Choice Module „CH01 – Cell Biology“

From Cells to Tissues and Body Functions

© Sofia Tedelind, Klaudia Brix, Jacobs University; thyroid tissue

CH01 –
520122
Klaudia Brix

Nucleus –
From DNA to Chromatin –
Cell Cycle

QUIZ 01 (30 min, i.e. 9:00-9:30)

Class 04 20 Sept 2018

20.09.2018 Klaudia Brix, JU, Cells-Tissues-BodyFunctions – Fall 2018
The nucleus is the most prominent organelle in eukaryotic cells

20.09.2018 Klaudia Brix, JU, Cells-Tissues-BodyFunctions – Fall 2018

The nucleus stores genetic information in the form of DNA
which is organized as eu- and heterochromatin

nucleus
nucleolus

heterochromatin

Fig. 9-39 Mol Cell Biol 4th ed.

euchromatin

TEM of a thin section of a

bone-marrow stem cell

20.09.2018 Klaudia Brix, JU, Cells-Tissues-BodyFunctions – Fall 2018

 CELLS
 come in a variety of shapes and sizes
 construct all living organisms
 are the fundamental units of life
 are enclosed by a plasma membrane, separating the
inside of the cell from its environment
 contain DNA as a store of genetic information and use it
to guide synthesis of RNA molecules and proteins

20.09.2018 Klaudia Brix, JU, Cells-Tissues-BodyFunctions – Fall 2018

 Definition of Life
• more than 10 million living species on earth

• parent species-specific information progeny

 “heredity“

• A single cell is a vehicle for the hereditary

information that defines a species.

20.09.2018 Klaudia Brix, JU, Cells-Tissues-BodyFunctions – Fall 2018

Hereditary information in egg cells determines
the nature of the whole multicellular organism:

sea urchin mouse Fucus seaweed

Fig 1-1 Molecular Biology of the Cell, 5th edition

20.09.2018 Klaudia Brix, JU, Cells-Tissues-BodyFunctions – Fall 2018

Genetic information flows from

DNA to RNA (transcription)

and from

RNA to protein (translation)

– a sequence known as the

central dogma!

20.09.2018 Klaudia Brix, JU, Cells-Tissues-BodyFunctions – Fall 2018

DNA is made of nucleotides

20.09.2018 Klaudia Brix, JU, Cells-Tissues-BodyFunctions – Fall 2018

20.09.2018 Klaudia Brix, JU, Cells-Tissues-BodyFunctions – Fall 2018
sugar phosphate
backbone
complementary
strand

sugar phosphate
backbone
template strand

20.09.2018 Klaudia Brix, JU, Cells-Tissues-BodyFunctions – Fall 2018

20.09.2018 Klaudia Brix, JU, Cells-Tissues-BodyFunctions – Fall 2018
20.09.2018 Klaudia Brix, JU, Cells-Tissues-BodyFunctions – Fall 2018
20.09.2018 Klaudia Brix, JU, Cells-Tissues-BodyFunctions – Fall 2018
20.09.2018 Klaudia Brix, JU, Cells-Tissues-BodyFunctions – Fall 2018
sugar phosphate
backbone
complementary
strand

sugar phosphate
backbone
template strand

20.09.2018 Klaudia Brix, JU, Cells-Tissues-BodyFunctions – Fall 2018

20.09.2018 Klaudia Brix, JU, Cells-Tissues-BodyFunctions – Fall 2018
 “CENTRAL DOGMA”
subject to change, because

definition of “a gene” was expanded

to include ones that make RNAs

that have other functions in the cell,
instead of being turned into proteins

20.09.2018 Klaudia Brix, JU, Cells-Tissues-BodyFunctions – Fall 2018

Replication – Transcription - Translation

DNA synthesis
by replication

&

RNA synthesis
by
transcription

are functions
carried out in
the nucleus

20.09.2018 Klaudia Brix, JU, Cells-Tissues-BodyFunctions – Fall 2018

20.09.2018 Klaudia Brix, JU, Cells-Tissues-BodyFunctions – Fall 2018
20.09.2018 Klaudia Brix, JU, Cells-Tissues-BodyFunctions – Fall 2018
20.09.2018 Klaudia Brix, JU, Cells-Tissues-BodyFunctions – Fall 2018