CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND A REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Proper Hygiene and Personal Hygiene is the cleansing of unwanted odor and

disease causing agents. It is a method of keeping oneself and the surroundings clean in

order to forestall progression of infectious diseases, illness and bad odours. Maintaining a

good proper hygiene is significant for it helps people boost self-esteem. It is enforced to

children who are always exposed to dirt and germs especially when they play. Parents are

responsible for their children's development and that includes hygiene. Even with their

parent’s guidance, it is not guaranteed that the things they learned from their parents are

followed directly into their actions. It concludes that there better ways of convincing

children to follow proper hygiene in a manner that they consistently apply in their

development. This study aims to find ways to convince children as well as, the

assessment of factors influencing hygiene behaviour. The methods that will be used are

quantitative research and acquire data from surveys.

Proper knowledge and practices of personal hygiene plays critical role in avoiding

communicable diseases and benefit the primary school children to enjoy healthy and

productive school life. A recent study that evaluates the knowledge and practices to

personal hygiene among primary school children in Sharjah shows the ability to

definepersonal hygiene was significantly higher among girls (95%) (N=194) as compared

to boys (82%) (N=183) (Ghanim, Dash, Abdullah, Issa, Albaraz & Saheli, 2016).
 2

However, the researchers’ study lacks the possibility of boys, in a young age, could have

a more positive approach and behavior towards following proper hygiene than girls in

future studies. Therefore, this research study should be conducted in order to update old

results with new ones that would become useful for future researchers to utilize in their

study with validity.

Children are commonly exposed to dirt especially when they play around. At an

early age, they can acquire diseases from the things they have touched, played with or in

a worst case scenario, things they have eaten. With or without the surveillance of their

parents, they are bound to touch something they should not such as dirty materials that

caught their attention or petting stray dogs that smell like rotten cheese.

According to World Health Organization (WHO) estimation, 1.5 million children

die from diarrheal diseases each year worldwide, with 88% of these deaths occurring due

to inadequate sanitation, hygiene, and drinking water [ CITATION Akt13 \l 13321 ]. This

implies that majority of their deaths are caused by the lack of sanitation and hygiene.

With that said, it is safe to say that Hygiene must be strongly advised. Schools have

sanitation facilities that help the students maintain their hygiene such as comfort rooms,

areas where they can wash their hands with, water fountains etc. As children spend most

of their time at school, it is the place where they can move freely without their parents

taking charge of them; therefore, it is where they are prone to do outrageous things that

many are not aware of. The most common way parents know what the children have been

doing is the

consequences of what the children have done. Poor school sanitation and hygiene is a

major problem in developing countries and remains high risk behaviour among primary
 3

school going children. Many outbreaks of gastrointestinal infections have been associated

with primary schools [ CITATION Ass14 \l 13321 ].

Children are unaware of the bad things that surround them until they are educated

about it, but even so, at their young age, they are hard to deal with especially in terms of

teaching them what is right and wrong. It is not guaranteed that simply telling them what

to do in terms of hygiene will immediately be applied into their daily lives, therefore, a

study must be conducted upon finding probable actions that effectively convince children

to consistently follow a proper hygiene and the causes of their misbehaviour towards

hygiene. In addition, the assessment of factors influencing hygienic behaviour should be

implied.
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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This section of paper states the related studies about genuine sanitation as how it

affects children if not followed properly along with the diseases associated and the more

reason why it should be enforced. This section aims to generalize the significance of

genuine sanitation from the studies that were utilized.

Proper Sanitation and Its Function

Proper sanitation enhances living condition, with more secured health and well-

being and increasing economic productivity to a community with access to it [ CITATION

Ell03 \l 13321 ]. Additionally, it does not only aid in preventing disease occurrence but also

provides secondary benefits such as increasing a child's attendance at school, progression

in many communities as it increases the pace of accomplishing economic activities and

even support in women empowerment [ CITATION WHO04 \l 13321 ]. Nevertheless the

inadequate sanitation causes a big impact among individuals especially the whole

population in the world if not taken seriously.

According to Sarkar (2013), a child's development will always affect his/her

growth and so relating it to sanitation, if a child is accustomed to comprehend genuine

sanitation at an early stage then it will continue to improve as they grow and will be able

to comply with health services. In order to achieve a healthy adulthood one must have a

healthy childhood wherein the foundation of lifelong responsibility to maintain personal

hygiene is passed down in it. Knowledge, practice and attitudes towards personal

hygiene play major roles in the high incidence of communicable diseases and therefore
 5

has a negative consequences for the child’s long term overall development [ CITATION

Gro17 \l 13321 ].

Diseases or Effects Associated with Inadequate Sanitation

In every 15 seconds, a child dies from diseases largely due to poor water,

sanitation and hygiene, with nearly 40% of the global population having no access to

hygienic sanitation [ CITATION WHO00 \l 13321 ]. According to a World Health Organization

(WHO) estimation, 1.5 million children die from diarrheal diseases each year worldwide,

with 88% of these deaths occurring due to inadequate sanitation, hygiene, and drinking

water [ CITATION Akt13 \l 13321 ]. Improving sanitation coverage will be a challenge for the

global community that should be address with urgency [ CITATION Mac06 \l 13321 ].

