PHAN Il KY THUAT TRUYEN HiNH MAU Chusng 3 NGUYEN LY TRUYEN HINH MAU - 6 DO KHOI HE: THONG 1. Gidi thieu Tg ahGng wuyén hinh den - trang thye bign phan tich bioh Anh cis trayén thank cae miu ri rac 6 ruyén lan lt cae mau dé, Thong tin duge trayén di i théng tin v8 di) chéi clia ede diém anh. Tai phfa thu sé khOi phe duye hinh anh truyén di thank mot dink dea - tring. Tuy nbién, canh vat quanh ta chifa ddy mau sie, va vi vay, trayén bind ~ cain phai uyén di duge cée thong tin v8 mau sae cha Anh sao cho phia thu 66 thé Khoi phuc duoc thanh hinh nh ¢6 mau sée nbu thye 1, Tinh inh mau ¢6 thé coi do nhiéu ink anh den sae hgp lai. Moi hinh anh don sae La mot mau iia hiah doh mau. Vi vay. hin anh mau c6 chifa nbiéu théng tin hon hinh ani dion sae Van dé dat ra cho ky thugt trayén hinh mau 18 am thé n’o khong tang si kenh thong tin mA van truyén duve hinh doh mau, hay néi each khée can ia hinh Anh maw thinh mot tin hicu dign bign d6i theo shit gian dé e6 thé truyén di hang mGt kénh thong tin duy obél, Kf thuat truyén ink mae di phai dye vao Iy thuyét vé mau sac (miu sfc hoe). vé cde dinh Ly phan tich va téng hop mau dé thuc hién duge muc dich cia truyén hinh mau Nhu chting ta da bi mat ngudi c6 thé phan bist duoc 160 sav dG, hay asi céch kde c6 thé phan tich bin inh mau ra khoang 160 inh anh don sée, Khong ning thé, mai mot mau dun séc lai cd thé phan bist duge rat nhidu mee do dam hat khic hau {ducts poi 1 dd thudn khi¢t khée nhau), Nhu’ vay, vo s@ hinh Anh y6i mau sée kinds ohare vé se dd va do thudn khitt hop lai thinh binh dnk mau phite tap. Ro mon khoa hoe ve mau sfc di cho bigt, cde mau sie trong thién bien khong dée lap déi vi nhaw, CO mor sé mau c6 thé tao ra bang cach cong nbOng mau khde Lat ‘Trong s6 ee mi ed thé chgn ha mau doe Lap Limau do. luc, fam, ching duce tron vi nhaw dé tac thank héu het ede mau ste khGe oo trong thign nhién. Nhu vay, neu crayénfin nh miu di hing ech trayén ba mau ed han: 43, lye, lam sé cho phep Ui Leo lat gan hau hol cde mau se o6 trong hinh Ah cn phi, He thong truyén Fin mau ve nuyen tc 6 thé 140 ra bang oéch ghép ba he thong qrayén heh den - ering thong. thuding dé tuyén ba hinh anh mau co bain. Tay nhign véin dé dat ra fa cain bikin dei va ghép ee Vin higu maw sao cho chi dng mot kon théng tin day nha (mot hg theing thu phat vo tuyén didn. chang han) ene 66 thé truyén di duge hinh anh mau. Giai phap php tin bigu theo tan si nhur thong tio nhige kenh e6 thé trayca dh dese inh anh mau bang mdt he théing thu phat, Tuy abisn khi dy dai thoag win dann che mot he thong traygn hinh mae s8 ring gap 3 Kan so voi hE thong trayén inh den ~ tring. Mak kehde phat tin biew vO tuyéh truyén Binh nbwr vay Khong thé thu duce bing may the truyén hinh den - tring, khong tan dung duge sO Ingng rat Ken ede my tho vo twyén trayén hinh den - tring 48 c6, nghia 18 hg thing. vo tay6n sruyén inh mau Abu vay Khong ¢6 tinh tuong hop (hay két hop). Dé thod man duce didu Kién ket hop. neha 12 c6 thé tao nen anh den - ting tune hac trén man anh may thu den - tring (khi ding may thu den ~ teing dé sep phan Ue hige so tuygn truyén hink mau, npudt ta ph phat ed én higu phan ath do eh6t edt inh anh .c. Tin hige phan ant do chdi (goi tin higu eh6i) e6 thé tao ra tir ba tin hig eda cde anh miu cer han (i niga mu ecb, Cer si ett vie tao ra in hiGu chdi Ea mdi phn tr ih mu ee in déu 6 && ch6 nat dinh, Bo chet a6 phy thade cutng dé sing euting d6 sing cla anh mau dé (ne binh anh mau 66 1 agudn phat sing) hoae phy thuge dng quang nang phan xa we nh mau dé (nea aah MAH 6 duve chide sing). Ngodi ra d® chéi cin phy thude vao mau sic vi mat nud 66 dO Nhay cm Khong déu vi cde mas sfc, Xét ha Lia may cg ban 66 eang cukmg dO chm tea nh: Ahan oi tia luc ego ra do choi cao ns, sau dG tia dO va cud ebng [a ta lam. Kem véi cde tin higu mang tin We vé mau Vi tin hide chdi va ba tin higu mau eo ban phy thude tuyén Linh vei nhaw, Cho nen 66 thé chi can (ruyén di dén ben the ba tin higu bat ky trong s6 bon tin higu asi tren, tin hhieu thd ni e6 thé Lao Iai bang 16 hap ba tin higu nhan dugc, Trong ky thuat tuyén inh mau ngudi ta phat di tin higu choi va hat sin higa mang tin te vé mau co bin khée hoae phat di tin higu choi va hai tin higu mang tin ude ve may, Che tin higu mang tin te ve mau Ja 13 hop phic tap cua cée tin higu miu ce bin, dim béo 6 thé tao lai mau cos ban khi nian duge ce tin bidy mang tin Ge vé mau va tin higu chot, ¢ tin higu HE ¢6 thé phat di déng shot ba tin bigu v6 hg thing thu phat 6 da thong vin hong rng hon so v6i he thdng uyén hinh den « tring, nga (a da aié ra kha nbiéu piai phap khéc nha, binh thanh ahiga tice chusin truyGn hinh Khée nhau, Ching 66 nhng ou digm va nhuce diém riéng cia ting loai, cho dén nay chua 6 mét Lidu chudn nde due thita nhan ching [A161 uu va cin phd bigh Uren toan 1h BiG. 138Nam 1950 & My hinh thank he théng truyéa hinh maw NTSC (National Television Standard Commitiee), hé théing nay thoa man diéu kign ket hop. Theo NTSC tin higw choi due Wyo ra UW ba tin bigu mau et ban va duge phit di trong todn dai tan dank cho he thong truyén hinh den - trang thong thudmg. Hai tin hiéu khac cing duge truyén ui A hai tia hicu mang tin tae vé mau. Vi kha nang phan biét cla mat (theo khéng gian) doi vii anh mau kém hem dnb den - irdng, cho nén cae tin bigu mang tin wie vé mau duoc: phat di trong dai én hep hon, Mat khde, vi cau tric phd céa tin hicu chéi khong lide iu, do dé c6 thé phat cdc tin higu mang tin ue vé mau vao nhing chd ing nam gitta vach phd ota tin higu chéi. é 6 thé “dan” cdc vach phé vao nhau, tin hi¢u mang tin te vé mau (goi tal 1A tin higu mau) duge dich phé vé phia trén bang phép dida ché vGi tn s6 mang phy xéc dinh. Su digu ché & day khé dac bit gol IA diéu ché vudng gée, cho phép bang mot tin s6 mang phu o6 thé mang di hai tin tle doc lap, d6 12 hai tin higa mau, Sy bie dé vé pha vi vé bien do song mang phu do 2 tin higu mau d5 quy dinh. Sau khi dem tin higu mau da diéu ché vudng gde sng mang phy “dan” vi tin hide choi, ahan duce tin higu phtic hop c6 dai tén hodn todn gidng abu tin higu truyén hinh den - trang, né duge tuyén di bing mot hé thong thu phat thong thutng. He théing PAL 1a mot hé thdng trong ba ¢ théing duge ding rong rf hign nay. N6 duge ding chit yéu & Tay Au, He théng nay khie phuc duce nhuue diém abay cim voi méo pha cita hé thong NTSC. Su khée nhau voi he thdng NTSC vé nguyen ty chd yéu 6 chd cho mot tin higu mau déi dat sau timg dng mot. Bang cach a6 sur sai do sai pha trén duting truyén tin higu cia hai dong ke tip due ba tris cho nhau, vi str sai pha cha hai dong ke tiép 1 nguge chiéu nhau. Su ba trit sai mau d6 tin hanh bang phuong phdp dign ti. Nhismot day ue wi thes ian 18 1a mot chu ky quét dong 66 thé liu tai tin te vé mau cla dong teuée cho dén Kh xuat hién tin Wic mau cua dong sau (ké sau). Cong hoge tric tin higu mau J bj tré wi tin higu mau vita dn true lip, ching ta thu duoc We lai hai tin higu mau mat cdch ding thoi, sai pha ciia kénh truyén tin wddng duge khet di Tie thdng NTSC-ART a phucmg 4n cai tign cla NTSC. Ngudi ta x¢p chéng them yao tin higu phite hop NTSC mot tin higu chudn Khong digu ché, c6 bien dO nh va c6 dn so ring véi tdn 86 mang phy cba mau. Tin higu nay duge ben my tho vip nan nhue mét tin higu chudn dé tich s6ng mau, tin higu nay chiv sirdi pha nhw tin higu sng mang mau da digu ch khi unyén di qua kh6ng gian. Nam 1987, Henry de France dé ra hé thing SECAM-AM, Ngoai tin higu choi con. phat hai tfn higu mau [dn luge nhau sau timg ding, nhu vay chi cén diéu ché mot 18n, cho phép gidm nhd su nhay cém d6i véi cdc lai méo do kénh thong tin gay ra G day, cde tin higu mau cing duoc phat di theo nguyén téc thong tin ghép kenh theo thé gian. Com 139lin higu chdj va ede tin bigu mau fai duce phat di theo Aguyén tie thong Lin ghép ken theo tin sé. Cit phat hai dong ben thu méi eWay dit tin ute vé mau trong mot dong. Dé e6 tia hieu mau lien tue. phai thue high [am we tin higu de vide cham lai ding mot chu ky quét dong, Nhu vay. hai ding ké nhau e6 cing din we mau nhur mhau. ngiiie 1a. kha nang phan bit vé mau theo chiéu dting bj gidm di. Didu nay khOng od gi ngay hai én chai luuny anh mau vid phan biet theo chiéu ngang cba mau cong da due gim vi (lai tan so in higu mau da bi eat ben. Ig théng SECAM-AM sau d6 duce thay bang SECAM-M. Thay cho digu che bien do séng mang phy. ngudsi ta digu ef Jin 96 (lin tug wei had tin hieu mau. digu ché nay Lam cho he théing tnd nen khong nbay céim vei mMEa pha va didn dO ctia kenh thong tin. Tuy nbién sau khi diga ché, tin higu tan so mang phy ludn {adn wa bai gay nén trén man anh cae wach nhidu, Dé gidm nho nhidu nay, ngudti ta nén borin hide (an sf mang phu bang ho loc o6 dae tuyéa suy gid hinh chudng, tai tan sé séng mang phy dd suy gidm Kin nhat, ra agodi hai bien tn sey gidim bé dan. Ben may thu dang A loc 66 dac tuycin suy giim nguge lai dé khtt mo. Kel qua cia su cai tién he thong $ wa, CO Mots 2AM-EM [i sy ra di he théng SECAM [116i UOi met so vGi he thong SECAM-EM. Trong he thong na hai tn 86 mang phu thay nhau dé