SKP 2101

MALAYSIAN NATIONHOOD
Sem 2 – 2018/2019

DR ROJANAH BINTI KAHAR

Ph.D (Law)
Senior Lecturer
Department of Human Development and Family Studies
Faculty of Human Ecology, UPM
rojanah@upm.edu.my
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 OBJECTIVES
1. Student is able to describe on social policy
2. Student is able to explain the need of
developing social policy
3. Student is able to analyze the
implementation of social policy and law

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 TOPIC CONTENTS
1. Definition of Policy & Social Policy
2. Purposes of Social Policy
3. Relationships Between Policy, Issues, and Problems
4. Process of Policy-making
5. Categories of Public Policy
6. Categories of Malaysian Public Policy
7. Implementation of Government’s Policies
8. Policy and Law
9. Basic Criteria of Law
10. Social Functions of Law
11. Legal Terminology
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 Coverage

▪ Definition of public policy, social policy and

law.
▪ The needs of policy and law
▪ Relationship between issues, problems and
policy
▪ Types of public policy.
▪ Mechanisme of policy implementation

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 LEARNING OUTCOMES

a. To explain public policy, social policy and

law.
b. To explain the relationship between public
policy, social policy and law.

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 DEFINITION OF POLICY
When the term policy is used, it may refer to:
1. Official government policy (legislation or guidelines
that govern how laws should be put into operation).
2. Broad ideas and goals in political manifestos and
pamphlets.
3. A company or organization's policy on a particular
topic. eg; policy for equal opportunity where the
company aims to treat it staff equally.

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 WHAT IS POLICY?
▪ Policy reflects values and aspirations of the
government in resolving problems and impediments.
▪ Public policy is complex because it involves various
parties with different interest in making the decision
(Healy, R.G. & Asher, W., 1995).
▪ Policy must be in line with the characteristics and
need of the state.
▪ Policy is dynamic - changes according to the will of
the society and current leadership of the state.
▪ Policy making - intervention of the government.
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 WHAT IS POLICY?

▪ A policy can be considered as a "Statement of

Intent" or a "Commitment".
▪ For that reason at least, the decision-makers can be
held accountable for their "Policy".

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 PUBLIC POLICY
▪ Thomas A. Birkland: there is a lack of a consensus
definition of public policy.
▪ Public policy is the study of policy making by
government.
▪ A government's public policy is the set of policies
(laws, plans, actions, behaviors) that it chooses.
▪ Since governments claim authority and
responsibility (to varying degrees) over a large
group of individuals, they see fit to establish plans
and methods of action that will govern that society.
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 David Easton ‘s Definition
• “The authoritative allocation of values for the
whole society”.
• Which means only the government can
“authoritatively” act on the “ whole” society,
and everything the government chooses to
do or not do results on the “ allocation of
values”.

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 OTHER DEFINITIONS

▪ Clarke E. Cochran, et al.: "The term public policy

always refers to the actions of government and the
intentions that determine those actions."
▪ "Public policy is the outcome of the struggle in
government over who gets what.“
▪ Thomas Dye: Public policy is "Whatever
governments choose to do or not do."

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 Others….

▪ Charles L. Cochran and Eloise F. Malone: "Public

policy consists of political decisions for
implementing programs to achieve societal goals."
▪ B. Guy Peters: "Stated most simply, public policy is
the sum of government activities, whether acting
directly or through agents, as it has an influence on
the life of citizens."

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 Other…

▪ Kilpatrick: “Public policy can be generally defined as

a system of laws, regulatory measures, courses of
action, and funding priorities concerning a given
topic promulgated by a governmental entity or its
representatives.”
▪ Kilpatrick: “A major aspect of public policy is law.”

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 PUBLIC POLICY
• Stuart S. Negal’s Definition
• “Public Policy can be defined as
determining which of various
alternative public or governmental
policy will most achieve a given set of
goals in light of the relations between
the policies and the goals.

