Birth of a Filipino

National Consciousness
 It usually springs from the
consciousness of the national
identity of being one people.
 It is that all pervading spirit that
binds together men of diverse
castes and creeds, class and colors
and unites them into one people,
one family, one nation with
common aspirations and ideals.

Nationalism
 Is an emotional attachment to a
nation which an individual
recognizes as their homeland.
 Loyalty and support for one’s
country.
 Is love and devotion to one’s
country

Patriotism
 Archeologist and historians who have been
reconstructing our past to ascertain our racial
origin hypothesized that:
(1) Our indigenous culture began to develop
in the pre-historic and pre-Christian eras;
(2) These early cultures ranged from the
crude Old Stone Age to the Metal Age with
organized community life; and
(3) The early settlers came from Borneo,
Indo-China, South China and other parts of
Southeast Asia.

Foundation of our Indigenous Culture

Old Stone Age
Old Stone Age Tools
Early Metal Age
Malays brought here their technology
that started the development of our
indigenous culture. These skills were mining
and smelting of iron tools, weapons, utensils
and ornaments; irrigated agriculture;
cultivation of fruit trees, spices, fiber,
ornamental plants and other agricultural
products; the use of carabao and the horse
as work animals; the manufacture of
ornamented pottery and glass beads and
the art of weaving.
The Malays
The second group of Malays started
to come at the beginning of the
Christian era and continued migrating
through the 13th century. They
introduced their syllabary system of
writing. The last of the groups, the
Muslim Malays, came in the latter half
of the 14th century, and their
migration continued to the 15th
century. The establishment of their
settlements marked the foundation of
Islam in Mindanao and Sulu.
The syllabary system of writing
The syllabary system of writing
Between these periods of migration,
towards the end of the 9th century, our
country began to experience contacts
with Arab, Chinese and Malay traders.
The fusion of these successive cultural
migrations and the mingling of their
Asian blood have assimilated so well to
produce the Filipino people and our
indigenous culture.
People exercised a feeling of freedom,
shared a common territory and
common cultural characters, but they
lacked the sense of unity that could
offset a possible attempt to conquer
them. These early settlers have
molded our identity as a people and
had given us a heritage that Western
colonization could not uproot in four
centuries.
More than 300 centuries of Spanish
domination in the Philippines was one
of the longest in Southeast Asia by a
Western colonizer. Her worthy legacy
was the functional unification of the
widely scattered people under highly
centralized and bureaucratic
government.

Roman Catholicism – better known

legacy among present day Filipino .
 Spaniards introduced:
 Political system and encouraged
law and order in the different
self-governing communities
 New concept of taxation
 system of currency
 System of education
 Spanish language
 Western system of writing
 Latin alphabet
• Spontaneous sentiments of
unification developed slowly
because it was imposed on an
intensely regionalistic people who
were not aware of the set-up of
conqueror.
• Divide et impere successfully
worked
Divide et impere – refers to strategy that breaks up
existing power structure and prevent smaller groups from
linking up.
• The process of acculturation and
government’s notorious
monopolistic restriction and
control dominated people’s lives.
• Government officials became
agents of abuse and oppression
• Hardships and suffering caused a
growing but dormant sentiment
for freedom and change
 Tamblot (1621-1622)
Sumuroy (1649-1650)
Dagohoy (1744-1829)
Silang (1762-1764)
Hermano Pule (1840-1841)
and several others

Revolts
 discontent and racial discrimination
 abuses of the Spanish officials in the
implementation of policies.
 exploitation of manpower through
forced labor, collection of taxes or
tributes and indulto para
commerciar
 The desire of religious freedom
 friars’ usurpation of the lands

Common causes of the Revolts

All these revolts failed because of:
• Spaniards had superior arms,
military strategies;
• sectional jealousies;
• lack of communications in the
provinces;
• Some Filipinos even aided the
Spaniards in suppressing the revolts
staged by their own countrymen.
• lack of national leadership.
 Industrialization rapidly gained
momentum in the second half of the
19th century.
 Chemistry and physics enhanced the
industrial revolution
 Other ideas greatly enhanced the
industrial revolution