mang hai in higa mau, O Nga (irute day 1A 1.3én XO) ngudi ta dua ra h¢ thong NIR (SECAM IV hay SEQUAM). Gidng ahu hé thong SECAM, & day cing ding cach thay ti n gues (a dng higu sau ting dong, nhung khong phai thay gu diéu ché voong zoe nhu NTS sau thi phat tin bigu chun e6 bien dd va pha e& dink ohur trong he NTSC-ART. méu, ma mor ddng thi phi 2. Mau eo ba trong truyén hinh maw Cade mau co bin tong tuyéa hinh_ maa doe chon 1a dd (2), luc (G) vi lam (8). DS 1A nhing mau thuc, 66 thé tao ra bing ech bin phé at hun quang khe thaw bing Ga dign vit Cae mau thue dé thudng I khong than Ehigi, Khie voi ede ida eo han duge 16 chic CIE chon ding tong he thing do maa, Vige chyn ese mau et hin RGB pha thod man digu kign quan tong 1a miu to lai phia ben thu phi bao gém hau he cdc mau eS trong thiga nhién va vai dd bfio hod ean, diga d6 6 nghia la di¢n tich tam gide maa RGB phi chiém gin het dign ich chtta Hinh 3-4, Mau co ban va ain tich trong dutng cong Binh méng ngea S/2) Cxem cae rau thu nan duce hinh 3-1), Mudin vay thi cde mau co ban céin thuiin khiét, Tay nhién vige ché ta ede chat Laghujoh quang bie xa rama thudn khiét vii higu sual bic xa quang cao 1B vide chua thye hién duce vay dén nay cde be théng truyén hinh mau déu lay cde mau co ban Fe RGB v6i tog do nhu sau: Xx = 0.670 Yq = 0,330) X= 0.210 a= 9.710 xy = 0140 yy = 0,080 Cae mau do va lam do 1 dé nghi 4 do choi tong, dé ca hen so wri ede mau 6 va lam theo quy dinh cia CIE, do dé tang due higu suat quang cia Gng thu Quan hé gida mau co ban RGB cha VCC viii miu XYZ ctia CE nbur sau: R= LION -0S32F 0.2887 | G = -0,982.¥ +2,000F - 0.0287} G1) 4=0,059.X -O119¥ 40,9002 | Cae phoong trinh bign déi ngucc: X =0,608R +0,174G + 0.2008" ¥ =0,299R +0587G +0114B | G2) Z=0,000K + 0,066 + 11128 Néu thay R= G = B = | vio cae phuong tinh tren ta 66 X= 0.982, ¥ = 1,000, 2 1.178. 6 1a mot mau duce bigu thi bang diém C uén AS thi do mau vai tog dé x. = 0,310, ». = 0,316, né e6 thé thay thé cho diém tang E dé tinh todn mau. Khi da o6 gid ui F(A), #(2), B(A), ching ta c6 thé xae dinh ede thinh phan mau co ban cila bat cif nguén bite xa phitc tap nho nhét bidu thie 1-32. Nou mot vat khong bie xa mA duce chidu sing bol ngudn sing ed mat do phan bi nding wong pf2) Va vat 66 be 86 phan xa 1a pf) thi ca thanh phn mau co ban ella vat ae Re fra lA pA da | G3) "FCC. Hip nai trayén théng Nan bang ¢ 14)3. So dé khoi hé théng truyén hink mau Minh anh eda truyén qua camera treyén hinh mau duge bigh doi hank 3 tin hicw mau cor ban Uy Ug, Uy mbt hink 3-2. Cée tin higu mau co bin nay duoc da qua cde mach higu chinh gamma, cde mach nay sit dung dé bi méo gamma do dng thu 6 phia ben thu gay len. Cac tin higu da ba méo (",, U'g, U%, duge dua vio mach ma trin tio ra tin higu ch6i (7 va hai tin hidu mang mau §,, S,. Cac tin higu 5, va S- didv ch dao dong dn sO mang phy tgo ra tin bigy mang mau cao Lin U,. Trong bé cong, ede tin higu (7, va U,. due tron voi nhau dé iréthanh tin hidu tuyén binh mau téng hop U4, = Ey + UL Tin hige U,, nay duce iruyén dén bén thu bing cp, he thdng viba hode may thu phat vo luyén dién. inn Up Us oy “st | + cau By © Ue" T wesc UE wach Pome 5e wean [Yn pamers FF] gamma [U, *| mewan | 51") Beau eq ey 8 ve enema ay “ /S \ , Fwbswer| tinny |_f peracn |S} moran Ona rh s6ng hin singmay |, NS by Hinh 3-2, Sa a6 ting quat hé théng truyén hin mau Qué irinh high déi cde tin higu mau co bn Uy, Ug. Up thanh tin higu truyén hink mau téng hop U,, goi [8 qué tink ma hod tin higu mau. Phfa ben thu, itr in higu (7, nhan duge (sau ich sng video) bién déi thank ete tin higu mau cor hin U'q U'g, U'y. Qua trinh bién déi nguge JG got A qué tinh gidi: ms tin higu mau, Qua trinh giai ma thue hin tong phan vin sé video cha may thu hinh maa. Tin hiGu truyén hink mau téng hop U.nhan duge sau téch séng duoc loc ra thanh tin hice choi (", va tin higu mang mau cao tin U,, Sau bd téch s6ng miu, ta thy duce tin bieu mang mau S, va S;, d6 Ta cdc tin higu hice sé mau. hire mach ma tran, 10 tin hidu (',, §,, S: Wyo ra tia higu mang mau co ban Ug Ug, U'p (hove tin Rieu Well’, UU, FU). Phin tt cudi cing cila he thang 1a ding. tho, & day bign d6i cac tin higu maa thanh hinh anh phic tap. 1423-2. PHONG PHAP PHAN TICH VA ‘TON (OP ANH MA\ 1. Phan tich ank mau Dung cu co bin trong he thing quang hye dé phan tich anh mau thanh cé¢ anh don mau Li bd le mau. BO ige mau thue hign hap thy hoge phan xa mot doan quang phé cha chiim tia 14, doan quang phé cdn lai thi cho qua, C6 thé chia ra hai loai bd loc mau: loai hap thy va loai giao thea, © Bo loc loai hap thie: Anhiing 1am ban mong bang thay tinh mau hod bang cdc chat nhua trong suét nhudm mau. Ddi khi agudi ta con lam hang ca pha mau chia trong cae hinh chifa det c6 thanh song song. dung dich duge Su hdp thu cla hé loc phy thude vio bé day d cia tam ban mong (heac bé day dung dich mau) va phu thude nding do Ce it pha mau. D3 nhién sy hap thy cha bd oe edn phu thuge vao die tinh hap thy theo bute s6ng m, cua chat pha mau. He $6 thong qua cba b6 loc: 7, =10%" (hd) Hg 86 théng qua 66 gid tri cuc dai Ha bing 1 khi thong qua toan 6 va c6 gid tri cue tigu bing khong khi bi hap thy toan bd. Bén canh h¢ sé thong qua redn 06 dai lung suat dé quang /) cha bé toe: 4 D=log~ 5) = 6 thong qua cia nhigu bo loc dat xGp chéng len nhau bing tich $6 cde he 96 thong qua cha ede bd loe ring 12. Path Bont G-6) Mat a6 quang cita nhitu bd loc xép chdng bang tng sé mac do quang, cia céc bo loc rieng 1 D=D,+Dst 4D, GT) * B6 loc loai giao thoa: Loai nay dua vio hign tugng cong hode utr cde tia sang C6 guang dudng di khée nhaw de dé pha khéc nhav. Nhu da biel, tia sang Wi gap bs mat gidi han gitka hai moi truémp chict xuait khdc nhau thi bi phan xa mot phn va phan nang long cdn lai thi di gua bé mat dé. Neu tia sding di tie mdi truéme chidt xust thap dén moi trudng chiét xuét cao hon thi Ga phan xa bi quay pha [80° sau lin phan xa wen mign gidi han. Nguoe Iai, th moi trudmg chiét xuét cao sang mOi trugng chict xudt thap thi tia phan xa khOng bi quay pha. ‘Tren hinh 3-3a, tai cdc diém 2, 3, 4 tia phan xa khOng bi quay pha, cdn tai diém | thi tia phan xa bi quay pha 180", 143A yen m2 my by memens Hinh 3.3, B@ loc Iosi giao thoa Néu bude séng tia sing ti thod man diéu kign: Khi dé A (AL =~ mAs (3-8) ng {va TL trong pha nhau, cin tie I vi I thi nguoe pha nhau. Kéi qua tia phan xa 06 ning luyng [6n, tia di thong qua c6 pang luong pan trig tiéw (xem tia phan xa tai digm 4 c6 nang Tuong khong dang 6) Nhu vay, loi vii lia sang bude sing 2 nhl dinh, bd loc nhu hinh 33a e6 he yi phan xa gin bing 1, hé soi thong qua gdn bing 0. © bute sing khéc, didu kiga 3-8) khong thoa mén nila, ede tia T vA TT khong cin tring pha, do dé he so phiin xa sé nhé hon 1. Bang cach pik ten mo aim thuy tind nbidu kip chat trong sust 6 chiét xuait khic nau, chiéu day khée nhau, 66 thé tao ngn due ede bo loc hay guong Ine ot he sO phan xa pray var thong qua 712J mong mud, Doi wi bd Loc loai giao thoa 6 thé viet A+ Aaa 1 3-9) Nghia 1A dr doan quang phé cs poy 10 08 06 oa a ate | apo 490 500 500 Hinh 3-4. 8 Ine thong qua mau lam va tue, phan xa mau a8 P(Ay win bang | thi f 4) st g’in bang 0 va ng lai (xem hinh 3-4). He c6 duce dae wyén pia) hay fA) wang dei Jy tucing, dye tinh chon loc 16, agodi edu inde nhe hink 3-34 di mo ta & wen, ngud ta ghép them cae ban méng cé cai unde nhur tink 3-3b (7) <1) < nD). 144C6 thé thify rang, wi bute sng A ahat dinh phar bd loc nh hink 3-3b 66 he sé thong qua gan bang 1, cn he sé phan xa thi gain bang khong, 18 c6 thé phan lich anh mau phic tap ra ede dink mau car ban ext the ste dung ba hd Joe mau loai hap thy, chting xép truce ede Sng phat nhu hinh 3-5, Cac guong ban trong suét cho chin tia sing xuyen qua mot phan va phan ede Tai bi phan xa. TI si phiin xa va he sO dhOng qua khOng phu thude bude sGng dnh séing, Cae guong phan xg loan phan ding dé quay hudmg chim tia sing Cham tia sing sau khi duge téch lam ba duge cho qua cae bd Toe mau, sat bG loc mau chiing ta thu duge cée anh mau cor bin, DE digu chinh dang thém cae bd ige tung tinh, chi lam thay d6i do choi anh mau co ban, ngudi wa cdc anh mau es ban ma khong Lam thay déi dae tinh mau se eba ching. Ong phit 6 nhigm vy bidn dt ede anh dan mau thanh cde tin higa mau ov ban. Oi khi ayuda gt them vao gidia bo loe mau va HS Joc trung tinh ede bd toc higu chinh dé stra Jai dae tink mSu sav cla cde anh mau co ban, He thong Ine mau bing bd loc hap the nur tren ¢6 nhurge dim jon 1a bigu sudt dab sAng 14 thaip, [am cho d6 nhay cita camera thap. Tron hinh 3-6 cho thay cach bo of ede ung lee mau (ho oc loa! giao tho) trong cae eamera mau thong dung. fe mi K | Us mE LH Bo oe Bie ging na mau song tinh ‘inh fe — * + Low, FeatneFa Fal] Fe —_ cua ban tong ng phat 05! fe pt, cuca and fi A nu cone es Hinh 5, He tnéng lee mau foal hap thy. Gucmg loc mau thé nhat phan xq cde tia sing mau lam (B), cho qua eae tia luc (G) vi do (2). Guomg lye mau tht hai phan xa cde tia sing mau dé (8), cho qua ede Ua chm Ii. Bing hai guemg mau loai giao thoa ching ta 66 thé réch ra ba Anh mau co ban. Bai vi tia sing mau lam khong xuyén qua hai guong toc mau nhur cde tia khac cho nen dumg di ca tia sng d6 again hon, Dé can bing dé dai duéing di trong thuy tinh can dat them mot bin mong thuy tinh 66 do day thich hyp dé higu chinh dg dai dude di. 145Neoai ra edn bé ur c e Gag phat ¢ vi ui thich hyp wen truc ede tia sing dé can bang dd dai cudng di trong khong khi ctta edic tia sing d 3 kenb mau, méo axtimatizo “i remanginse FY Seah Gaon An fl > WY Vile Net * 1 10 * a Sees, pos an dng hieu chin 6 da cuig a Hinh 3-6. Hé thing loc mau loai giao thea. Cac tia sing 16i dap vio cée gueng loc dudi mot g6e khoding 45°, Su khic xa chia tia sing khi di qua céc guong loc khong gidng nhan é phuong nam ngang va phuong ing ding do U6 sinh ra méo axtimatiza. Dé khir méo noi wen can dat tren dutmg di cha tia sing mot bo higu chinh méo axtimatize dui dang hai bin méng dat vwong poe nhau va nghiéng mot gc 45° so véi truc tia sang, So véi ee guomg loc mau, & quay di mgt gée 90” chung quanh truc tia séng ¢hinh 3-6). 