(b) For convenience sake, choose A as

MATHEMATICS – I I T the P.Vs. of B and C be taken b

origin and
and c respectively. P. Vs of various other
Addition and Multiplication of Vectors
points, by ratio formula, are:
c  4b 2 3 1
D , E  c, F  b, P  b
Solution Set – 1 A 5 5 10 4
A (0)
1 2
1. AB  a, BC  b F P E
 AC  AB  BC  a  b …(1)
7 3 3
AD  2 BC  2b …(2)
( AD is parallel to BC and twice its
B (b) C (c)
lengthy) 1 D 4
E D
c  4b 2 3
AD  , BE  c  b, CF  bc
5 5 10
1
F C CP  b  c
O 4
b
Putting the values in the given relation
 c  4b 2c  5b 3b  10c 
L.H.S.  5  
A B  5 5 10 
a
CD  AD  AC  2b  (a  b) 1
 [ 2c  8b  4c  10b  3b  10c]
ba. …(3) 2
FA  CD  a  b …(4)
DE   AB   a …(5) 1 1 1 
 [b  4c ]  b  2c  2 b  c   2 CP .
EF   BC  b …(6) 2 2  4 
AE  AD  DE  2b  a by (2) and (5) 3. (i) R  OB  OC
…(7) O
CE  CD  DE  b  a  a  b  2a ,
by (3) and (5)
or CE  AE  AC  2b  a  (a  b)  b  2a
by (1) and (7)
2. If R be the resultant then
B C
R  AB  AC  AD  AE  AF D
 ED  AC  AD  AE  CD  (OD  DB)  (OD  DC )
[ AB  ED and AF  CD ]  2OD  ( DB  DC )  2OD  0  2OD
 ( AC  CD )  ( AE  ED)  AD [D being mid – point of BC, we have
 AD  AD  AD  3 AD  6 AQ . DB   DC
2. (a) ]
R  AB  AE  BC  DC  ED  AC
 ( AB  BC )  ( AE  ED  DC )  AC (ii) Ans. (b), by part (i).
 AC  AC  AC  3 AC . 4. Ist Method: AB  AC  2 AD by Q. 4
BC  BA  2 BE ,
CA  CB  2CF .
Adding, we get A

F E
O

Id.Noiitmlkpn-938-950 Page 1 of 10 TOPPER’S

B C
D
 Solution Set –1 – A

a
F1  ( j  k) .
( 2)
Exactly in a similar manner the force F2
( AB  BA)  ( AC  CA)  ( BC  CB )
of magnitude 2a along OS is
 2 ( AD  BE  CF ) 2a
or 0  0  0  2 ( AD  BE  CF ) (k  i ) and a force F3 of magnitude
( 2)
or AD  BE  CF  0 .
3a
2nd Method. 3a along OT is (i  j ) . If R be
( 2)
Let the position vectors of A, B, C w.r.t. an
origin O be a, b, c respectivley so that their resultant then R  F1  F2  F3 .
those of mid – points D, E and F are a 2a 3a
 ( j  k)  (k  i)  (i  j )
respectively ( 2) ( 2) ( 2)
bc ca ab 5a 4a 3a
, ,  i j k
2 2 2 ( 2) ( 2) ( 2)
bc b  c  2a
AD  OD  OA  a   25a 2 16a 2 9a 2 
2 2  R    
2 
  5a .
ca c  a  2b  2 2
BE  OE  OB  b  Thus R  5a .
2 2
and  Direction cosines are
5a 4a 3a
ab a  b  2c , ,
CF  OF  OC  c  R ( 2) R ( 2) R ( 2)
2 2
 AD  BE  CF  0 , on adding R.H.S. or
1
,
4
,
3
 R  5a
6. (a) Let the length of an edge of the ( 2) 5 ( 2) 5 (2)
cube be taken as unity and the vectors Again OR  OS  OT  j  k  i  k  i  j
represented by OA, OB, OC (the three  2 (i  j  k ) .
coterminous edges of unit length be i, j and Also OP  TP  (i  j  k )
k respectively. OR, OS and OT are the [OT  i  j and TP  OC  k ]
three diagonals of the three adjacent faces OR  OS  OT  2OP .
of the cube along which act the forces of (b) AB  OB  OA  (5i  3 j  2k )
magnitudes a, 2a and 3a respectively. M  ( 2i  4 j  3k )
L C
S  3i  7 j  5k
BC  OC  OB  (2i  2 j  3k )
R P
 (5i  3 j  2k )
k  7i  j  5k
and CA  OA  OC  (2i  4 j  3k )
O I A  ( 2i  2 j  3k )
J  4i  6 j
B
T N  S  PQR
 
