INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

Submitted by

ANKISH GAUTAM
(University Roll No.:- 1702940801)

Undergone at

National Capital Power Station

DADRI (Uttar Pradesh)

Submitted to

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

KIET GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
GHAZIABAD
UP-201206

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 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

It is certified that the Industrial Training Report is a work of ANKISH

GAUTAM University Roll No.: 1702940801 from KIET Group of
Institutions Ghaziabad who carried out the work in NTPC-Dadri,
Noida- Uttar Pradesh.

Ms. Smriti Mishra Dr. KLA Khan

Class Coordinator- 7A Head of Department
Department of Mechanical
Engineering
KIET Group of Institutions

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CERTIFICATION

3
 ABSTARCT

I would like to thank NTPC DADRI for providing me a golden opportunity to

work with them. The support and the environment provided to me during my
project was more than what anyone would have expected. I am very grateful to
Mrs. RACHNA BHAL (H.R.) who granted me the opportunity of working as a
trainee at mechanical division of power engineering. I would also like to thanks
Mr. MANMOHAN SINGH (DY.MANAGER), Mr. G.D SHARMA
(TRAINING COORDINATOR) and my instructors of B.M.D., P.A.M., T.M.D.
and divisions without them I would not be able to perform such a delightful job.
And at last I would like to thanks all the people involved in the training
that helped me in accomplishing it in such a wonderful way.

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 CONTENTS

TOPIC PAGE NO.

1. CHAPTER 1 ABOUT N.T.P.C………………………………………………

(NATIONAL THERMAL POWER CORPORATION)
1.1 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………….
1.2 POWER GENERATION…………………………………………..........
1.3 INSTALLED CAPACITY……………………………………………...
1.4 NTPC POWER STATIONS IN INDIA………………………................

2. ABOUT NTPC DADRI…………………………………………………………….

(NATIONAL THERMAL POWER STATION- DADRI)
2.1 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………..……..
2.2 BASIC POWER PLANT………………………………………..………

3. ABOUT PAM………………………………………………………………..
(PLANT AUXILIARY MAINTENANCE DEPARTMENT)
3.1 THEORY OF CIRCULATION OF WATER…………………..………..
3.2 ASH HANDLING PLANT………………………………………………
3.3 CSP HOUSE……………………………………………………………..
3.4 WATER TREATMENT PLANT………………………………………..

4. ABOUT TMD……………………………………………………………….
(TURBINE MAINTENANCE DEPARTMENT)
4.1 STEAM TURBINE THEORY…………………………………...............
4.2 STEAM CYCLE………………………………………………………….
4.3 TURBINE CLASSIFICATION…………………………………………..
4.4 TURBINE CYCLE……………………………………………………….
4.5 DESCRIPTION OF MAIN TURBINE…………………………………...
4.6 TURBINE AUXILLIARIES AND THEIR   ARRANGEMENT………...

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CHAPTER 1: ABOUT NTPC

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The year 1975 witnessed the birth of an organization that went on to achieve great feats in
performance in a sector that was then, characterized largely by lack of investment, severe
supply shortages and operational practices that mad the commercial viability of the sector
unsustainable.
NTPC symbolized hop of the country suffering from crippling power black-outs, the
Government of India, which was trying to pull an ailing, economy back on the track and he
World Bank, which was supporting the country in many development initiatives. Thus,
NTPC was created not only redraw the power map of India but also excel in is performance
and se benchmarks for others to follow. It succeeded on both counts.
Today with an installed capacity of 39,174 MW, NTPC contributes one fourth of the
Nations Power generation, with only one fifth of India total installed capacity. An ISO
9001:2000 Certified company, it is world world`s 10 th largest power generation in the world,
3rd largest in the Asia. NTPC is #1 independent Power Producer (IPP) IN THE WORLD.
Also it is 384th largest company in the world (FORBES 2011).
It is one of the largest Indian companies in terms of market cap. The corporation recorded
a generation of 222.07 billion unit (BUS) IN 2011-2012; through 16 coal based and 7 gas
based power plant spread all over the country and also has 07 plants in joint venture. Rated as
one of the best company to work for in India, it has developed into a multi-location and
multi-fuel company over the past three decades.

1.2 POWER GENERATION

Presently, NTPC generates power from Coal and Gas. With an installed capacity of
39,174 MW, NTPC is the largest power generating major in the country. It has also
diversified into hydro power, coal mining, power equipment manufacturing, oil and gas
exploration, power trading and distribution. With an increasing presence in the power value
chain, NTPC is well on its way to becoming an “Integrating Power Major.”