In addition to having proper resources and facilities, hygiene practices are heavily

influenced by students’ knowledge and attitudes towards hygiene. According to the

United Nations Children’s Fund, access to improved water and sanitation facilities does

not, of and by itself, necessarily result in improved health. There is evidence which

indicates that hygienic behavior in particular hand washing with soap at critical times,

such as after defecating, and before eating and preparing food, is equally important. Hand

washing with soap can significantly reduce the incidence of diarrhea, the second leading

cause of death amongst children under five years old worldwide. Good hand washing

practices have also been shown to reduce the incidence of other diseases, notably

pneumonia, trachoma, scabies, skin and eye infections, and diarrhea-related diseases such

as cholera and dysentery. The promotion of hand washing with soap is also a key strategy

for controlling the spread of avian influenza.

 6

A published research was done by Nursing students in Preschool Children adds

another outcome of what happens if inadequate sanitation continues and according to

them, children who have poor sanitation and hygiene are at high risk of contacting with

parasitic organism especially when he/she is exposed to a unstable environment. This

implies that children are most likely to be victims to effects that are caused by inadequate

sanitation. Therefore, children should be encouraged to follow genuine sanitation

[ CITATION Obd13 \l 13321 ].

On the same page, Balazo, Cabaitan, Cuevas, & Rabanzo (2017) conducted a

study that was published recently about the effects that could be brought in the classroom

regarding about poor hygienic behavior. In their results, students are most likely to lose

focus on their academics and may decrease the efficiency of their academic performance.

These increase the effects that are caused by inadequate sanitation [ CITATION Bal17 \l 13321 ]

Overall, genuine sanitation is a must that should be followed by children at their

early stage as based from the following studies, if not severe, it could be a hindrance

towards their studies and performance at school but if ignored, it could be their death.

Proper Sanitation is both developed by behavior and the facilities used but it is more

important if it is practiced at an early to be accustomed in the future to the point that they

will even apply health services. Therefore, the research that will be conducted should be

preceded as it helps provide statistical data to be used as future reference for the future

researchers that will conduct studies that will aid in giving solution to this issue.

Theoretical/Conceptual Framework
 7

Children are unaware of the bad things that surrounds them until they are

educated about it, but even so, kids are hard to deal with especially in terms of teaching

them what is right and wrong. A theory talks about the health of an individual and their

surroundings. A person’s surrounding also contributes to who that person truly is. A

person’s area speaks of how tidy or untidy he/she is as a person. The surroundings of an

individual will surely affect his or her health. If the area is quite dirty then that

individual’s health is at risk. According to the Theory of Contagion by Louis Pasteur,

Joseph Lister, and Robert Koch, individual health is dependent on the healthfulness of a

person's surroundings. Aside from the surroundings, Personal Hygiene plays a major role

to the individual's health being which, if done properly and consistently, would influence

their surroundings and avoid harmful diseases lurking in parts of the surroundings.

However, with children as the main subject, it is not guaranteed that they stay in a clean

environment along with their on-going development in learning things are still in a level

of beginners. Children are always exposed to dirt as they play around with their fellow

playmates. At their young age, parents teach them how to groom and clean themselves to

protect themselves from harmful things that lurk around their surroundings.

Unfortunately, teachings from their parents cannot guarantee that they follow these

lessons and apply it. There is a need to determine the percentage of a certain problem a

community or individual experience for it to provide possible research statistical data that

will help future researchers use as basis in order to research a solution for this problem

and raise awareness among many people. There are factors that affect their failure to

follow personal hygiene behaviour. Knowledge, awareness, training on hygiene and

sanitation, being a member of hygiene and sanitation club, experience of visiting model
 8

school, and parent’s health package status were factors influenced hygiene behavior

[ CITATION Ass14 \l 13321 ] . Assefa and Kumie's results of their study about the assessment of

factors influencing children's hygiene behavior will be utilized as basis to determine

which children who neglects genuine sanitation.

Research Paradigm

This part explains the set of assumptions about how the research study works. The

research paradigm shows the things the researchers need and the things the researchers do

in order to get the exact results of the study. This would guide the researchers output

well.

Figure 1: Factors affecting Children's Personal Hygiene Behaviour

INPUT
* Personal
Information: OUTPUT
a.) Name PROCESS * The perforce of the
b.) Age *Selection of valid children to follow
c.) Grade respondents through proper hygiene.
purposive sampling. *Consciousness of
* Assessment of
Following Proper * Collection of data children about the
Hygiene: through the idea of maintaining
questionnaire proper hygiene.
a.) Knowledge
provided. *Percentage of
b.) Practices
*Interpretation of Children Not
c.) Awareness gathered data. Following Proper
d.) Influences Hygiene Behaviour
e.) Actions

As shown from the table, the data gathering started with the research survey

questionnaire that contains the following information needed from the respondents. The
 9

questionnaire requires the respondents to fill in their personal information such as their

name, age and grade. Along with the questions that are believed to satisfy the statement

of the problem and categorized into the factors that were used as a identifier for the

behavior in general, knowledge, practices, awareness, influences and actions. Once all of

the questionnaires were answered by the target respondents, the data gathering follows a

process in taking notes of each of the respondents remarks and generalizing them into

percentage. From the data collected, thorough interpretation follows. From these

interpretations come results that becomes the outcome of the study as conclusion and

understanding with recommendation.

THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

Statement of the Problem

As young as children can be, their knowledge of certain things are young as well.

Children's little knowledge of everything introduces the term "Curiosity". Being curious

is what motivates the children to explore. The more curious children are, the more likely

they tend to explore things that are beyond our reach. If not taught what are the do's and

don'ts, there is a probability that their actions will become their demise such as sickness

and other terrible outcomes or good outcome but what the thing to do is prevention. In

connection to this, the more informed the children are about the things that lurk around

them, the more they can learn to protect themselves by following proper hygiene. This

study is about the Percentage of Children Negligence to Comprehend Genuine Sanitation.

It aimed to answer the following:

 10

1.) What is the percentage of each factor that contributes to children's behaviour to

neglect genuine sanitation in terms of:

a.) Knowledge

b.) Influences

c.) Practices

d.) Awareness

2.) Do boys have a positive behavior in terms of Hygiene than girls?

3.) What actions should be executed in order to convince children to follow proper

hygiene?

Scope and Limitations

This study was focused on the Children Negligence to Comprehend Genuine

Sanitation. The study was conducted in Barra Elementary School located in Barra, Tudela

Misamis Occidental. This school is known to have students who have less knowledge

about the proper ways of having proper sanitation and personal hygiene. The study covers

a total simple of sixty-five (65) students from the Grades 3 and Grade 4. The students

were chosen through total mass sampling technique. The researchers shall be giving

researcher made questionnaires to form the needed data.

Significance of the Study

 11

This study was expected to provide important information to better understand the

importance of proper hygiene. Thus, the result of this study would contribute to people's

health by making awareness about the bad effects of poor proper hygiene and reduce the

risk associated with poor hygiene practices.

This study would benefit the following:

Students 1. This study would benefit the students for them to identify any

misconception among them regarding the maintenance of personal hygiene.

Teachers 2. This study would benefit the teacher because student's knowledge on

hygiene will also help them be more conscious of the environment and its cleanliness.

Through this, maintaining cleanliness in school will be easier and therefore beneficial to

teachers. It will help retain order in the classroom.

Parents 3.This study would benefit the parents for them to be guided on what are the

things that their children should avoid doing for them to have proper hygiene.

Future Researchers 4.This current study would be useful for future researchers in

the same field. It serves as their guide and would gain additional knowledge about the

topic.

DEFINITION OF TERMS
 12

To provide clarification of the terminologies used in this study, the following

terms are operationally defined:

Negligence to Comprehend Genuine Sanitation is the failure of children to

take care of their selves and become a responsible person. It is the lack of understanding

proper hygiene and the failure to grasp the significance of following it.

Inadequate Sanitation is a major cause of disease world-wide and

improving sanitation is known to have a significant beneficial impact on health. It is

having not enough sanitation of one or having poor sanitation.

Gastro Intestinal Infections are viral, bacterial or parasitic infections that cause

gastroenteritis, an inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract involving both the stomach

and the small intestine. 

Trachoma is the world's leading cause of preventable blindness of infectious

origin (1). Caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis, trachoma is easily spread

through direct personal contact, shared towels and cloths, and flies that have come in

contact with the eyes or nose of an infected person.

Perforce is used to express inevitability or used to say that something is

necessary and must be done such as the importance or the perforce of getting children to

follow proper sanitation.

Surveillance is a close observation of the parents regarding the personal hygiene

of their children.

Outrageous - Children are prone to do unnecessary things in relation to their

proper hygiene in school without their parents taking charge of them.

 13

Occurrence – A disease might exist.

Genuine - actual to follow proper hygiene for a better life.

Empirical - based on, concerned with, or verifiable by observation or experience

rather than theory or pure logic.

Inevitability - the quality of being certain to happen.

Vulnerable - susceptible to physical or emotional attack or harm.

Transmission - the action or process of transmitting something or the state of

being transmitted.

CHAPTER 2

METHOD
 14

This chapter presents the research design, the respondents of the study, sources of

data, data-gathering instruments, scoring procedure, data-gathering procedure, statistical

treatment and ethical considerations that were used in the study.

Research Design

The research design that was used in this study is a quantitative research.

Quantitative research most often uses deductive logic, in which researchers start with

hypotheses and then collect data which can be used to determine whether empirical

evidence to support that hypothesis. This study used non-experimental research design,

specifically descriptive research design. Descriptive research is a study designed to depict

participants in an accurate way. In doing the descriptive research, this study made use of

a survey.

Respondents of the Study

The participants of this research study were the Grades 4 and 3 in enrolled in Barra

Elementary School, Barra, Tudela Misamis Occidental. The sample size of this research

study were 65 participants composed of the grade 3 and grade 4 students. The researchers

will choose the grades 3 and 4 students as the participants of this study it is because the

age range of these grades is where adolescence starts.

 15

Research Instruments

To measure the constructs of the student’s knowledge about proper sanitation, the

researchers of the study used researcher made questionnaires. The questions of the

questionnaires would answer the statement of the problem. The survey-questionnaire

consists of 29-item questions and was divided into sets, based on the factors that

contribute to the children’s behavior to neglect genuine sanitation.