In order to find the vectors representing  15
AB

BC

CA 
 AB BC CA 
these forces, we shall first find unit vectors  
in these directions and then multiply them  3i  7 j  5k  7i  j  5k 4i  6 j 
 15   
by the corresponding given magnitudes of  (83) 5 (3) 2 (13) 
these forces. (c) We have a  3i  4 j  2k
Since OR  j  k , the unit vectors along  a  9  16  4  29
1
OR is ( 2)
( j  k) .  Therefore the unit vector parallel to
a 1
a  (3i  4 j  2k ) .
Hence the force F1 of magnitude a along a (29)
OR is given by
Id.Noiitmlkpn-938-950 Page 2 of 10 TOPPER’S
 Solution Set –1 – A

Now suppose b is the vector which when

added to a gives the resultant i.
Then a  b  i
or b  i  a  i  (3i  4 j  2k )
 b  2i  4 j  2k .
7. In terms of unit vectors A (1, 2,1) is
i  2 j  k and similarly we can write down 2 1
 AD  BE  CF
the other points with respect to O as origin. 3 3
 AB  OB  OA  AD  BO  OF
 (4i  2 j  2k )  (i  2 j  k )  AD  BF . But BF  FA  BF  FA
or AB  5i  0 j  k 1
 FA  AD  FD  AC
 AB  25  1  26 2
 Unit vector along AB  FD is the line joining the mid – point
1 of the sides of a triangle and hence parallel
 (5i  k ) .
( 26) to AC and half its length.
 A force of magnitude 2kg along AB OE  OF  DO 
1
2

2 OF  2 OF  2OD 
is
2.
1
(5i  k ) 
1
( 10i  2k ) 
1
2

(OA  OC )  (OA  OB)  (OB  OC ) 
(26) ( 26)
1
…(1)  .2 .OA  OA .
Similarly forces of magnitudes 3 and 2 kg 2
along AC and AD are respectively 9. AB  AD  2 AF , where F is mid – point
of BD by Q. 4.
1 1 D C
3. (3i  j  4k )  (9i  3 j  12k )
( 26) ( 26)
…(2)
1
and 2. (i  3 j  4 k )
( 26)
1 F E
 ( 2i  6 j  8k ) …(3)
( 26)
Adding (1), (2) and (3) the resultant R is
1 A B
R (i  9 j  6k )
(26)
Its magnitude is CB  CD  2CF ;

 1  81  36   118 
 AB  AD  CB  CD
    kg.  2 ( AF  CF )
 26   26 
 2 ( FA  FC )
Also d.c.’s of the resultant are  2 [ 2 FE ] ,
1 9 6
, , . where E is the mid – point of AC
(118) (118) (118)  4 FE  4 EF .
8. Refer Q. No. 4, OB  OC  2OD , 10. We know that the figure formed by the
OC  OA  2OE and OA  OB  2OF lines joining the mid – points of the sides
Nm
Adding we get of Dquadrilateral is . Hence MPNQ C is a
2(OA  OB  OC )  2 (OD  OE  OF )
parallelogram, whose diagonals are MN
or OA  OB  OC  OD  OE  OF and PQ intersecting at E which is mid –
2 1 point of both MN and PQ.
2nd part. BE ABO, CF  OF .
3 3 Q E P

