, wood, paper, film, foil,
and fabric.

UCARMAG® Binder 527
A high molecular weight copolymer comprised of vinyl
chloride, vinyl acetate, a hydroxy-alkyl acrylate and a
carboxylated monomer. The vinyl chloride content is
about 80 percent by weight and the hydroxyl content is
about 1.8 percent. The molecular weight and physical
properties of UCARMAG Binder 527 are similar to those
of VAGF. A carboxyl monomer in the UCARMAG Binder 527
gives the terpolymer excellent wetting and pigment
dispersion properties and has made the resin especially
useful in magnetic tape coatings containing neutral
or basic pigments. Because of its unique functionality,
UCARMAG 527 might also be considered as a binder for
printing inks, paper coatings and general metal finishes.
UCARMAG® Binder 569
A medium molecular weight terpolymer containing
vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate and a monomer with metal
sulfonate functionality. The vinyl chloride of the terpolymer
is about 85 percent by weight. The sulfonate functional
monomer provides the terpolymer with exceptional wet-
ting characteristics which make it an excellent dispersing
medium for high surface area pigments used in magnetic
media applications. Since the terpolymer has excellent
Solutions
Several criteria must be weighed in choosing solvents
and diluents for UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins:
■ Solvent Strength
■ Volatility
■ Toxicity
■ Odor
■ Cost
■ Flammability
■ Type of Application
UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins are readily dissolved
into clear solutions at room temperature by ketones,
nitroparaffins, esters, and chlorinated hydrocarbons.
Return to Contents
heat stability, it can be used in applications requiring
high shear milling operations to disperse high surface
area or highly porous pigments. UCARMAG Binder 569,
because of its sulfonate functionality, may also be useful
in other non-magnetic media applications where good
dispersing capabilities are needed.
Solution Vinyl Resins for
VOC-Compliant Coatings
Since their commercialization about 50 years ago,
UCAR® Solution-Polymerized Vinyl Resins have become
the standards for a wide range of coatings applications.
UCAR Waterborne Vinyl Resin Dispersions have been
developed for compliant waterborne coatings, adhesives,
and inks. These waterborne resin dispersions utilize a
solution-polymerized vinyl resin backbone that has been
chemically modified to allow dispersion in water.
In general, ketones are the most suitable solvents
for vinyl resins. Compared to other solvents, ketones
yield higher resin concentrations without gelling and
lower solution viscosities at equivalent solids content.
Because of their solvency, they tolerate greater dilution
with economical hydrocarbon diluents and exhibit
better storage stability. Figure 1 compares the solvent
strength of different ketones for VYHD.
Esters are useful in applications where minimal
attack on the substrate is desirable (as with coatings on
plastics). Because of their low solvency for vinyls, they
should be used in combination with other active solvents.
Urethane-grade esters are preferred for minimum
viscosity and optimum viscosity stability. Figure 2 compares
the solvent strength of different esters for VYHD.
9
 Return to Contents

figure 1 Viscosity vs. Concentration of VYHD in Ketones

10,000

8,000

6,000
Isophorone
5,000
4,000
Cyclohexanone
3,000
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone
2,000

Methyl Ethyl Ketone

1,000 Acetone
Viscosity at 25ºC, cP

800

600
500
400

300

200

100

80

60
50
40

30

20

10
0 10 20 30 40 50

Solids, percentage by weight

NOTE: Viscosity was determined using a Brookfield viscometer model RVT, running at 50 or 100 rpm with spindles
#2 through #5, selected as appropriate for the solution being tested.

10
 Return to Contents

Viscosity vs. Concentration of VYHD in Esters

figure 2
10,000

8,000

6,000
Methyl PROPASOL® Acetate
5,000
4,000
Isopropyl Acetate
3,000
Butyl Acetate
2,000

Ethyl Acetate

1,000
Viscosity at 25ºC, cP

800

600
500
400

300

200

100

80

60
50
40

30

20

10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Solids, percentage by weight

NOTE: Viscosity was determined using a Brookfield viscometer model RVT, running at 50 or 100 rpm with spindles
#2 through #5, selected as appropriate for the solution being tested.

11
 Return to Contents

Solution Viscosity of VYHH in Ketones and Ketone/Aromatic Blends

Solution Viscosity at 25ºC, cP

Ketone Solvent Formula A Formula B

table 4
Acetone 84 88
Methyl Ethyl Ketone 86 130
Methyl Propyl Ketone 124 212
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone 230 360
Methyl Isoamyl Ketone 304 504
Methyl n-Amyl Ketone 316 684
Cyclohexanone 672 360
Isophorone 930 484

Formulation Formula A Formula B

UCAR® Solution Vinyl VYHH 20 20
Ketone Solvent 80 40
Xylene — 20
Toluene — 20
Parts by Weight 100 100

NOTE: Viscosity was determined using a Brookfield viscometer model RVT, running at 50 or 100 rpm with spindles
#2 through #5, selected as appropriate for the solution being tested.