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That definition brings out four key elements of
policy evaluation which are:
a. Goals, including normative constraints and relative
weights for the goals.
b. Policies, programs, projects, decisions, options, means,
or other alternatives that are available for achieving the
goals.
c. Relations between the policies and the goals, including
relations that are established by intuition, authority,
statistics, observation, deduction, guesses, or other
means
d. Draw a conclusion as to which policy or combination of
policies is best to adopt in light of the goals, policies, and
relations.

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 PUBLIC POLICY
• Governments enjoy a special role in public policy-
making due to their unique ability to make
authoritative decisions on behalf of citizens, which are
backed up by legislation, laws, rules and regulations as
well as sanctions for offenders in the event of
noncompliance.
• Thomas Dye’s definition also highlights the fact that
public policymaking involves a fundamental choice on
the part of governments to do something or to do
nothing about a problem, and that decision is made by
elected representatives or government officials.
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 Example
• Closely related to this point, Dye’s definition
also highlights the fact that a public policy is a
conscious choice of a government.
• That is government actions and decisions
often yield unintended consequences.
• For example, an effort to control the sale of a
product deemed to be harmful for public
consumption may increase smuggling and
shoot up its price – people operate illegally on
the black market.
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 Important points…
• Dye’s three points are central to
understanding public policy as an applied
problem-solving process, and his definition
brings the idea of conscious, deliberate
government decisions to the fore in its
analysis

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• Governments often make policies based on a
series of decisions that cumulatively contribute to an
outcome.
• Eg: health policy involves building health facilities,
certifying personnel and treatment, and financing
healthcare provision among many other related
actions.
• These various interrelated decisions are often made
by different individuals and agencies within
government such as the Cabinet, Ministries of
Finance, Health and even social welfare and by
various departments and agencies within the
ministries
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 Why Study Public Policy: 3 Reasons
1. Scientific Understanding: To understand the
causes and consequences of policy decisions,
which will improve our knowledge of society. It
can act as both dependent and independent
variable Example: as a dependent variable on can
ask what socioeconomic condition and political
systems characteristics operated to shape certain
policies? Alternatively it can be viewed as
independendent variable as what impact public
policy has on the society and its political system
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 2nd Reason

• 2. Problem Solving: To study the cause and

consequences of the policy which can be used
to seek solutions and practical problems
“factual knowledge is prerequisite to
prescribing for the ills of society”

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 3rd Reason

• 3. Policy Recommendations: It can be for

political purposes. Example: to ensure that the
nation adopts the “right” policies to achieve
the “right” goals.

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 What we can learn about Public
Policy?
• A. Description: we can learn what the
Government is doing (and not doing) in
welfare, defence, education, Health,
environment, taxation etc Example: What is
the medicare or Medicaid program promise
for the poor? What agreements have US and
Russia reached on Nuclear weapons? How
much money was paid on taxes? What is the
environment protection plans? etc
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• B. Causes: we can inquire about the causes, or
determinants, of public policy. Why do
government do what they do? We can inquire
about the effects of political institutions,
processes and behaviours.
• Example: What are the effects of recession on
government spending? What is the effect of
an inceasingly older populations on the social
security and medicare programme?

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• C. Consequences: we can inquire into the
impacts, like what diffrence, if any, does public
policy make in people’s lives?
• Example: Does capital punishment deter
crime? Are welfare programs a disincentive to
work?

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 Common Traits of
Public Policy
▪ Birkland offers these common traits of all
definitions of public policy:
✓ The policy is made in the "public's" name.
✓ Policy is generally made or initiated by government.
✓ Policy is interpreted and implemented by public and
private actors.
✓ Policy is what the government intends to do.
✓ Policy is what the government chooses not to do.

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 Summary

▪ Public policy is an attempt by a government

to address a public issue by instituting laws,
regulations, decisions, or actions pertinent to
the problem at hand.
▪ Numerous issues can be addressed by public
policy including crime, education, foreign
policy, health, and social welfare.

