1 Chapter

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Republic of the Philippines

NEGROS ORIENTAL STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Education, Main Campus 1
Center of Development
AACCUP Re-Accredited Level III
CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
INTRODUCTION
Fruit production is very important so new options for fruit crops could
serve and expand the market, such as exotic fruits, which were restricted to local
populations in geographically limited areas and became common food in
countries far from the center source. According to (Andrade et al., 2008) there is
a search by producers and consumers for these new options, among which
Nephelium lappaceum L(Rambutan) presents high market potential.
Rambutan can be asexually reproduced either by using part of two or
more plants in a union or parts of the same plant. In the first case, it is called
graftage and in the second case, it is called rooting. All asexual propagation
techniques belong one of the two categories. This practice of vegetative of fruit
trees dates back to ancient time. China had been using grafting techniques since
pre-classical times. The Greeks and Romans adapted this strategy and spread
this method all over Europe, (Sandor, 2007).
In a thorough review of the studies regarding the different propagation
methods and techniques of Nephelium lappaceum L. (Rambutan), it reveals in
the study of Jasper and Akoto that it is possible to produce seedlings by air
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layering also known as marcotting suitable only during spring season. This study
was in contrast to the study of Grant and Tabora who considered grafting as the
best propagation technique in producing Rambutan plants which method was
already pioneered in the Philippines. The researchers were able to gather
information based on grafting technique as one of the major method in
propagating Rambutan tree. Their respective studies could somehow bridge the
gap of the possibilities of using different techniques available and suited in
asexually propagating Rambutan plants considering the area and the season of
the country.
The initial purpose is to find out more information about the benefits
associated with asexual propagation of Nephelium lappaceum L. (Rambutan).
The method used in this research may serve as information on a useful, helpful
and healthful benefits that people may be able know and utilize in the future.
These findings will help the agricultural farmers increase their fruit crop
production and may have a higher income in terms of marketing once they are
already starting to sell it and expand it in the market.
In view of the preceding statements, the researchers chose to conduct this
study because most of the farmers or even the agriculturists are into propagation
of fruit trees like Rambutan, and since Rambutan gives healthy benefits from the
peel and the seed itself, the researchers decided to pursue the selection of
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rambutan as a major part of the study. Through this study, the researchers will be
able to investigate all the benefits associated with asexual propagation of
Nephelium lappaceum L. (Rambutan) at Valencia, Negros Oriental. This
research includes the benefits of grafting Nephelium lappaceum L. (Rambutan)
that will be beneficial to the farmers and agriculturists.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This study sought to investigate the benefits associated with asexual
propagation of Nephelium lappaceum L (Rambutan) as perceived by agricultural
farmers at Valencia, Negros Oriental. It specifically intends to answer the
following questions:
1. To what extent do selected farmers and agriculturists perceive the benefits
associated with asexual propagation of Nephelium lappaceum L. (Rambutan) in
terms of the following:
1.1 Convenience and ease of propagation;
1.2 Selection and maintenance of clones;
1.3 Quick maturity;
1.4 Rapid flower precocity;
1.5 Uniformity in appearance; and

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1.6 Repair of damaged parts of trees?
2. Is there a significant difference in the perception of the selected farmers and
agriculturists on the perceived benefits associated with asexual propagation of
Nephelium lappaceum L (Rambutan)?
STATEMENT OF THE HYPOTHESIS
The null hypotheses were formulated in line with the statement of the
problem presented in order to meet the objectives of this study:
HO1: There was no significance between the selected farmers and the
agriculturists and their perceptions according to the benefits associated with
asexual propagation of Nephelium lappaceum L. (Rambutan).
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Outcome of the study would benefit the following:
Farmers. One of the main respondents of this research were the 35
selected farmers living at Valencia, Negros Oriental. They were known to be
experts in growing Nephelium lappaceum L. (Rambutan), and were constantly
practicing seed planting and grafting method. This study gave them additional
information regarding the benefits of asexually propagating Nephelium
lappaceum L. (Rambutan) compared to seed propagation technique.