Diluents lower coating costs, alter the evaporation rates,
and provide other important coating characteristics.
Typical diluents for use with UCAR® Solution Vinyl Resins
include aromatic hydrocarbons, such as toluene and
xylene. Aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as mineral spirits,
VM&P naphtha, and heptane, can also be used. These
aliphatic hydrocarbons are less effective than aromatic
hydrocarbons and should be used at levels not
exceeding 10 percent of the solvent blend.
Ketones tolerate greater amounts of aromatic
diluents than do the ester solvents. Table 4 compares
the viscosity of VYHH in ketones with the viscosity in
ketone/diluent mixtures.
Optimum formulation stability and the lowest
solution viscosities are obtained when the solvent system
contains only active solvents. As the proportion of diluent
increases, the stability declines. Figures 3 to 5 compare
the solution viscosity of UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins
versus solids content in methyl ethyl ketone and in
a methyl isobutyl ketone/toluene (50/50) blend.
Formulating at excessively high solids or with weak
solvent mixtures can result in solutions having unstable
viscosities and can even lead to the formation of gel
structures. As the molecular weight of the vinyl resin
decreases, however, the diluent level can be increased
while maintaining the same level of viscosity.

12
 Return to Contents

Viscosity vs. Concentration of Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl Acetate Copolymers

in Methyl Ethyl Ketone

figure 3
10,000

8,000

6,000
5,000
4,000
VYNS-3
3,000
VYHH
2,000

VYHD

1,000
Viscosity at 25ºC, cP

800

600
500
400

300

200

100

80

60
50
40

30

20

10
0 10 20 30 40 50

Solids, percentage by weight

NOTE: Viscosity was determined using a Brookfield viscometer model RVT, running at 50 or 100 rpm with spindles
#2 through #5, selected as appropriate for the solution being tested.

13
 Return to Contents

Viscosity vs. Concentration of Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl Acetate Copolymers

in Methyl Isobutyl Ketone/Toluene (50/50)
figure 3a

10,000

8,000

6,000
5,000
4,000
VYNS-3
3,000
VYHH
2,000

VYHD

1,000
Viscosity at 25ºC, cP

800

600
500
400

300

200

100

80

60
50
40

30

20

10
0 10 20 30 40 50

Solids, percentage by weight

NOTE: Viscosity was determined using a Brookfield viscometer model RVT, running at 50 or 100 rpm with spindles
#2 through #5, selected as appropriate for the solution being tested.

14
 Return to Contents

Viscosity vs. Concentration of Hydroxyl-Modified Copolymers

in Methyl Ethyl Ketone

figure 4
10,000

8,000

6,000
VAGH
5,000
4,000
VAGF
3,000
VAGD
2,000

VAGC

1,000 VROH
Viscosity at 25ºC, cP

800

600
500
400

300

200

100

80

60
50
40

30

20

10
0 10 20 30 40 50

Solids, percentage by weight

NOTE: Viscosity was determined using a Brookfield viscometer model RVT, running at 50 or 100 rpm with spindles
#2 through #5, selected as appropriate for the solution being tested.

15
 Return to Contents

Viscosity vs. Concentration of Hydroxyl-Modified Copolymers

in Methyl Isobutyl Ketone/Toluene (50/50)
figure 4a

10,000

8,000

6,000
VAGH
5,000
4,000
VAGF
3,000
VAGD
2,000

VAGC

1,000 VROH
Viscosity at 25ºC, cP

800

600
500
400

300

200

100

80

60
50
40

30

20

10
0 10 20 30 40 50

Solids, percentage by weight

NOTE: Viscosity was determined using a Brookfield viscometer model RVT, running at 50 or 100 rpm with spindles
#2 through #5, selected as appropriate for the solution being tested.

16
 Return to Contents

Viscosity vs. Concentration of Carboxyl-Modified Copolymers

in Methyl Ethyl Ketone

figure 5
10,000

8,000

6,000
5,000
4,000

3,000
VMCH
2,000

VMCC

1,000 VMCA
Viscosity at 25ºC, cP

800

600
500
400

300

200

100

80

60
50
40

30

20

10
0 10 20 30 40 50

Solids, percentage by weight

NOTE: Viscosity was determined using a Brookfield viscometer model RVT, running at 50 or 100 rpm with spindles
#2 through #5, selected as appropriate for the solution being tested.

17
 Return to Contents

Viscosity vs. Concentration of Carboxyl-Modified Copolymers

in Methyl Isobutyl Ketone/Toluene (50/50)
figure 5a

10,000

8,000

6,000
5,000
4,000

3,000
VMCH
2,000

VMCC

1,000 VMCA
Viscosity at 25ºC, cP

800

600
500
400

300

200

100

80

60
50
40

30

20

10
0 10 20 30 40 50

Solids, percentage by weight

NOTE: Viscosity was determined using a Brookfield viscometer model RVT, running at 50 or 100 rpm with spindles
#2 through #5, selected as appropriate for the solution being tested.