CHALLENGE OF THE 19TH

CENTURY
 Industrialism mechanized production
that in turn increases the demand for
raw materials an markets for finished
product.
 Encouraged free trade policies that
speed up the development of
international commerce
 Trading centers and cities flourished
and people enjoyed material economic
prosperity, better standard of living,
better education, social opportunities.
The Challenge of Industrialization
 Created fast tempo of economic
progress
 Made bourgeoisie a rich, powerful and
influential class in western society
 Coming out a new social class, the
proletariat or the modern working
class
 Continuous improvement of
machinery
 Intense competition among capitalist

Industrial system:
KARL MARX
 One of the 19th century philosophers
who brilliantly expounded the
philosophy of socialism of now
known as Marxism which has now
known as the most influential
concept among labor circles. With
publication of the “Communist
Manifesto” in 1848.
 Catholic Church in Europe:
Most influential and powerful institution
Identified with the monarchy and
aristocracy since the medieval era
Considered an enemy of the young
Republican States and recently unified
countries
As threat to the newly established
Republican State in France
As threat to new unified German
Empire
An enemy of reforms to liberal in Spain
Altered Position of the Catholic Church
in the 19th Century
A movement that sought to curtail
the church influence, to break down
its political power and to destroy it s
traditional control over education
 It gained strength in the 19th century
not only for political reason but also
of materialistic preferences of the
people generated by the economic
prosperity

Anti-Clericalism
Pope Leo XIII
 Acceded to the demands of modern
society without surrendering its
doctrine
 Accepted the changes in France and
Germany
 Virtual renunciation of the union of
Church and State
 Accepted Protestant homogeny in
Germany
 Issued the Rerum Novarum

Pope Leo XIII

 Beneficial effect of economic liberalism in
Europe and the United States had finally
convinced Spain to abandon Mercantilism
 Unwillingly open Philippines to world trade
 1834 Spain liberalized:
◦ Economic policy
◦ Officially opened Manila, Sual, Iloilo,
Zamboanga, Cebu and Legaspi

The Philippine is Drawn within the

Orbit of World Trade
 The 19th century economic and social
stimuli effected a marked improvement in
the standard of living of a small groups of
indios and mestizos who were engaged in
commercial agriculture and trade. This
group became the nucleus of growing
class.
 Illustrados constituted the Filipino
educated class during the Spanish colonial
period in the late 19th century.

The New Breed of Native Middle

Class
 Francisco “Balagtas” Balatazar
voiced his disgust in the prevailing social
order through his literary pieces,
particularly “Florante at Laura.”
 Father Pedro Pelaez used the pulpit
and the press to expose and criticize the
rampant racial discrimination against
the native clergy
 Father Jose Burgos openly and
eagerly worked for clerical equality and
for the secularization of parishes.
Initial Response to 19th Century
Challenges
 Governors Manuel Pavia and Carlos
Ma. dela Torre warned Spanish
government and suggested certain
reforms. The liberal attitude of Gov. dela
Torre encouraged the Filipinos to formed
organizations and campaigned for political
reforms and secularization of parishes.
Unfortunately, dela Torre democratic
regime ended in the Philippines when
monarchies restored in Spain
Futile Spanish Attempt to Initiate
Reforms
 Felipe Buencamino a UST student that
organized Juventud Escolar Liberal. Asked
for better education as in Spain,
secularization of higher education. The
demands were legitimate but Spanish
government branded them subversive
and ordered the arrest of Buencamino
and other who were not involved.

Futile Spanish Attempt to Initiate

Reforms
 Governor General Rafael de
Izquierdo a conservative leader, blamed
higher education as the motivating factor
of all these agitations. He abolished
certain privileges long enjoyed by the
Filipino workers in the Cavite arsenal that
led to Cavite Mutiny. This local incident
was magnified by the Spanish authorities
into a “national rebellion” to justify mass
punishments.

Futile Spanish Attempt to Initiate

Reforms
 The execution of the three
priests Jose Burgos, Mariano
Gomez, Jacinto Zamora was the
turning point in the history of the
Philippines.
It marked the beginning of the
new era as the propaganda era.

THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT

The Propaganda Movement was a
cultural organization formed in 1872 by
Filipino expatriates in Europe.
Composed of the Filipino elite called
"ilustrados", exiled liberals and students
attending Europe's universities gravitated
to the movement.

THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT

 Two doctors of laws endowed with
nationalist sentiments during quiet period
years:
 Dr. Pedro Paterno, published his first
literary work, which was a collection of
verses entitled “Sampaguitas”

Propaganda Movement
  Dr. Gregorio Sancianco, wrote more
serious theme: economic reforms to
improve political administration. His
book, “El Progreso de Filipinas”,
analyzed the revenue system and
concluded the equality of the Philippine
tax structure has prevented the
economic growth of the Philippines.

Propaganda Movement
 These were the things that happened in
their unified forces:
 Abolition of the tobacco monopoly in
1881
 The victory of Juan Luna and Felix
Resureccion Hidalgo at Exposicion de
Bellas Artes

Unifying Forces During the

Unorganized Years
  Forming of an organization called
Circulo Hispano Filipino, led by Juan
Atayde, Spaniard born in the Philippines
 Rizal”s Noli Me Tangere was published
in March 1887 which added fuel to
heated arguments between pro and anti
propagandists. He expected unfavorable
reactions from friar group.

Unifying Forces During the

Unorganized Years
 Marcelo H. del Pilar
• Encouraged the young men to join
student organizations.
• Secretly organized the Comite de
Propaganda a small but active group
used Manila and Malolos as centers of
their operations.
• Published and edited the short-lived
Diaryong Tagalog

Revival of Activities in the

Philippines
 Marcelo H. del Pilar
• He reached out the masses in his own
Tagalog dialect. He went to provinces
and moralized among to the people
about patriotism, sacrifice and industry.
• wrote essays and “duplos” which
satirized local conditions.

Revival of Activities in the

Philippines
 España en Filipinos the first newspaper
of the Propagandist.
 Solidaridad Society organized in
Barcelona, Madrid.
 Associacion Hispano-Filipino,
inaugurated on January 12, 1889.

Consolidation of Propaganda Activities:

The Final Push for Reforms
 Associacion Hispano-Filipino,
composed of Filipinos and Spaniards.
Aimed at working for specific reform for
their homeland.

Consolidation of Propaganda Activities:

The Final Push for Reforms
La Solidaridad
 It was established to express the goal of
the Propaganda Movement towards
achieving assimilation with Spain
 The first issue of La Solidaridad came out
on February 15, 1889.
 A fortnightly and a bi-weekly newspaper,
 La Solidaridad serves as the principal
organ of the Reform Movement in Spain

Consolidation of Propaganda Activities:

The Final Push for Reforms
 Representation in the Spanish Cortes
 Secularization of the Philippine parishes
 Assimilation of the Philippines as a regular
province of Spanish
 freedom of trade and industry.
 Human rights for Filipinos
 Equality of Filipinos and Spaniards before
the law
 Reforms in education
 Reforms in the administration of the
government

Reforms Desired
 Writer/s Contributions/Works

Dr. Pedro A.  “Ninay” the first Filipino

Paterno novel (1885)
 Sampaguita” first
 Politician
Filipino collection of
 Doctor of Laws poems in Spanish (1880)
 Novelist  a historical book “La
Antigua Civilizacion
Tagalog” (1887)

Glimpses of Propaganda Literature

 Writer/s Contributions/Works

Gregorio  authored the book “El

Progreso de Filipinas,”
Sancianco
 a treatise on colonial
 Economist economics and politics in
 Doctor of Laws the Philippines
 analyzed the revenue
 Novelist
system and concluded
that the inequality of the
Philippine tax structure

Glimpses of Propaganda Literature

 Writer/s Contributions/Works

Marcelo H. del  Dasalan at Tuksohan,”

Pilar  “La Frailocracia Filipino”
 a lawyer
 political analyst

Glimpses of Propaganda Literature

 Writer/s Contributions/Works

Fray Botod,” he ridiculed

Graciano Lopez 
the Spanish friars who
Jaena became very fat for eating
too much, and living in
 the orator of the luxury at the expense of
movement poor Filipinos, whom they
abused.
 A gifted writer  “En Tinieblas” (in Utter
Darkness), he lambasted
the biased Spanish writers
for their absurdities
(disgrace).

Glimpses of Propaganda Literature

 Writer/s Contributions/Works

 Antonio Luna  Impressiones,” a collection

of essay describing the
customs of the Spaniards in
Madrid.

 “La Universidad de
 Jose Ma. Filipinas: Plan de Estudios”
Panganiban a critical essay which
exposed the defects of the
church-dominated education
in the Philippines.

