Excersise: 3.

2
A rhinoceros is at the origin of coordinates at time t1 = 0. For the time interval
from t1 = 0 to t1 = 12 s, the rhino’s average velocity has x-component – 3.8m/s and
y-component 4.9m/s. At time t2 = 12 s, (a) what are the x- and y-coordinates of the
rhino? (b) How far is the rhino from the origin?
Solution:
At time t1, x1 = y1 = 0.
x = (vav-x )Δt = (−3.8 m/s)(12.0 s) = −45.6 m and
y = (vav-y )Δt = (4.9 m/s)(12.0 s) = 58.8 m.

r = x 2  y2  (- 4.5 m)2  (58.8m)2  74.4m

Δr is in the direction of vav. Therefore, Δx is negative since vav-x is negative

and Δy is positive since vav-y is positive.
 Excersise: 3.4
A ladder of 6 m length, which is in contact with a vertical wall and horizontal ground
slides down the vertical plane. When the lower end is at a distance of 3 m from the wall,
its velocity is 4 m/s. What is the velocity of the upper end at this instant?
Solution:
A
BC = x = 3 m, AC = y = 6 m, Vx = 4 m/s, Vy = ?
6m

So, AB = AC2  BC2  (6 m)2  (3m)2  5.196m 5.196 m

V = 4 m/s
2 2 2
x  y  (6)
B 3m C
dx dy
2x + 2y =0
dt dt
x Vx + y Vy = 0

0 - x Vx 0 - (3 m)(4 m/s) 12

Vy =   m/s =  2.309 m/s
y 5.196 m 5.196
 Excersise: 3.5
A jet plane is flying at a constant altitude. At time t1 = 0 it has components of velocity vx
= 90 m/s, vy = 110 m/s. At time t2 = 30 s the components are vx = -170 m/s, vy = 40 m/s.
(a) Sketch the velocity vectors at t1 and t2. How do these two vectors differ? For this time
interval calculate (b) the components of the average acceleration, and (c) the magnitude
and direction of the average acceleration.
Solution:
(a) The velocity vector at t1 = 0 and t2 = 30 s are in the below figure.
 Excersise: 3.6
A dog running in an open field has components of velocity vx = 2.6 m/s and vy = -1.8 m/s
at t1 = 10.0 s. For the time interval from t1 = 10.0 s to t2 = 20.0 s, the average acceleration
of the dog has magnitude 0.45 m/s2 and direction 31.0° measured from the +x-axis toward
the +y-axis. At t2 = 20.0 s, (a) what are the x- and y-components of the dog’s velocity? (b)
What are the magnitude and direction of the dog’s velocity? (c) Sketch the velocity vectors
at t1 and t2. How do these two vectors differ?
Solution:
 Excersise: 3.8
A remote-controlled car is moving in a vacant parking lot. The velocity of the car as a
function of time is given by  
 3

2 ˆ
   2

v = 5.0 m/s - 0.0180m/s t  i +  2.0 m/s - 0.550m/s t  ˆj.
•What are ax(t) and ay(t), the x- and y-components of the velocity of the car as functions
of time?
•What are the magnitude and direction of the velocity of the car at t = 8.00 s?
•What are the magnitude and direction of the acceleration of the car at t = 8.00 s?
Solution:
• Taking the derivatives gives ax (t) = (−0.0360 m/s3)t and
ay (t) = 0.550 m/s2.
• Evaluating the velocity components at t = 8.00 s gives
vx = 3.848 m/s and vy = 6.40 m/s, which gives
v = 7.47 m/s.
The direction is tan θ = (6. 40/3.848)
So θ = 59.0o (counterclockwise from +x-axis).
• Evaluating the acceleration components at t = 8.00 s gives
ax =20.288 m/s2 and ay = 0.550 m/s2, which gives
a = 0.621 m/s2.
The angle with the +y axis is given by tan θ = (0.288/0.550)
So θ = 27.6o.
The direction is therefore 118o counterclockwise from +x-axis.
 Excersise: 3.9
Two particles are thrown up simultaneously with a velocity of 30 m/s, one thrown
vertically and another at 450 with respect to the horizon. Find out the distance between
them at t = 1.5s.
Solution:
For the particle thrown vertically
1
y1 = v oy t + (-g) t 2
2
1
y1 = (30 m/s)(1.5 s) - (9.8 m/s 2 )(1.5 s) 2
2
y1 = 45 - 11.025  33.975 m
For the particle thrown 450 w.r.t horizon
1
 