Research Procedure

The study conducted was achieved in a organized and well-thought manner.

Followed by a structured plan, the researchers executed the careful procedure provided.

1. Preliminary Procedures

Before the researchers proceeded to Barra, Tudela, Misamis Occidental, the

researchers were to prepare the important materials to be used during the collection of

data.

2. Gathering of Data

The questionnaires were personally disseminated by the researchers to the

respondents. The researchers gathered the data at Barra Elementary School. They handed

out questionnaires to 65 students from the Grades 3 and 4.

3. Treatment of Data
The researchers analyzed the data gathered by determining what the responses of
the respondents in the questionnaire are whether negative or positive. The researchers
gave emphasis on the decline of it. The researchers determined the number of children
who have showed negative and positive behavior towards hygiene and interpret them as
percentage from the over-all sample size.
 16

4. Ethical Considerations
In conducting the study, the researchers consider honesty in the way that the
gathered data were not changed or altered in any way. The researchers kept all the
important data confidential. The researchers respect anything that has been provided by
the participants and respect the human rights of the respondents including the right to
privacy and autonomy. The data provided by the respondents would not be shared to the
public unless given permission from the respondents. The researchers made sure not to
put the respondents of the study in any risk or harm as a result of their participation and
they made sure of keeping the participants anonymous all throughout the study. The
researchers also considered carefulness in interpreting and gathering data to avoid
careless mistakes in getting the results and findings of the study. The data gathered was
carefully and critically reviewed by the researchers in order to ensure that the results are
credible. The researchers also made sure of keeping important records such as answered
questionnaires and tally results and made sure of reducing any possible harm to both the
participants and other people.

CHAPTER 3

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the presentation, analysis and interpretation of the gathered

data. The data presented in this chapter are arranged according to the factors that

contribute to the children's behaviour to neglect genuine sanitation.

General Behavior of Students towards Genuine Sanitation

The study professed to know the general behavior of students towards genuine
sanitation with regards to the respondents’ gender. The table below presents the general
behavior of each female student towards genuine sanitation.

Table 1

GIRLS’ GENERAL BEHAVIOR TOWARDS GENUINE SANITATION

 17

Frequency (f )
Questions
YES NO
1. Do you like to see a clean surrounding? 28 0
2. Does it affect you if you haven’t clean or prepare (magpagwapa/magpagwapo) 25 3
yourself in a day?
3. Do you say no to games that involves being dirty? 14 14
4. Do you care if other children has a dirty appearance? 11 17
5. Do you arrange or organize your things? 27 1
TOTAL 105 35
PERCENTAGE 75% 25%

The general behavior of each female student towards genuine sanitation is

presented in table 1. It showed that 75 % of the girls’ population answered yes, which

implies that they are obliged to follow genuine sanitation and they observe good proper

hygiene. This also means that there is a percentage of girls which is 25% that is not

obliged to follow proper hygiene. This shows that 25% of the girl’s population are

vulnerable to a range of health risks and is most likely to become victims of disease

transmission that could cause them harm. Table 1 shows the behavior of the girls in

observing and following proper hygiene in their lives.

According to Obdina, Ramos, & Enot (2013), they have found effects of

insufficient sanitation. Among it, Intestinal Parasitic Infestation plays as the most harmful

results they have acquired as it could be painful for a child to carry at a young age. Which

gives emphasis that genuine sanitation should be enforced. This shows that children or

students should observe regular or daily habits of following and maintaining good and

proper hygiene in their lives. The table below shows the general behavior of boys

towards genuine sanitation.

Table 2

BOYS’ GENERAL BEHAVIOR TOWARDS GENUINE SANITATION

 18

Frequency (f )
Questions YES NO
1. Do you like to see a clean surrounding? 36 1
2. Does it affect you if you haven’t clean or prepare (magpagwapa/magpagwapo) 32 5
yourself in a day?
3. Do you say no to games that involves being dirty? 22 15
4. Do you care if other children has a dirty appearance? 18 19
5. Do you arranged or organized your things? 30 7
TOTAL 138 47
PERCENTAGE 75% 25%
Table 2 shows the behavior of each male student towards genuine sanitation.
There are 75% of the boy’s population who follows proper hygiene and is obliged to do
so and the remaining 25% are at high risk of contacting parasitic organisms especially
when exposed to a unstable environment. Therefore, the researchers have concluded that
it is possible that boys, even at their young age, could be as hygienic as the girls based
form sample size used. However, there are still boys who do not discipline their selves in
following genuine sanitation and exposed to harmful diseases. Based on the results the
boys and the girl’s percentage are equal which means both gender have the same
percentage of positive behavior in terms of hygiene.

Students’ Knowledge of Comprehending Genuine Sanitation

Having knowledge about following genuine sanitation is an important factor.

Knowledge about comprehending genuine sanitation is an important factor of following
genuine sanitation. This will determine whether they know and are capable of
comprehending genuine sanitation. The lesser knowledge about genuine sanitation a
person has, their presentation of their hygienic behavior becomes unpleasant. As part of
the statement of the problem, this section is focused more on the negative results as the
aim is to determine the Percentage of Children Negligence to Comprehend Genuine
Sanitation.