1.3 INSTALLD CAPACITY

Be it the generating capacity or plant performance or operational efficiency, NTPC’s

Installed Capacity and performance depicts the company’s outstanding performance across a
number of parameters.

TABLE: INSTALLED CAPACITY

NTPC OWNED NO. OF PLANTS CAPACITY(MW)

COAL 16 30,855
GAS/LIQUID FUEL 7 3,955

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 TOTAL 23 34,810
OWNED BY JVs
COAL AND GAS 7 4,364
TOTAL 30 39,174

1.3 POWER STATIONS IN INDIA

TABLE: GAS BASED

SR. PROJECT STATE INST. CAPACITY(MW)

NO.
1. NTPC ANTA RAJASTAN 413
2. NTPC AURAIYA UP 652
3. NTPC KAWAS GUJARAT 645
4. NTPC DADRI UP 817
5. NTPC JHANOR GUJARAT 648
6. NTPC KAYAMKULAM KERALA 350
7. NTPC FARIDABAD HARYANA 430
TOTAL 3955

TABLE COAL BASED

Sr. No. PROJECT STATE INSTALLED

CAPACITY
1. SINGRAULI SUPER THERMAL POWER UTTARPRADESH 2000
STATION
2., NTPC KORBA 2,600
CHHATTISGARH

3. NTPC RAMAGUNDAM ANDHRA 2,600

PRADESH
4. FARAKKA SUPER THERMAL POWER WEST BENGAL 2,100
STATION
5. NTPC VINDHYACHAL MADHYA 3,760
PRADESH
6. RIHAND THERMAL POWER STATION UTTAR PRADESH 2,500
7. KAHALGAON SUPER THERMAL BIHAR 2.340
POWER STATION
8. NTPC DADRI UTTAR PRADESH 1,820
9. NTPC TALCHER KANIHA ORISSA 3,000
10. FEROZE GANDHI UNCHAHAR UTTAR PRADESH 1,050
THERMAL POWER PLANT
11. TALCHER THERMAL POWER ORISSA 460
STATION
12. SIMHADRI SUPER THERMAL POWER ANDHRA 1,500

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 PLANT PRADESH
13. TANDA THERMAL POWER PLANT UTTAR PRADESH 440
14. BADARPUR THERMAL POWER PLANT DELHI 705
15. SIPAT THERMAL POWER PLANT CHHATTISGARH 2,980
16. NTPC ASSAM 750
BONGAIGAON (COMMISSIONING 2013
ONWARDS )
17. NTPC MOUDA (1 UNIT 500 MW IS MAHARASHTRA 1,000
COMMISSIONED IN APRIL 2012 )
18. RIHAND THERMAL POWER UTTAR PRADESH 500
STATION (ERECTION PHASE)
19. NTPC BARH (COMMISSIONING 2013 BIHAR 3,300
ONWARDS )
TOTAL 31,995

CHAPTER 2: ABOUT NTPC DADRI

2.1INTRODUCTION

SALIENT FEATURES:

i) Type of Station : Combined Cycle Power Plant

ii) Station Capacity : 817 MW(2(131 x2+146.5))130.5+154.51
iii) Fuel : Main - Natural Gas
Alternate fule - HSD
iv) Source, Gas Transportation : Hazira
Consumption : Through HBJ Pipe Line 4.0 MCMD
v) Cooling Water source : Upper Gange Canal Dehra
headwork. During closer of UGC
through network of tubewells.
vi) Start-up Power : Black Start DG set 2.6 MVA
capacity.
vii) Heat rate- open cycle : 2692 Kw / Kwh
Combined cycle : 1748 Kw / Kwh
Specific Gas : Open cycle - 0.3167m3/ Kwh
Consumption : Combined Cycle - 0.205m3/ Kwh
viii) HP/LP bypass capacity : 100% MCR

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 (for steam turbine only)

ix) Efficiency
Open cycle : 32%
Combined cycle : 48.33%
Time required form barring
Speed to synchronisation : 4 min
Time required form synchronisation
To base load at normal Gradient : 16 min.
At Fast Gradient : 9 min.