18

Memory Effect of Vinyl Resin Solutions
Cooled
Viscosity
Room Temperature
Heated
0 1 2 3
Time (weeks)
■ VISCOSITY BEHAVIOR
Viscosity behavior of vinyl solutions is influenced by resin
concentration, active solvent used, ratio of solvent to
diluent, and solution temperature.
Viscosity changes in vinyl solutions are the result
of different equilibrium effects that occur during the
preparation and storage of resin solutions. The formation
of a slight degree of micro-crystallinity among adjacent
polymer molecules in solution is responsible for the
observed viscosity increase.
The time required to reach equilibrium viscosity
for vinyl resin solutions is influenced by resin molecular
weight, solids content, solvent strength, processing time,
and temperature. Vinyl resin solutions usually increase
in viscosity with time. The extent of the total increase can
range from a minor viscosity drift to a major change, such
as gelation. Vinyl solutions that have gelled because of
excessive solids content or a solvent mix that is too weak
can be restored to fluidity by proper thinning and mixing.
Return to Contents
figure 6
4 5
Another equilibrium condition that affects solution
viscosity is the memory effect. It is noted in vinyl solutions
that have been subjected to increases or decreases in
temperature and is characterized by a significant lag in
the rate at which a vinyl solution returns to equilibrium
viscosity after a temperature change. For example, a vinyl
solution that has been heated will maintain an abnormally
low viscosity for extended periods after it has returned to
its initial temperature. This viscosity change is caused by
differences in the degree of microcrystallinity of the solution
at various temperatures. As the temperature increases, the
degree of microcrystalline regions that exist in the solution
decreases and the viscosity decreases. The memory effect
is illustrated in Figure 6.
Formulators must be aware of both these effects and
the time required to reach equilibrium conditions, so that
viscosity stability problems, resulting from the preparation
of solutions at incorrect solids levels or solvent blends,
are avoided.
19

■ APPLICATION METHODS
Coatings based on UCAR® Solution Vinyl Resins may be
readily applied by commonly used application methods,
such as brushing, spraying, dipping, and roller coating.
Of major consideration for all applications is the correct
consistency of the coating and proper evaporation rate
of the solvent used in a particular application method.
Table 5 shows the properties of solvents useful with
UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins.
Paper and cloth coatings may be formulated with
highly volatile solvents, such as acetone and methyl
ethyl ketone. Application by roller coaters requires
solvents and diluents with a slow evaporation rate.
Isophorone is used for roller coating because it is an
excellent solvent for vinyls and has a slow evaporation
rate. Methyl PROPASOL® Acetate and cyclohexanone
are used for brush applications because they are slow-
evaporating solvents that promote ease of application
and good flow-out.
20
Return to Contents
■ SOLUTION PREPARATION
Use a high-shear mixer to prepare solutions of UCAR
Solution Vinyl Resins. Slow-speed, paddle-type agitators
are not as effective as high-shear mixers. Equip the
mixers with tight-fitting covers.
Add the solvent/diluent mixtures to the high-shear
mixer. As the solvent mixture is agitated, add the resin
slowly. The resin must be added slowly or lumping may
occur.
As an alternate procedure, slurry the vinyl resin
in a solvent/diluent blend containing about 20 percent
of active solvent. Add the resin slowly. When all the resin
is thoroughly wetted, vigorously agitate the slurry and
slowly add the remaining portion of the active solvent.
Do not slurry the vinyl resin in the diluent alone;
slurrying with diluents may produce a static electrical
discharge and cause a flash fire.
Follow all precautions for the safe handling of
organic solvents and diluents.
High-shear mixing will heat solutions, especially
viscous solutions. Maintain the solution temperature
as low as possible. If solutions are held at elevated
temperatures for long periods of time, discoloration
may result.
The addition of about 1.0 to 2.0 percent UNION
CARBIDE Cycloaliphatic Epoxide ERL-4221* on resin will
help control discoloration without affecting coating
performance. For maximum stability, vinyl resin solutions
should be stored in baked phenolic-lined containers.
*Note: Union Carbide’s Cycloaliphatic Epoxide ERL-4221 has no
United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clearances for
use in food-contact applications.
 Return to Contents

Solvents for UCAR® Solution Vinyl Resins

table 5
. Relative
Evaporation Weight Flash Point,
Rate Solubility per gallon Distillation Closed
Solvents (BuAc=100) with VYHHa,b at 20ºC, lb Range, ºC Cup, ºF
Fast Evaporating
Acetone 1160 S 6.59 56-57 0
Ethyl Acetate, 99% 615 S 7.51 76-78 30
Methyl Ethyl Ketone 570 S 6.71 78-81 24
Isopropyl Acetate, 99% 500 S-G 7.26 86-90 42
Propyl Acetate 275 S 7.39 99-103 58

