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UNIVERSITY OF THE IMMACULATE CONCEPTION

ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT
Bonifacio St., Davao City

IMPACTS OF NON-POTABLE WATER IN THE STRENGTHS OF CONCRETE

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Carole T. Ortiz
Alexis James C. Chang
Christopher Ian A. Montealto

February, 2019
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to express their sincerest gratitude to the

following persons who have given their selfless support in making this research

successful. This study would have gone nothing without these people mounting

for them.

First of all, to the Heavenly Father for giving them wisdom, knowledge and

determination to perform, and for sustaining them since day one until the end.

To the fairest university, the anchorage of their education, who aided them

not just to become globally competitive and an excellent individual, but as well as

to become a God- fearing professional. We give thy salute.

To the Program Dean of Engineering and Architecture, Engr. Juvie

Pauline L. Relacion and Program Coordinator, Engr. Marc Lin F. Abonales for

their uplifting response with the study.

To the Design Project Instructor, Engr. Emma Concepcion M. Fuentes

who innocuously reminded them to accomplish the research on time.

To their benevolent research adviser, Dr. Maria Teresa M. Gravino for

sharing her expertise, assistance, guidance and noteworthy advices in bringing

success to the study.

To the members of the panel, Engr. Marc Lin F. Abonales, Engr. Peter

Adrian T. Ngo, Engr. Inocentes C. Fuentes, Jr. and Ar. Leonida D. Santos who

unleashed the researchers’ intelligence by giving helpful suggestions and good

criticisms.
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To their dearest parents, Mr. and Mrs. Genaro Ortiz, Mrs. Gloria P. Chang,

and Mr. and Mrs. Nomeriano C. Montealto Jr., who gave them inspiration to

strive and work hard despite the arduous road they have been hurdling since

then; their physical, emotional, and spiritual support had placed so much help for

their achievement.

To Mr. Algen Ruvi T. Ortiz, the most supportive brother of Ms. Carole T.

Ortiz, for sharing his knowledge about the properties of water and giving them

assistance in interpreting the water test results that edified the researchers’

understanding.

To the researchers’ friends and classmates, specially to Ms. Scherazade

T. Alvarez, Mr. Roden Ryan A. Orgino, Ms. Remqcel R. Lanozo, Ms. Richee

Lheen V. Bisa, Mr. Michael I. Chang. and Mr. Karol Josef Balante who never

doubted to draw out the least thing they can do to help.

Ortiz, C.
Chang, A.J.
Montealto, C.I.
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IMPACTS OF NON-POTABLE WATER IN THE STRENGTHS OF CONCRETE

Carole T. Ortiz, Alexis James C. Chang, Christopher Ian A. Montealto

Dr. Maria Teresa M. Gravino

Engineering and Architecture Program

University of the Immaculate Conception
Bonifacio St., Davao City

ABSTRACT

Potable water is considered a necessity specially in the rural areas in the

Philippines. River, rain, and deep well waters are some sources of water that can

be found there and in which, it is more likely considered undrinkable. This

prompted the researchers to conduct a study and used these types of water not

just for risking health hazards, but also to reduce the scarcity of potable water.

The researchers conducted this study using experimental method to

determine the impact of non-potable water in the compressive and flexural

strengths of concrete. A total of twenty-four (24) concrete samples mixed with

potable, rain, river, and deep well water were made to differentiate its

compressive and flexural strengths and to know if there is a significant difference

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between the four (4) mixtures. All the samples were cured for twenty-eight (28)

days, then subjected to compressive and flexural testing. The results were

analyzed using analysis of variance.

The results showed that the concrete mixtures with rain water taken from

Chang’s Residence, river water from Bankerohan River and deep well water from

Doña Pilar, Sasa are good alternatives for the mixture with potable water. Also,

the findings imply that the type of water is not a factor in establishing the

compressive and flexural strengths of the concrete.

Keywords: Potable Water, Rain Water, River Water, Deep Well Water
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page

Approval Sheet……………………………………………………………….…ii
Acknowledgement…………………………………………………..……….....iii
Abstract……………………………………………………………...………..…v
Table of Contents……………………...……………………………………….vii
List of Tables………………………………………………………….………...ix
List of Figures…………………………………………………………….……..x

CHAPTER 1 - Introduction
Background of the study……………….….………………………………..1
Research Objective...............................................................................4
Review of Related Literature……………………………..……….……….5
Conceptual Framework……………………………………………………..7
CHAPTER 2 – Methodology
Research Design……………………………………………………...…….8
Research Locale………………………………………………………….…8
Data Collection………………………………………………………………9
Research Procedure…………………..…………….……………………...9
Statistical Tool…………………………..…………….……………….….…11
Ethical Consideration………………………………….……………….…...11
CHAPTER 3 – Results…………………………………………………..…….12
CHAPTER 4 – Discussions
Findings….……………………………………………….…………………..19
Conclusions……………………………………………………….………....20
Recommendations……………………………………………………..…...20
REFERENCES…….…………………………………………………….…..…21
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APPENDICES
A. ASTM Procedure……………………………………....……………..….22
B. Water Testing Result…………………………………………………….29
C. Test Report on Compressive Strength of
Concrete Samples………………………...………………………….....31
D. Test Report on Flexural Strength of Concrete Samples………..……43
E. Letter of Request for Approval……………………………………….....55
F. Letter of Permission for CE Laboratory Use………………….............56
G. Exempt Compliance Certificate…………………………………..........58
H. Documentation…………………………………………………..……….59
I. Curriculum Vitae………………………………………………..…...........65
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LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1 Framework of the Study………….………………………….…7

2 Physical Parameters of Water...……………………………....12
3 Chemical Parameters of Water...……..……………………....13
4 Compressive Strength of Concrete Samples
mixed with Potable Water……………………………………...14
5 Compressive Strength of Concrete Samples
mixed with Non-potable Water………………….……………..15
6 Flexural Strength of Concrete Sample
mixed with Potable Water………………………….….……….16
7 Flexural Strength of Concrete Sample
mixed with Non-potable Water………..………………..……..17
8 Analysis of Variance on Compressive Strength
of the Concrete Samples…………………………...………….18
9 Analysis of Variance on Flexural Strength
of the Concrete Samples………………………...…………….19
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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1 Framework of the Study……………………..…………………7