The National Thermal Power Capital - Dadri has an installed capacity of 817 MW. The
main plant equipment was supplied by M/S. BHEL. The boiler of Stage-1 (3×95)MW units
are of CZECHOSOLOVAKIAN design and that of 210 MW units are of COMBUSTION
ENGINEERING design. The Turbo-alternators, supplied by M/S BHEL, are of RUSSIAN
design and Control and Instrumentation for Stage-1 (3×95) and Stage-2 units are mostly of
RUSSIAN design and for Stage-3 are of KENT design and supplies by M/S Instrumentation
Ltd., KOTA.

TABLE: BTP CAPACITY

STAGE UNIT INT. CAPACITY(MW) DATE OF STATUS

NUMBER COMMISSIONING
First 1 95 July, 1973 Running
First 2 95 August, 1974 Running
First 3 95 March, 1975 Running
Second 4 210 December, 1978 Running
Second 5 210 December, 1981 Running

2.2 BASIC THERMAL POWER PLANT

In thermal generating plants, fuel is converted into thermal energy to heat water, making
steam. The steam turns an engine (turbine), creating mechanical energy to run a generator.
Magnets turn inside the generator, producing electric energy.
Coal, oil and gas are used to make thermal electricity. They all work basically the same way
(with a few exceptions: for example, in an oil- or gas-fired plant, fuel is piped to the boiler).
 Coal supply — after haulers drop off the coal, a set of crushers and conveyors prepare
and deliver the coal to the power plant. When the plant needs coal, coal “hoppers”
crush coal to a few inches in size and conveyor belts bring the coal inside.

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 Coal pulverize —the belts dump coal into a huge bin (pulverize), which reduces the
coal to a fine powder. Hot air from nearby fans blows the powdered coal into huge
furnaces (boilers).

 Boiler — The boiler walls are lined with many kilometers of pipe filled with water. As
soon as the coal enters the boiler, it instantly catches fire and burns with high intensity
(the temperatures inside the furnace may climb to 1,300° C). This heat quickly boils
the water inside the pipes, changing it into steam.

 Precipitators and stack — As the coal burns, it produces emissions (carbon dioxide,
sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) and ash.The gases, together with the lighter ash
(fly ash), are vented from the boiler up the stack. Huge air filters called electrostatic
precipitators remove nearly all the fly ash before it is released into the atmosphere. The
heavier ash (bottom ash) collects in the bottom of the boilers and is removed.

 Turbine and generator — Meanwhile, steam moves at high speed to the turbines,
massive drums with hundreds of blades turned at an angle, like the blades of a fan. As
jets of high-pressure steam emerge from the pipes, they propel the blades, causing the
turbine to spin rapidly. A metal shaft connects the turbine to a generator. As the turbine
turns, it causes an electro-magnet to turn inside coils of wire in the generator. The
spinning magnet puts electrons in motion inside the wires, creating electricity.

 Condensers and cooling water system — Next, the steam exits the turbines and
passes over cool tubes in the condenser. The condensers capture the used steam and
transform it back to water. The cooled water is then pumped back to the boiler to repeat
the heating process. At the same time, water is piped from a reservoir or river to keep
the condensers constantly cool. This cooling water, now warm from the heat exchange
in the condensers, is released from the plant.

 Water purification — To reduce corrosion, plants purify water for use in the boiler
tubes. Wastewater is also treated and pumped out to holding ponds.

 Ash systems — Ash is removed from the plant and hauled to disposal sites or ash
lagoons. Ash is also sold for use in manufacturing cement.

 Transformer and transmission lines — transformers increase the voltage of the

electricity generated. Transmission lines then carry the electricity at high voltages from
the plant to substations in cities and towns.

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Elements of a coal fired thermal power plant

1. Cooling tower 10. Steam Control valve 19.Superheater

11. High pressure
2. Cooling water pump 20. Forced draught (draft)fan
steam turbine
3. transmission line (3-phase) 12. Deaerator 21. Reheater
4. Step-up transformer
13. Feedwater heater 22.Combustion air intake
(3- phase)
5. Electrical generator (3-
14.Coal conveyor 23.Economiser
phase)
6. Low pressure steam turbine 15.Coal hopper 24. Air preheater
7. Condensate pump 16. Coal pulverizer 25.Precipitator
26. Induced draught
8. Surface condenser 17. Boiler steam drum
(draft)fan
9. Intermediate
18. Bottom ash hopper 27. Flue gas stack
pressure steam turbine

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CHAPTER 3: PROCESSES OF GENERATING ELECTRICITY

3.1 COAL TO ELECTRICITY

We will see how the whole process of generation of electricity from the initial stage i.e. when
coal burns. For burning the coal we require three T’s as shown in diagram below.