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 WHY WE NEED TO UNDERSTAND THE
POLICIES?

• To arrange a program and the strategic plan

to achieve objectives.
• To resolve issues and conflicts that might
happen while implement the policies.
• For those who are directly involve in the
implementation of the policies (civil
servants) as well as the people (those who
are affected by the policies).

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 GOALS OF PUBLIC POLICY

▪ In broad terms, public policy aims at improving:

➢ Economic prosperity: more and better jobs, higher wages,
and so on
➢ Environmental quality: air, water, flora, fauna, and so on.
➢ Amenity: mobility, housing, shopping, education,
security, recreation, and so on.

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 Other Aims…
▪ Public policy addresses each of these issues by providing public
facilities and services to try to make them better.
▪ It does that subject to:
✓ Constraint of efficiency
✓ Fairness
▪ Constraints of efficiency - doing so in ways that do not waste
money or otherwise increase the cost of living.
▪ Fairness - people should pay for these improvements in
proportion to the benefits they receive or the costs they impose,
unless society decides through public policy that certain people
are in a group that should be treated differently.

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 Other Aims…
▪ Public policy is made to fulfill socio-economic
objectives of a country.
▪ Policy aimed to benefit both the government and the
citizen.
▪ Policy aimed to resolve public problem and at the
same time realizing the objective and vision of the
state.
▪ Policy is a structured plan to resolve conflict between
state and citizen.
▪ Policy provides suitable/practical actions for the
government to resolve various social problems.
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 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PUBLIC
POLICY AND POLITIC

CLAIM/DEMAND
Desires/voices/interest of the
public and associations on
PUBLIC POLICY
matters pertaining to welfare of
Decision/s of the
the society – government
government made may/may not act on it.
through political system

SUPPORT
From the public

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 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PUBLIC,
GOVERNMENT AND POLICY
Every policy are resulted from the public
whether for the purpose of resolving
problems, fulfilling public demand or
developing the society, etc.

PUBLIC POLCY
Decision/s of the
government made The government is responsible and
through political system have authority to make and
implement policy. What ever the risk
involve during its implementation will
be burdened by the government. The
Government must take remedial
action if problem occurs.
 TYPES OF POLICY

▪ Economy
▪ Social and work ethic
▪ Foreign relation

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 TYPES OF PUBLIC POLICY

1. Regulatory Policy
2. Distributive Policy
3. Redistributive Policy
4. Security Policy

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 REGULATORY POLICY
▪ Regulatory policy targets the behaviour of
individuals or industry.
▪ Government limits on individual choice in order to
restrict unacceptable behaviour.
▪ Regulatory policies, or mandates, limit the
discretion of individuals and agencies, or otherwise
compel certain types of behaviour.

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 CONTINUE
▪ These policies are generally thought to be best
applied when good behaviour can be easily defined
and bad behaviour can be easily regulated and
punished through fines or sanctions.
▪ Pattern: Law enforcement; Business regulation
(prices, fraud, unfair practices, monopoly); Limiting
access to public goods (air, water, communication);
Health and safety.
▪ Eg: Penal Code, Dangerous Drug Act, Food Act,
Road Traffic Regulation.
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 DISTRIBUTIVE POLICY
▪ Government efforts to distribute benefits to some
portion of the population and pay for those benefits
from general tax revenues.
▪ Distributive policies are the most common form of
state action to solve public problem.
▪ Types: Subsidies; Support of research; Collection and
dissemination of information; Creation of
distributive public goods; Provision of government
insurance.
▪ Example: New Economic Model (2010), highways,
public education. 39
 REDISTRIBUTIVE POLICY
• The government taxes one group of people to
provide benefits to another group.
• Types: Income stabilization (unemployment,
retirement); Welfare (head start, food stamps,
school lunch programs); Health care (medicare for
the aged, medicaid for the needy); Housing (fair
housing); Income distribution (tax code).
• Redistributive agencies operate under legislation
that anticipates environmental changes and
automatically adjusts agency actions to the
changes. 40
 SECURITY POLICY
▪ Policy to foster peace, integration in the state as well
as the security of the state internationally.
▪ Foreign relations policy, consists of self-interest
strategies chosen by the state to safeguard its
national interests and to achieve its goals within
international relations milieu.
▪ The approaches are strategically employed to interact
with other countries. In recent times, due to the
deepening level of globalisation and transnational
activities, the states will also have to interact with
non-state actors. 41
 CONTINUE
▪ The aforementioned interaction is evaluated and
monitored in attempts to maximise benefits of
multilateral international cooperation.
▪ Since the national interest are paramount, foreign
policies are designed by the government through
high-level decision making processes.