Medium Evaporating
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone 165 S 6.67 114-117 61
Isobutyl Acetate, Urethane Grade 145 S 7.25 112-117 62
Butyl Acetate, Urethane Grade 100 S 7.34 124-129 84

Slow Evaporating
Amyl Acetate, Primary 42 S 7.29 140-150 101
Cyclohexanone 23 S 7.89 156 111
Methyl PROPASOL® Acetate 34 S 8.09 146 114
Diisobutyl Ketone 18 S-G 6.72 163-173 120
Diacetone Alcohol 14 S 7.82 145-172 133
Isophorone 3 S 7.67 210-218 179

(a) 0.5g VYHH to 4.5ml solvent

(b) S=Soluble
S-G= Soluble, tendency to gel

21

Formulation of Clear Coatings
Clear vinyl coatings can be modified with plasticizers,
heat and light stabilizers, and other materials for specific
performance properties. Before incorporating any modifier
in the formulation, understand clearly how the modifier
meets the demands of the application. Do not use clear
vinyl coatings for applications that involve long-term
exposure to ultraviolet light.
Plasticizers
The addition of a plasticizer in the coating formulation
will enhance flexibility and help to minimize solvent
retention in the film. The typical phthalate, adipate,
citrate, epoxy, and phosphate plasticizers are compatible
with UCAR® Solution Vinyl Resins. In general, compatibility
decreases as the hydrocarbon nature of the plasticizer
increases. Polymeric plasticizers are less efficient than
monomeric plasticizers.
Other factors to consider in selecting plasticizers
include solubility, volatility, the effect on outdoor durability,
the need for low-temperature flexibility, and suitability
for contact with food. Certain citrates, epoxies, and
phthalates are permitted under FDA regulations.
Monomeric plasticizers are most commonly used,
although the polymeric plasticizers are used to provide
special film characteristics, such as low extractability
or migration. Phosphate plasticizers are generally not
recommended for outdoor exposure because of poor
light stability.
When a bake cycle is required, the volatility of the
plasticizer is particularly important. The plasticizer may
volatilize sufficiently to lower the concentration below
what was originally intended for the dried or cured
formulation.
22
Return to Contents
The optimum level of plasticizer for a formulation
will depend upon the specific resin used and the perfor-
mance property required by the application. To obtain
equivalent degrees of flexibility, higher molecular weight
resins require more plasticizer than lower molecular
weight resins. Proportions of 10 to 25 parts plasticizer
per 100 parts of resin are typically used.
Table 6 provides a list of plasticizers having good
compatibility with UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins.
Heat Stabilizers
As with all vinyl resins, UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins
are degraded upon prolonged exposure to heat. The
degradation products include hydrogen chloride, which
accelerates further resin degradation and leads to the
development of unsaturated polymer structures that can
be easily oxidized. The result is embrittlement, loss of
flexibility, and discoloration of the vinyl film. To minimize
the degradation of vinyl films, add suitable heat stabilizers.
Baking at temperatures above 248ºF (120ºC) for more
than five minutes will usually require a thermal
stabilizer to avoid degradation of the film. The use of
a tin mercaptide stabilizer (1 percent*) in combination
with a liquid epoxy resin, such as ERL-4221, or diglycidyl
ether of bisphenol A resin (3 to 5 percent*) gives the
best results.
Do not use barium, cadmium, or zinc stabilizers with
the carboxyl-modified vinyl resins; they tend to react with
the carboxyl groups. Zinc stabilizers also tend to develop
color quickly, especially in low plasticizer systems. Iron
and zinc surfaces can accelerate decomposition and
discoloration.
*on weight of vinyl resin
 Return to Contents