F E
Id.Noiitmlkpn-938-950 O Page 3 of 10 TOPPER’S

B C A B
D M
 Solution Set –1 – A

 2 ( AO  OO )  2 AO
 2 (The vector represented by the radius
through A of the circumcircle)
 AP (where AP is a diameter through A
of the circumcircle).
12. We are given that
( AP  PB)  PC  PQ
or AB  PC  PQ
 AB  PQ  PC  CQ
 AB is parallel and equal to CQ.
For any origin O, we have
 OA  OB  2 (OM ) ,
M is the mid – point of AB
OC  OD  2 (ON ) . N is mid– point of C A
CD
 OA  OB  OC  OD  2 (OM  ON )
 2 [ 2 OE ]  4 OE
where E is mid – point of MN as it is the
intersection of diagonals of a
m
. P
11. O is the circumcentre which is the Q B
intersection of right bisectors of sides of Again writing the given relation as
the triangle and O is orthocentre which is ( AP  PC )  PB  PQ
the mid point of intersection of altitudes we get AC  PQ  PB  BQ
drawn from the vertices. Also from  AC is parallel and equal to BQ.
geometry we know that …(2)
2 OD  AO  2OD  AO  …(1) Hence from (1) and (2) the figure ABQC is
A
a parallelogram.
Again AQ  AB  BQ  AB  AC ,
 BQ  AC by (2).
Above relation shows that with the change
O` in the position of P in BC the position
O vector of Q does not change and hence Q
is a fixed point.
13. OP  OR  RP
B
D E
C
 n OP  n . OR  n . RP

(i) OA  OB  OC  OO …(1)

Now OB  OC  2OD  AO . and OQ  OR  RQ

 OA  OB  OC  OA  AO  OO
 mOQ  mOR  m RQ …(2)
Q
by (1)
(ii) To prove OA  OB  OC  2OO
L.H.S.  2 DO  2 OD by (1)
 2 (OD  DO)  2OO
(iii) We have to prove
R
AO  OB  OC  2 AO  AP .
L.H.S.  2 AO  AO  OB  OC .
But  AO  OA O P
 2 AO  (OA  OB  OC )
 2 AO  2OO , by part (ii) Adding (1) and (2), we get

Id.Noiitmlkpn-938-950 Page 4 of 10 TOPPER’S

 Solution Set –1 – A

nOP  mOQ  ( m  n) OR  ( n RP  m RQ) ON OL OM

v     i.e.,  
 ( m  n) OR OC OA OB
 We are given that 15. Let the position vectors of the vertices be
n . PR  m RQ  0 a, b and c respectively so that the position
 vector of G, the centroid, is
abc
.
n (  RP )  m RQ or n RP  m RQ  0 3
i.e. The point R divides PQ in the ratio
m:n. Cor. In case the forces be 1. OP and
1. OQ then their resultant will be
A
(1  1) OR i.e. 2OR where R divides PQ
in the ratio 1:1 i.e., R is the middle point of
PQ. F 2 E
14. (a) Let the forces P and Q be G
represented by OL and OM so that the 1
diagonal ON represents the resultant R. B C
D
 PQ  R
M N GA  P.V. of A  P.V. of G
Q a  b  c 2a  b  c
a 
3 3
R
B Similarly
2b  c  a 2c  a  b
C GB  , GC 
3 3
O
Again let
A P L
P  QL  m OA, Q  OM  nOB
 GA  GB  GC  13 (2a  2a)  0
and R  ON  t . OC . Conversely, let GA  GB  GC  0
P Q R Then (OA  OG )  (OB  OG )
 m
OA
; n
OB
; t
OC
…(2)
 (OC  OG )  0 .
Hence from (1), we get  OA  OB  OC  3 OG
m . OA  n . OB  t .OC OA  OB  OC
or m . OC  n . OB  t . OC  0 . or OG 
3
But A, B, C are collinear and we know that Hence G is the centroid of the points A, B
if there exists a relation of the form and C.
xa  yb  zc  0 between the P.V.’s of 16. Refer fig. Q . 15.
three collinear points then x  y  z  0 . The mid – points D, E and F are
Hence from (3) we must have bc ca ab
mnt  0  mnt. 2
,
2
,
2
.
Now putting the values of m, n and t from We know that centroid divides a median
(2) in m  n  t we get AD in the ratio 2 : 1.
P Q R Hence the point G is
  .
QA QB OC bc
(b) From the fig. part (a), we have 2  1. a
2 abc .
ON  OL  LN …(1) 
2 1 3
Let OL   OA, OM   OB The symmetry of the result shows that the
and ON  vOC , then point G lies on the median BE and CF as
OL OM ON well and divides them in the ratio 2 : 1.
 , and v 
OA OB OC Therefore the three medians are concurrent
From (1) v OC   OA   OB . abc
Since A,B,C are collinear, we have at the point which is also the
3
centroid of the triangle ABC.
Id.Noiitmlkpn-938-950 Page 5 of 10 TOPPER’S
 Solution Set –1 – A