1é c6 th iu kinh vac: ¢ ban ming Jat duoe cde guumg loe mau, cde bin mong higu chinh giiéa he théng ¢ Gng phat, can chon hé théng thdu kin eG tiéu cu dai, Digu nay Ken gidm nho cutmg dd sing chica van dng phat va lm gidm ahd g6c nhin cia camera. Trong thyc 1 ngudi ta ding Sng kin eu cu ngaa két hop vGi mot he théng thu kinh phu va thau kinh chuyén anh dé kéo dai khoang cich ti 6ng kink dé Sng phat. Ong kiah chuyén anh ¢6 ket cau phic tap nhu dnp kinh tidu cy dai, cf glia cde théu kinh eG dat them man chan dé diéu chinh a6 sng cba anh mau Nhiem vu cla Gng kinh chuyén anh [i doi anh thu duce: bii he thdng Gng kinh djt true n6 sang phia Gng phat vii ti 18 1/1 Hin 3-7. Lang kinh toe mau. f ' Cac kip mang chat song sude Vige dat thém céc higu chinh va dng kinh chuyén anh lam cho hé thong quang hye cua camera mau UG nén qué phtic Lap, do dé ngay nay ngudi ta dang tim e% ede bd ige mau don gian hon ma van e6 chat lung cao. h ché Lac. 146Tren hinh 3-7 cho thay bo loc mau dang lang kink ghép c6 We dung nhu 18 hyp cha cde guong foe mau kigy giao thoa va guong phan xa loan phan. MAL uuGe cla cic lang kinh cho xuyén qua céc tia sing 1Gi va phim xa toan phan ede tia phan xa Ur cde kip mong trong sudt quay ve. Mal sau cite, fe lang kinh e6 phi cdc kip mong uong sudt co he s6 chist xuait khde chitt xudt ca thuy tinh ding lam guong loc ki Khi ding lang kinh luc mau, tia sing chi yu di tong thuy tinh kin, trinks duce su nhiém bain cde bé mat phan xa do 66 bui cla moi trutmg, ding thoi rit nga duwe dO dai duimy di eda tie sting, gidm nhd kieh thuse cia camera, 2. Tong hop anh mau Phia ben phat, nhir e6 bd foe mau ma anh mau phic tap dire phan tich thanh ba anh miu co bin, Gid hict ring he thong truyén hinh thyc ign hoan hao vige bién di ba anh mau cr ban dé thanh ba tin hiu mau co ban Wong dng Uy. ( da ben thu khong bj sai lac, ahiu. Chiing ta xét digu kign d mau phite tp di phat va ede phuong phap téng hyp mau, Dé c6 lai due anh mau phite tap da phat ching ta c6 thé thc hign nhu sau: Dua oie tin higu U,. U,;, Us, vao ba Sng thu den - tréng, 10 nen ba anh den - tring 66 do eh6i Uy v8 truyén ching (ng hap lai duge anh 11 1¢ d6 Tein tin higu dua vao Gng thu, cde dnh dy qua ba bd loc mau e6 dae tinh thong qua li 244), 4A). 544} sé oan duge ba mau co ban, Bang mOt be thong quang hoe e4 thé chidu chang ba dn may co hin dé ken cng mot man anh, ching L da phat (hinh 3-8). @ thu duge anh mau Kint ge 0) G/ x (Kini aN Hinh 3-8. Téng hep nh mau ¢6 ding bé loc mau Man anh Ue ‘wit nquct quan sat Us. Ue 147Gia hid rang Sng thu o6 do chéi phét va ti IG tayéa Unk vii tin higu dua vdo, ede loai méo inh hee khong dng ké. Bigu kién dé khong méo mau [2 toy dg mau eda eae bo loc ©6 wid Ut ding ae FCC da quy dinh. Vidu, dai vai bd loc mau dé clin 66: Xy = 0,671 0,330, scone et ¥, omg eis ——_. + gong ct Ye" Faye, (310) fn cepenea| , | ¥, = fa, Apayyards GH) 2, = [sy (AplAE(ayda | trong d6: p(Aj~ mat do phan bo nang lung cla man dng thu den ~ trang Ide phat sings 1d Aj - he 86 thong qua cita bd loc mau dd. C6 thé thay rang e4 mhiéy dang dutmg cong 1/4) Khée ahau edng thod man wie digu kin khong gay méo mau, Duing cong (2), 1A) cling of ohiéu dang khde haw, Pigu ndy xaat phat tir inh Ig tht ha cia Grasman, theo dinh ly dé cde bie xa 66 dae linh pho khdc nhau nhung 6 thé es cling mau sic (ed cling toa dé x,y. 2). Phuong phép tdng hyp én may nha da x6 tren [A "phuung phap ding hei", nghia i cde dnb mau cer bin xusit hign dng tha va duce: t mau sic nay cé chat Luong ay mhién, thigt bi kénh va dat. Mot phuomg phap khac can khao sat 1 mau cot hin khong x48 n ircn mat min sinh Chung Syargn dn miu theo kiéu nay qué edng hung phap lin luor”, Cae din hign déng thoi mA Kin lugt theo mot thé uy nhat din, Nags con mat eg kha ndng lng bgp cdc mau xuat hign Lan Iuot ma ta ed thé thu nan duoe cam side amin phite tap (khi 14n 98 thay déi mau [én}, Bang céch nay chi cain ding Gny thu 1 6 dé tong hop lai dnb mau phife tap «ld phir Trong $6 ede phuemg phép tong hyp mau kidu maw [n tuet 66 thé ke den cae phoong phap khie nhu cho xual hign ba bok anh mau eo ban ten cling mot man anh mau ng tha, ching xép ké nhau theo chiéu thang ding, moi anh chigm 1/3 chiga caw cla min dng tha, Cae dnb ds e6 duge mau cos bin nbd ba bd loc dat crude dng thu den ~ trang hode nhty ph ba chit huynh quang khde nhaw. Ce inh mau ect ban x Jue vi cing do mot tie ign ub v6 [en, sau 6 cdg durge chige a he thing cing kink giding, nha. it hign Lan in mh nbs vio mot man 144‘Trone cae phucng phiip ké trén, ce anh mau eo bin duce d§ ich ring ra, sau 6 ahis ese he thong Sng kink duee xép chong len nhau dé tron mau, O tren chua str dung kha nang ca mat tng hyp cde vach hi ching due dat kbs pain naw. New nbbfing vach hoge chain nh 164 nhau. Sau do xcp ede dinh mau car han da ong ven KE ve haw, suo cho eve vach hage chéim cba ede mau eer ban ndm ke sit hau thanh Wing hom ba vach hoge ba digm th khi dé mat nue sé wag hyp maw thiorh Mot anh maw phuong phan mau khde nian Kkhi lish anh miu co bin duce chia nho than tp hop eda dluy nha e miu phée sap > Dye tren nguyen tie dit ngudit ta che ta ra cde Tog Sing thu rite kde nhau. Cae dng thu mau od ba séirg digi UF Jost 66 mat ng (Linn chan Khost 1p. foal od mot sng dign Wr déu tao ca ding thei ede anh mau eo bain pdm xen ke HIEU BIEU MAU 1. fin higu chéi Néu eae dng phat tao ra tin bigu Ui We voi ding quang nang F clk tia sing xuyen qua eae 6) loo miu oo biin roi vo Sag phat, tht ta tha. duge ede tin higu may eu bin f Fg Upp Diu Ki phu thude vdo bude sing 2 (gid thict ege bo Ige mau dB 66 dae Uh chon Joe ding you dé khong gay méo mau sic fi do mhgy esi cbs Ging phat 4/2) khdng cat, Cae tin higu mau eo ban Ua ff, 68 thé dupe trayén én phin Ue R, thu va dus vio cde ding tha dé ti tao Jai ede miu cer ban ls uy Pay nhién vige truyén trye tid va ding thoi cée tin hicul,. Us Uy Ue dei ho} dai thong eda he théng trayén hinh gud rong Khong thos main yeu cu ket hop. Do dé. can Hinh 3-9. Mach ma tran tao tin hi@u d6 6hé ich adi ede Lin higu mau thu duge sau ede Sng phat thanh tin higu phuic tap hon chia ckiy do ede tin we ve GO chéi vi Ud eda hinh anh cin phat, dng thé tho’ man ede yeu ey VE nh KEL hep. Che Uin higu trayén Binh mau co ban déu e6 mang tin We vé db chai, vi rag Kai de choi vaa binh can truyéa tang hoge gidm un) bién dQ eve tin bigu mau co ban eding Ging hoae giam theo, nhumg Ui Id gidia chting khdng thay ds hicu chéi trong ede he wayén hinh mau sau higa chink gamma duce chon theo higu thie: 0 = 0.2090, + 1587, + OSE, 12) 149trong dé: U, = dig Ap higu chinh gamma tin higu choi cia tin higu anh mau: Uy Uy va Us, ~ cde didn sp higa chinh gamma ting v6i csc tin vA lo khi quét phan uk anh da qua. wd tuc RO Ping [A cée tin higu mau eer ban déu ed quan he dén tin higu chéi, Musa nhgn dug tin higu choi phi nhan di ba tin higu mau eo ban. Hinh 3-9 Ki vi dy mot mach ma tran tao d6 chéi U, 1 bidu thiée tren. 1é thue hién duge bidu thee 3-12 ta phai chon cic tinh kign theo diu kign sau: R R R 0,299 = =0587 s. noe f, 2058 Ro 2, Tin higu higu so min ‘Tw ly thayét vé mau sie ching ta da biét rang mau phan, Ba thanh phan di 06 the 1a: a) XY, 22 bbw. x duge «ae trung boi ba thinh ORGB vx (Sc thanh phan «6 1a doe lap tuyn tinh véi nhau (tirbai than phan khong thé suy ra thin phén thi ba), Do dg, dé co duge hinh dinh mau hilt thigt phi truyén dit ba tin pigu. HE thod man didu kign Kel hop, MOL trong sé ba tin higu duce truyén di phil 1a tin higu chéi (2. Con lai hai tin higu nia edn phAi wuyén due goi Ja tin higu mang mau. Tin hicu many maa c6 thé chon 1 tin higu 14,, U7, hode hai tin higu nao khde. C6 the dé dang thay ring khi 66 Uy, Uy Uy th} 06 thé tim ra Ui tie bigu thite (3-12): Jy —OAAY BAR) > khong cin thiét va khong thod main didu kign kel bop. Ngoal ra, khi do choi dink tang len thi khong ning OY wing ma ca U/,, UV, eng Ling, Tim cho tin higu tng hyp due vio may phat hinh 6 bign d@ tang lin, dé dang gay ra diéu ché qua mufe trong may phat Cain chon tin hiGe mang mau sao cho khi phat