Architectural implications of Climate Engineering:

Design Case Experiences

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Matthias Schuler

Transsolar Energietechnik GmbH

Stuttgart
Munich
New York

http//:www.transsolar.com

NTNU, Trondheim, 8-3-2010 Folie 1

 Architecture means the adaptation of the condition of a place to a given
time by the willpower, desire and knowledge of certain human
beings.

We never do this alone.

We always do it somewhere – certainly for some person or persons, but

always also for everyone.

Louisiana Manifesto
Jean Nouvel, June 2005

Identity Folie 2
 Client
Climate engineer

Architect HVAC engineer

Structural Building physicist

engineer

Design team Folie 3

 • Analyzing the local identities of a location and site

- context
- history
- culture
- program
- users
- neighborhood
- flexibiliy

- climate
- ground
- micro climate
- local resources (energy, water, …)
- materials

The job of the Design Team Folie 4

 air temperature
humidity daylight quality solar radiation
heat / light

heat radiation

activity indoor air

clothing quality

air velocity
turbulence

Parameters for thermal comfort Folie 5

 • Conduction Evaporation

Convection Transmission / Reflection

Stratification Heat radiation

Physical Phenomena - the basics Folie 6

 Design Team:
Architect:
Sanaa / Heinrich Böll
Structural engineer:
Bollinger + Grohmann
Technique coordination: Transplan
Climate engineer: Transsolar
MEP consultant: Winter Ingenieure
Building physics: Horstmann Berger

Zollverein School, Essen by Sejima Nishizawa Architects Folie 7

Zeche Zollverein - industrial heritage with new program Folie 8
 mac hine
(air con ditio ning)
mac hine
(air con ditio ning)
External wall with
st orag e st orag e
an active insulation
to ile t
to ile t
fo r
fo r
wo men
me n

st orag e st orag e

to ile t to ile t
fo r fo r

Tamb -10 °C
me n wo men

st orag e st orag e

st orag e st orag e

Pump station with

st orag e

Troom 22 °C
st orag e
heat exchanger (water /water)
to ile t

28 -35°C
to ile t
fo r
fo r
wo men
me n

st orag e st orag e

st orag e
to ilet
fo r
ha ndy cap ed
/ sto rag e + Emscher

mine Zollverein

1200 m deep
mine shaft
water level

hot water ( ~35 °C)

in disused mining shafts

Mining water 600 - 1200 m³/h Folie 9

Development of activated bubble deck slabs

Climate concept / cooling Folie 10

Monolytic concrete wall 100

• Active • Double shell

Insulation wall

300 250 250

600

Double shell concrete wall

with minimal insulation

Unique local and innovative approach Folie 11

 UK Average % of UK Average
total CO2 in ton
emissions CO2/capital
Space heating in the home 3% 0.38
Hot water 4% 0.50
Appliances in the home 3% 0.38
Personal transport 18% 2.25
Embodied energy in home infrastructure 3% 0.38
Waste and consumer items 13% 1.63
Food 24% 3.00
Shared services
(total energy for running schools, hospitals,
financial services, etc) 12% 1.50
Shared infrastructure
(energy for constructing schools, hospitals,
roads, airports, etc) 20% 2.50

total 100% 12.5

Folie 12
 27°C
• Active
Insulation Pipe 22 mm
Concrete

400

Wall building
losses heat losses

-10°C Outside 200 100 Inside 20°C

300

Direct use of the geothermal heat source - the „active“ insulation Folie 13
 outside

inside

3D heat conduction (Horstmann Berger) Folie 14

Piping around the windows Folie 15
Active insulation under construction Folie 16
Cavity slab to reduce the dead weight by 35% Folie 17
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Folie 21
Folie 22
Folie 23
Concept check by IR photographie, T-amb=11°C, T-room=20°C Folie 24
 Linked Hybrid, Beijing,
Steven Holl Architects, New York
Structure: Guy Nordensen, New York
MEP: Consentini, New York

Linked Hybrid, Beijing Folie 25

Linked Hybrid / Moma 3, Beijing Folie 26
Linked Hybrid Complex, Beijing
8 linked Apartment Towers
+ Cinema, Hotel, Kindergarden, Galleries, Shops, Gym + Cafe