Table 3
KNOWLEDGE OF COMPREHENDING GENUINE SANIATION
Frequency (f )
Questions
of NO
1. Do you know when to brush your teeth? 2
2. Do you know how to wash your hands? 4
 19

3. Do you know how to properly fix or prepare ( magpagwapa/ magpagwapo )

yourself? 11
4. Do you think you should change your underwear daily? 10
5. Do you know when to wash your hands? 0
TOTAL 27
PERCENTAGE 2%

Table 4 presents the percentage of the students who have less knowledge on

comprehending genuine sanitation. Out of the overall population, only 2% was identified

as students who have less knowledge on how to follow proper hygiene. This could be due

to the things they learned from their parents regarding proper hygiene which was not

applied. Since, it is not guaranteed that simply telling them what to do in terms of

hygiene will immediately be applied into their daily lives. Proper knowledge and

practices of personal hygiene plays critical role in avoiding communicable diseases and

benefit the primary school children to enjoy healthy and productive school life [ CITATION

Gha16 \l 13321 ].

Hygiene practices are heavily influenced by students’ knowledge and attitudes

towards hygiene or sanitation [ CITATION MrB11 \l 13321 ] this shows that knowledge

about proper hygiene can best be taught to children through learning with application.

Students’ Influences of Comprehending Genuine Sanitation

Influence, along with knowledge, is another factor of identifying students who

neglected to comprehend Genuine Sanitation. If a student is well-oriented about an action
by a certain person who they always come across, then it is a guarantee that they are able
 20

to comprehend genuine sanitation. This implies that they have acknowledged the
influences being taught to them by other people. This will determine the percentage of
the students’ who neglect the influences being taught to them by other people.

Table 4
INFLUENCES OF COMPREHENDING GENUINE SANIATION
Frequency (f )
Questions
of NO
1. Did your parents teach you on how to wash your hands? 1
2. Did your family teach you on how to properly clean your body? 1
3. Did your parents teach you how to clean your surroundings? 3
4. Have you been taught how to properly wash your hands daily at your school? 2
TOTAL 7
PERCENTAGE 0.4%
Table 5 presents the children’s lack of influence regarding following proper

sanitation and good personal hygiene. This focuses only on the percentage of students’

who neglect to follow the influences being taught to them. It shows that 0.1% of the

overall population failed to comprehend genuine sanitation in terms of influence and

shows how simply telling children what to do in terms of hygiene will not immediately

be applied into their lives. Therefore probable actions that could effectively convince

children to follow proper hygiene must be conducted.

Students’ Practices towards Comprehending Genuine Sanitation

Practice is another factor of comprehending Genuine Sanitation. It shows that a

student who frequently performs actions of sanitation implies that they are well-oriented

and are obliged to follow genuine sanitation. The more frequent a student practices, the

more appealing they are to other people's eyes as they can be labeled as a hygienic

person. The table below presents the percentages of students’ practices towards

comprehending genuine sanitation.

 21

Table 5
PRACTICES OF COMPREHENDING GENUINE SANIATION

Questions Never Once Twice

1. How many times do you brush your teeth in a day? 9 11 28
2. How many times do you take a bath in a day? 3 19 12
3. How many times do you wash your hands in a day? 8 7 28
4. How many times do you take a poop (malibang) in a day? 2 28 8
5. How many times do you clean (prepare, or fix) yourself in 7 12 18
a day?
TOTAL 33 133 159
PERCENTAGE 2% 9% 10%
Table 6 presents the percentages of students’ practices towards comprehending

genuine sanitation. It showed that 3% of the children’s population answered never which

presents that these children who answered never lacks practice in observing proper

hygiene. The 10% answered once which means that they practice these behaviors once a

day and therefore has observed enough proper hygiene. Column number 3 shows the

number of students who answered twice, 12% of the population answered twice which

means they observe good proper hygiene daily.

Students’ Actions that Contributes to Genuine Sanitation

Actions would be a factor to determine whether how to motivate the children to

follow proper hygiene more. This helps determine whether they are obliged to
comprehend genuine sanitation and give out their perspective about it caused by certain
motivators in doing so. It focuses more on what action should be done in order to
motivate children to follow proper hygiene. The table below shows the percentage of the
students’ who neglect to comprehend an action that contributes to genuine sanitation.
Table 6
STUDENTS’ ACTIONS THAT CONTRIBUTES TO GENUINE SANITATION

Frequency
Questions
(f ) of NO
1. If your parents told you to clean yourself many times, would you follow them? 2
2. Will you be motivated to clean if there flyers that keep reminding you to do so? 6
 22

3. Will you follow proper cleaning if you are shown the correct way to do it? 3
4. If your see pictures of children cleaning or children who are clean, are you inspired
to follow them? 4
5. If there is a group that would teach you how to clean yourself correctly would you
follow their teachings? 3
TOTAL 18
PERCENTAGE 1%

Table 7 shows the percentage of the students’ who neglect to comprehend an

action that contributes to genuine sanitation. The frequency of students who answered
negatively to the question is 1 % of the totality of the Grades 3 and 4 this will determine
the level of their hygienic behavior. This table presents the percentage of children who
neglect to take action in observing proper hygiene and 6 children out of the total
population neglect to wash their hands before eating.