Glimpses of Propaganda Literature

 Writer/s Contributions/Works

Isabelo delos Reyes, authored “El Folk-lore

 folklorist Filipino,” and “Historia
 Historian de Ilocos”

Mariano Ponce  wrote the series,

 biographer “Celebres Filipinos” in
La Solidaridad.

Glimpses of Propaganda Literature

 Writer/s Contributions/Works

Jose Rizal  wrote the series,

 The greatest writer of “Celebres Filipinos” in La
the Propaganda Solidaridad.of the groups.
 Wrote controversial novels
Movement
“Noli Me Tangere” and
“El Felibusterismo.”
 annotated Antonio de
Morga’s “Sucesos de las
Islas Filipinas.”

Glimpses of Propaganda Literature

 The Propagandist joined the brotherhood
of Masons. The liberal ideas of the
masons, their fearless attacks on the
government and the church, and the
freedom they generally attracted the
intention of the propagandist
 They hoped that this association would
help them fight the friars and obtain
reforms.

Masonry and the Propaganda

 Revolucion – the first predominantly
Filipino lodge was founded in Barcelona
by Graciano Lopez Jaena
 Lodge La Solidaridad - organized by
Marcelo H. del Pilar with the help of Julio
Florante in Madrid.
 Lodge Nilad - first Masonic lodge in the
Philippines.

Masonry and the Propaganda

 They published and wrote for newspapers,
adopted pseudonyms, and banned all the
writings of the propagandists from the
Philippines

Counter-Propaganda Moves
 Counter Propaganda

 His articles expressed hatred and

Pablo Feced - contempt against Filipino reformists
 Filipinas: Escozos y Pinceladas
Qiuopquiap (Philippines: Sketches and Strokes)
- a biased assessment of the
Philippines
 Defender of Frailocracy
Wenceslao Retana  Cuestiones Filipinas: Avisos y
Profecias - a compilation of articles
- Desenganos attacking anti-friar Filipino
reformists
 Questiones De Sumo Interest – 8
booklets attacking Rizal and his
Jose Rodriguez writings and all other reformist
 Counter Propaganda

 El Teatro Tagalo – defects of the

Vicente Barrantes
Philippine theater

 Tandang Basiong Macunat – ridiculed

Father Miguel Lucio the Filipinos for aspiring to learn the
Bustamante Spanish language when they could
hardly perform their manual tasks

 Requerdos de Filipinas – remembered

Francisco Cañamaque the Filipinos as childish and culturally
backward
 Counter Propaganda
 Published 2 pamphlets
against reforms proposed by
Segismundo Moret;
 To liberalize Spanish
Father Francisco administration and;
Rivas  Secularize education in the
Philippines
 DISAPPOINTING REFORMS
 Came too late to correct
Provincial Reform of 1886 the age – old defects of
the colonial system
 An extension of the first
Spanish Civil Code
Civil Code
Code of Commerce
 Provides the right to
Becerra Law
organize city governments
 Reforms in the municipal
administration
Maura Laws  Came 3 years before the
outbreak of the revolution:
too late for implementation
 Inadequate financial resources
 Differences of opinion and personal problems
 Patience of the people back home was rapidly
waning
 Marcelo H. del Pilar and Graciano Lopez Jaena
changed their platform from parliamentary
representation or assimilation to revolution
 Rizal's attempt to carry on the propaganda in
the Philippines through the La Liga Filipina

Problems of the Propagandists

La Liga Filipina (Philippine
League)
 A progressive organization founded and
created by Dr. Jose Rizal in the Philippines
in the house of Doroteo Ongjunco at Ilaya
Street, Tondo, Manila in July 3, 1892.
 Jose Ma. Basa wrote the constitution

Rizal Attempt to carry on the

Propaganda in the Philippines
La Liga Filipina (Philippine League)
 Rizal was arrested three days after its
founding.
 July 7, 1892, the order of his deportation
to Dapitan was published in the
newspaper.
 Rizal’s attempt to carry on the reform
movement in the Philippines failed.

Rizal Attempt to carry on the

Propaganda in the Philippines
 Eventually radicalized some
illustrados
 Politicized a great number of
Filipinos
 Establishment of a group that
yearned for reforms, the Katipunan

Effect of Propaganda Movement