anb den - tring th} tin higu mang mau wigt tieu, chi cdn lai (4. Ngoai ra tin higu mang mau khong tang bien do khi king do choi cla anh, nghia [tin higu mang mau khong mang tin ude ve dg choi. Trong sé cdc tin higu duue chon lam tin higu mang mau thod man digu kign ie tin hicu U,-U, va Uy U,, ching duce goi Fe tin hicu hiéu sO mau. Tin hidu Uy-U, va UU) [8 ede tin bidy 17 1g vai cde thaah phan R-Y va B-Y, d6 1 cae thanh phan higu s6 mau, Chang ta dé ding thay ring cde thanh phan RY va B-¥ bi trigt 1igu Khi phat anb den = tré di. neu tron, ching ta Een quen true bot va chting khong thay déi khi dd chéi thay 150)‘That vay. khi phét anh den - tring thi céc thanh phén cor bin luon ludn hang nhau: Uya Us = Uy=k (GSK ST) Khi dy thanh phan chéi: Uy = 0,299, + 0,587Ug, + O.1AUy = 0.299k + OS87K + O.114K = k Do dss Celi, =O. Ue Uy Ova UypUy = 0 khi phat anh den - tring. Khi do ch6i clia anh bang khong (k= 0) thi Uy = Ug = Up = 0 va Uy cling hang khOng, lie U6 UyeU/y = Ugly = O Khi do chi cia anh 12 cue dai (= Wahi Uy = Gy; U, = 1 don vi dign dp va U, = 1 don ¥j dign 4p, Iie d6 UU, = UU, = 0. Vi vay, tin bidu UU, Khi ta dang cae thanh phan U,, Uyel4, Uy, dé dae tramg che mau sde thi mot mau sac bit ky déu duge bidu thi bing | veetor trong he toa do mau ¥, RY, B+. Cac true ¥.R-Y, B-Y 66 vi tri xde dinh trong hé toa do XYZ va RGB. Gilda cde he toa do ke ren ¢6 quan hé véii nau, bidt duge cdc thanh phén cha mot mau nao d6 trong he toa de nay c6 thé suy ra ede thanh phan cia mau dé trong cde he toa d6 khie, Ching ta xde dinh vj tri cha cdc truc Y, RY, B-Y trong hé 10a do AYZ. Trae RY phai thod man cae diéu kign: # "Thanh phan ch6i ¥ eda céic vector mau nim tring hung tue R-Y phai bd Nhu vay truc R-Y phai ndin,trén mat phing dO chdi bing khong, d6 chinh 1 mat phi Ahoy. © Thanh phén B-Y cia cae Y vector mau nim uring hung rye RY phai bing khong. Nhu vay tren tre RY thanh phén B phai bing khong (vi tren true R-¥ da 06 ¥ 30, nén mudin cho BY = 0 thi B ctng phai bang khong). Digu dé cing 66 nghia auc R-¥ phai adm trén mat phang RG, Ket hop hai digu kig Gime tuyéin cia mat ahdng * (RG) ws mat png (KZ) wren 6 © log tnéin cba mat shang (8G) v1 mat pnang XZ} thé suy ra ring ruc RY [a giao Suy luda wong ty 66 thé rit Hinh 3-10, Viti! truc R-Y va BLY trong hé toa d6 XYZ luan true B-Y 1a giao wygn 2. XZ vGi mat phang BC ¢hinh 3-10). cia mat pha islDe dung giao tuyén cha mat phing RG véi mat phang XZ, 1a kéo di dudmg thang ndi cde digm G, R nam wén mat phang don vi, dudng thang nay gap mat phang XZ 4 R,. Dutmg thang qua gc toa do 0 va qua R, chinh J giao tuyén edn tim, dé chinh la truc R-Y. Tuong uy, By la giao diém cha dutng noi GB uén mat phang don vi vai mat phing AZ. Duty thang qua O va B, la truc B-Y. Pidm B, va R, vita nam trén mat phang dom vi (qua diém Y = 1, X= 1. Z = 1) via nam trén mat phdng XZ. Do 6 khi chiéu lén mat phang AY ta c6 duoc diém (B,) va (Ry) nam irén dé thi do mau [a giao diém cita duting (BY(G) va (RG) véi truc x, hinh 3-11) Trén dé thi do mau diém C wong ding vGi mau ting (R= G = B), tai day RY va BLY déu bing khong. Vay 6 thé chon diém C lam g6c toa 46 ciia hé truc R-Y va BY trong mat phang. N6i diém C véi cic diém (By) va (Rp) ching ta sé ¢6 dire cde wye RY va B-Y. Néu khong dé ¥ dén thanh phéo chéi thi mau sic 06 thé duge diac trung bing hai thanh phan R-Y va B-Y, nghia 1a bat cit mot mau nao cing o6 thé bidu thi bang mot diém tong mat phdng do truc R-¥ va B- ¥aonén. Lie théing tog do RY va B-Y rat gan gti voi he Hinh 3-11. Vitritruc ReY va B-Y trong 6 thi do mau xy thong toa dQ cye thudng duge sir dung rong ri trong ly thuyét mach dign va sir dung rat thud Ioi cho vige tinh todn mau va dd sai mau trong cdc hé théng truyén hinh mau, Cate mau trong hé toa do R-Y va B-Y duge dac trumg bili toa dQ (R-Y) va (B-Y) hoae béi modun A va gée g, trong dé: A=V(R-¥Y +(B-VY va p=areig & 4 (B-Y) Vidu: - Mau tring c6 R= G = B= 1, lie d6: ¥ = 0.3R + 0,59G + 0.1B = 1 va (RY) = (B-Y) = O hay A=0; gkhOng xée dinh. Vay mau tring (ky higu C) duce biéw thi bang didm g6c 09 dd. 152~ Mau dé tinh khiét o6 R= 1, G = B= 0, lite d6: ¥ = 0,3R + 0,59G + 0.11B = 0,3 va (R- Y) = 0,7; (B- ¥) = -0,3; A, = 0,7? + (-0,3)° = 0,76; = arctg( 87) Lie 20° y = arctyl— 9 4)=113",20". Tinh todn wong ne cho mau lye va lam tinh khiét, chting ta c6: Ag = 0.83: = 228° Ay = 0,9; %=-P Néu biéu thi mau bang vector c6 g6c 6 tai diém C va mit & tai diém dac trang cho. mau duge xét o én mat phdng R-Y va B-Y, thi ching ta c6 thé dé dang tim vi ti biéu dién cdc mau téng bal ky bing phép wWng vector (hinh 3-12). Vi du: - Mau vang 1a két qua tron mau dd va luc, céc thanh phdn ca mau vang la R= 1,G= 1, B= 0 tuong tng c6 thinh phin chéi va cdc thanh phén hiéu $6 mau 1a: ¥ =0,3 +059 = 0,89 (RY) = 1-089 = O41 (B-¥) = 0,0 - 0,89 = -0.89 A=09; p= 178 ‘Tren dé th vector mau vang duge Hinh 3-12, Biéu th: mau bing vector xc dinh bang téng ca cic vector R va trong mat phng, G. Vector biéu thi mau ving déi xing qua diém C déi véti vector biéu thi mau lam B. Nhu vay cdc miu phy nhau (cOng lai cho mau tring) duge bidu dién bing cap vector déi xiing qua géc toa dd, nghia la cng modun, nhumg géc khéc nhau 1 80". C6 thé Sp dung nguyén ly tng vector dé tim vector biéu thi mau khong thudn khigt. Vii du, xét miu dd khong thudin khiét 6 cde thanh phan & = 04; B= 04, Mau khong thudn khiét nhur vay ¢6 thé bigu thi bang 4 vector R,, R,, G, B 6 modun lam hao WA Ay, = 0,6; Ap, =0.4; Ag = OA: Ap = 0,4 (hinh 3-13). Bai vi ing eda R,, G, B cho ra mau trng cho nén tng vector cua ching 1a triét tigu. Mau dé khéng thudn khidt dang xét c6 thé bidu thi bang mot vector duy nhat R, c6 153pha nhw mau dé thudn khiét nhung ed modun abo hon, 26 thudn khiét cing thap tsi modun cng nbd. Khi dQ thudn khidt bang khOng thi modun cng bing khong Nhu vay tren hg toa do R-Y, B-¥, g6e g bidu thi mau sic con modun A bicu thi do thusin khiél cha mau, Hinh 3-13, Biéu thi mau khéng thudn khiét. Nhu da néi étude, tin higu R-Y va B-¥ chi 1A mot cap tin hi¢u mang mau wong so ahiéu cap tin hidu mang mau khéc thea man diéu kién khOng mang tin ute vé dé chi. Néu ta ding cap tin higu mang mau khéc ky higu la $, va Sp, trong dé: $8, =0,877(R -Y) S, = 0,493(B- a (314) hi cap tin higu mang mau nay cing khong mang tin wie vé dd chéi. He toa dd §, va S,, hoan toan tring huéng v6i hé toa do RY va B-Y, wy nhien hé s6 ti 1&6 hai tnuc 1a khong bing nhau, do d6 yj tri céc miu sic trong hé toa d9 5), va S$, 06 khic so voi hg RY va B-Y. Tom lai, cae tin higu mang mau duge truyén di duge 18 cde tin higu higu mau Ue Uy 98 Upelly. Vide loai bd tin higa U4, khi phdi chon hai trong ba tin higu sic dé ruyén di os cdc nguyén nhan sau: # V6i cing cudme do énh sng chun nhut nhau, U;-U, 66 quéing bigh thién bé nai, chi o6 +.0,41 lam cho thong tin khong 16 rang. ‘© Mat ngutdi kha tinh 1€ v6i mau Id cay, do d6 di tan di Ndi ca Un hicu UU cao hon inén khé truyén hon ng so v6i dai tin UU, va Ue chi vao khong 1,5 MHz Tai may thu Up-Uiy $8 duge suy ra tif Uyplt, va U,- Uy theo bidu thie 3-12. Thue vay: 1584,UY, = 0.2090, # 0.S87U,, + OLA, = O,299(U yey) + OSS Ue Uy) + OLA UD & Uy Rut raz SOU yl) OGL ey} SN YIN HIEU TRUYEN BINH MAG 3-4. FRUY I. Tin hieu tha h phan va tin higu tong hop Tig thong trayén Binh cho phép sit dung hai dang tin higu, dave go! Hi tin hice video than phd va tin hida video tng hop, dé xi: Ty, wu tr va phat séng chuong trinh. ‘Tin higu video thanh phan bao gém h6 ha tin hicu duge xu Ty Heng 1S, C5 hal tap ede tin higu video thanh phéin duge siz dung, hao gdm: + Tin hid Ug, Gg, Uy? Cae tin higa thank phan Uy, Uo, U2 cde vin higu et ban da truyén hinh mau, mOi mot tin higu bigu dién cho mot mau eo ban. + Tin higu Uy, Upy va Uy iri tin higu mau cor bin Uy. Ue Ure [tin higu C, (gy Va Uy, 1816 bup otia ce Bid “Tin higu video téng hop dude sit dung trong kéah truyén thong dai ching, phat tridn dua trén co sé wong hgp voi hé trayén hin den trang. Dac dig clia tia hig Léng hop fa at 6a cae thOng tin vé tinh mau cba enh vat huge bic dia bing mou tin hicu. ‘Tin higu video t6ng hop s@ dage xit ly, luu Ut vA truyén din dudi dang mot tin hidu duy nhal ma thoi Nhu vay tin higu thanh phan yeu cdl dai bang tin Lon, sir dyng ha kenh trayen ifn higu con tin hicu téng hyp chi yeu edu mot kénb trayén. Tey bien kha nang xir Iy inh anh tren tin higu thanh phan cao hon so vd tin higu Gng hep. Tong fin vyc truyén binh, sit dung toai tin hiéu ndo 1& phy thude vdo tink: cbt he thoing wa you ee céa ting tng dung. 2. Ghép phé higu mang mau vao pho tin higu choi Nou tin hie mang mau duye dem did ché mOt dao dong e6 tn 66 mang phy fy sao cho tin higu d@ diéu ché (goi !8 tin higu mang mau cao Un) 6 ede vach phi nam Gang vio ving, khe hit cite phé tin higu ch6i thi tin higw mang mdse thé phat di cons Gi tin hidu choi {rong cling mgr dai tan $6, Cae vack pho c! duce "ghép" xen ké v6i cde vach phé cia tin hig in higu mang miu cao win chéi. RS rang tn soi mang phu fe pha pang cn -$/2)f). tong d6 118 86 nguyen, fj, Ban 86 dong issPhép didu ché & day nhimn dich phé cia tin higu