Total area: 160 000 m²

+ 50 000 m² parking

Construction Schedule:
Start: 2005
Finished: 2008

Folie 27
Linked Hybrid, Beijing, Site plan Folie 28
 Restaurant
Gallerie
Library

Cafe
Lounge

Shop

Tearoom Fitness
Spa/Pool

Linked Hybrid elevated bridge program Folie 29

Radiant Cooling / Heating
Slab integrated radiant heating / cooling system

Folie 30
Displacement Ventilation
Δtsupply = 1 - 2 K
• low turbulence
• low mixing
• low cooling effect

Folie 31
 air exhaust
Fire Damper Flaps
heat recovery PRIVATE ROOF GARDEN

(TOP FLOOR height)

Ventilation Concept
for Supply+ Exhaust Air

Integrated shaft
concept for supply and
exhaust air
SKY LOUNGE

Feeding the supply air

Corridor from the bottom and
releasing the exhaust air
at the top is minimizing
(TYPICAL FLOOR Height) total shaft area by an
integrated supply and
air intake
exhaust shaft concept
Fire damper flaps or
COMMERCIAL (GROUND FLOOR Height)
supply and exhaust air
PARKING AC
COMMERCIAL SERVICE are separating floor
supply
PARKING
MECHANICAL
levels and apartments
from each other
sand separation

Folie 32
Linked Hybrid / Moma Apartment climate and energy concept

Climate and Energy Concept Apartments

Matched air ducts for

supply and exhaust air

Open concrete floor at perimeter Heating coil in

with slab integrated heaing / cooling suspended ceiling

Fire damper
flaps for supply
+ exhaust air
external
roller shade Optional tenant
Operable fan coil
window
Displacement
ventilation with
0.5 air change per hour
Bathroom Corridor

Underfloor air outlet Supply air distribution

in pressurized floor

Central fresh air supply ~ 20 °C

dehumidified to about 8 g/kg

Folie 33
Efficient External Shading
but
?? Design,
?? visual connection

External Roller Shutter

System
manually operated for
shading,
privacy,
and safety

Folie 34
s_enn - Roller shade with geometrical selectivity Folie 35
Folie 36
Linked Hybrid / Moma Apartment mock-up

Linked Hybrid, Beijing, Mock-Up Apartment Folie 37

Linked Hybrid / Moma Apartment mock-up

Folie 38
Linked Hybrid / Moma 3, Beijing

Linked Hybrid / Moma 3, Beijing Folie 39

Linked Hybrid / Moma 3, Beijing

Linked Hybrid / Moma 3, Beijing Folie 40

Slab integrated heating/cooling pipes and ventilation ducts Folie 41
Linked Hybrid / Moma Geothermal system

Geothermal System
600 2 -U-pipe Borehole HX
with 100 m depth

5 MW total heating power

2 MW total free cooling power

Folie 42
Borehole heat exchanger - pile temperatures 3rd to 5th year

Looped
Linked HybridHybrid Housing,
Geothermal Beijing
System Analysis
Geothermal System with borehole heat exchanger, cooling tower, chiller (summer) and heat pump (winter)
50
System Temperatures 3rd - 5th year

40 Winter: Summer: Spring / autumn:

Heat pump chiller mode free cooling mode
mode Tpile,out > 30°C Tpile,out < 20°C
30 Tpile,out < 10°C
Temperatures in °C

20

10

Ambient temp. [C]

-10 Pile System Inlet Temp. [C]
Pile System Outlet Temp. [C]

-20
17520 26280 35040 43800

Time in h

Borehole heat exchanger - pile temperatures 3rd to 5th year Folie 43

 Estimation of pool water balance / purification plant load

Average daily pool water balance:
Extracted pool water: - 278 m³/d
Average rain water: + 13 m³/d
Average evaporation: - 23 m³/d
Purified exchange water: + 240 m³/d
Net fresh water need: + 28 m³/d
Average water load for purification plant
Gray water from apartments:+ 320 m³/d
Extracted pool water: + 278 m³/d
Total purification water load: + 598 m³/d
Plant purification rate: 86%
Total purified water gain: + 514 m³/d