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Agriculturists. The second respondents of this research were the 25
agriculturists living in the same municipality. This study gave them additional
insights on the significance of asexually propagating Nephelium lappaceum L.
(Rambutan) by means of grafting method technique. This study also gave them
an implication on the conclusion of their theory about the differences, advances
and appropriate method in reproducing Nephelium lappaceum L. (Rambutan).
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This study was conducted to determine the benefits associated with
asexual propagation of Nephelium lappaceum L. (Rambutan), as perceived by
the selected farmers and agriculturists at Valencia Negros oriental. It aims to
explore different benefits from using asexual propagation method than seed
growing.
The targets of the researchers of this study were the selected farmers and
agriculturists who are residents at Valencia, Negros Oriental where the place was
considered cool and mountainous. Purposely, it focuses only on the benefits
associated with asexual propagation of Nephelium lappaceum L. (Rambutan).
The chosen respondents were provided with the data on this research.
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Related Literature and Studies
Related Literature
This section presents the related literature and studies which have helped
the researchers in the conceptualization of the present undertaking.
Nephelium lappaceum L. (Rambutan) is derived from the malay word
“Rambut” which means “hair” and general describing as a hairy fruit. In the
Philippines, Rambutan is also locally known as “usan”, “usau” or “usare”
according to [CITATION Gal10 \l 1033 ].
The Nephelium lappaceum L.(Rambutan), belonging to the Sapindaceae
family, is native to Malaysia and Indonesia. According to (Sacramento and de
Andrade, 2011), it was introduced in Brazil in the Mid-1970s in the state of Parta
and only in 2000 it arrived in the state of São Paulo, and was taken to the
Philippines from Indonesia in 1912.
The methods of propagation for the Nephelium lappaceum L. (Rambutan)
crop are: seed, grafting and layering. The seed propagation is relatively easy, but
it is not recommended for crop production, as the resulting seedlings are very
variable and more may be exclusively male-flowered plants, however, the sowing
to obtain rootstocks should be used. Some factors affect the germination, among
them the temperature, which according to (Carvalho and Nakagawa, 2012) is the
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most important factor, since it exerts influence on the metabolic reactions, also
affecting the growth of the seedlings.
Convenience and Ease of Cultivation. Some important food crops can
be propagated more easily, more conveniently, or more economically by
vegetative propagation methods than by seed. One of the major historical
advances in early day, primitive agriculture was the discovery that some
important food crops including Nephelium lappaceum L. (Rambutan) could be
propagated by thrusting pieces of their woody stems into the ground to produce
roots and subsequently, new plants, or either could be readily propagated by
separation or division of the tuber, bulbs, rhizomes, or another vegetative
structures. As a general statement, vegetative or asexual propagation is less
economical (more expensive per plant) than propagation of the same plant by
seed. Its primary economic benefit for most species is the high value placed on
vegetatively propagated cultivars (Hartmann et al., 1990).
Selection and Maintenance of Clones. Large genetic advances can be
made in a single step by selecting a single unique superior plant from a seedling
population and producing it asexually by vegetative propagation. The resulting
population of plants has the same basic genotype as the original seedling plant
and is called a clone. This is explained further by (Hartmann et al., 1990) in his
book.
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Vegetative propagation by grafting makes it possible to unite more than
one genotype and combine desirable features of both into a composite plant.
Most fruit orchards are combinations of a seedling (or clonal) rootstock chosen
for root characteristics, combine with a cultivar chosen for its fruiting
characteristics. Grafting can also result in special growth forms such as dwarfed
trees or weeping plants having a hanging growth habit grafted to the top of long
upright trunks (Hartmann et al., 1990).
Grafting possibly developed from the observation that trees limbs of the
same species often fuse when they cross each other as explained by (Mudge et
al., 2009). This method of grafting is referred to as inarching or grafting.
Inarching or grafting is still used in today according to (Juniper and
Maberly, 2006). The tools needed in grafting trees are Budding knife, Grafting
knife, Fine tooth saw, Pruning shears, Dormant scions, grafting tape or
electrician’s tape, Asphalt water emulsion compound (for covering grafts), Light
hammer and Cleft grafting chisel and mallet, (Juniper et al., 2006).
Scions are the pieces of wood with trees or four buds on them that will be
grafted onto the rootstock. When and where the use of a detached scion was
invented is not known. According to (Balerdi, 2016), the propagation methods
that are commonly used in tropical fruits like Nephelium lappaceum L.,
(Rambutan) in seeds can be possible but may encounter some difficulty, while air
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layering is considered as the most common method in grafting Nephelium
lappaceum L (Rambutan), (Balerdi, 2016). Wasielewski and Balerdi, (2016)
further explained that grafting and budding of fruit trees require the connection of
a “scion” or “bud” to the rootstock. The scion is inserted onto the rootstock and
protected from the desiccation with a plastic wrap until the cambiums have
successfully fused. The variety of the cultivar of the bud or scion will become the
tree canopy from which fruit are produced.
Quick maturity. Asexual propagation of plants in the mature (adult)
growth phase reduces the long nonflowering juvenile characteristics of most
seedling plants. Vegetatively propagated fruit and nut cultivars invariably will
flower at younger age than comparable seedling plants, (Hartmann, 2011). Trees
obtained from adult plants will flower and fruit upon receiving an external flower-
induction signal and do not need to pass through a juvenile phase as would a
seedling. If no external stimulus is required for flowering, an asexually
propagated fruit tree will flower immediately. This earlier flowering results in
smaller trees, which can be desirable for ease of harvesting. Dwarfing rootstocks
are often sought for species that normally grow very large, (Paull and Duarte,
2011).
Furthermore, (Paul and Duarte, 2011) also added that vegetative
propagated trees have shorter juvenile phase and start bearing when about 4
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years old, whereas the seedlings take 6 to 7 years. Fruits require four to five