mang mau én phia téin 56 cao cha in higu chéi, dng thai dim bao cho ede vach phé cia hai loai tin higu c6 thé dan vo Ahau ma khong tring pha. [inh 3-14 minh hoa phé tin higu chéi va tin higu higu mau cao 14n. m Nat) he (0) at, t Hinh 3-14, Phé tin hiéu chéi va tin hi€u mau cao tn. Ben may thu chi cén ding mot bé loc dac 6 dang thong dai hogc dic tinh hinh luge 6 thé tich ring tin hi¢u mang mau cao tin ra khdi tin higu ch6i. Tin higw mang mau cao tan nhan duge sau bd loc Li tin higu mang mau tan $6 video. Su diéu ché C6 thé 1a digu bien, diéu tn hode didu bién Jan digu pha v.v... Sau tach song ching ta lai thu duge Gin higu mang mau tén 86 video (Gin s6 co 56). Nhu vay, khi chon tén s6 s6ng mang phy cn phai thoa man: ~ Tan s6 sng mang phy phai 6 mign tn s6 cao cia phd tin higu chéi, Vi tain s6 séng mang phu cang cao, kich thutte chi tiét anh nhiée do n6 sinh ra ten anh trayén hinh den ing cang nhd, mat edng kho phat hin, ~ Tan sé séng mang phu phai nhé hon tén s6 cao nhat cba phé tan tin hieu chéi Vi ic tin higu nh vay cG thé tiét kiém duce dai thong cha hé théng iruyén hinh, tuy nhign khong ténh khdi su anh hung lan nhau gida cde loai tin higu. ‘Tin higu tn sf mang phu fy. c6 thé gay nhiéu dudi dang man luGi én man anh. Héng Iho in higu ch6i c6 thé gay Jen sur sai mau do cdc thanh phn tén sO cao cba tin hieu chéi khong tach bé ho&n (oan ra khdi tin higu mang mau bang cdc bé loc don gién duce. m anh hudng nay 66 thé; hon tn s6 mang phu cao dén mic cho phép, bai vi, & mién tdn s6 cng cao bién dQ cia thanh phan phé cia tin higu ch6i cing nhd. zhép pha - Tang dén mac cho phép gid tri tin higu mau, VGi céch bi trf tn 86 nhu vay, cdc thanh phén phé cia tfn higu chéi va cba tin higu mau khong tring nhau, nén & phia thu o6 khd nang téch ring ching. 156‘Thong thuimg tin higu mang mau duge phat c6 dai tan chi khodng 1,5 MHz, Co sé dé chon dai tn tin higu mang mau thap nhu vay 1a kha nang phan biet cha mat di vai cde chi tiét e6 mau kém han cde chi it den tring, Néu dai tan ca tin higu chéi khodng 6 MHz thi tin sé mang pha chon khoding 4,5 MHz. Chon tan s6 mang phy cao hon thi cdc udi nhiéu kh6 nhan thay hon nhung lam cho phd tin higu mang mau cao tén khong nam gon trong phé cia tin hidu choi, Jam md rong dai théng cia ca hé théng truyén hinh mau, Vige chon tin sO mang phy (rong cdc hé théng truyén hinh mau khée nhau s& duge xét ky trong chuomg sau, Bai vi c6 hai tin bigu mang mau edn phét di, nén sy diéu ché dao dong vin sé mang phu 06 thé la diéu ché vuong ge nhu trong h¢ NTSC hay PAL, hode diéu tan lén lugt chu wong SCAM. Tin hiéu mang mau cao tan o6 thé vit duéi dang téng qual: U, = Acos(2afel + @) G15) irony dé: A va g bién déi theo cdc Lin hidu mang mau co sé (6 tin higu video). Néu chi ¢6 A bién déi theo tin higu mang ul mau cv sé ta 66 tin higu diéu bien, né chi mang tin uc cia mOt tin higu mang mau. Néu chi o6 A 2at, y bién déi theo tin higu mang mau ta c6 tin higu se diéu pha hoae diéu tn, né cing chi mang tin tiie clla mot tin higu mang mau. ° a Main mang tin ute cha hai tin higu mang mau c6 thé thue hign bién déi e& A va g hoac digu ché lan tugt. Tin higu mang mau cao tdn 06 Hinh 3-15, Biéu din tin hiéu mang mau cao tn bing vector thé bidu dién ban mét vector G,, c6 md dun A va goc pha g nam trong mat phang quay vGii We dO g6e 2afy- (hinh 3-15), Néu nhigu 1am cho A va g bigh déi thi gay ra su sai mau (vé sc do hoac dQ bao hoa), Vi dy, trong hé théng NTSC ma dun A bign dé di theo sae dd, theo do bio hod, cdn gée ¢ bign 3. Chong nhiéu gay ra béi dao déng tan sé mang phu Khi chon tin soi mang phu fy. = ( - 1/2)f,, thi nhiéu gay ra biti dao dong tin so mang phu gidm di dang ké (khoang 10 lan) so véi khi chon f;. bang bdi sé nguyén cha fe Didu nay c6 thé giai thich nhu sau. Vi trong mot chu ky quét dong 66 (1 - 1/2) chu ky dao déng tén s6 mang phu cho nén pha cia dao dong tn sf mang phu déi nguoe tr dong nay sang dng khée. Ké qui cdc diém sing va Wi gay ra do c6 dao dong tn sO mang phy sé déi vi tri cho nhau khi 187chuycn tir ding én xudng deny dudi. Cac diém séng va 161 nlm xen ké nhau theo chigu ding bi triy nhau, tao nén cam gide man anh C6 dO chéi dng déu, khong thiy ro cde vach ding song song nhu Khi fy. = nf Mat khie, vi sé dong trong mot mat lA so 1é cho nén sau mot mat thi diém trang doi thanh den va nguye Lai. Mat e6 kha nang tay bink quan do chdi theo thei gian, cho nén d6 chéi cia moi diém wen man bink cd cém gide dong thay 3 nia. ui nid tre Len khong Sy bi trirtrong thuc 1é khong hodn hao vi tain sO quét mat wong déi théip, this gian dé Uoi ede didm trang thank den (va nguuc Lai) qua I6n, so sinh duck: vei tho! gian 66 thé binh quan d6 choi trong con mit. Ngoai ra con do dac tinh khong duémg thang cia Sng thu vA cia con mat Ma su Ling do chéi trong nita chu ky cua dao dOng kin si mang phy khong bi wy hoan win cho su gidm do chéi tong nia chu ky am eta dao déng Lin si mang pu, Ching ta xét anh huémg ciia dae tinh khong dutmg thing trong quan hé d6 choi — dign 4p ludi ca Sng thu (hinh 3-16). UE = Acestntad 1) Hinh 3-16, Minh hoa anh hung cua dic tinh én thu én qua trinh iy binh quan 46 chi HO chi binh quan trong mot chu ky Ty. cba dao dong tn sé mang phu: (316) trong do: Lee MU, = Ul = MU, + Unf a day 7= 2, do d6 a e6: L [UP 420, A cos(2af gt +2) +A? cos? (af gf +@)] 158Ritit raz Figg = UEP + Lot AL: G17) : a brome dO AOE Ab = Tir hinh 3-16, chting ta thay rng sy ba tri: khong hoan todn 3 im cho do chéi binh quan tang [én mot luong AF. so voi khi khong 6 dao dong tan si mang phy. Digu dé cing chang ub “ing dd eh6i khong chi do tin higu chéi (/, quyet dink ma edn bi tin higu mang. miu: Wie dung déh. Day lf didu khong mong muda, pay nen sy sai Wich dO choi, DE Udnh nhidu dudi dang man lui gay ra hoi dao dong kins mang phy, ngodi vieo chon tin 96 J, thick hyp, 6 thé chon pha dao dgng sao che Bena nan & dau dong sau pha dao dong nguge v6i pha d dau dong truce: 4 ¢ " f q chinh 3-17), ° ‘ Day 1 ché do ddng bo = PR " pha. Tiin $6 f,- 60 thé chon bit ky, oh thé chon fy. = aif, rong, 46 wi B96 nguyen. Su doi pha Hinh 3-17, Pha dao ding tn $6 mang phu 6 cae déng ké nha e dong ké nbau e6 thé thye hign due ahis ho chuyén much dién td, kin fugit st dung hai dao dong cing tan sO nung d6i pha nhau, tin so chuyén mach 14 Kin so déng, Nhér cs sy déi pha cita cfc chudi dao dong mi dd chéi duge bo ord, kel cat niu lui any Ludi duce khit bd. Can chu ¥ ring do su guct each dong ma vain dé khié nhidu én thye 1 khd khan va phe tap hem. Cac ding eka mat guct thif hai khong Irting len ede dong ella mal qué true, do gs chi sau hail Kin quét mi thi pha dao déng moi aguoe mhau va sau bin chu KF quét mat cae dao long tré lai dang ec. Tan sé lap cia cde diém 66 dd choi cue dai thap hon 4 Lin so Voi Lan SO quét mal, véi tan sé chap nhu vay su lay binh quan 6 chéi ciia mat nga wé len khong hon héo to ra su ohap nhiy, agodi ra tao ra hign tugng "wi" cde ust ahiéu theo chiéu thang ding hay chéo gée tren man anh. Dé khit sy tdi nay, tn 96 va pha cua dao dong tin soi mang phy duge chon thee mot quy luat phiée tap hon, 4. nhi ‘ic loai méo va cx trong hé thong truyén hinh miu Ug thing truyén hinh mau khiée v6i ke théing weyén hinh den - tring & cha truyén di déng théi tin higu chéi va céc tin higu higu mau. Tin higu ch6i chiu ahimg logi méo tweng wr nhu trayén binh den - trang nhu méo gamma, méo tin $6, méo pha... Cée boai mo d6 da duge x6 ky trong phiin L 159Tin hicu chéi duce tuyén déng thoi vei cde tin higu mang mau néu sy bién di ctta n6 lai ra sir bign ddi ca cde tin higu mang mau, gay ra sir sai mau, hoge sai do thuan khiét, Nguce Iai, sur high déi cua tin higu mang mau ciing gay ra sy mo Adi v6 tin higu chdi, Anh huting qua lai gidta cdc loai tin higu sinh ra cde loai can ahiéu. Cae loi: méo va can ahiéu phy thuge vao phuong phdp truyén ding thé cdc loa Un higu va ddi voi ede he truyén hinh khée nhau ching o6 cde quan hé kha aha. a) Méo tin higu choi Tin higu choi duge truyén di bang mot kénh riéng biel, nhu vay vé nguyen tie Lin higu choi khong chiu anh hudng céa tin higu mang may. Tuy nhien, do he théing truyén tin higu khong hoan thiga nen tin hice ch6i bi méo (bj sai Iéch) khi o6 tde dung cia tin hi¢u mang mau. Trudie hot ban than dao dong tin si mang phy fi. lot vac tin higu chi gay nen nhigu dudi dang man ludi thang ding hoae chéo. Nhigu nay xuat hign tren man anh my thu den trang rat 16, n6u_khéng 66 bién phép dich tn s6 hoae dich pha sau time dong, poi vi may thu den rang khong e6 bd lye loai bd cdc than phan tin higu mau cng dao dang tin 96 mang phu hu trong may tha mae, Néu tin higu tn s6 mang phu ¢6 pha va tin $6 thich hep, di nhiéu 66 thé gidim di dling ké nhés kha nang ing hop do chot theo khOng gian va thd gian eva mat. Tuy nbién do dae tinh khong duéng thang ca mat, cli Ong thu, tin higu Ldn sé mang phy van gay nén su high déi th’nh phan binh quan cua tin biG choi ahur da md Ui tren hinh 3-16. Neoai ra do mach higu chink gamma dat d pfa bén phat ma kam sai dg chéi khi wuyén eae mau thuan khiél. Céc tin higa mang mau 66 thé "phach" véi