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 CONTINUE
▪ National interests accomplishment can occur as a
result of peaceful cooperation with other nations,
or through exploitation.
▪ Usually, creating foreign policy is the job of the
head of the government and the foreign minister
(or equivalent). In some countries the legislature
also has considerable oversight.
▪ Example: Look East Policy, ASEAN, OIC,
Commonwealth, G15, G77.

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 POLICY IMPLEMENTATION
LAW ▪ Enacted to resolve social problem.
▪ Difficult to modify/abrogated - formal process.
▪ Involve the concept of punishment.
▪ Act by Parliament; Enactment by State
Legislative Assembly (DUN), Ordinance - law
before merdeka; law in Sabah and Sarawak.
PLAN ▪ Detailed than law. Encompassing various social
problem.
▪ Comprises various policy.
▪ Strategy - programme and project.
PROGRAMME ▪ Made to addressed social problem without
applying the concept of punishment.
PROJECT ▪ Specialised, a part of programme (short term).
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 Example….

▪ NATIONAL WOMEN POLICY 1989

– Objective: towards the encouragement of wider
participation of women in the labour market, the more
educational and training opportunities for women,
upgrading women's health status, reviewing laws and
regulations that discriminate against women.
▪ Law: Domestic Violence Act 1994
▪ Plan: HAWA
▪ Programme: Caring society
▪ Project: Women Day.

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 NATIONAL
WOMEN POLICY

LAW: Domestic Violence Act

1994

PLAN : HAWA

Programme: Caring society

Project: Women Day

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 SOCIAL POLICY
▪ Guidelines and interventions for the changing,
maintenance or creation of living conditions that
are conducive to human welfare.
▪ Implemented to render social justice and to
achieve these needs: material, emotional and
security, social recognition.
▪ A part of public policy that deals with social
issues.
• Social policy is very much influenced by the
ideological leanings of the government.
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 IMPORTANT AREAS OF
SOCIAL POLICY
▪ The welfare state ▪ Social housing
▪ Unemployment ▪ Social exclusion
insurance ▪ Crime and
▪ Pensions criminal justice
▪ Healthcare ▪ Labour
▪ Education policy regulation
▪ Social care

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 OBJECTIVES OF SOCIAL POLICY

▪ GENERAL OBJECTIVES
✓ To ensure that every individual, family and
community, regardless of ethnic group, religion,
culture, gender and political belief as well as region
is able to participate and contribute to national
development as well as enjoy continuous
contentment in life.

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 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
OF SOCIAL POLICY
▪ To ensure that the basic necessities of the
individual, family and community are provided for.
▪ To develop and empower humans for life.
▪ To consolidate and develop the social support
system and services.
▪ To generate multi-sector synergy.