months to develop and reach harvestable stage. In Southern Asia, fruits are
harvested during July to September and December – February, July –
September being the main season. All the fruits in a cluster come to harvest at
the sometime, making it possible to pick the whole cluster.
Rapid Flower Precocity. Successful fruit production requires flowering,
pollination and fertilization. However, some gardeners find that their plants do not
bloom. This applies to fruit, landscape, indoor, and garden plants. The cause of
failure to bloom is generally related to one or more of the following: plant age,
temperature, light, and other environmental and cultural factors. The diversity of
reproductive structures especially in flowers, is the primary means of identifying
and classifying flowering plants, (Hancock et al., 2008).
In the case of grafting and budding, the existence of a graft or bud union
can restrict the internal xylem and phloem transport and additionally influence
tree size and reduction and precocity so it is advisable to remove the flowers
from a newly grafted tree, as the graft union cannot take the weight of the fruit
(Paull and Duarte, 2011).
Nephelium lappaceum L (Rambutan) flowers are characterized either
male, with only the stamens being well developed, or the hermaphrodite. The
hermaphrodite maybe either basically female, with small stamens and anthers
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which do not dehisce or male, with undeveloped stigmas. However, in fruit
crop production, rainfall, water stress, temperature, and wind are key variables
for success, and the present changes in rainfall patterns should affect the
flowering and yield of Nephelium lappaceum L (Rambutan) (Hancock et al.,
2008).
Male trees that bear only the male flowers are not productive and are
usually propagated through seeds. The male flowers are borne in clusters on
terminal panicles. They are greenish yellow without any petals. There no
functional ovary and flowers with 5, 6 and 7 stamens are found in each panicle.
An average sized panicle has approximately 3,000 buds and at the peak of its
blooming period, up to 500 flowers may open each day (Hancock, et al.,2008).
The hermaphrodite flowers are borne on the same panicles as of the male
flowers and which are also arrange in same manner but with only 3-5 buds being
produced in each node. Each panicle may contain 200-800 flowers. An average
panicle may bear approximately 500 flowers and, at peak blooming,
approximately 100 flowers may open each day. The predominantly female
flowers have a well-developed binocular ovary topped with a bifid stigma
(Hancock, et al.,2008).
Uniformity in Appearance. A genetic uniformity of the plantation will be
reached through vegetative propagation with smaller trees, and size. Among
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asexual methods grafting is one the most widely used in fruit growing because
one of the advantages is the uniformity of the orchard. For the success of the
procedure there is a need to juxtapose the exchange tissue in both parties
involved and to adequately protect the grafted region and the results of the
process may vary for different reasons, such us: season of the year, origin and
the ages of materials used, types of grafting, branch protection materials, types
of rootstocks, (Sandor, 2007).
Repair of Damaged Parts of Trees. The healing of a graft union can be
considered as the healing of a wound. Such injury to tissue as would occur if the
cut end of the branch were split longitudinally would heal quickly if the split
pieces were bound tightly together. Some species can be more difficult, requiring
scion preparation or the use of a specific grafting or budding technique for best
success. For example, stems that produce latex when cut can be difficult to graft
or bud, as the latex prevents a direct contact between the scion and the
rootstock, (Hatmann et al., 1990).
The skill and experience of the grafter plays a very important role in the
success of grafting and budding in each fruit tree species. In grafting and
budding, the healing process involves tissues which are xylem, phloem, and the
cambium. The callus from the stock and the scion fill the space and interlock to
form “callus bridge”. Callus cells in line between stock and scion cambium
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change into cambium cells. The new cambium produces xylem and phloem in
wound to establish a vascular connection. Added to that, grafting can be used to
repair damaged plant parts. For example, trees girdled by rodents just above the
soil level often die due to lack of carbohydrate transport to the roots. Such trees
can be reestablished by the conduction of nutrients between root and shoot via
repair grafting so it can produce an interesting combination (Kumar, 2011). The
best grafting method commonly used to repair damage tree trunks and restore
phloem conductivity to the root zone is bridge grafting and inarching.
RELATED STUDIES
Studies which expectedly strengthen the present endeavor are discussed
below:
Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum Linn.) fruit is a culture that still little
known but important because of its high potential of market and its attractive
colors and exquisite taste. Aside from that there are several medicinal and
nutritional uses produced by Rambutan tree.
The orchards have been installed using seedlings originated from seeds,
generating high variability among the plants and produced foods. Samir Paulo
Jasper came to a study about layering in seedling production of Rambutan as the
layering has been shown effective obtaining the litchi seedlings. Jasper
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concluded that it is possible to produce seedlings of Rambutan culture by
layering, indicating that it will be done in the spring. This was also seconded by
the study of Akoto, a Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology concluded
that asexual propagation by marcotting can be a suitable technique for
Rambutan planting materials.
On the other hand, Bryan Grant Ph.D., a Horticultural Researcher,
considers grafting as the best method in propagating Rambutan, Grant stated
that grafting attempts using budding technique were unsuccessful, and are not
reported. The rootstock used in this experiments were seedling trees grown in
plastic bags under 50% shade or in the case of topworked trees in field, were 5
year old seedling trees growing in full sun. The rootstock seed source was a
freestone type of rambutan obtained from Rao Guaycuyacu Farm. All graft was
evident. Cleft grafts in the field were wrapped first with grafting tape, then the
entire scion was covered with Parafilm. Based on the results of these preliminary
experiments, the method of approach grafting is more dependable than cleft
grafting for clonal propagation of desirable varieties in rambutan. Although it is a
more cumbersome method than cleft grafting, the high success rate justifies the
extra time and effort involved, especially when the donor plants are in pots or
bags in a shade house instead of large trees in the field.