Students’ Awareness towards Genuine Sanitation

Awareness is another important factor in terms of proper hygiene. It talks about

how the children are aware of their surroundings and whether they know what are the

possible things, that might happen to them if they do not know how it can affect them.

This determines whether they know what are the possible things they can do in order for

them to forestall diseases and know what behaviors might affect their health. The table

below shows the percentage of the students’ awareness towards genuine sanitation.

Table 7
STUDENTS’ AWARENESS TOWARDS GENUINE SANITATION

Frequency
Questions
(f ) of NO
1. Are you aware that illness and sickness can be transferred by dirty hands? 25
2. Are you aware that there are harmful bacteria in your surroundings? 17
3. If you have a cough, do you know when you cough you get to pass (takod) it to
16
other children?
4. Do you know that your ears get oily (basa) if not treated well (hinloanugmaayo) ? 8
5. Do you know that diseases can easily get inside your body if you do not keep
16
yourself clean?
TOTAL 82
 23

PERCENTAGE 5%

Table 8 presents the percentage of students’ awareness towards proper hygiene.

The frequency of students who answered negatively to the questions is 5% of the totality

of the Grades 3 and 4. This shows us that there are still children who are unaware of the

possible things that might happen to them if they have less knowledge towards proper

hygiene. This shows us that possible things they can do in order for them to forestall

diseases and know what behaviors might affect their health. The table below shows the

percentage of the students’ awareness towards genuine sanitation.

Figure 2: Percentage of Factors contributing to Children's Negligence to Comprehend

Genuine Sanitation

Throughout the whole data analysis, the researchers found out that majority of the

sample size, regardless of their gender, has given positive remarks towards Proper

Hygiene which is 89.60% of the sample size which means that majority of the children

did comprehend genuine sanitation. However, the remaining 10.4% is the percentage that

represented children who neglect to follow genuine sanitation and was categorized by
 24

factors that caused their negligence. 2% of the sample size has less knowledge of it and

was unable to comprehend its importance. 2% of the sample size was the cause of their

practices; they do not practice hygienic activities nor oblige to do so. Influence was also

mentioned as a possible factor but based on the results, only 0.40% was found. Among

the four factors, Awareness got the highest percentage that contributed to the negligence

of proper hygiene as 5% of the sample size did answer so. Action was also counted as a

factor and has 1% as a result. It shows that 1% of the sample size is not motivated to

follow proper hygiene given the actions provided which add another number to the total

percentage. Therefore, among the total population of Grade 3 and 4 classes and majority

of which who have given a positive result, there are still a few percentages that give out a

negative response.

Along with factors introduced, the boys have a higher percentage showing

positive behavior than the girls basing from the results the researchers had found.

Specifically, 42% of the boys and 32% of the girls have shown positive remarks towards

proper hygiene.
 25

CHAPTER 4

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary of Findings

The purpose of the study was to explore and investigate the Percentage of

Children Negligence to Comprehend Genuine Sanitation. Using the Descriptive research

design, 65 respondents answered the questionnaire on October 6, 2017.

In answer to the sub-problem 1.) What is the percentage of each factor that

contributes to children's behavior to neglect genuine sanitation in terms of: a. Knowledge,

b. Influences, c. Practices, and d. Awareness 2.) Do boys have a positive behavior in

terms of Hygiene than girls?; 3.) What actions should be executed in order to convince

children to follow proper hygiene?, these findings were made:

1. Summary of Finding 1 : There are still children who have neglected and lack
knowledge about performing proper hygiene daily and regularly.
2. Summary of Finding 2 : Both genders share equal percentage in each of their

sample size and therefore, equally give positive behavior towards proper hygiene.

3. Summary of Findings 3 : Among the factors that contributed to children

neglecting to follow proper hygiene, Awareness has the highest percentage.

Which means that children are still oblivious to things in their surroundings that

may cause harm to them if they are not careful.

4. Summary of Findings 4 : Some children would not wash their hands in a day.
 26

5. Summary of Finding 5 : Based on the results it was found that out of the total

sample size, 9 children would never brush their teeth daily.

6. Summary of Findings 6: Based from the results of the study, a total of 25 students

were unaware illness and sickness can be transferred by dirty hands.

7. Summary of Findings 7 : A total of 17 students answered that they are unaware

that there are harmful bacteria in their surroundings.

8. Summary of Findings 8: Based from the results 16 students were unaware that

they can pass diseases which can easily get inside a person’s body when coughing

also diseases can easily get inside a person’s body when the person do not keep

himself/herself clean.

9. Summary of Findings 9 : There is still a total 10.4% of children who neglect to

follow genuine sanitation and was categorized by factors that caused their

negligence

10. Summary of Findings 10: The researchers found out that majority of the sample

size, regardless of their gender, has given positive remarks towards Proper

Hygiene which is 89.60% of the sample size which means that majority of the

children did comprehend genuine sanitation.

Conclusion

Based on the major findings, the following are concluded:

1. There are more female respondents than males.

2. Both genders are obliged to follow proper hygiene.
3. 92% of the sample followed genuine sanitation for they have the knowledge in
how to perform it.
4. 98% of the sample knows how to follow and apply proper hygiene due to
influences.
 27

5. 5. 29% of the sample perform actions of sanitation thrice daily, it implies that they
are well-oriented and are obliged to follow genuine sanitation. 71% of the sample
does less frequent practices or actions of sanitation.
6. 11% of the total sample size has less habit of following genuine sanitation. They
have less action on performing actions to comprehend genuine sanitation.
7. 25 % of the sample size have less awareness on what's the impact of lacking

knowledge or actions of proper hygiene and genuine sanitation.