y 2 = v o sin 450 t + (-g) t 2
2
 v  1 30 1
y2 =  o  t - g t 2  1.5 - 9.8 (1.5)2
 2 2 2 2
So, P1(0,33.975) and P2 (31.82, 20.795)
y 2 = 31.82 - 11.025  20.795 m
2 2
Thus, P1P2 =  31.82  0  +  20.795  33.975 
 30 
 
x 2 = v o cos 450 t = 
 2
 1.5 = 31.82 m
 34.442 m
 Excersise: 3.10

Two particles are travelling in space with a velocity of v1 = 4 m/s and v2 = - 3 m/s undergo
free fall. Find out when their velocities will be perpendicular to each other ( g = 10 m/s2)
Solution:

t = time after which two velocities will be perpendicular to each other

1st particle:
Vx1 = x-component velocity of 1st V2 = V2x ˆi + V2 y ˆj  ( 3) ˆi + (- 10 t) ˆj
particle = 4 m/s V2 = (-3) ˆi - (10 t) ˆj
Vy1 = y-component velocity of 1st
particle As V1 and V2 are perpendicular to
Vy1 = V0y1t + (-g) t = - 10 t each other, we have
Resultant velocity V1 is  
V1 . V2 = 0
V1 = V1x ˆi + V1 y ˆj  4 ˆi + (- 10 t) ˆj  4 ˆi - (10 t)  . (3) ˆi + (- 10 t)  = 0
   
V1 = 4 ˆi - (10 t) ˆj
4(3)  (-10 t)(- 10 t) = 0
2nd particle:  12  100 t 2 = 0
Vx2 = x-component velocity of 2nd particle = -3 m/s 12
Vy2 = y-component velocity of 2nd particle t2 =  0.12
100
Vy2 = V0y2 t + (-g) t = - 10 t
Resultant velocity V2 is t =  0.346 s
 Excersise: 3.11
A daring 510-N swimmer dives off a cliff with a running horizontal leap, as shown in
figure. What must her minimum speed be just as she leaves the top of the cliff so that she
will miss the ledge at the bottom, which is 1.75 m wide and 9.00 m below the top of the
cliff?
Solution:
The person moves in projectile motion. She must travel 1.75 m
horizontally during the time she falls 9.00 m vertically.
Take + y downward. ax = 0, ay = + 9.80 m/s2. v0x = v0, v0y = 0.
Time to fall 9.00 m: 1 2
y  y0 = voy t + gt
2
2  y  y0  2  9.0m 
t=   1.36 s
g 9.8 m/s 2

Speed needed to travel 1.75 m horizontally during this time:

1 If she increases her initial speed she still

x  x 0 = vox t + ax t2
2 takes 1.36 s to reach the level of the ledge,

v0 = v0x 
 x  x 0   1.75m  1.29 m / s but has travelled horizontally farther than
1.75 m.
t 1.36 s
 Excersise: 3.12

For a certain projectile, the horizontal range is twice in magnitude of the maximum
height attained by it. Find its angle of projection.

Solution:
v02 sin 2α 0
R=
g 2sin α 0 cos α 0  sin 2 α 0
2

h max =
 v0 sin α 0  2  tan α 0
2g
α 0  tan 1 2 = 63.4350
R = 2 hmax

v02 sin 2α 0 2v02sin 2 α 0


g 2g
 Excersise: 3.28
The earth has a radius of 6380 km and turns around once on its axis in 24 h. (a) what is
the radial acceleration of an object at the earth’s equator? Give your answer in m/s2 and as
a fraction of g. (b) If arad at the equator is greater than g, objects will fly off the earth’s
surface and into space. (We will see the reason for this in Chapter 5.) What would the
period of the earth’s rotation have to be for this to occur?
Solution:
T = 24 h
4π 2 R 4π 2 (6.38x106 m)
ax = 2
 2
 0.034 m/s 2  3.4 x 106 m/s 2
T (24 h)(3600s/h)
arad is proportional to 1/T2, 1
So, to increase arad by a factor of 3
 294 requires that T be multiplied by a
3.4 x 10 factor of 1 24h
.  1.4h
294 294
 Excersise: 3.29