Wasserkonzept Folie 44
Folie 45
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Folie 48
Linked Hybrid

Folie 49
Linked Hybrid / Moma Geothermal system

Folie 50
Linked Hybrid / Moma Geothermal system

Folie 51
Linked Hybrid / Moma Geothermal system

Folie 52
Matthias Schuler

Towards a sustainable city

with zero CO2 footprint and a future vision

Masterplan for Masdar City, Abu Dhabi

in collaboration with

Foster & Partners Architects, London

Traffic, Systematica, Milano
Infrastructure, water, waste, WSP, London
Energy concept, Transsolar, Stuttgart
MEP, Flack & Kurtz, Paris
Solar systems, ETA, Florence

Folie 53
 Research and
Development Commercial University Special Economy
Zone
Science
Centre Hotel Serviced
University incl. 38,400sqm Apartments &
Student Housing
Convention Centre Catering &
193,732 sqm Local Centres Retail Plaza
67,941 sqm
20,000 sqm 22,279 sqm

Research Labs
61,600 sqm Hotel Retail
Commercial / Masdar Centre
Office Centre and Station
235,800 sqm 120,000 sqm

Technology
Park Office
360,000 sqm 575,225 sqm

Community Sport and Leisure

Residents Commuter Employee Housing / Village Support Zone
Car Parking Car Parking 1,406,250 sqm
50% 50%
600,000 sqm 605,883 sqm

Sustainable Energy Car Parking Energy Production

Prouction
464,000 sqm

Community Sport Zone

Support 31,552 sqm
140,625 sqm

Support Residential

Masdar City Program Briefing Folie 54

 1960

Abu Dhabi - from desert to a city in 40 years Folie 55

 Energy consumption for project site and 3.8 Mio m² buildings
for UAE today standard towards Masdar guidelines
2,000,000

1,800,000 solar potential

Annual electricity consumption [MWh/year]

water distribution

missing solar areas

1,600,000 waste treatment
street lighting
1,400,000
on site traffic
1,200,000 -79% desalination
distribution
1,000,000
Building operation
800,000

600,000

400,000

200,000

0
UAE today 550 ha final concept 230 ha

Energy efficiency is prime strategy Folie 56

 • A sustainable approach cannot be solved only by technical concepts, but
demands a rethinking of the way of living.
• We have to learn from local natural adaptations, which minimizes energy
and material consumption.
• This means a change in our daily behavior in respect of mobility, comfort
expectations, water, energy and material consumption and waste
production.
• All energy consumption must come from renewable sources and materials
have to flow in a cycle.
• Due to the limited capacities of renewable energies, like sun, wind and
geothermal, in the first essential step is to minimizing the demands and
consumption.
• Urban density is one of the major approaches for a sustainable living.

What does a sustainable approach means Folie 57

 iwec_abu_dhabi
High temperatures 122°F
50
and high humidity levels
45

40 104

35
temperature [°C]

30 86

25

20
68
15

10 50

0 32
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Annual hourly outdoor temperature profile Folie 58

 Sea water
temperature range:
15 - 34°C

wind rose: Dubai

0°
1000
340° 20°
900
320° 800 40°
700
600
300° 500 60°
400
300
280° 200 80°
100
west 0

260° 100°

240° 120°

220° 140°

200° 160°
180°
heigth: 10 m; wind ve

Site exposure to strong winds Folie 59

 Black beetles:
drinking the dew in
the morning,
collected on his
back

Dorkas gazelle:
Survive for months without
drinking,
water collection through wet
grass feeding in the morning,
kidneys work with minimal water
consumption for
decontamination
Extreme conditions demand prefect adaptations Folie 60
 • General: The head in the fire, the feet in the water
• shadowing by ventilated roof
• living from the fruits - roof integrated energy
collection
• layering below the shadow roof
• using the ground for energy buffering
Ventilated
shadow roof

Compact
building

Layered
facade

Soil heat
exchanger

Application in general strategies for the Masdar Development Folie 61

Main wind
direction

Recommendations: Wind parallel streets not longer than 75 m Folie 62

Masdar City - the new hub for research and development of renewable energy components