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Furthermore, Panfilo C. Tabora, concluded that wedge grafting technique,
is the best propagation method which has also been pioneered in the
Philippines.This has become a major boost for the rise of rambutan production
and exports in Central America, and is on its way for applications in lychees,
longans, avocados, mangos, mangosteens and others. It is now used in
Honduras, Guatemala, Costa Rica and Brazil.
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
This study was anchored based on the study of Gottleib Haberlandt (1854-
1945) and Aristotle (384 -322 BC). Gottleib Haberlandt (1854-1945) now
popularly called the Father of Tissue Culture, proposed the possibility of
regenerating an entire plant from a single or few non-zygotic cells in 1902.
Haberlandt believe that vegetative propagation is possible because living cells
contain genetic information in their nuclei necessary to reproduce the entire plant
which is known as totipotency. This refers to the ability of many cells to retain the
full genetic potential characteristic of the mature organism from which any of the
cells were obtained, and thus enable the cell to regenerate the organism’s
tissues and organs under favorable conditions. Haberlandt’s pioneering plant cell
culture study and the establishment of totipotency also provided the huge leap in
plant propagation. It was Haberlandt who proposed that the concept could apply
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to individual somatic cells or vegetative cells are those cells found in vegetative
parts of plants or those cells with the exception of zygotic, or embryonic, cells.
Aristotle (384 – 322 B.C) discussed grafting in his writings with
considerable understanding. During the days of the Roman Empire grafting was
very popular, and methods were precisely described in the writings of that era.
Paul the Apostle, in his Epistle to the Romans, discussed grafting between the
“good” and the “wild” olive trees (Romans 11:17-24).
Both of them contributed in Science that well discusses the reproduction
of inheritance and traits of plants or animals. Since asexual propagation is
concerned about the genetic traits of the parent plant, their theories of cells and
grafting somehow explained the reason behind reproducing the same traits or
variation from selective organisms.
The study of heredity became one of the leading experiments in science
nowadays. Graft hybridization as one example which is also a form of asexual
hybridization in plants which heritable changes may be induced by grafting.
Charles Darwin in his theory of evolution in 1859 was the one to put forward the
conception of graft hybridization, (Liu Y, 2006).