A model of a helicopter rotor has four blades, each 3.40 m long from the central
shaft to the blade tip. The model is rotated in a wind tunnel at 550 rev/min. (a) What
is the linear speed of the blade tip, in m/s (b) What is the radial acceleration of the
blade tip expressed as a multiple of the acceleration of gravity, g?
Solution:
(a) Each blade tip moves in a circle of radius R = 3.40 m and therefore has radial
acceleration v2
a rad =
R
Frequency = 550 rev/min = 9.17 rev/s,
1
Time period = T = = 0.109 s
9.17 rev/s
2πR
v =  196 m/s
T
(b) v2
a rad = = 1.13 x 104 m/s 2  11.3 x 103 m/s 2
R
4 π2 R
a rad = gives the same results for arad as in part (b).
T2
 Excersise: 3.34
A “moving sidewalk” in an airport terminal building moves at 1.0 m / s and is 35.0 m long. If a
woman steps on at one end and walks at 1.5 m /s relative to the moving sidewalk, how much
time does she require to reach the opposite end if she walks (a) in the same direction the
sidewalk is moving? (b) In the opposite direction?

Solution: (b) vS/G =1.0 m/s

(a) Let W = woman, G = ground and S = vW/S = − 1.5 m/s
sidewalk. vW/G = vW/S + vS/G = −1.5 m/s +1.0 m/s = −0.5
The positive direction is taken as, the direction in m/s.
which the sidewalk is moving. (Since vW/G now is negative, she must get on
vW/G = velocity of woman relative to the ground the moving sidewalk at the opposite end from
vW/S = velocity of woman relative to the sidewalk in part (a).)
vS/G = velocity of sidewalk relative to the ground
So, vW/G = vW/S + vS/G - 35.0 s - 35.0 s
The time to reach the other end is given by, t=   70 s
v W/G - 0.5 m/s
Distance travelled relative to ground
t=
v W/G
vS/G =1.0 m/s Her speed relative to the ground is
vW/S = +1.5 m/s much greater in part (a) when she walks
vW/G = vW/S + vS/G = 1.5 m/s +1.0 m/s = 2.5 m/s. with the motion of the sidewalk.
35.0 s 35.0 s
t=   14s
v W/G 2.5 m/s
 Excersise: 3.36
A canoe has a velocity of 0.40 m / s southeast relative to the earth. The canoe is
on a river that is flowing 0.50 m / s east relative to the earth. Find the velocity
(magnitude and direction) of the canoe relative to the river.
Solution:
vC/E = Canoe relative to the earth
vR/E = Velocity of the river relative to the earth and,
vC/R = Velocity of the canoe relative to the river,
Now, vC/E = vC/R + vR/E

Therefore vC/R = vC/E − vR/E.

The velocity components of vC/R are

−0.50 m/s + (0.40 m/s)/ √2, along east and
(0.40 m/s)/ √2, along south,
for a velocity relative to the river of 0.36 m/s, at 52.5° south of west.
The velocity of the canoe relative to the river has a smaller magnitude than
the velocity of the canoe relative to the earth.
 Excersise: 3.38
A river flows due south with a speed of 2.0 m/s. A man steers a motorboat across the
river; his velocity relative to the water is 4.2 m/s due east. The river is 800 m wide.
(a) What is his velocity (magnitude and direction) relative to the earth?
(b) How much time it required to cross the river?
(c) How far south of his starting point will he reach the opposite bank?
Solution:
vW/E = The velocity of water relative to the earth
vB/W = The velocity of boat relative to the water
vB/E = The velocity of boat relative to the earth
vW/E = 2.0 m/s, due south
vB/W = 4.2 m/s, due east
vB/E = vB/W + vW/E. (c)
(a) Direction of vB/W.
800 m 800 m
V 2.0 m/s t=   190 s
tan θ = W/E   0.4762 vB/W 4.2 m/s
v B/W 4.2 m/s
θ = tan 1 0.4762  250 SE (c) In time 190s it’s
distance from starting
(b) point in south
VBE  VBW 2  VWE 2   4.22  22  4.7 direction=190x2=380m