City program around the university MIST (Masdar Institut of Science and Technology) Folie 63
Light Rail Transport(LRT) and Personal Rapid Transport (PRT) Folie 64
 Buildings

Pedestrian level

Services

Personal Rapid Transport

Main Infrastructure

Layering of the City Folie 65

 Energy consumption for project site and 3.8 Mio m² buildings
for UAE today standard towards Masdar guidelines
2,000,000

1,800,000 solar potential

Annual electricity consumption [MWh/year]

water distribution

missing solar areas

1,600,000 waste treatment
street lighting
1,400,000
on site traffic
1,200,000 -79% reduction desalination
distribution
1,000,000
Building operation
800,000

600,000

400,000

200,000

0
UAE today 550 ha final concept 230 ha

Energy efficiency is prime strategy Folie 66

 Total energy consumption of the whole Masdar Development for mobility and living,
depending on ration of people living on site

1,000,000 Energy for living

900,000 total energy for living contents:
off site traffic conditioning,
800,000
water
700,000 desalination,
on site traffic and
Energy [MWh/a]

600,000
street lights
500,000

400,000

300,000

200,000

100,000

0
1
30% living on site 2 on site
50% living 3 on site
100% living

Consideration about the density of living on site in respect of total energy consumption Folie 67
 Masda Development - Energy Demand

450,000

400,000

350,000
water distribution
300,000 waste treatment
Energy [MWh/a]

street lighting
250,000 on site traffic, PRT
desalination 9,600 m3/day
Buildings

200,000 distribution
Building equipment energy demand
150,000 building latent energy demand
building sensible demand
100,000

50,000

0
Heat [MWh_th] Electricity [MWh_e]

All energy by electricity but domestic hot water - large square Folie 68
Masdar City Masterplan Folie 69
City climate Folie 70
Masdar City is under construction – University scheduled to open in February 2010 Folie 71
 • The world needs examples
• Urban densities up to 180 Pers./ha
• City for the people not for the cars
• Public transportation replacing individual mobility
• Efficiency for energy and resources is 80% of the bill
• Economical evaluation for at least 30 years
• 22 bill $ for a city project for 100.000 people
with CO2 neutral operation,
with education, research and production of innovative
products

What can we learn from Masdar? Folie 72

Torontos new development Folie 73
The Lower Don Lands Development Folie 74
 Development Scale Requirements
• Energy supply network
• Energy generation
• Waste management plan
• Food supply plan
• Water supply network
• Water treatment plan
• Traffic (motorized or not)

Requirements at Every Scale Folie 75

 Block Scale Requirements
• Solar access
• Site access
• Energy delivery
• Stormwater flows

Requirements at Every Scale Folie 76

 Building Scale Requirements
• Façade performance
• Building systems
• Daylight access
• Waste storage
• Local energy generation
• Water efficiency
• Materials efficiency

Requirements at Every Scale Folie 77

 Unit Scale Requirements
• Indoor comfort
• Daylighting
• Waste separation

Requirements at Every Scale Folie 78

 Scale Dependency
• Each scale is dependent on successful
implementation of strategies at all other scales
• Example: Sufficient daylighting cannot be achieved
in residential if the site plan doesn’t allow daylight
penetration

Requirements at Every Scale Folie 79

 „In all the counting and evaluation, we should not forget about the urban and
architectural quality, done by architects, not by evaluators“
Steven Holl, Knut Hamsun Center, Hamaroy
Reminder Folie 80
 UK Average % of UK Average
total CO2 in ton
emissions CO2/capital
Space heating in the home 3% 0.38
Hot water 4% 0.50
Appliances in the home 3% 0.38
Personal transport 18% 2.25
Embodied energy in home infrastructure 3% 0.38
Waste and consumer items 13% 1.63
Food 24% 3.00
Shared services
(total energy for running schools, hospitals,
financial services, etc) 12% 1.50
Shared infrastructure
(energy for constructing schools, hospitals,
roads, airports, etc) 20% 2.50

total 100% 12.5

Folie 81