Recommendation

Based on the findings and conclusions, these are the pedagogical and research-

based recommendations of the study:

1. Recommendation 1. Teach children how to perform proper hygiene.

2. Recommendation 2. Monitor daily children’s actions regarding genuine and
proper sanitation.

3. Recommendation 3. For future studies, the researchers recommend that the

difference between the boys’ and girls’ behaviors towards following genuine
sanitation should be further studied.
4. Recommendation 4. For the parents of the respondents, they should serve as role
models for their children through maintaining cleanliness in their household.
5. Recommendation 5. For the teachers of the respondents, they should also serve as
role models to their students as they are their second parents. They should
maintain cleanliness inside their classroom and in their school.
 28

Reference
Akter T, A. A. (2013, April 15). FFactors influencing knowledge and practice of hygiene
in Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) programme areas of Bangladesh Rural
Advancement Committee. Retrieved August 6, 2017, from Rural and Remote Health:
http://research.brac.net/journal%20articles/factor.pdf
Assefa, M., & Kumie, A. (2014, September 26). Assessment of factors influencing
hygiene behaviour among school children in Mereb-Leke District, Northern Ethiopia: a
cross-sectional study. Retrieved August 5, 2017, from NCBI:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4190334/
Balazo, T., Cabaitan, D., Cuevas, M., Rabanzo, A., & Rasoma, D. (2017). The Effects of
Having Poor Classroom Hygiene to Grade 7-10 in La Salle University - Integrated
School S.Y. 2016-2017. Ozamiz CIty: La Salle University.
Elledge, M. F. (2003, May). Sanitation Policies . Retrieved September 17, 2017, from
Pacific Community:
http://www.pacificwater.org/userfiles/file/IWRM/Toolboxes/institutional
%20reform/sanpolicy.pdf
 29

Gelaye, M. B. (2011, April 13). Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) of Hygiene
among School Children in Angolela, Ethiopia. Retrieved January 10, 2018, from
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3075961/
Ghanim, M., Dash, N., Abdullah, B., Issa, H., Albarazi, R., & Al Saheli, Z. (2016).
Knowledge and Practice of Persona; Hygiene among Primary School Students in
Sharjah-UAE. Retrieved January 10, 2018, from Scientific & Academic Publishing:
article.sapub.org/10.5923.j.health.20160605.01.html
GrossArchives. (2017). BASIC PERSONAL HYGIENE KNOWLEDGE AND
PRACTICES AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN IN EGOR LOCAL
GOVERNMENT AREA OF EDO STATE. Retrieved September 17, 2017, from
GrossArchive.com: https://www.grossarchive.com/project/1276/BASIC-PERSONAL-
HYGIENE-KNOWLEDGE-AND-PRACTICES-AMONG-PRIMARY-SCHOOL-
CHILDREN-IN-EGOR-LOCAL-GOVERNMENT-AREA-OF-EDO-STATE.html
Mack, P. (2006, November). Assessment of Appropriate Sanitation Technologies in a
Development Context. Retrieved September 17, 2017, from The University of Western
Austalia:
http://www.web.uwa.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/1637473/Mack_2008.pdf
Nefer , B. (2011, July 18). What Is Personal Hygiene for Kids? Retrieved December 4,
2017, from Live Strong: https://www.livestrong.com/article/104991-personal-hygiene-
kids/
Obdina, P. H., Ramos, S. E., & Enot, J. J. (2013). Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic
Infestation Among Preschool Children in Brother Martin Simpson Laboratory School.
Ozamiz City: La Salle University Library.
Sarkar, M. (2013, September). Personal hygiene among primary school children living in
a slum of Kolkata, India. Retrieved September 17, 2017, from NCBI:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4718376/
WHO & UNICEF. (2004, August). THE JOINT MONITORING PROGRAMME.
Retrieved September 18, 2017, from World Health Organization:
http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/jmp04_5.pdf?ua=1
WHO. (2000). The World Health Report 2000. Retrieved September 17, 2017, from
World Health Organization: http://www.who.int/whr/2000/en/whr00_en.pdf?ua=1
 30

APPENDICES

Appendix A (Survey Questionnaire)

PERCENTAGE OF CHILDREN NEGLIGENCE TO

COMPREHEND GENUINE SANITATION
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

Name (Optional): _________________________________________ Gender:_____ Age: ____

Grade & Section:_______

Instructions: Answer the following questions given. Choose the answer that best fits you and
write check (✔) on the box provided in each question.

GENERAL
Questions YES NO
6. Do you like to see a clean surrounding?
7. Does it affect you if you haven’t clean or prepare
 31

(magpagwapa/magpagwapo) yourself in a day?

8. Do you say no to games that involves being dirty?
9. Do you care if other children has a dirty appearance?
10. Do you arranged or organized your things?