nhaw hode phich vii tin bidu tin sé 6.5 MHz (dang dé mang am thanh), hoge phéch wii chin tin higu chéi dé wo ra vo sii hai nu dae tinh khuéch dai cia he théing phy thude vio mde tin higu. Ngoai su méo tin higu chii do tin higu Lin s6 mang phu gay nén cdn c6 sir méo do in higu dai bien gay nen, Tin hig dai bién am tang think phiin chi, dae dict 1a digi tren. anh 6 su d8i mau Cudi cing can Ké dén cae loai méo da bict nhu: méo ke hd, méo gamma, méo dn $6, méo pha, méo vuding g6e. 1c dot ngor Can chit ¥ rang trong may tho hinh mau, mot phan phd tin hicu chéi bi cat di dé chong nhigu cia tin higu Gin si mang phu, do dé do 69 nét cits anh gidm di, d6 la chua ke su gia dd 10 net khi uyén anh den wang vi ba phan dah nam gan nhau tucmg tng vei har cot bin ed cling noi dung tin ute b) Méo tin hiéu mang mau Trudie hit ching ta aét cde iogi méo do tin higu choi gay ra. ée thanh phan choi ra khoi tin higu mang mau cao tn wong ken tin higu mau thudng thu hién Sut loc bd 1AKhong triét dé do bd loc duge ding rong rai trong méy thu hinh mau khong phai 66 dae tinh hinh rang luge ma c6 dlc tinh thong dai, Céc thank phéin chéi se gay ra nbigu che tin higu mang mau, tao néa su sai mau. Mée dO nhiéu phy thudc tinh chat tin higu chi, dai tdn kénb tin higu mau, phucng phép diéu ché tin higu tén sé mang phy. Néu tfn higu chi c6 shiny thanh phén tn cao long di 1én, dae biel khi wuyén cée xung hep thi nhiéu trong kenh mau nhiéu nbat. Ching ta biét rang néu a wuong hep 66 dd rong 18 AP, thi phd bien dg ca nd ¢6 ede didm cue tidy 19i cde tan 96 12 3 AP AT’ ar Néu ede did oue dai d6 tring v6i tén 56 mang phy fy thi ahidu Ik aha. Khi ay tuumg ding dé rOng xung 1& Zz x . x (WN Ngoai ra khi xung hep hen zz hay AT hep, thi nhiéu nghiém trong hom, Nhiéw ca tin bigu ch6i trong mau gan ti Ig binh phuong vei dO rong dai in kenh mau. Do d6, efn chon dai tén ti uu, sao cho ti s6 tin higu/nhigu cao nhét Néu h@ thong truyén hinh 1& khong tuyén tinh, ngodi loai nhiéu nhu da xét 6 tren con €6 cée loai méo va nhigu Khe. Chiing ta biét rang bien dé tén sé hode pha eta dao dong tin so mang phu mang tin te mau, Néu tin higu chdi Him thay dOt 1 trong 3 thong 66 tren thi gay méo hoae nhigu cho kénh mau. Le thong truyén hinh 6 thé chita céc phéin tis khong dudng thang, do d6 dé khutch dai va do dich pha cla he thong phy thude ché d9 tam vige eta téing khuéch dai Vi du, dign ind vao cia mot téng khugch dai c6 thé gidm xudng khi mie tin higu vio tang, hon, fam cho dé Khuéch dai cua ca he théng gidm nhé khi mie tin higu vao tang Wen. ong thoi do di pha tin hidy cing thay d6i kh dign tr v80 thay Oi, vi dO Ui pha pha thude cd hang s6 thir: gian mach vio hoac ra cla tng khugch dai Neu tin higu chi duge cong véi tin hig mang miu cao tan thi tin higu chdi fam thay déi ché do Tam vige cia Ying Khuéch dai, do d6 0 khudeh dai va d6 di pha cla tin hieu mang mau cao tén khi di qua téng khuéch dai sé phy thude vio mic eli tin higy mde trang ciia tin higu choi didn try vao cita tang khugch dai giam nbd. do dé dd khutch dai v2 do di pha thap hen 1a omic den. choi, Vidu, Sut phy thude ela U6 Khuéeh dei va dO di pha theo mic tia tin fies chéit sé Am thay di mau sic khi thay d6i dO chéi, D6 I sy can ahigu cba tin higu choi v8 kenh niu, Mi dé sai khéc cia d& khuéch dai va dd di pha theo mic tin higu duge diinh gid hang di méo vi sai dd Khudch dai va vi sai pha. 161Sir Sat miu 66 thd the hién G su sai dO bio hod hoae sai se dd. Trong be thin NTSC, tin tic vé dG bao hod duge trayén di bing bien dO A edn tin we vé sie d6 thi due truyén di bang gde pha g ca sin higa mang mau eae tan C Acast a, + Qj Do dé, méo vi sai diy Khudeh dal gay ra méo dO bao hoa, cdn mee vi sai pha vay ra mév sde dO, Sw sai mau trong cae he théing trayén hink mau c6 nhting biu hien khde nbau, chiding ta sé xem xét ky trong chuong 4. © do bien do va pha tin higu mang mau cao vain gay dinh, cho nen ngoai sf can nhigu cua tin higu chéi, mau sie eda bi méo bi dae tayen bien dd theo ian 86 va dac tuych pha theo tin $6 eda he théng trayén hink khong duoc nhw dang iy tacmg. Su sai mau nay khéng phu thude dO chit nén kh6 nan ra hon. Bae wyén bién dd khong Ly wong lam cho hign dO tin hide mang mau cao tan sal kine so wii ly tucing, digu de Jam thay déii do bao hoa cika miu (adi voi NTSC), Ngodi ra chting ta con biel cling. ada ese dai bien eda tin higu dige bi dO khde nhaw hoae bi a nn duce truyén di voi bien iL mgt bien thi tin higu diéu bigs d6 bi digu pha ky sinh. Do dé ¢ tuyén bien do khong ly using 6 thé dan dgn diéa pha ky sinh va Iam sai mau. Dac teyén pha.khong ly 1udng Lam sai mau irong mot s6 he thong truyén hinh maw (rir ho SECAMD. Su sai khie cita thoi giun ue git tin higu mang mau cao tin va tin hicu chai lam cho cde gist han gitta hat mign inh mau khae hau bi nhos di (vi tin hiew chéi khOng tring fen tin higu mau), CuGi cing cin iuu ¥ ring, rong diéu kign tha sng thye 1, sng pha xa c6 the kr anten Ihu cham hem so vai sng uye li’, tao ra tin hi@u mang miu phan xa ire di so v6 tin higu ue tip. Tin higu phin xa ny lam thay di pha tin bigu mang mau cao tin VA Kim sai mau, do 1a IY do eG sy sai mau Khi vi or anten va sur phd hop wnt kheing khding tt 3-5. DO KIEM TRA TIN HIEU TROYEN HINH MAU Dé kidm tra digu chinh chinh xde ese thong si cia thidt bj truydn hinh maa, trong 6 co miiy thu hinh miu, thudng ding cde logi tin higu kidm ta, Mou tin Aigu kiém tra duce ding phé bicn [a tin hic dé Wo ra dnb kidm ura gdm & sue miu doe (ba maw cu! bin may thu hink mau va ede mau phy ctia ng; mau wring chudn va mau den} duce sip xp theo trinh tu: trang, vitng, ley luc, im man, dd, lam, den (hinh 3-18). Vii edich sp xtp ede soe mau nhur vay, thi gid tri tin higu sé tang dan wr ura sang phai, chudn sien cho vide kiém tra, diéu chink bang Joat thong s6 cla duimg tuyén (dae higt la dae tyén ién dQ) va vide can bing tang, May phat tin higu kidm wa to ra ba Gin higu mau cet ban O°, 07, Uy. Bang cach dua cav Gin higa mau cot han vGi ede gid tr bien dd dinh théch hop tal nhiing vi Uri Khe mhau s& 162Wao nén mol anh gém ce soe mau, Ce tin higu nay c6 thé duoe st dung nhu cic vin hig ect hin hoje qua ma tran dS two cde tin higu Uy, Ue Up, Ue Uy hay ma ho thanh dang tin hig tng hop cba he truyén hinh mau tuong ting, Cae ticu chudin quét dua ra cdc mite chudn khie nhau eho Lin higu soc mau. Cac mde xung bién di duce bigu dién bing phén team cia dinh mie wing. MSi mot dang soc mau duvge bide dién bang bon gid ti se ~ SO dau ticn chi mae tin higu mau cor ban khi trayén soe tin higu trang, nphia 1a gid Ur] ewe dai ca cde tin higu U',, U'g, U'y > Sé thi hai chi mite tin higu mau co hin khi truyén soc tin higu den, nghia ta in higu Uy. Uy id tr) cue tidy eta ca thit ba chi mie kim nhal cua tin higu mau co dan rd vara ta | tse [TT 08 Tram | San] khi truyén soe tin higu mau, " 1 ayhia JA gid Ui cuc dai cia pte \ cae Lin higu Ug, Ug. Up. ° . So thi ur chi mde nhs Mp sos ‘ phat cia tin hidu mau eo bin fw —______ kai wuyén tin higu mau, al . nghia 1a gid we 1iéu cha vs 1 , cde tin higu 0", 0, Wy $75 Bang 3-1 cho gid tr) 6 + huong di cua cae din hidu U,, aan ' OU tin higu chdi tinh S05? oay er theo bid thie (3-12) va cae ol 670 00s . Hin hicu higu maw va do bay Vey ' hoa 100%. © day, gid ti tin 008 oat 888 higu choi tY mée tring dén . <= * miic den lay bing 1. Trong “ey 4 oa OM cude s6ng hang ngay, it gap 4 aoe 022 231 . cdc cinh e6 mau tinh khigt on oe + voi dG chdi 100%. Vi vay Une, on os thuimg ding anh kidm tra cé 02 oat ro Wo ch6i 75%, dO bao hoa mau ° LT & = * 100% (bién do 100% wen dai we mau tring) dé kim wa va digu chinh ede thigt bj truyén Hinh 3-18, Dang cc tn higu video kni trayén inh. Gis tri twong dé cba ede anh kag ta la cc se mau.tin higu khi truyén anh kidm tra nay cho & bing 3-2, Bang 3-1, Gid tr tuong di céc tin higu U',, Ug, U'g, U'y, va de tin higu higu mau Mau Us Tring 1 ay 0 ° o vang 1 0.886 0.114 0,174 -0,886 le ° 1 1 0701 0,701 0299 o.299 Lue 0 1 0 0587-0587 0.413a.se7 Manchin 4 9 1 0419 0587 0,413 0,587 88 1 GO 0228 0701-0220 0,229 Bang 3.2. Gid tr tuong ai oda cdc tin hieu khitruyén anh kiém tra Mau Tréng vang O75 075 0 0664 0086 0086 0,844 le 9 075 075 082 0526 0,024 0,244 Lue 9 075 6 0480 0.480 ©0310 0,440 Manchin 0,75 «O75, 0310003100440 08 075 0 0 0224 0526 0224 0.204 Lam 0 0 075 0985 0.088 = -0.088 0,684 en o 0 0 ° ° ° 0 ne Hinh 3-18 ve dang cdc tin higu U'y, U's, U'y va Uy Ula Ug. U'gy theo gid tri hien do trong bing 3-2. Te dang tin higu ta nhan thay: + Cée tin hidu Uy. U'g, Uva 17, 18 don cue (chi 66 mot cue tinh), - Céc tin higu higu mau 1a luéng cue. - Tri trung binh ciia céc tin higu higu mau bang “khong” - Gis tric c dat cia tin higu (/,,, nho nba, va cba U",, kim aha. - Gia tri eye dai cia tin higu /',, va U'gy lon hon eda eée tin higa mau co ban, 3.6. PAC DIEM MAY THU HINH MAU 1. So d6 chife nang cia may thu hinh mau So dé khdi cor ban cia mdy thu hinh mau cé dang nh binh 3-19. Th ser dé chit aang hinh 3-19 thay rang, trong méy thu hinh mau déu ¢6 tat cA cdc khoi nhur trong may thu hinh den tréng. Nhiing khéi chi ¢6 