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 EXAMPLES OF SOCIAL POLICIES
• National Education Policy
• National Social Policy
• National Welfare Policy
• National Policy on Women
• National Children Policy
• National Policy on Elderly

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 NATIONAL SOCIAL POLICY 2003
▪ The umbrella policy that encompasses the philosophy
and various national social development policies is
founded on the Constitutions, Rukunegara (Pillars of
Nationhood), Vision 2020 and the national
commitments at international level.
▪ The National Social Policy (NSP) is a social
development policy founded on noble values and the
improvement of human potential to achieve social
integrity and stability, national fortitude and well-
being for a progressive and established Malaysian
society.
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IMPLEMENTATION OF NSP

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WHAT IS LAW?

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 CONVENTIONAL DEFINITION OF LAW
▪ Law is a set of rules and regulations.
▪ It tells us what to do and what not to do.
▪ It also tells us about our fundamental rights and
duties.
▪ It provides us protection and equality.
▪ Every state or nation has its own law.
▪ Everyone has to follow the law and who does not
follow it, is punished by the law

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 Other Definitions…

▪ There is a great diversity among the Western

scholars about the definition of law.
▪ The difference definition due to their different views
regarding:
1. The basic concepts of law.
2. Significance of moral & social rules.
3. Different time and cultures.
4. Different view pertaining to the nature and functions of law.
5. Motive for obedience.

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 DEFINITIONS OF LAW
▪ John Austin (Legal Positivism): “law is a command of
the sovereign authority in a society” - an objective
view of law but ignores its ideal or just aspect, not all
law comes from the sovereign, not all law in the form
of command, fear is not the only motive behind
obedience of law.
▪ O.W. Holmes (Legal Realism): “the prophecies of
what the courts will do in fact, and nothing more
pretentious, are what I mean by the law” - pragmatic
approach to law, emphasis on the important role of
judges/courts judges.
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 CONTINUE
▪ John Salmond (Legal Positivism): “Law may be
defined as the body of principles recognised and
applied by the state in the administration of justice”
- there are laws which are unjust and express the
ulterior motives of the ruling elite, does not cover
international law.
▪ Donald Black (Sociology): “Law is essentially a
governmental social control” - the normative life of
a state and its citizen, such as legislation, litigation
and adjudication.

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 CONTINUE
▪ T. Aquinas (Natural Law): “Devine reason dwell in all
man. There is one common law of nature based on
reason which is valid universally. God had implanted in
man a knowledge of natural law and a will to obey it.
Law is not considered as something enacted by the
will of the king or a legislative but as something
unchanging, providing the framework within which
man live. It is considered to be above the positive law
of the state and the king is also subject to this natural
law” - emphasis on the idea of justice, moral.
▪ Any man made law which is in conflict with natural
law is not a true law. 59
 Summary : Definition of
CONVENTIONAL LAW
▪ Law is simply defined as a rule of conduct which
guides human conducts and actions (in the
layman’s and general perception).
▪ More technically, law is seen as the aggregate of
legislations, judicial precedents and accepted legal
principles; the body of authoritative grounds for
judicial and administrative actions. (Black’s Law
Dictionary).

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 EVOLUTION OF MAN MADE
LAW
▪ Develop into being as soon as the society comes to
have certain needs or interests.
▪ When people live together certain pattern of
behaviour emerges.
▪ Men have got to satisfy their physical, biological
and social needs - must seek the cooperation of
others living in the community.
▪ Thus, everyone’s conduct is conditioned by a
collectivity or group itself.

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 CONTINUE
▪ The pattern of behaviour repeated over the years
and became customs - customs hardened into strict
rules of law - law grew organically with the society.
▪ Conflict inevitable - necessity to establish dispute
resolution mechanism.
▪ Law comes into being as a result of the cooperation,
consensus, common good, peaceful social change
and social equilibrium.

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 COMPARATIVE

• Islamic Law
• Sources of Islamic Law

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 NATURE OF LAW IN ISLAM
▪ Law in the Islamic legal order is part of a wider
normative system - syariah - THE WAY OF LIFE.
▪ Normative system - system of regulation and control
of human behaviour.
▪ Syariah - commands, prohibitions, guidance and
principles that God has addressed to mankind
pertaining to their conduct in this world and hereafter.
▪ Syariah consists of vast systems of rules derived from
2 basic sources: Al Qur’an and Sunnah (divinely guided
acts and teachings of the Prophet Muhammad SAW).