Typical Plasticizers for

UCAR® Solution Vinyl Resins

Light Stabilizers

table 6
Type Product
An adequate quantity of a hiding pigment will screen out
incident radiation and prove the best light stabilizer for Phthalate Diisooctyl Phthalate
pigmented vinyl coatings. Do not use unpigmented vinyl Diisodecyl Phthalate
coatings outdoors. Where only limited ultraviolet light Butyl Benzyl Phthalate
exposure will be encountered, clear films should be formu- Butyl 2-Ethylhexyl Phthalate
lated with a light stabilizer system to prevent discoloration.
2-Ethylhexyl Isodecyl Phthalate
The best light stabilizer system includes an ultraviolet light
absorber (substituted benzophenones), a hindered amine Citrate Acetyl Tributyl Citrate
light stabilizer (HALS), and UNION CARBIDE ERL-4221, Acetyl Triethyl Citrate
a cycloaliphatic epoxy resin.
Tributyl Citrate
A typical system would be comprised of the following:
Phosphate Tri(2-ethylhexyl) Phosphate
Ingredients %* Triphenyl Phosphate
UV Absorber1 1 Tributyl Phosphate
HALS2 2
ERL-42213 3 Epoxy FLEXOL® Plasticizer EPO
(Epoxidized soybean oil)
* on weight of vinyl resin
(1) UV Absorber - “Uvinul” D-5O (BASF), “Tinuvin” 327 FLEXOL® Plasticizer EP-8
or 328 (Ciba Geigy) or equivalent.
(2) HALS - “Tinuvin” 292 (Ciba Geigy) or equivalent. (2-Ethylhexyl epoxy tallate)
(3) Cycloaliphatic Epoxide (Union Carbide).
FLEXOL® Plasticizer LOE
In all cases, choose stabilizers carefully and test them (Epoxidized linseed oil)
under actual use conditions. Consult suppliers of stabilizers
Polymeric Adipic Acid Polyester
for specific recommendations.
Azelaic Acid Polyester
Sebacic Acid Polyester
Blown Castor Oil
Blown Soybean Oil
Blown Linseed Oil

Miscellaneous Dibutyl Sebacate

Di(2-ethylhexyl) Sebacate
Di(2-ethylhexyl) Azelate

23

Formulation of Pigmented Coatings
Pigments are selected for hiding power, ultraviolet
protection, purity, and ease of wetting. Although most
commercially-available pigments are suitable for use
with UCAR® Solution Vinyl Resins, there are some general
constraints. Additionally, there are specific constraints that
apply to UCAR Carboxyl-Modified Solution Vinyl Resins.
Do not use natural iron oxide pigments with any
UCAR Solution Vinyl Resin. These pigments contain trace
impurities that can gel the coating or cause discoloration
or excessive chalking of the film. Do not use iron-
containing pigments, such as Prussian blue or the so-
called “chrome greens” (blends of Prussian blue and lead
chromate). Chromium oxide green, however, performs
well with UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins.
When an iron oxide pigment is desired, use synthetic
iron oxides; they perform well with UCAR Solution Vinyl
Resins. With coatings containing synthetic iron oxides,
use a heat stabilizer, particularly when bake temperatures
may reach 248ºF (120ºC).
Gold bronze metallic pigments are powdered alloys
of copper and zinc. They tend to react with vinyl, causing
color development and gellation. When used to make
gold inks, the powder is stirred into the ink vehicle shortly
before use, and quantities sufficient for the job at hand
are prepared.
There is a minimum amount of pigment that must
be used to impart opacity to ultraviolet light. For example,
about 65 parts of titanium dioxide (TiO2) per 100 parts of
vinyl resin is the minimum amount that should be used.
To obtain maximum hiding power in thin films, about
125 parts TiO2 per 100 parts of vinyl resin is a practical
maximum concentration. Exceeding this level can cause
excessive chalking. If color pigments are desired, they
can generally be substituted for TiO2 at an equal volume
replacement. There are exceptions; ultra-fine particle
size pigments, for example, are used at much lower
concentrations.
24
Return to Contents
The use of extender pigments or fillers will help
improve the economics of the formulation. They will
also help prevent sagging of thick wet films on vertical
surfaces, will help control gloss (flatting) at low levels,
and will permit greater film thickness per coat. Talcs,
clays, barytes, and silicas may be used as extender
pigments. If they are used, they will contribute little to
ultraviolet absorption. A sufficient quantity of ultraviolet-
light-absorbing prime pigment must be included in
the formulation.
Table 7 provides a listing of pigment types and
loadings typically recommended for UCAR Vinyl
Copolymer and Hydroxyl-Modified Vinyl Resins.
Formulation with UCAR Carboxyl-Modified
Vinyl Resins VMCH, VMCC, and VMCA involves special
considerations. The carboxyl groups of these products are
randomly spaced along the polymer chain and will react
with basic materials to form irreversible gels or increased
consistency of pigment-vinyl combinations. Do not use
basic pigments, extenders, or fillers with UCAR Carboxyl-
Modified Vinyl Resins. Particularly, avoid lead-containing
pigments (red lead, chrome yellow, chrome orange), zinc
dust or zinc oxide, strontium-containing pigments, and
calcium carbonate. Do not even use small amounts of
these basic materials in pigment blends. With minor
proportions of basic pigments, viscosity aberrations may
not be predictable; some batches may have a normal
viscosity and others will gel. Table 8 lists pigments typically
used with UCAR Carboxyl-Modified Vinyl Resins.
 Return to Contents