trong méy thu hinh mau i din hinh maa, kénh 164mau, kenh déng bO mau, mach ma tran, mach (ao ddng dign déng quy, mach sita méo g6i, mach can bang ting, mach wf khit tir, mach nz dong diéu chinh tén sé dao dong tai cha, ‘Mach Kenn tung in Ly boa ToT tiéing this 2, i609 ‘Cubniéch I ee Cocdudéng auy Kh chon in in mo be sen La] Sonim [*] somiton Fo SS PLY ‘s6ag mét sion Ht ~“ Mach = ms en int mtu TL Ce —] Bin Lay Ke Pas Leas cnon | Mech eon ‘kénh song }#———*——_ Tok ~ LS aes Lee ¥ Lt enn déng bo mau wa : : me Lease ‘se hie Khoi did dng bd | cao a t ” “mF aa ° Nguén /-> ' + i ma = oe wom | |e ese | Ld ise oe gt Ta ei J ee LT Se mang. one Hinh 3-49. Sa a6 kh6i may thu hinh mau, TBT - Mach ty déng diéu chin tén #6 dao dng tl ché: TOK - Ty dong diéu chinh tn sé dao ding tat chd: KD - khuéch dai. Tin higu cao tin céa bang sng VHF va UHF duge dua «Gi khdi chon kenh tuong img. Khéi chon kénh ¢6 nhiém. vu chon kenh thu, khugch dai va bign déi tin sé thu thanh tan sO trung tn: tung tan tigng J, va trung tin dutmg hinh fy, (rung tan mang thong tin tin higu téng hop mau U/,,). Phan phan wr chinh cba may thu hinh mau la dén hinh mau, n6 bign doi cdc tin higu mau co bin thanh hinh anh mau. Loai dén hinh va thong sé cia né (nhu gée [ech tia dign wt, kich thudic man hinh, dugg kinh c6 din hinh) quyét dinh mach dign va thdng 86 mot s6 mach dign cia may thu hinh mau (hu tng ra cita cdc khéi quét, mach sia méo g6i, mach wo dong dign déng quy V.v....). Truong hop may thu hinh mau xay dung theo phuomg thife digu ché lui, so dé chiéte nang ciia né gén giting so dé hinh 3- 16519: chy khde df cau dc mach ma tran va cdc tin higu dat len cde dign cue cba dén ink mau, hinh 3-20. Vii may thu hin mau cain keru Fawr OF eno ao i + Pudng tiéng: Tan s6 uung Uy tan thit hai qua bd khuéch dai trang | tan dudng ticng SIF (Sound Knudich dai Urey Imermedium HFrequency), tach song ‘Mach 1M, khnéch dai am tn va dua ra Toa. van a ue + Kénh chéi: BE dam bio cho Famke} kénh chéi lam vige én dink, tin s6 Pr) ues Usy ngoai sai phai thal Gn din, do dé trong may thu hinb mau can c6 mach wo dong tinh chigh an sé APT (Automatic fine tuning). Khoi khuéch dai trang tan VIF (Video Inermedium Frequency) kbucch dai didn 4p tin hiu trung tn hinh f,,, rung tin tigng f,,, Wich sng thi ian dé ly tin hicu ‘ong hop mau U4, va Wich sng phach dé ly ra tn sé trung tn thi hai. Hinh 3-20. Phuong thite diéu ché lui dn hinh nau, ‘Thue chat, kenh chéi [a cde ting khuéch dai hinh wong may thu hinh den ~ tang. Kenb chéi dim nhan cde chute nang. - Khuéch dai tin higu choi U0", din gid ti can thidt. < Jam tré tin hige chéi (', mot théi gian edn thidt, dam bio cho tin higu choi va cae tin bidu hiéu mau ting voi met Anh phan tit cing den ii vO mach ma tran MoE hic, nhim lara cho dnb den - trang va any mau tring khit, on tin hidu tan sé hig va sng many mau Ide thu cheong trink truyén hinh mau Thue hign diéu chiah weng phan va d0 sing cla anh uuyén binh mau, O nbigu my, on 6S mach wr déng ban ché dd sing (ABE - Automatic Brightness 1. iter) 4 Kénl mda: TAL mot trong nhiing Khoi quan trong ca may tha hink maa. vs anh ude -€t idm dh chat luemg dinh trayén hinh miu. Nhiém vo eis kénh mau Bi: Fach lay cin higu mau (,.uirtin bigu truyéo Kink mau day di, Khudeh dai tin hig mau U2, dén gid wi can thidt - Giai ma Lin higu mau dé nhan duge cde tin bigu higu mau. + Khoi déing bo induc: Nhigm va cust v6 Le "hich idy tin bide déng bo miu A€ thue hien dng), déng pha cusne pute much tay sény mang phy trong may thu hinh hé NTSC va PAL: thye hien dng pha CMDT crong may thu binh hg SECAMIIB va PAL. 166- Tu déng tat kénh mau hic thu chung trink truyén hinh den - uring hoac lite thu chung rink truyén hinh khéc hé mau hode bee mic 1 6 161 vao may thu hinh mau qua yu. Tin higu truyén t6i 16i vao kénh déng bd mau thucmg lay wh kenh mau. Ngodi ra, tuy theo Joai méy thu hinh mau, thudng c6 them xung tn s6 mat hode tn so dong, hoae ca hai dat Wen koi déng bo mau dé cho kénh déng bo mau it chiu énh hueng cia cde loai nhigu. + Mach ma irdn: Tay theo phuomg thie digu ché mat dg tia dién tir irong dén binh mau va phuong én giai ma mau, ma edu tiie vA chtéc nang cla mach ma tran 6 khde nhau. ‘Voi may thu binh hé SECAM va PAL life diéu ché'ca t6t, cc tin higu mau co ban “Uy. -U%, va -U', uyén 16i ca tot céc sting dién th tuong dng. Vi vay, mach ma tran tren hinh 3-20 thue hign hai nhigm vu: - Te theo bigu thie: Vin higu Kigu mau U',y va U'yy to thanh tin higu higu mau thé ba U,,, Ur = 059U py O19 gy 18) - Tir tin higu chéi U/, va cdc tin hidu higu mau tgo ra cdc tin higu mau ect bin: Uys Ug = Uy t Uy (3-19) (3-20) Uy = Uy t Uy (3-21) Mach dién thuc hién cdc phép ton nay goi !A ma tran , ma tran G v8 ma tran B. Khi ding phuong thie digu ché ludi, tin higu chéi (Uy) truyén dén ba catét cia ha sting dign uf, chit khong truyén dé mach ma tran; edn ba tin higa higu mau Uys, Ug, va U',, truyén dén cde cue diéu ché cha ba sing ditn tir tuemg ting, Lge dé mach ma tran chi hoan thanh chée nang tao tin higu higu mau Uy ys edn vige hinh, thinh cde tin higu mau ocr ban U',, U'; va U's thuc hign ngay trong dn hinh mau. + Cae tdng khuéch dai video mac sau mach ma tran ding dé kbuéch dai tin higu mau ca ban hoac tin higu higu mau dn gid tri da Jem, nhim dim bao cho den binh mau hoat dong binh thudng. Hé sO khuéch dai ca cde tang khugch dai video khodng 30:40 dB, va gid tri dién 4p ra khoding 60-200 V (uy thage loai dén hinh mau sé dung trong may). 4+ Khoi quét dong: C6 nhigm vy tao ra ti true lai a dign ti-theo chiéy ngany Xung déng bo dong duge téch khdi tin higu hinh va qua mach vi phan. Xung vi phan den mach so pha, mach nay c6 nhigm vy so sinh pha cia xung déng bo dong d& vi phan va pha vila ctia xung quét dong tgo ra tit bign ap dag trong my thy, kat qua so sinh sé cho dign ap mot chidu dé digu khién bd tao xung quét dong. Ngoai ra, n6 cdn 6 ahigm ve 167cung cap dien ap 66 13 s6 dng cho mach tao dong dign hdi tu, dign 4p dong dicn mach stra méo goi va cung cap dign ap that dn dinh cho dén binh. + Khoi quét mank: C6 ahi¢m vy tao ra tit truding Ki tia dign vir theo chidu ding. Ngoai ra, cin c6 nhiém vu cung cp did ty, va cho mach stra méo gai. 4p c6 tan si manh cho mach tao ding dign hoi + Mach tao ding dién hoi tw: Co nhigm vu tao dong dign c6 tan s6 dang va dong dign c6 tén s6 manh véi hinh dang va bién dO cn thigt cung cap cho cae co céu hOi Wy duge dat uen 6 dén hinh, Co cau hoi w c6 tae dung hoi ty ba mau R, G, B wen moi phan toda anh (ha mau R, G, B tring khit nhau trén mdi phén wr cia anh) nam trén to’n bo man hinh. * + Mach can bang trdng: CA nhigm vu dam bao cho toan bo man hinh khi khong tha chyong winh truyén hinh hoge khi thu chuong tinh truyén hinh den trang khong bj nhudm mau, nghia [2 dm bio man hinh co mau trang ahu may thu den tring. + Mach we ki te Duge b6 tri 6 khot nguén, o6 nhiém va khir wo true du een, man chén, man che wr, dai gid dn hinh v.v... do tir ining bén ngoai, nhat la tir iruing wai dat gay nén + Lam sach mau: Trong may thu hinh den trang ¢6 hai nam chan bink xuyén det & ¢6 dn hinh dé chinh tam, nhung trong méy thu hinh mau hat nam cham hinh xuyén dei dé lam sach mau. Bé chinh tam trong may thu hinh mau ta ding bign phép thay d6i gid tri va chigu dang dign mot chiéu chay qua cudn Idi tia dong va manb. + Khoi didu hank: Khoi nay bao gém céc chiét 4p, hoae phim &n v. may, chon chuong irinh, diéu chinh tong phan, do sng, dO bao hod mau, s: lung, am sic v.v. dé tat mar e mau, am Vai cée may thu hinh mau sn xual nhiing nam gan day, dac bit A may da he it tugmg cao déu cé bd vi xit IY (micro processor) cho phép sit dung cau tréc phan mém dé diga khién phan cing. Nhi c6 céc vi khién nhiing nay ma c6 thé thuc hign cc che nang vita ké tren ngay tai may thu hinh hodc tir xa qua bo diéu khién tr xa bang tia hang ngoai, Ngodi ra con 6 thé c6 them kha nang ty dong tim chon va ghi nhé dai phat chucing trinh, iy ddng chon hé mau, tao tin higu dé tr d6 tgo ra céc ky wt, con sO wen man hinh, chia dint (PIP), thong tin van ban (eletext) v- + Nguén cung cdp cho may thu hink mau cé nhing yéu cdu sau - Dign ap mot chiéu cung cp cho tranzito va IC phai cé 49 dn dinh cao, do gon sng phai nhd. Khi c6 nhing sue dot bin trong méy thu hinh, nguén cung cap phdi duge eat doi khoi mach dién. - Phai c6 mach hao vé khi o6 hign twong qua dp va qua tai. 1682. Ong thu hinh mau én hinh mau 18 thiét bi bién déi tin higu dién chita thong tin mau cia nb thanh hinh anh mau va hign th) lén man hinh. ‘Trong cic may thu hinh mau hign nay, dé tng hyp anh mau, déu sir dung phuong phap tron khong gian déng théi va thyc hign 1gi mot dén hinh mau. Océ dén binh mao bi Uri ba hoae mot sting dign ti dé tao ra ba a dign wr. Mdi tin higu mau co ban diéu ché mat do cha mét chim dign vi, Man hujnh quang cha dén hinh mau gém vo s6 diém hoac soc huynh quang ¢6 thanh phan hod hge khéc nhau. Mi diém hoae soe chi phat ra in6t trong ba mau cor ban wy thude vao thanh phan hod hoe eta chét huynh quang phit len dé, Di cae diém hoae soe may va khoang céch gitta chting khé