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 CONTINUE

▪ Shariah is divided into: ibadah (worship) and

muamalat (civil transaction).
▪ The term law technically refers to rules pertaining
to mualamat - enforceable by the coercive power
of the state.

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SOCIAL FUNCTIONS OF LAW

▪ Prevalent influence in our life affecting

almost everything we do:
1. Social control
2. Conflict resolution
3. Instrument of social change

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 1. SOCIAL CONTROL
▪ Process of which individual are influenced to
conduct themselves in conformity to society’s
expectations.
▪ Conformity to social norms can be explained in
terms of 2 social control processes: internal and
external.
▪ Internal control: those that exist within the
individual’s moral and social values of behaviour.
Develop through socialisation process - Theory of
Human Ecology.

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 CONTINUE
▪ External control: those that comes from outside an
individual - pressures and sanctions that are applied
by others.
✓ Informal sanctions: values, ethics, mores, folkways.
✓ Formal sanctions: explicit rules of conduct, planned
use of sanction to support the rules and designated
individuals to enforce the rules; criminal law - penal
or non-penal sanctions.

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 2. CONFLICT RESOLUTION
▪ To provide legal means by which conflicts can be
settled. Methods: formal and informal.
▪ Law provide sanctions that create an environment
of confidence and induce to parties in conflict to
enter into transaction's in reliance of law’s ability to
protect their interests.
✓ Physical force.
✓ Self-help.
✓ Court adjudication.
✓ Administrative adjudication
✓ Alternative dispute resolution
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 3. INSTRUMENT OF SOCIAL
CHANGE
▪ The law, through legislative and administrative
responses to new social conditions and ideas, as
well as through judicial re-interpretations of
constitutions, statutes or precedents, increasingly
not only formulates but sets the course for major
social change.
▪ Law plays an important indirect role in social
change by shaping various social institutions, which
in turn have a direct impact on society.

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 CONTINUE
▪ eg. Mandatory school attendance upgraded the
quality of the labour force, which in turn played a
direct role in social change by contributing to an
increased rate of industrialisation.
▪ The law interacts in many cases directly with basic
social institutions, constituting a direct relationship
between law and social change.
▪ Whether the change produced by such action is
considered ‘constructive’ or ‘destructive,’ the fact
remains that law can be a highly effective device for
producing social change.
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 PREREQUISITES FOR
EFFECTIVENESS OF LAW
1. The source must be authoritative and prestigious.
2. The law must be compatible with established
values.
3. The law must be viable and practical.
4. The aim of the law must be achieved in relatively
short time after its enforcement.
5. The enforcement individual/agencies must be
committed to the behaviour prescribed by the law.
6. The enforcement should be uniform.

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 CONTINUE
7. The law should include positive and negative
sanction.
8. Effective protection should be provided for the rights
of those who stand to lose as a result of evasion or
violation of the law.
9. The goal of the law must be attainable.
10. The law must be clear and precise.
11. The law must be communicated to the people.
12. The law must reflect the notion of fairness and
justice.
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 CONTINUE

13. The law must be supported by an efficient judicial

system, police force and administrative machinery.
14. Depends on the extent to which people are
motivated to invoke law in support of their
interests.
15. Depends on how law is put into effect.

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 CONCLUSION

1. Social policy refers to guidelines and interventions

for the changes, maintenance or creation of living
conditions that are conducive to human welfare.
2. Social policy is to ensure every members of the
society is able to participate and contribute to
national development as well as enjoy continuous
contentment in life.
3. Law permeates all form of social behaviour.