Unless until these three T’s are well in proportion fire or combustion of source of
chemical energy cannot take place. For providing a suitable atmosphere for combustion we
take help of well-designed furnace for given fuel in which after combustion of fuel heat is
released. And this heat energy is transported through a medium i.e. steam.

The essential components of the plant are:

 Boiler
 Steam turbine couples with electric generator
 The condenser
 The pump to send back condensed water to boiler
Now let us have close look of the working of each equipment’s of thermal power plant.

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 Feed water enters the boiler at the high pressure and low temperature and it is converted
into high pressure and high temperature. Steam in the boiler. The heat required to
convert feed water to steam is obtained from the heat released from the combustion of
fuels burned in the furnace.
 High pressure and high temperature steam from the boiler passes through the turbine
blades and expands from boiler pressure, to the condenser pressure. The work
performed in this process is transmitted through the shaft to the shaft of the electric
generator, where the mechanical energy is converted to electrical energy.
 The low pressure and low temperature exhaust steam from turbine is condensed into
water in a condenser. The heat removal for condensation is done by cooling water
through circulating water pumps.
 The condensate from the condenser is pumped, by the boiler feed pump (B.F.P) as high
pressure and low temperature water which is feed to boiler.

The following medium for thermal power plant cycle is steam and before we go into
the details of the steam power cycle, we should know about steam. The use of steam can be
traced back as far 56 AD when it provided the mysterious- motive-power of Greek temple
after the sacred fires had been lit. It may have been used even earlier for the same purpose
by Egyptians but it was not until 1712 that any development of an industrial nature took
place.
In those pioneer days of boiler development the life of an operator was not without
dangers because explosions were frequent. This led to the development of steam generators
and also the establishment of the excellent codes of safety which we know today.We used
coals as fuel for the generation of heat energy. As the water in the Boiler evaporated due to
the intense heat, it becomes high-pressurized steams.
And the steams are passing through a conduit (there is a turbine at the other end of
the tunnel), it forces its way through the Turbine, thus rotating the Turbine. (As the steams
are high- pressurized, the Turbine will rotate very fast). The Turbine is connected to a
Generator via a coupler. As the Turbine is rotating (from the force of the steams), electrical
energy is being produced.
After the steams have passed through the turbine, it enters a Condenser. The
Condenser has got a cooling agent (namely seawater) and the steam will go through the
cooling agent via a pipe. The steam thus changes back to its liquid form and returns to the
Boiler.

Diagram: Basic Operation of a Thermal Power Station

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 Diagram: Schematic View of Boiler

3.2 BOILER THEORY

Boiler systems are classified in a variety of ways. They can be classified according to
the end use, such as foe heating, power generation or process requirements. Or they can be

14
classified according to pressure, materials of construction, size tube contents (for example,
waterside or fireside), firing, heat source or circulation. Boilers are also distinguished by their
method of fabrication. Accordingly, a boiler can be pack aged or field erected. Sometimes
boilers are classified by their heat source. For example, they are often referred to as oil-fired,
gas-fired, coal-fired, or solid fuel –fired boilers.

Types of boilers:

1. Fire tube boilers:

Fire tube boilers consist of a series of straight tubes that are housed inside a water-
filled outer shell. The tubes are arranged so that hot combustion gases flow through the tubes.
As the hot gases flow through the tubes, they heat the water surrounding the tubes. The water
is confined by the outer shell of boiler. To avoid the need for a thick outer shell fire tube
boilers are used for lower pressure applications. Generally, the heat input capacities for fire
tube boilers are limited to 50 mbtu per hour or less, but in recent years the size of fire tube
boilers has increased.
Most modern fire tube boilers have cylindrical outer shells with a small round
combustion chamber located inside the bottom of the shell. Depending on the construction
details, these boilers have tubes configured in either one, two, three, or four pass
arrangements. Because the design of fire tube boilers is simple, they are easy to construct in a
shop and can be shipped fully assembled as a package unit.
These boilers contain long steel tubes through which the hot gases from the furnace
pass and around which the hot gases from the furnace pass and around which the water
circulates. Fire tube boilers typically have a lower initial cost, are more fuel efficient and are
easier to operate, but they are limited generally to capacities of 25 tonnes per hour and
pressures of 17.5 kg per cm2.