nhd, Chting duye sip xép gin nbau va xen ké thea mu tink ty nai dinh. Ilign nay, ede méy thu hink mau déu sit dung foai dé hinh mau ba sting dign ur nhu: den inh mau man dang diém, dén hinh mau Trinitron, dén hinb mau PIL v.v.. a) Dén hink mau man dang die [inh 3-22 1a gidn 6 cfu tre cita dén hinh mau man chin dang diém. ‘ve thuy tinh Lép din Cecdu Cociu oan Ba sting dich ngang $ach mau den tislam Man nugnh quang Mang ahorn |Z Tre dng | Manchin Batia dian tir cocty Béng cuy a) b) Abba Hinh 3-22. Cau teue den hinh mau, man dang dim, 169+ Bén trong v6 thus tinh gom cb - Man hujnh quang gém nhiéu diém rat nhd, déc lap véi nhau, bing cdc chat hujnh quang. Maj diém, khi bi tia dign ti sé phat ca mot mau co ban (dd, luc va lam). Cac diém nay sap xép theo trinh wy nhat dinh. Ba diém huynh quang ké nhau phat ra céc mau co ban khac nhau va hinh thanh edi thudmg duge goi 18 "bo ba". MGi "bo ba" tuong mg voi mot Anh mau phan tit 6 cdc dén hinh hign c6, tong s6 diém huynh quang trén man nhiéa hon 15.10. ~ Mang nhom: Ciing nhu & dén hinh den tring, tac dung cla mang nhém 1a dé phong ion am thui chay chat huynh quang & ving tam man hinh, va ting do tong phan, dd 13 nét va do sing cha anh truyén hinh. Vé phuong dign dign, mang nhom néi véi andt that hai cta sting dign th. ~ Man chan: Céch man hu¥nh quang ching 10 mm, ¢6 man chan Rim bang 16 kim Joai rat mong chimg 0,15 mm. $6 luong 16 tron trén man chan bang $6 “bd ba” trén man huyoh quang. Cac 16 tron en man chén phai b6 wi sao cho tam cila 1d 1rdn duoc chicu tring véi tam ca "dG ba” khi nguén chidu & v6 tan, Man chin c6 tée dung téch riéng cde mau co ban, nghia 1a lim cho cée tia dign 1 eta mdi sting dign tr ban diing vo cée diém huynh quang 4 duoc quy dinh, do dé cai thién duce dé “sach mau" cia den hinh. + Sing dien ti: 6 dudi dén hinh o6 ba sting dign we nam cuc (g6m sui nung, cat6t, cuc didu khign, cuc gia t6c, cue hOi tu va andt this hai) doc lap véi nhau. Dé tao ra ba tia dign tir nham kich thich céc diém huynh quang phat ra ba mau co ban, ba sting dign tir dlucte b6 rf 6 dinh ca tam giée déu 06 tam tring v6i truc cita Ong én hinh. Néw nhin tir phia dudi dén hinh, thi ba sting dign tir duoc b6 tf nhu hinh 3-22 va tuc moi sting dién Gr nghieng khoang 1° so véi true dén hinh, + Bén ngodi v6 thus tinh 6 - Lop dan dign ply ~ Cudn Idi tia, ding dé déng thd lam Iéch cd ba tia dién tt. mat ngoai phan loe. - Co cau Lm sa h mau: Co cau nay gém hai xuyén nam cham vinh ciiu, hinh xuyén det, dé im cho mau sdc tren todn bo man hinh déng nbat khi khong 66 tin hign mau cq han dat nén dn hinh mau. + Cacai d6ng quy va co cau dich ngang tia lam, diing dé déng quy ba tia dign wu. + Ui diém cia dén hink mau man dang diém - Vide tron mau hodn hao vi ba diém RGB xép thanh tam pide déu dén mat voi cde ge dO nhu nhau, - 6 tinh mau cao vi c6 khodng hé théim quang (khong phat quang khi bi dién ti cham vao gitta céc diém phosphor RGB. 170Voi hai wu diém nay dén hinh mau man dang diém néu higu chinh cting sé cho chat luung mau cao nha trong tt cede logi din Hinh mau e6 tir truse 144 nay. + Nhuoe diém ctia den hink mau man dang diém - Co cat hoi tu ba tia dign tit vao bd ba sé rat khé khan va phic typ, ket qua thyc su van khong thé hoan toan ding tuyat dé - Higu suai kém vi dé higu chink duge dé dang, cign tich ede tia phai Km hon 16 thing (thudmy Ia dien tich ede tia Kin gap hai dign tich ciia 15). Didu nay e6 nghia 1a so bo a ed khong 1/2 cudmg dé tia bi bd phi vi vung vao ludi duc 56. - Higu sudt Ig thuyét cia dan hin mau 1a 1/3 = 33% (midi tia quét ra chi tao anh sdny 6 1/3 dién tich man anh). Thue ra higu suat nay bi giam nbiéu vi, cde diém phat quang fa tron lai nam ech nhau dé dim bio dO tinh mau. Noi Khée di, den mau min dang digm da khong tan dung hét dign tich man anh dé wo ra dink sang Vi hai Iy do sau ma hidu suai thye ia dén hinh man dang diém chi dat khoang 10% > 15%. 8 dat duce d6 sng tren man anh van abut cf (nhur dd sng cba man hinh den tring), cd ba Sng phéng tia s@ phai Lim cho cutmg d} ng edng lon gap 10 lin cutmg dé tia cla mot dén hinh den wang 66 do sdng tuong duong. Noi khée di ng phong tia manh c6 nghia Ia mau gid va tudi tho ella dén kém. V6i ning abuge diém nhur vay nén dn hinh mau man dang diém hign tai ft gap trong céc may thu hinh mau, 1b) Dén hinh mau Trinitron Lug ke ma Gig tam 6.3) R,S BRC, BRS jeter | >) Loai dan hinh mao trinitron chi eé mot he thdng dign ti - quang hoc ma ¢6 khd nang tg0 ra ba tia dign 1, Trinitron duge ebé _ - 1ao dau ign tai Nhat Ban, do hang Sony sin xwdt vao nam 1968 vGi nhimng cai tig nue: Ba Gny phong tia bay gids duoe xép ngang trén true ngang. Gng phéng G é ngay-chinh tam, con hai Ong R va B nim & hai ben va déi xtmg nhau. Khung sing G a) irén mat dén inh ahur vay e6 vi Hinh 3.23, Soe huynh quang va lub Khe ha ini chudin, n6i khiée di, loa bd tat cd ede higu chinh cha tia G. fai tia db va ler sai di xGimg nau mbur the e6 thé thye hign chung mét mach higu chinh, eit tang B len bao nhisu dh gdm £ di bay nhieu sao eho & va B trong nhau. Céc sai s6t can higu chin Ja: ie- Theo chiéu ngang, cde tia &6 va lam chi bi sai vé vi tri chit khong bi nghiéng. N6i khée di edn 6 hai higu chinh 1 R/G left - Vert va R/G Right - Vert. - Theo chiéu dye (TOP Va BOT), cdc tia R va B chi bj sai nghiéng chit khong sai vé vi tri, Do dé eting chi can hai higu chinh 18 R/B TOP - Horiz va R/B BOT - Torit, Man hujnh quang bay git gém cde soc dé, Inc va lam xép xen ké nhau nhu bink 3-23. Ludi duc i8 cng thay déi 19 cae khe hd nam song song voi soc Mi cay. Ba tia RGB nam ngang, tia ld cay di thang chui qua khe dap vie soc 14 cay. Hai tia R va B due hoi tu tai khe v8 dap chéo vao cée soe hujnh quang wweng ding ca ching (hinh 3-23a), Diém 1am nhu vay sé 1a ba diém RGB nai xép theo chiéu ngang. Vite hiéu chinh hoi tu ngang bay gid thay vi ding cugn day thi ding ban Iéch song song, Diu nay thuc hign due: nhiy céiu tao mot Ong phéng véi ba tia ngang nhu hinh 3-24, ‘Cue gia tc, cue h6i wy va andi thé hai (gém 1 va 2) la chung cho c4 ha tia diém Case Ys Se aE LES ese SRR Re Nang nner cee Cig ats aiuené we OM Man chan Hinh 3-24, Cau true sing dién tr Tantron Mot lang kinh tich dign gém 6 hai phién trong béin va hai phign ngoai ba bing kim loai dé déng quy ba tia dién tt + Ut diém cia Trinitron + Loai bo gén nhu hon toan vige higu chinh hoi ty. Mach hoi ty dign ue cdn lai don gin, it tn kém. = Higu suat cao, gid sit khong c6 khodng céch an tan cho ede soc huynh quang thi higu suai cia Trinitron cé thé dat higu suat 16i da theo I¥ thuyét 18 1/3 = 33%. Trong thu té dé dim bao d6 tinh mau theo chiéu ngang phai e6 m6t khe mhd thm quang (chat khong phat ra anh sng khi bj dién tr dap vio) gita cic soc va vi vay higu suat cha Trinitron chi edn tir 25 —y 30%. Day Ta higu swat dat dude cao nhat so voi tat cd cdc loai iden mau khac va c6 thé vi ly do nay cho dén nay hang Sony van cdn dung Trinitron « Hitu suat cao > Ong phéng tia khong cn phdi khoé va nh&s vay dén Trinitron 6 tudi tho cao hon. 472+ Nhuoe diém ~ Bd tinh mau theo chiéu doc kém vi dé an dung higu suat cha dén, duémy quct cla ddng bén én c6 thé bi nho® vao dugg quet clia dong ben dust - Sy tron mau khong hoan hio vi diém tam xép thang hang, gdc 46 dén mat ngudi cha ba mau KGB khong déng déu. ¢) Dén PHL (Precision In Line) Trinitron vita ra di d& duoc hudng ing ngay wong thuong mai va don hinh mau min dang diém trén duémg dao thai. Bigu nay dat ra cho cong nghiép wuyén binh miu cia Mj yeu cfu phai canh tranh réo rit voi Sony, Vao ehiing nam déu cha thap ky 70, hang General Electric (MJ) tung ra dén mau PUL. 6 8na ‘Sting dién te Man chan Hinh 3-28. Gin 6 eu tric den PIL. Vé ca hin dan PIL van fi dn Trinitrron, man huynh quang gém niu dat buynh quang doc va minh, ba dai mau R, G. B hop thank "bo ba", gia ede dai hayah quang guetta phi mot chal e6 kh nang hép thy dnb sag. Nhung dé tang them chat teng tinh miu theo chiéu doe, ede soc phat quang duge ngat ra Wing quang tung Gg vi Ung, ng, mot, Khe hud his cing pha thay di cho phly hep va trude moi “tiny” G lai Khoan mot 16 hinh dang ging nhur diém G (inh 3-25). Diéu nay o@ ngbia IA dén PIL hy sinh inot sé higu Susi vA higu sudt dat durge trong thuc W chi cdn 20 > 25 Vige higu chinh h6i w tia dién pi van con, o day dé déng-quy ba tia dign wr, dling. bon xuyén nam cham vinh cttu det (hai xuyén 4 cue tt va hai xuyCn 6 eye tH) gud & don hinh), Tuy shign, qué trinh bigu chinh nay duce thye hign mot Kin tai hing sin xual dc sita chita vien khong cn ban tam gi dén vige bigu chinh hoi 1 dign Ut 3 173Loai dén hinh mau PIL ¢6 nhiéu wu diém so ydi dén hinh mau, man dang diém: - Man hinh séng hon 18 do man chan it cn é va dign tich man haynh quang duge chiéu sang so véi oan bd ditn tich man hugnh quang cing én hon. » Tie trutng tedi dat (4 anh hudmg dén do sach mau trén toan bo man, vi ti trugmg trai dat chit yeu anh hutmg Wi su dich chuyén ciia tia dign tit theo chiéu thang ding, ahumg 61 véi den hinb PIL thi tia dign té lu6n ban vao cing mot dai huynh quang. ~ {t ca cu diéu chinh phu, sit dung don gian 174