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 CONCLUSION
4. Law’s social significance and prevalence are felt in
all walks of life - in subtle as well as not so subtle
ways, a complex and voluminous set of laws
governs our every action.
5. Law does not work only by straight forward
command; it works alongside the moral, religious
and economic forces silently operating in the
society - law has a relationship with other social
forces and must be seen as largely dependent on
them.

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 LEGAL TERMS
▪ Plaintiff - claimant, complainant, petitioner in civil
actions.
▪ Defendant - person defending or denying.
▪ Prosecutor - one who prosecutes another for a
crime in the name of the government.
▪ Accused- person charged with a crime.
▪ Summon - notice to appear, require to attend,
subpoena
▪ Charge - specific statement of what crime the party
is accused contained in a criminal complaint.

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 CONTINUE
▪ Conviction - found guilty / admitted to have
committed the crime.
▪ Warrant - a written order issued by court to search
an individual/ premise or to bring a person before a
court.
▪ Petitioner - One who presents a formal, written
application to a court, officer, or legislative body
that requests action on a certain matter.
▪ Respondent - the person against whom relief is
sought, or who opposes the petition.
▪ Appellant - A person who, dissatisfied with the
judgment rendered in a lawsuit decided in a lower
court, asks a superior court to review the decision.
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 MALAYSIAN LAW
▪ Mainly based on the English Common Law Legal
System.
▪ This was a direct result of the colonisation of
Malaya, Sarawak and Sabah by Britain between the
early 19th century to 1960s.
▪ Other sources of law: Syariah, customs.
▪ The supreme law of the land is the Federal
Constitution which sets out the legal framework
and rights of Malaysian citizens.
▪ Federal laws enacted by the Parliament of Malaysia
apply throughout the country.
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 CONTINUE

▪ There are also state laws enacted by the State

Legislative Assemblies which applies in the
particular state.
▪ The constitution of Malaysia also provides for a
unique dual justice system - Civil Court and Syariah
Court.
▪ The Syariah laws are only applicable to the Muslim.

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 FEDERAL CONSTITUTION

▪ The supreme law of the land.

▪ Any law repugnant to the constitution is invalid.
▪ Purpose: to ensure the smooth running and
efficiency of the administration of the government.
▪ Importance: Provide basic laws that determine the
direction of the government.

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 CHARACTERISTICS OF FEDERAL
CONSTITUTION
▪ Article 1: Malaysia is a federal state.
▪ Article 3: Islam is the federal religion but other
religion may be practised in peace and harmony.
▪ Article 32(1) & 40: Malaysia has Constitutional
Monarch - Yang di-Pertuan Agong.
▪ Chapter 4, part IV: Malaysia has Parliamentary
Democracy System - separation of powers.
▪ Article 152: Bahasa Melayu is the national language.
▪ Article 153: Special privilege of the Bumiputras
(Malays and indigenous people).
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 POLICY ANALYSIS & ADVOCACY
• Policy analysis encourages scholars and
students to attack critical policy issues with
to-
▪ A primary concern with explanations rather than prescriptions
▪ A regorous search for the causes and consequences of public
policies
▪ An effort to develop and test general propositions about the causes
and concequences of public policy and to accumulate reliable
research findings on general relevance TOOLS of systematic inquiry.

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 POLICY ADVOCACY

• Policy advocacy requires the skills of

rethoric, persuasion, organization
and activism.

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 Political Issues
• Policy issues are decided not by analysts but
by political actors
• Policy analysis sometimes produce
unexpected and even embarrassing findings,
that public policies do not always work as
intended, and that different political interests
will interpret their findings of policy research
• differently – accepting, rejecting, or using
these findings as they fit their own purpose.
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 Characteristics of a Good Policy
• Policies must be communicated to
and understood by all who are affected by
them; they should be stable and consistent.
• Policies must be also consistent within the
totality of the entire system, values and
goals, sincere and realistic.
• Policies should consider the future
and be outcome-oriented.

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SUMMARY

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