Typical Pigments for UCAR® Vinyl Copolymer

and Hydroxyl-Modified Vinyl Resins

Parts per Parts per

table 7
Pigment 100 Parts Resin Pigment 100 Parts Resin

RED MAROON
Pigment Scarlet —* Thioindigo Types —
Permanent Red 2B Alizarine Types —
(Non-Resinated Calcium, Barium BON Types —
or Strontium Lakes of 2-B Acid — Perylene Maroon —
BON Reds —
Pyrazolone Reds — BROWN
Indanthrene Reds — Iron Oxide, Synthetic Types 55 to 100
Quinacridone Reds —
Perylene Scarlet — BLACK
Pyranthrone Scarlet — Carbon Black 5 to 7
Perylene Vermillion — Furnace Black 5 to 7
Iron Oxide, Synthetic Types 55 to 100 Lampblack 5 to 7
Iron Oxide, Synthetic Types 55 to 100
YELLOW
Nickel-Titanium Yellow — WHITE
Indanthrene Types — Antimony Oxide —
Benzidines — Titanium Dioxide 75 to 125
Nickel Azo Types — Zinc Oxide —
Flavanthrone —
Anthrapyrimidine — VIOLET
Pyratex Yellows — Carbazole —
Iron Oxide, Synthetic Types 55 to 100 Carbozole Dioxane —

ORANGE METALLIC
Vat Orange — Aluminum Pastes (65%),
Dianisidine Orange — Leafing or Non-Leafing 60 to 85
Benzidine Orange —
Anthanthrone — BLUE
Phthalocyanine Blue —
GREEN
Phthalocyanine Green 15 to 25

* — indicates that the minimum level of pigment to prevent ultraviolet

light degradation has not been established.

25

Typical Pigments for UCAR® Carboxyl-Modified Vinyl Resins
table 8
Pigment
Aluminum Powder
Titanium Dioxide
Phthalocyanine Green
(Non-Resinated)
Phthalocyanine Blue
(Non-Resinated)
Carbon Black
Iron Blue
Iron Oxide Yellow, Synthetica
Iron Oxide Red, Synthetica
Iron Oxide Black, Synthetica
Iron Oxide Brown,
Ultramarine Blue
Zinc Phosphate
Talc
Clay
Barytes
Silica
(a) Natural oxides are not satisfactory. Synthetic oxides are satisfactory
in either air-dried or baked coatings.
26
Return to Contents
Parts per If water is present in a pigmented coating containing a
100 Parts Resin carboxyl-modified vinyl, the water molecule may form
a bridge between the polymer’s carboxyl group and the
35 to 50 pigment surface. Silica and alumina hydrate are prone
75 to 125 to bridging or hydrogen bonding. Since most chloride-
process TiO2 pigments have silica, zinc oxide, or alumina
treatments, they can develop hydrogen bonding.
15 to 30
Hydrogen bonding manifests itself as viscosity instability.
The viscosity may increase slowly over a period of several
15 to 30 months or it may increase rapidly in a few days or weeks.
7 If the water content reaches two percent based on the
Chalks badly weight of carboxyl-modified vinyl, the paint may even gel.
Commercial-grade materials typically limit water
60 to 125
content adequately and should introduce no serious
60 to 125 viscosity instability. If water does contaminate the
60 to 125 formulation, it may come from the solvents or be
Synthetica 60 to 125 introduced through poor storage practices.
Chalks & fades Organic acids, mineral acids, and certain acid-esters
will reverse bridging from excessive moisture. Organic
75
acids (such as citric, maleic, or malonic) or mineral acids
Use as filler (such as phosphoric) are all effective at concentrations
or extender of one-fourth to one percent, based on the weight of
pigments the carboxyl-modified vinyl resin.
To restore a gelled paint to fluidity, first prepare a
solution of the acid or acid-ester in acetone or other
compatible solvent. Then, slowly add the solution to the
gelled paint with agitation. Acid treatment of the coating
may, however, affect adhesion and reduce gloss.
A small amount of acid or acid-ester can also prevent
or minimize viscosity excursions during paint manufacture.
As with the restoration of gelled paints, this treatment
may also affect adhesion and reduce gloss.
The best way to control viscosity aberrations from
water content is to prevent water from entering the
formulation.