2. Water tube boilers:

Water tube boilers are designed to circulate hot combustion gases around the outside
of a large number of water filled tubes. The tubes extend between an upper header, called a
steam drum, and one or lower headers or drums. In the older designs, the tubes were either
straight or bent into simple shapes. Newer boilers have tubes with complex and diverse
bends. Because the pressure is confined inside the tubes, water tube boilers can be fabricated
in larger sizes and used for higher-pressure applications. Small water tube boilers, which
have one and sometimes two burners, are generally fabricated and supplied as packaged
units. Because of their size and weight, large water tube boilers are often fabricated in pieces
and assembled in the field.
In water tube or “water in tube” boilers, the conditions are reversed with the water
passing through the tubes and the hot gases passing outside the tubes. These boilers can be of
a single- or multiple-drum type. They can be built to any steam capacity and pressures, and
have higher efficiencies than fire tube boilers.
Almost any solid, liquid or gaseous fuel can be burnt in a water tube boiler. The common
fuels are coal, oil, natural gas, biomass and solid fuels such as municipal solid waste (MSW),
tire-derived fuel (TDF) and RDF. Designs of water tube boilers that burn these fuels can be
significantly different.

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 Coal-fired water tube boilers are classified into three major categories stoker fired
units, PC fired units and FBC boilers. Package water tube boilers come in three basic designs:
A, D and O type. The names are derived from the general shapes of the tube and drum
arrangements. All have steam drums for the separation of the steam from the water, and one
or more mud drums for the removal of sludge. Fuel oil-fired and natural gas-fired water tube
package boilers are subdivided into three classes based on the geometry of the tubes.
The “A” design has two small lower drums and a larger upper drum for steam-water
separation. In the “D” design, which is the most common, the unit has two drums and a large-
volume combustion chamber. The orientation of the tubes in a “D” boiler creates either a left
or right-handed configuration. For the “O” design, the boiler tube configuration exposes the
least amount of tube surface to radiant heat. Rental units are often “O” boilers because their
symmetry is a benefit in transportation

3. “D” Type boilers:

“This design has the most flexible design. They have a single steam drum and a single
mud drum, vertically aligned. The boiler tubes extend to one side of each drum. “D” type
boilers generally have more tube surface exposed to the radiant heat than do other designs.
“Package boilers” as opposed to “field- erected” units generally have significantly shorter
fireboxes and frequently have very high heat transfer rates (250,000 btu per hour per sq foot).
For this reason it is important to ensure high-quality boiler feedwater and to chemically treat
the systems properly. Maintenance of burners and diffuser plates to minimize the potential
for flame impingement is critical.

4. “A” type boilers:

This design is more susceptible to tube starvation if bottom blows are not performed
properly because “A” type boilers have two mud drums symmetrically below the steam drum.
Drums are each smaller than the single mud drums of the “D” or “O” type boilers. Bottom
blows should not be undertaken at more than 80 per cent of the rated steam load in these
boilers. Bottom blow refers to the required regular blow down from the boiler mud drums to
remove sludge and suspended solids.

3.3 TURBINE THEORY

An ideal steam turbine is considered to be an isentropic process, or constant entropy

process, in which the entropy of the steam entering the turbine is equal to the entropy of the
steam leaving the turbine. No steam turbine is truly isentropic, however, with typical
isentropic efficiencies ranging from 20–90% based on the application of the turbine. The
interior of a turbine comprises several sets of blades, or buckets as they are more commonly
referred to. One set of stationary blades is connected to the casing and one set of rotating
blades is connected to the shaft. The sets intermesh with certain minimum clearances, with
the size and configuration of sets varying to efficiently exploit the expansion of steam at each
stage.

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 `
Diagram: On Site view of Turbine

Types of Turbine:

1. Impulse turbines:

An impulse turbine has fixed nozzles that orient the steam flow into high speed jets.
These jets contain significant kinetic energy, which the rotor blades, shaped like buckets,
convert into shaft rotation as the steam jet changes direction. A pressure drop occurs across
only the stationary blades, with a net increase in steam velocity across the stage.
As the steam flows through the nozzle its pressure falls from inlet pressure to the exit
pressure (atmospheric pressure, or more usually, the condenser vacuum). Due to this higher
ratio of expansion of steam in the nozzle the steam leaves the nozzle with a very high
velocity. The steam leaving the moving blades has a large portion of the maximum velocity
of the steam when leaving the nozzle. The loss of energy due to this higher exit velocity is
commonly called the carry over velocity or leaving loss.