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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY
This study represents the flow that will guide better understanding for the
development of this study. It is composed of a variable which is the independent
variables.
As shown in Figure 1 on the next page, the independent variable will be
the benefits associated with asexual propagation of Nephelium lappaceum L.
(Rambutan) in relation to the second variable that can affects the profile of
Valencia, Negros, Oriental.
Input
EXTENT OF PERCEPTION OF
THE FARMERS ON THE
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EXTENT OF PERCEPTION OF
AGRICULTURISTS ON THE
BENEFITS ASSOCIATED WITH
ASEXUAL PROPAGATION OF
NEPHELIUM LAPPACEUM L.
(RAMBUTAN)
Output
Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of Conceptual Framework.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
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This chapter includes the research method used to conduct the study. The
researcher explains how the necessary data and information addresses the
research objectives and questions.
Research Design. The researcher chose a descriptive and correlational
research design because it best served to answer the questions and the
purposes of the study. Descriptive research is used to obtain, and describe the
features of the data in a study. It provides simple graphic analysis; they form the
basis of virtually every quantitative analysis of data. It is simply describing what it
is, and what the data shows. While correlational research is a statistical
technique that can show whether and how strongly pairs of variables are related,
(Trochim, 2001).
Research Respondents. The proponents selected the residents of
Valencia, Negros Oriental to be the respondents of the study, preferably
agriculturists and farmers. The proponents had came up with 60 respondents
having 35 selected farmers and 25 agriculturists from the Department of
Agriculture which serves as the target of this purposive study.
Research Environment. A stratified random sampling procedure was
used for selecting the participants in this study. This technique was employed to
ensure a fairly equal representation of the variables for the study. The
stratification was based on the agriculturists working at the Municipality of