Pigments can be easily dispersed into vinyl coatings
with conventional equipment, such as a pebble mill,
sand grinder, and high-speed stirrers. To prevent iron
contamination, do not use steel ball mills for pigment
dispersion. The most common technique is to dissolve
the vinyl resin in the appropriate solvents. The vinyl
solution is then blended with the plasticizers, stabilizers,
grinding aid, and pigments. For higher gloss coatings,
predisperse the pigment in plasticizer, thinner, and
grinding aid before adding to the vinyl resin solution.
Modification with Other Polymers
Compatibility
The vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate copolymers are compati-
ble with each other and with most acrylic resins. They
have, however, a low order of compatibility with most
other resin types. UCAR® Carboxyl-Modified Solution Vinyl
Resins will improve the general adhesion characteristics
of other UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins. They will also
improve air-dry adhesion of many acrylic coatings. UCAR
Hydroxyl-Modified Solution Vinyl Resins (notably VAGF,
VAGC, VAGH, VAGD) are compatible with a broad range
of other film formers, such as alkyds, melamines, ureas,
epoxies, and urethane prepolymers. Table 9 lists typical
modifiers and shows their relative compatibility with
UCAR Hydroxyl-Modified Solution Vinyl Resins.
Return to Contents
Where maximum gloss is desired, add pigments in either
vinyl pigment chip or vinyl pigment paste form. For faster
dispersion, incorporate wetting agents in the formulation.
Soya licithin or “Nuosperse” 657 (Creanova, Inc.) have
been extensively tested and are effective wetting agents,
when used in concentrations of one to five percent,
based on pigment weight. Other suppliers such as Byk
Chemie offer additives useful for pigment dispersion.
Reactive (Crosslinking) Systems
UCAR Hydroxyl-Modified Solution Vinyl Resins can
be cured with amino resins or isocyanate prepolymers
to increase film hardness and resistance to solvents,
chemicals, and moisture. Vinyl wood sealers cured with
urea formaldehyde resins and acid catalysts cure rapidly
at ambient temperature or short, low-temperature bake
cycles. Vinyl coatings for metal containers cured with
phenolic or melamine resins require higher bake
temperatures, but the resulting coatings have excellent
resistance to water immersion, pasteurization, and
steam sterilization. Hydroxyl-modified resins cured with
urethane prepolymers cure at ambient temperature
or low bakes. Films can range from hard to elastomeric
depending on the choice of urethane prepolymer.
27
 Return to Contents

a
Compatibility of UCAR® Hydroxyl-Modified Vinyl Resins with Other Resins

Vinyl/Modifier Ratiob
table 9

VAGH VAGD VROH

Modifier Resin 4:1 1:4 4:1 1:4 4:1 1:4

Alkyds (non-drying)c
“Beckosol” 12-021, coconut, short oil, PA content - 47% C C C C C C

Alkyds (drying)c
“Beckosol” 11-035, soya, medium oil, PA content - 35% C I C I H I
“Beckosol” 12-005, soya, short oil, PA content - 42% C C C C C C
“Beckosol” 11-070,
linseed/soya, medium oil, PA content - 31% C I C I H I
“Beckosol” 12-054,
tall oil fatty acids, short oil, PA content - 41% C C C C C C

Urea-Formaldehyde Resins d
“Beetle” 55 (methylated resin) I I I I I I
“Beetle” 60 (methylated resin) I I I I I I
“Beetle” 65 (methylated resin) I I I I I I
“Beetle” 80 (butylated resin) C C C C C C

Hexamethoxymethylmelamine d
“Cymel” 303 C C C C C C

Melamine-Formaldehyde Resins d
“Cymel” 350 C C C C C C
“Cymel” 370 (methylated resin) C C C C C C
“Cymel” 225-10 (rapid-cure resin) H I H I H I

Urethane Prepolymerse
“Mondur” CB-60, aromatic polyisocyanate C C C C C C
“Desmondur” N-75, aliphatic polyisocyanate C C C C C C
“Mondur” HC, polyisocyanate copolymer C C C C C C

Key:
C = Compatible (a) 5-mil (125 microns) wet drawdowns on glass; coatings dried 20 min at 140°F (60ºC) prior to rating
H = Haze in film, but coating uniform (b) Solids basis
I = Incompatible (c) Reichhold
PA = Phthalic Anhydride (d) Cytec Industries
(e) Bayer

28
 Return to Contents

Adhesion

For good adhesion, surfaces must be free of rust, grease,
oil, dirt, and other contamination. Common techniques
for cleaning surfaces include solvent wash, vapor
degreasing, chemical treatment, and brush cleaning.
For maximum adhesion, use a phosphate treatment
or a vinyl butyral wash primer before applying the vinyl
coating. Where vinyl butyral primers are used, the next
coat must be based predominantly on hydroxyl-modified
resins (VAGF, VAGC, VAGH, or VAGD).
Maximum adhesion of vinyl coatings is usually
obtained at bake temperatures high enough to drive
out traces of residual solvents. Over porous surfaces, such
as concrete and cloth, mechanical adhesion should be
sufficient for good performance; baking is not generally
needed. Baking finishes can be cured with heated air,
infrared radiation, or by heating the metal surface on
which the coating is applied. Control temperature care-
fully to avoid overbaking the coating. Maintain proper
ventilation and uniform temperature distribution.
UCAR® Hydroxyl-Modified Solution Vinyl Resins
adhere well to many types of finishes and are quite
useful in applications where coatings based on the
unmodified vinyl resins will not adhere. UCAR Carboxyl-
Modified Solution Vinyl Resins adhere to clean metal
and to air-dry or baked topcoats or primers. Table 10
compares the air-dry adhesion of coatings based on the
three basic types of UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins.