2. Reaction turbines:

In the reaction turbine, the rotor blades themselves are arranged to form
convergent nozzles. This type of turbine makes use of the reaction force produced as the
steam accelerates through the nozzles formed by the rotor. Steam is directed onto the rotor by
the fixed vanes of the stator. It leaves the stator as a jet that fills the entire circumference of
the rotor. The steam then changes direction and increases its speed relative to the speed of the
blades. A pressure drop occurs across both the stator and the rotor, with steam accelerating
through the stator and decelerating through the rotor, with no net change in steam velocity

17
across the stage but with a decrease in both pressure and temperature, reflecting the work
performed in the driving of the rotor.

Operation and maintenance:

When warming up a steam turbine for use, the main steam stop valves (after the
boiler) have a bypass line to allow superheated steam to slowly bypass the valve and proceed
to heat up the lines in the system along with the steam turbine. Also, a turning gear is
engaged when there is no steam to the turbine to slowly rotate the turbine to ensure even
heating to prevent uneven expansion. After first rotating the turbine by the turning gear,
allowing time for the rotor to assume a straight plane (no bowing), then the turning gear is
disengaged and steam is admitted to the turbine, first to the astern blades then to the ahead
blades slowly rotating the turbine at 10–15 RPM (0.17–0.25 Hz) to slowly warm the turbine.
Any imbalance of the rotor can lead to vibration, which in extreme cases can lead to a
blade breaking away from the rotor at high velocity and being ejected directly through the
casing. To minimize risk it is essential that the turbine be very well balanced and turned with
dry steam - that is, superheated steam with a minimal liquid water content. If water gets into
the steam and is blasted onto the blades (moisture carry over), rapid impingement and erosion
of the blades can occur leading to imbalance and catastrophic failure. Also, water entering the
blades will result in the destruction of the thrust bearing for the turbine shaft. To prevent this,
along with controls and baffles in the boilers to ensure high quality steam, condensate drains
are installed in the steam piping leading to the turbine. Modern designs are sufficiently
refined that problems with turbines are rare and maintenance requirements are relatively
small.

18
CHAPTER 4: ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM
4.1 SWITCHGEAR

In an electric power system, switchgear is the combination of electrical disconnect

switches, fuses or circuit breakers used to control, protect and isolate electrical equipment.
Switchgear is used both to de-energize equipment to allow work to be done and to clear faults
downstream. This type of equipment is important because it is directly linked to the reliability
of the electricity supply.
The very earliest central power stations used simple open knife switches, mounted on
insulating panels of marble or asbestos. Power levels and voltages rapidly escalated, making
opening manually operated switches too dangerous for anything other than isolation of a de-
energized circuit. Oil-filled equipment allowed arc energy to be contained and safely
controlled. By the early 20th century, a switchgear line-up would be a metal-enclosed
structure with electrically operated switching elements, using oil circuit breakers. Today, oil-
filled equipment has largely been replaced by air-blast, vacuum, or SF6 equipment, allowing
large currents and power levels to be safely controlled by automatic equipment incorporating
digital controls, protection, metering and communications.
High voltage switchgear was invented at the end of the 19th century for operating
motors and other electric machines. The technology has been improved over time and can be
used with voltages up to 1,100 kV.

Diagram: Switch Gear

Typically, the switchgear in substations is located on both the high voltage and the low
voltage side of large power transformers. The switchgear on the low voltage side of the
transformers may be located in a building, with medium-voltage circuit breakers for

19
distribution circuits, along with metering, control, and protection equipment. For industrial
applications, a transformer and switchgear line-up may be combined in one housing, called a
unitized substation or USS.

4.2 SWITHYARD

Switchyard is a part of power plant, where generated voltage comes from generator
transformer. Switchyard system transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or
perform any of several other important functions. Between the generating station and
consumer, electric power may flow through several substations at different voltage levels.
Switchyard include transformers to change voltage levels between high transmission voltages
and lower distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of two different transmission
voltages.