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Valencia Negros Oriental and the selected farmers living in different areas of the
same Municipality. Within each section, selection of staff among the agriculturists
and farmers was by simple random sampling. This was achieved by writing out
the names of the staff in a piece of paper which was gathered after having an
interview with the Officer in Charge of the Department of Agriculture at Jawa,
Valencia, and by getting related information regarding the possible farmers who
are producing Rambutan plants in different barangays. Proportionate stratified
random sampling technique was then employed to select 25 agriculturist and 35
selected farmers from practitioners of different barangays in the Municipality.
Such barangays include Liptong, West Balabag, Apolong, Jawa, and Bong-ao.
The proportionate stratification was based on the fact that there were more
farmers propagating Nephelium lappaceum L. (Rambutan) than agriculturists in
the Municipality.
Research Instrument. In gathering the data, the researchers used
questionnaire from internet sources and other references like books, etc. These
have been validated by experts to make it reliable.
The questionnaire was personally generated and administered by the
researchers through the help and guidance of the advisers and from those
people who are specialized in the kind of field. The researchers used thirty
questions based on the extent of benefits associated with asexual propagation of

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Nephelium lappaceum L. (Rambutan). The questionnaire was also translated to
Cebuano for the convenience of the respondents.
The instrument was structured in the modified Likert fashion, on a 3 - point
scale ranging from “strongly agree” (SA), through “agree” (A), “strongly disagree”
(SD). Subjects were then instructed to respond to their agreement with the
statements contained in the instrument.
Data Gathering Procedure. The techniques used by the agricultural
farmers were the main access for the researchers to gather data in the survey
questionnaire form. It was the bridge between the gap and the respondents even
if they are not personally in contact. Before giving out the survey questionnaires
to the respondents, the researchers sent a letter request to the people who will
be a big part on the approval of the survey. After the permission to conduct the
survey had been approved, the researchers decided to conduct the research in
the month of September. The administration of the instrument finally ended in the
third week of September.
The purpose of the study and the directions for answering the
questionnaires were explained to the respondents thoroughly. It was also
translated in Cebuano language, so that respondents could answer the items
without difficulty. Questionnaires were then retrieved right after the respondents
were finished answering the questionnaires.

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The frequency results of the respondent’s questionnaires were counted
and tabulated properly. It was evaluated and compiled by the researchers.
Statistical Treatment of the Data. The data collected from the field were
analyzed and studied. Statistically weighted mean was used in answering the
research questions. The response options in the instrument are weighted as
shown below:
The following scale was also applied:
Score Scale Verbal Verbal Explanation