Where Not to Use Vinyl Coatings

Vinyl coatings should not be used in applications where
the continuous service temperature exceeds 140ºF (60ºC).
No specific recommendations can be made for
applications where the service temperature of the coating
exceeds 140ºF (60ºC) intermittently or repeatedly.
The recommendations for the use of heat stabilizers
in UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins, given elsewhere in this
booklet, are specific to a single-bake operation. The
formulator is cautioned not to directly apply information
about heat stabilizers to applications where service
temperature exceeds 140ºF (60ºC) intermittently. Heat
stabilizers that are effective at high bakes – in excess
of 350ºF (176ºC) – may have an adverse effect on coating
adhesion if used at lower service temperatures.

29
 Return to Contents

Air-Dry Adhesion of Coatings Based on UCAR® Solution Vinyl Resins

Substrate VYHH VAGH VMCH

table 10

Acrylic and Methacrylic Ester Resins Excellent Excellent Excellent

Alkyd Resin Poor Excellent Fair
Cloth Poor Good Fair to Excellent
Concrete (somewhat dependent on type) Good Good Excellent
Glass Poor Fair Fair
Metal (clean and smooth) Poor Poor Excellent
Metal, Phosphatized Poor Fair Excellent
Nitrocellulose Poor Poor Fair
Oleoresinous (varies widely) Poor Fair to Excellent Poor
Paper Poor Good Good
Phenolic Resins Poor Good Fair
Plaster (somewhat dependent on type) Good Good Excellent
Rubber, Chlorinated Fair Fair Fair
Shellac Poor Good Poor
Urea Resins Poor Good Fair
Vinyl Butyral Resin Poor Excellent Fair
Vinyl Chloride Resins Excellent Excellent Excellent
Wood Poor Fair Fair

30
 Return to Contents

Product Safety

When considering the use of any Union Carbide products Union Carbide requests that the customer read,
in a particular application, you should review our latest understand, and comply with the information contained
Material Safety Data Sheets and ensure that the use you in this publication and the current Material Safety Data
intend can be accomplished safely. For Material Safety Sheet(s). The customer should furnish the information
Data Sheets and other product safety information, in this publication to its employees, contractors, and
contact the Union Carbide sales office nearest you. Before customers, or any other users of the product(s), and
handling any other products mentioned in the text, you request that they do the same.
should obtain available product safety information and
take necessary steps to ensure safety of use.
No chemical should be used as or in a food, drug,
medical device, or cosmetic, or in a product or process
in which it may contact a food, drug, medical device, or
cosmetic, until the user has determined the suitability
and legality of the use. Since government regulations
and use conditions are subject to change, it is the user’s
responsibility to determine that this information is
appropriate and suitable under current, applicable
laws and regulations.

Further Information
For information on prices, delivery, and technical service,
phone 1-800-568-4000. For product information on safe
handling, ask for the latest Material Safety Data Sheet
(MSDS).

31
 Return to Contents

Emergency Service

Union Carbide maintains a 24-hour emergency service

for its products. The Chemical Manufacturers Association
(CHEMTREC), Transport Canada (CANUTEC), and the
National Chemical Emergency Center also maintain
24-hour emergency service:

Location Union Carbide Products All Chemical Products

Mainland United States Phone Union Carbide Phone CHEMTREC

and Puerto Rico HELP: (800) UCC-HELP (800) 424-9300 (toll-free)
(toll-free), which numerically
is (800) 822-4357

Alaska and Hawaii Phone Mainland United States: Phone CHEMTREC:

(304) 744-3487 (collect) (800) 424-9300 (toll-free)

Canada Phone Union Carbide: Phone CANUTEC:

(514) 640-6400 (collect) (613) 996-6666 (collect)

Continental Europe, Ireland, Phone BIG (Geel-Belgium) Phone CHEMTREC (United States):
Middle East, North and Central Africa (32)(0) 14 58-45-45 (703) 527-3887 (collect)

United Kingdom Phone National Chemical Phone CHEMTREC (Unites States):

Emergency Center (Culham-UK) (703) 527-3887 (collect)
(44)(0) 1865-407-333

Latin America, Asia/Pacific, South Africa Phone United States: Phone CHEMTREC (Unites States):
and any other location worldwide (304) 744-3487 (collect) (703) 527-3887 (collect)

At sea, radio U.S. Coast Guard, who can directly contact Union Carbide HELP…
(800) 822-4357 (toll-free) or CHEMTREC… (800) 424-9300 (toll-free).

DO NOT WAIT! Phone if in doubt! You will be referred to a specialist for advice.

32
U
Union Carbide Corporation UC-669B
39 Old Ridgebury Road P8-8429
Danbury, CT 06817-0001 10/98 –3M
Printed in U.S.A.