KNOWLEDGE
Questions YES NO
1. Do you know when to brush your teeth?
2. Do you know how to wash your hands?
3. Do you know how to properly fix or prepare ( magpagwapa/
magpagwapo ) yourself?
4. Do you think you should change your underwear daily?
5. Do you know when to wash your hands?

INFLUENCE
Questions YES NO
1. Did your parents teach you on how to wash your hands?
2. Did your family teach you on how to properly clean your body?
3. Did your parents teach you how to clean your surroundings?
4. Have you been taught how to properly wash your hands daily at your
school?

Answer the following questions through writing a check (✔)on the box that best fits your
answer and indicate if your answer is not in the given choices.

PRACTICES
Questions Never Once Twice
1. How many times do you brush your teeth in a day?
2. How many times do you take a bath in a day?
3. How many times do you wash your hands in a day?
4. How many times do you take a poop (malibang) in a day?
5. How many times do you clean (prepare, or fix) yourself in a
day?
ACTIONS
Questions YES NO
6. If your parents told you to clean yourself many times, would you follow
them?
7. Will you be motivated to clean if there flyers that keep reminding you to
do so?
8. Will you follow proper cleaning if you are shown the correct way to do it?
9. If your see pictures of children cleaning or children who are clean, are you
inspired to follow them?
10. If there is a group that would teach you how to clean yourself correctly
would you follow their teachings?

AWARENESS
 32

Questions YES NO
6. Are you aware that illness and sickness can be transferred by dirty hands?
7. Are you aware that there are harmful bacteria in your surroundings?
8. If you have a cough, do you know when you cough you get to pass (takod)
it to other children?
9. Do you know that your ears get oily (basa) if not treated well (hinloan ug
maayo) ?
10. Do you know that diseases can easily get inside your body if you do not
keep yourself clean?

Appendix B

(Documentation)
33
34
35
36
37
 38

CURRICULUM VITAE

INAH KRIZIA O. LAGUE

Purok – 2 Sebac, Tudela
7202 Misamis Occidental, PHL
Mobile Phone: 09300280466
Email: inahkrizia.lague@lsu.edu.ph

Education Attainment

Secondary Level Senior High School

Lycee St. John Baptiste De La Salle
La Salle University
Ozamiz City [June 2016 – Present]
Junior High School
FMC MA School
Ozamiz City [June 2012 –March 2016]

Elementary Level FMC MA School

Ozamiz City [June 2006 – March 2012]
 39

KATHLYN CLAIRE P. OLEGARIO

#121 Pereyra Village, Maningcol, Ozamiz City
7200 Misamis Occidental, PHL
Mobile Phone: 09773362173
Email: kathlynclaire.olegario@lsu.edu.ph

Education Attainment

Secondary Level Senior High School

Lycee St. John Baptiste De La Salle
La Salle University
Ozamiz City [June 2016 – Present]
Junior High School
FMC MA School
Ozamiz City [June 2012 – March 2016]

Elementary Level FMC MA School

Ozamiz City [June 2006 – March 2012]
 40

JULIE MARIE S. PAVADORA

Purok – 1 Upper Centro, Tudela
7202 Misamis Occidental, PHL
Mobile Phone: 09300279870
Email: juliemarie.pavadora@lsu.edu.ph

Education Attainment

Secondary Level Senior High School

Lycee St. John Baptiste De La Salle
La Salle University
Ozamiz City [June 2016 – Present]
Junior High School
La Salle University – Integrated School
Ozamiz City [June 2012 – March 2016]

Elementary Level La Salle University – Integrated School

Ozamiz City [June 2006 – March 2012]
 41

JHUN ANGELO L. SIMBAJON

Lupagan, Clarin
7201 Misamis Occidental, PHL
Mobile Phone: 09196249776
Email: jhunangelo.simbajon@lsu.edu.ph

Education Attainment

Secondary Level Senior High School

Lycee St. John Baptiste De La Salle
La Salle University
Ozamiz City [June 2016 – Present]
Junior High School
Holy Child High School
Clarin, Mis. Occ. [June 2012 – March 2016]

Elementary Level Mialin Central School

Clarin, Mis. Occ. [June 2006 – March 2012]
 42

CHRYSOPRASE P. TIU
Purok – 2 Carangan, Ozamiz City
7200 Misamis Occidental, PHL
Mobile Phone: 09495696032
Email: chrysoprase.tiu@lsu.edu.ph

Education Attainment

Secondary Level Senior High School

Lycee St. John Baptiste De La Salle
La Salle University
Ozamiz City [June 2016 – Present]
Junior High School
La Salle University – Integrated School
Ozamiz City [June 2012 – March 2016]

Elementary Level Ozamiz City Central School

Ozamiz City [June 2006 – March 2012]
 43

JULJANE C. TUMAMPOS
Purok – 1 Sebac, Tudela
7202 Misamis Occidental, PHL
Mobile Phone: 09308952547
Email: juljane.tumampos@lsu.edu.ph

Education Attainment

Secondary Level Senior High School

Lycee St. John Baptiste De La Salle
La Salle University
Ozamiz City [June 2016 – Present]
Junior High School
San Isidro Academy of Tudela Incorporated
Upper Centro, Tudela Mis. Occ.
[June 2012 – March 2016]

Elementary Level Tudela Central School

Centro Napu, Tudela Mis. Occ.
[June 2006 – March 2016]
44