Description
3 2.34 – 3.00 Strongly Benefits associated with asexual
Agree(SA) propagation of Nephelium lappaceum L.
(Rambutan) is known by respondents on
76 – 100% bases
2 1.67 – 2.33 Agree (A) Benefits associated with asexual
propagation of Nephelium lappaceum L.
(Rambutan) is known by respondents on
34 – 75% bases
1 1.00 – 1.66 Strongly Benefits associated with asexual
Disagree propagation of Nephelium lappaceum L.
(SD) (Rambutan) is known by respondents on
1 – 33% bases
The acceptance point for the items was 1.67 and any mean below 1.67
was regarded as rejected and not beneficial.
The statistical tool used in the study was frequency, percentage, weighted
mean and ranking. The researchers also used Mann Whitney U and P value to
calculate and get the weighted mean for every data gathered.
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Frequency is the repletion of an event falling under a specified category of
state. In this study, it refers to the number of persons belonging to a given
classification.
Percentage refers to the proportion between parts of the whole. In this
study, it refers to the number of persons compare to the total number who
belongs to the same category or classification.
The weighted mean is employed to determine the extent of the benefits
associated in asexual propagation of Nephelluim Lappaceum.
Ranking is used to determine the common benefits in asexually
propagating Rambutan.
The Mann Whitney U is a non-parametric test that can be used in place of
an unpaired t-test. It is used to test the null hypothesis that two samples come
from the same population (i.e.have the same median), Anna Hart (2001). In this
study it was used to analyze dependent variables on an ordinal scale.
P value was also used in this study to evaluate how well the sample data
support the advocate argument if the null hypothesis was true. P value measures
how compatible the data are with the null hypothesis. High P values shows that
the data are likely with a true null and low P values shows that the data sample
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provides enough evidence that can reject the null hypothesis for the entire
population (Sellke et al., 2001).
Percentage
(P) % F/N X 100
Where: F= Frequency
N= Total number of responses
P= percentage
Weighted mean
The formula used is:
WM= TW/N
Where: Weighted mean
N= total number of responses
DEFINITION OF TERMS
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To facilitate a clearer understanding of the study, the terminologies used
are hereby defined.
Convenience and Ease of Propagation. Hartmann et. al, (1990) viewed
that asexual propagation is less economical (more expensive per plant) than
propagation of the same plant by seed. Its primary economic benefit for most
species is the high value placed on asexually propagated cultivars. In this study,
it is used in determining whether the selected farmers and agriculturists have the
same perception with regards to convenience and ease of propagating or
cultivating Rambutan plants.
Selection and maintenance of clones. Large genetic advances can be
made in a single step by selecting a single unique superior plant from a seedling
population and reproducing it asexually by vegetative propagation according to
Hartmann et. al, (1990). Clonal propagation is a highly efficient method for
immediatedly “fixing” genetic variation, in contrast to the sequence of generations
required for seedling populations. Clonal selection is therefore analogous.
Hartmann et.al, viewed asexual propagation by grafting makes it possible to unite
more than one genotype and combine desirable features of both into a composite
plant. In this study, it is used in determining whether the selected farmers and
agriculturists have the same perception and practices in selecting and
maintaining the genetic type of Rambutan Plants.

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Quick maturity. As individual plants age, they tend to show reduced
growth rates and to exhibit a change in type of branching. Hartmann et. al, (1990)
stated that this aging is physiological in nature, however, and normally is
reversed by renewal and invigoration of vegetative shoots. This process occurs
during asexual propagation of the clonal cycle and the life of the clone is
considered to be more or less indefinite. It has sometimes been possible to
hasten the onset of maturity of grafting scions from the seedling shoots onto
large, established trees or onto certain dwarfing rootstocks. In this study, it is
used in determining whether the selected farmers and agriculturists have the
same level of knowledge with regards to the juvenile phase and maturity of
Rambutan plants.
Rapid flower precocity. (Hartmann et.al, 1990) stated that the age at
which the asexually propagated plant reaches sexual maturity depends upon the
level of juvenility in the propagule, and the growing conditions to which plant is
subjected. In this study, it is used in determining whether the selected farmers
and agriculturists have the same perception in terms of the precocity and
flowering of the Rambutan plants after it has been grafted.
Uniformity in appearance. Size control, and sometimes an
accompanying change in tree shape, is one of the most significant rootstock
effects. Apparently, the rootstock alters the vigor of a given scion cultivar. If
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grafted plants are grown under optimum conditions the differences in
performance of those on strong growing rootstocks versus those on weaker
stocks may be minimized. Good soil and cultural conditions are required for
successful tree performance when very dwarfing rootstocks are used, Hartmann
et. al, (1990). In this study, it is used in determining whether the selected farmers
and agriculturists have the same perception in terms of the uniformity of
appearance when growing or grafting Rambutan plants.
Repair of damaged parts of trees. Occasionally, the roots, trunk or large
limbs of trees are severely damaged by winter injury, cultivation implements,
diseases or rodents. But Hartmann et. al, stated, that by the use of bridge –
grafting, or inarching, such damage can be repaired and the tree saved. In this
study, it is used to determine whether the selected farmers and agriculturists
have the same perception in terms of the methods and techniques as well as the
reason why grafting is a one way process to reproduce Rambutan plants.
Asexual Propagation. It is multiplication without passage through the
seed cycle, is the best way to maintain some species, particularly an individual
that best represents that species. In this study, vegetative, or asexual
propagation is used to produce a plant identical in genotype with the source
(mother) plant or also known as cloning.

