Apolinario Mabini

 Emilio Aguinaldo’s chief adviser

 Eyewitness to Philippine Revolution and Filipino-American war
 Member of La Liga Filipina

Mabini’s Writings

 Revolucion Filipina – about the revolution of events of this important phase in Philippine history
o Written when he was exile in Guam

August 1896

 The head of the printing press of Diario de Manila found out that his employees belonged to a
secret society
 The employees went to constabulary for investigation
 In the investigation, recourse was had to the usual methods of torture – katipunan, masonic
brotherhood and other societies dissolved such as the Liga and the Cuerpo de Compromisarios

Bonifacio and followers

 Went to mountain to encourage people’s council to rise or to join Bonifacio not to fall in the
hands of the constabulary

Spanish Authorities – following the advices of the friars

 They decided to reach a terrible exemplary lesson in katipuneros, masons and to dissolved
societies
o Other katipuneros manage to put themselves beyond reach of presecution time and to
those were not, were arrested
o To those who are arrested were killed, executed, shot without any trial and
imprisonment and deportation – were lucky
 They ordered the arrest of all prominent Filipinos in every province – civil and humble

RIZAL

 Rizal was sent to Spain by the governor general -

 But he must be back soon because the judge advocate of the continuing court-martial
demanded custody of Rizal to answer the charges against him
 Rizal was said to be guilty by the chief investigator because of the articles he published in La
Solidaridad and for his novels
 The judgement was totally incorrect because of political activities in the Philippines antedated
Rizal
 Rizal had not started resistance yet he was condemned to death, were he not innocent he would
not be a martyr
 RIZAL’S EXECUTION

 Calm and cheerful

 Happy to sacrifice his life for the good of all the Filipinos
 He dedicated it to the service of his native land, was therefore continuing to death, bravery
endured until the end for love of his countrymen

MABINI BLAMES AGUINALDO

 Improvise militia could not withstand the first blow stuck by American troops
 Filipino forces in Manila were not prepared for an attack for American war
 General Ricarte – south
 General San Miguel – eastern zone – attack began in Malolos

Filipino Commanders and officers

 Hardly appreciated the value of military instruction and discipline – emplacements were not
served with order and precision
 Filipino General Staff – not studied or laid down any plans for offensive or withdrawal
movements in case an outbreak of hostilities

Aguinaldo

 Scant appreciation of the advantages of a unified command and coordinated tactics, has made
no provision for the prompt restoration of communications
 He wanted to keep the forces around Manila under his direct orders
o He could not devote himself completely to the proper discharge of the duties of this
command because of his preoccupation as head of the government

After outbreak hostilities

 Telegraph lines had already been cut

 General Luna was the commander of the forces operating around Manila
 Furthermore, Luna resigned his command shortly because the war minister had disapproved
one of his dispositions
 However he resumed command of defensive operations north of Manila when Philippine
government was compelled to have Malolos for San Isidro in the province of Nueva Ecija

LUNA

 Raise fresh force in Calumpit forming a number of companies composed a veteran soldiers
 Many commanders are jealous of their authority, withheld from him the effective cooperation
that as necessary
 Luna succeeded in imposing and maintain discipline if Aguinaldo had supported him with all the
power of his prestige and authority
  Aguinaldo was jealous seeing Luna slowly gain ascendancy by his bravery, audacity and military
skill
 Aguinaldo believes Luna was plotting to wrest him from him the supreme authority

Calumpit bridge had fallen to American forces

 Luna came to see Mabini to convince Aguinaldo that the time had to adopt guerrilla warfare
o Mabini promised to do what he waited while making it clear that he doubted he would
get anywhere because his advice was hardly heeded in military matters
o Mabini was not a military man but a man of letters
o Mabini could not promise because after their meeting he did not see Aguinaldo until
after some time when he came expressly to seek his advice on whether or not it to
reorganize the cabinet
 Aguinaldo sent a telegram asking Luna to see him in Cabanatuan for exchange of views but
when Luna arrived, he met not Aguinaldo but death by treachery plotted by the very same
soldiers who he had disarmed and court martialed for abandonment
 Colonel Francisco Roman – accompanied Luna died with him
 Aguinaldo was Tarlac taking over command of the forces which the deceased had organized

Before the death of Luna

 He had his headquarters in Bayambang and had reconnoitered Bangued to determine if it met
the conditions for an efficacious defense in case of a retreat
 He began to transport the heavier pieces of ordnance

Aguinaldo

 Government in Tarlac
 Wasting his time on political and literary activities

Mabini

 Cannot believe that Luna was plotting to wrest from Aguinaldo the high office he held through
Luna certainly aspired to be prime minister instead of Paterno
 This showed in the newspaper – La Independencia – few days before his death
o Paterno Buencamino cabinet would be replaced by another which Luna would be the
prime minister as well as war minister
o After Luna received the telegram, he did not expected to be assassinated
o Luna allowed himself to say on occasion that Aguinaldo had a weak character and was
unfit to be a leader. All Luna’s acts revealed integrity and patriotism combined with a
zealous activity that measured up to the situation.
 If he was hasty and cruel sometimes, it was because the army was in a desperate position due to
the demoralization of the troops and the lack of munitions
 Death of Bonifacio shown in Aguinaldo a boundless appetite for power
Why revolution failed?

 Because of jealousy of Aguinaldo to Luna. Instead of supporting the men most useful to the
people, he made them useless out of jealousy.
 Identifying the aggrandizement of the people with his own, he judged the worth of men not but
their ability, character and patriotism, but rather their degree of with him; and anxious to
secure the readiness of his favorites to sacrifice themselves fo r him, he was tolerant even of
their transgressions