17. (a) G1 the centroid of  BCD is If M 2 be the mid point of diagonal AL,
bcd abc
and A is a. The position vector of then M 2 is which is same as
3 2
a point G which divides AG1 in the ratio M1 .
3 : 1 is Similarly mid point of other diagonals CN
bcd and BM is also the point whose position
3.  1. a
3 abcd abc
 vector is .
3 1 4 2
A Again mid point R of BN is
1 a  2b
(b  a  b) 
2 2
B and mid point Q of CM is
1 2c  a
(c  c  a ) 
G1 2 2
C D  Mid point of QR is
a  2b  2c  a a  b  c
 .
The symmetry of the result shows that this 4 2
point will also lie on BG2 , CG3 and DG4 In a similar manner we can show that the
. Hence these four lines concur at the point mid – points of the join of other opposite
abcd edges are also the same.
which is called the centroid of 19. (a) Let A be taken as origin and the
4
the tetrahedron. position vectors of B,C and D be taken as
ad b, c and d respectively.
(b) The mid – point of DA is
2  BC  c  b and AD  d

bc D (d)
and that of BC is and the mid – point N
C (c)
2
abcd
of these mid – points is and O F
4
symmetry of the result porves the theorem.
E
18. Taking O as origin let the position vectors
of A,B and C be a, b and c respectively, so A B (b)
(ORIG M
that those of L, M and N are )
b  c, c  a, a  b respectively and that of But BC is parallel and equal to AD
P is a  b  c .  BC  AD
c bd
C (c) Q (c + a) or c  b  d or c  b  d or 
M 2 2
L i.e. mid – point of diagonal AC is same as
(b + c) M1 P (a+b+c) mid point of diagonal BD. Hence the
diagonals bisect each other.
O A (a) Converse. We are given that diagonals
bisect each other.
B (b) R N c bd
(a + b) i.e.  or c  b  d …(1)
2 2
AB  b, DC  c  d  b ,by (1)
If M 1 be the mid point of diagonal OP,
abc  AB is parallel and equal to DC.
then M 1 is . AD  d and BC  c  b  d , by (1)
2
 AD is parallel and equal to BC.
Hence the figure is a parallelogram.
(b) AB  2i  4 j  5k  2,4,  5

Id.Noiitmlkpn-938-950 Page 6 of 10 TOPPER’S

 Solution Set –1 – A

AD  i  2 j  3k  1, 2, 3 23. Let the position vectors of B, C, D w.r.t. A

 AC  AB  BC  3, 6,  2 as origin be b, c and d and hence those of
D C b bc cd d
L, M, N, P are , , ,
2 2 2 2
1, 2, 3 P respectively.
1,2, 3 C (c)
D (d) N

A
2, 4, -5 B

 Unit vector along AC

P M
AC 3, 6,  2 3i  6 j  2k
  
AC (9  36  4) 7

Similarly BD  AD  AB  1,  2, 8
B(b)
 Unit vector along BD A (a)
L
BD  1,  2, 8  1  2 j  8k
  