28
Benefits. It is an advantage or profit, gained from something (Wikipedia).
This study will provide information about advantages that farmers may get in
propagating rambutan plant asexually. In this study, benefits were used in
gathering possible advantages in asexual propagation associated with
Nephelium lappaceum L. (Rambutan).
Nephelium Lappaceum L. (rambutan). Nephelium lappaceum L.
(Rambutan) is a medium sized tropical tree in the family Sapindacae. The name
also refers to the edible fruit produced by this tree. This study will mainly focus on
the benefits associated with asexual propagation of Nephelium lappaceum L.
(Rambutan).

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1

Republic of the Philippines

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

populations in geographically limited areas and became common food in

Nephelium lappaceum L(Rambutan) presents high market potential.

Rambutan can be asexually reproduced either by using part of two or

this method all over Europe, (Sandor, 2007).

In a thorough review of the studies regarding the different propagation

methods and techniques of Nephelium lappaceum L. (Rambutan), it reveals in

best propagation technique in producing Rambutan plants which method was

already pioneered in the Philippines. The researchers were able to gather

information based on grafting technique as one of the major method in

gap of the possibilities of using different techniques available and suited in

associated with asexual propagation of Nephelium lappaceum L. (Rambutan).

already starting to sell it and expand it in the market.

In view of the preceding statements, the researchers chose to conduct this

able to investigate all the benefits associated with asexual propagation of

Nephelium lappaceum L. (Rambutan) at Valencia, Negros Oriental. This

research includes the benefits of grafting Nephelium lappaceum L. (Rambutan)

that will be beneficial to the farmers and agriculturists.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study sought to investigate the benefits associated with asexual

propagation of Nephelium lappaceum L (Rambutan) as perceived by agricultural

farmers at Valencia, Negros Oriental. It specifically intends to answer the

1. To what extent do selected farmers and agriculturists perceive the benefits

associated with asexual propagation of Nephelium lappaceum L. (Rambutan) in

terms of the following:

1.1 Convenience and ease of propagation;

1.2 Selection and maintenance of clones;

1.3 Quick maturity;

1.4 Rapid flower precocity;

1.5 Uniformity in appearance; and

1.6 Repair of damaged parts of trees?

2. Is there a significant difference in the perception of the selected farmers and

agriculturists on the perceived benefits associated with asexual propagation of

Nephelium lappaceum L (Rambutan)?

STATEMENT OF THE HYPOTHESIS

problem presented in order to meet the objectives of this study:

agriculturists and their perceptions according to the benefits associated with

asexual propagation of Nephelium lappaceum L. (Rambutan).

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Outcome of the study would benefit the following:

Farmers. One of the main respondents of this research were the 35

selected farmers living at Valencia, Negros Oriental. They were known to be

experts in growing Nephelium lappaceum L. (Rambutan), and were constantly

information regarding the benefits of asexually propagating Nephelium

lappaceum L. (Rambutan) compared to seed propagation technique.

Agriculturists. The second respondents of this research were the 25

insights on the significance of asexually propagating Nephelium lappaceum L.

an implication on the conclusion of their theory about the differences, advances

and appropriate method in reproducing Nephelium lappaceum L. (Rambutan).

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This study was conducted to determine the benefits associated with

asexual propagation of Nephelium lappaceum L. (Rambutan), as perceived by

the selected farmers and agriculturists at Valencia Negros oriental. It aims to

considered cool and mountainous. Purposely, it focuses only on the benefits

associated with asexual propagation of Nephelium lappaceum L. (Rambutan).

Related Literature and Studies

the researchers in the conceptualization of the present undertaking.

Nephelium lappaceum L. (Rambutan) is derived from the malay word

Philippines, Rambutan is also locally known as “usan”, “usau” or “usare”

according to [CITATION Gal10 \l 1033 ].