Diagram: On Site View of Switchyard

ELEMENTS OF SWITCHYARD:

 TRANSFORMERS
 CIRCUIT BREAKER
 ISOLATOR
 CURRENT TRANSFORMER
 CAPACITOR VOTAGE TRANSFORMER
 SHUNT REACTOR

20
 WAVE TRAP
 LIGHTNING ARRESTOR
 INTER CONNECTING TRANSFORMER
 BUSBAR

4.3 TRANSFORMER

A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers energy by inductive coupling

between its winding circuits. A varying current in the primary winding creates a varying
magnetic flux in the transformer's core and thus a varying magnetic flux through the
secondary winding. This varying magnetic flux induces a varying electromotive force (emf)
or voltage in the secondary winding. Transformers range in size from thumbnail-sized used in
microphones to units weighing hundreds of tons interconnecting the power grid. A wide
range of transformer designs are used in electronic and electric power applications.
Transformers are essential for the transmission, distribution, and utilization of electrical
energy.
The ideal transformer Consider the ideal, lossless, perfectly-coupled transformer
shown in the circuit diagram at right having primary and secondary windings with NP and NS
turns, respectively. The ideal transformer induces secondary voltage ES =VS as a proportion of
the primary voltage VP = EP and respective winding turns as given by the equation

,
Where,

VP/VS = EP/ES = a is the voltage ratio and NP/NS = a is the winding turns
ratio, the value of these ratios being respectively higher and lower than
unity for step- down and step-up transformers,[
 VP designates source impressed voltage,
 VS designates output voltage, and,
 EP & ES designate respective emf induced voltages.

Any load impedance connected to the ideal transformer's secondary winding causes
current to flow without losses from primary to secondary circuits, the resulting input and
output apparent power therefore being equal as given by the equation

Combining the two equations yields the following ideal transformer identity

This formula is a reasonable approximation for the typical commercial transformer, with
voltage ratio and winding turns ratio both being inversely proportional to the corresponding

21
current ratio. The load impedance is defined in terms of secondary circuit voltage and
current as follows

The apparent impedance of this secondary circuit load referred to the primary winding
circuit is governed by a squared turn’s ratio multiplication factor relationship derived as
follows

4.4 Future Capacity Additions:

NTPC has formulated a long term Corporate Plan to become a 1,28,000 MW

company upto 2032. In line with the Corporate Plan, the capacity addition under
implementation presently:
PROJECT STATE MW
Coal
1. Bongaigaon Assam 750
2. Barh-I Bihar 1980
3. Barh-II Bihar 1320
4. Lara-I Chhattisgarh 1600
5. Kudgi-I Karnataka 2400
6. Vindhyachal-V Madhya Pradesh 500
7. Gadarwara-I Madhya Pradesh 1600

8. Mouda-II Maharashtra 1320

9. Solapur Maharashtra 1320
10. Rihand-III Uttar Pradesh 500
11. Nabinagar, BRBCL Bihar 1000
12. Muzaffarpur Exp., KBUNL Bihar 390
13. Nabinagar, NPGCPL Bihar 1980
14. Vallur-II, NTECL Tamil Nadu 500
15. Meja, MUNPL Uttar Pradesh 1320
Total 18,480
Hydro
1. Koldam HEPP ( 4 x 200) Himachal Pradesh 800
2. Tapovan Vishnugad HEPP (4 x 130) Uttarakhand 520
3. Singrauli CW Discharge(Small Hydro) Uttar Pradesh 8
4. Lata Tapovan Uttarakhand 171

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 Total 1,499
Solar
1. Ramagundam Phase-I Andhra Pradesh 10
2. Talcher Kaniha Odisha 10
3. Unchahar Uttar Pradesh 10
Total 30
Grand Total (Coal + Hydro + Solar) 20,009

NTPC has a glorious record of excellence in every field of its activities ever since its
inception in 1975. Leading the country’s power sector, we take pride in our people and their
performance which has been acknowledged time and again at various national and
international fora.

 Prime Minister’s Shram Award to NTPC’s Misri Lal Choudhary

 The Best Performing CFO Award
 India Pride Awards – Energy and Power Category
 Enertia Award 2010
 SAFA Best Presented Accounts Awards 2008
 CII-EXIM Excellence Award, 2010
 National Awards for Meritorious Performance

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5. REFERENCES:-
1. http://www.ntpc.co.in/
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTPC_Limited
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_turbine
4. http://www.asope.org/pdfs/AC_Electrical_Generators_ASOPE.pdf
5. http://geosci.uchicago.edu/~moyer/GEOS24705/Readings/ElectricityReadi

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