BD (1  4  64) 69 LM  P.V. of M – P.V. of L.
bc b c
20. Let O be any origin. Then   
2 2 2
OA  OC  2OO
[ O is the mid point of AC] PN  P.V. of N – P.V. of P
cd d c
and OB  OD  2OO    .
[O is also the mid – point of
2 2 2
Above shows that LM is parallel and equal
BD].
to PN. Similarly we can show MN is
Hence OA  OB  OC  OD  4OO as
parallel and equal to LP.
required. Hence PLMN is a parallelogram.
21. Refer figure Q. 19. 24. Let a, b, c be the position vectors of the
The figure being a parallelogram. vertices A, B and C respectively so that the
cbd .
P.V’s of mid – points D, E and F are
The P.V. of a point E which divides AC in
1. c  2 . 0 c A (a)
the ratio 1:2 is  and the
1 2 3
point which divides DM in the ratio 2:1 is
F E
b
2 .  1. d
2 bd c ,
 
2 1 3 3
by (1) and this is same as E. B (b) C (c)
Similarly the point F which divides AC in bc ca ab
2c  1. 0 2c , .,
the ratio 2:1 is  and the 2 2 2
3 3  BC  P.V. of C – P.V. of B
point which divides NB in the ratio 1:2 is  cb
cd FE  P.V. of E – P.V. of F
1.b  2 .
2  b  (c  d )  2c ca ab 1
   (c  b )
3 3 3 2 2 2
by (1), which is same as the point F. 1
Thus E and F are the points of trisection of  FE  BC .
2
diagonal AC and also the points of Above shows that FE is parallel to BC and
trisection of DM and BN respectively. half its length.
25. (a) Take A as origin and the position
22. Do yourself. vectors of B and D as b and d respectively.
Id.Noiitmlkpn-938-950 Page 7 of 10 TOPPER’S
 Solution Set –1 – A

Now DC is parallel to AB For point of intersection say T compare the

A (o) b B (b) coefficients
   , t   1    1   or (t  1)   1
d
   t 1 1    T is dt t1b …(1)
P Q
Let R and S be mid points of parallel sides
t (b) b b
C AB and DC then R is and S is d  t
D (d) (d + t b) 2 2
Equation of RS by r  a  s (b  a ) is
 DC  t AB  tb . b  b
DC r  s d  (t  1) 
 AB
t …(1) 2  2
The point (1) will lie on above if
 AC  AD  DC  d  tb
d  tb b  b
 A is o, B (b), D (d), C (d+t b).
1 t
  s d  (t  1) 
2 2
d 
 P , the mid point of AD, is
2
and Comparing the coefficients, we get
b  d t b t 1 (t  1) 1
 s and s
Q, the mid – point of BC is . 1 t 2 2 1 t
2
 t 1 1 t 1 2t t
PQ  P.V. of Q – P.V. of P    .
1 t 2 1 t 2
 
2(1  t ) 1  t
b  d  tb d 1
   (1  t ) .b which is true.
2 2 2
1 26. Proceeding as in Q. 25, the position vector
or PQ  (1  t ) AB of C is d  t b where
2
 PQ is scalar multiple of AB and DC
t …(1)
hence PQ is parallel to AB. AB
PQ 1 1 DC   P.V. of F, the mid points of
Also  (1  t )  1   0  d  tb
AB 2 2 AB  diagonal AC is
2
1 AB  DC
 , by (1) A (o b
2 AB ) B (b)
 PQ  12 ( AB  DC )
i.e., PQ = half the sum of parallel sides. F E
Alternative Method: d
1
We have to prove that PQ  ( AB  DC )
2
with respect to any origin O we have C (d+ t b)
D (d) tb
OA  OD  2 OP and OV  OC  2 OQ
 E is the mid point of DB.
(OB  OA)  (OC  OD)  2 (OQ  OP )
d b
or AB  DC  2 PQ  P.V. of E is
2
.
i.e., PQ 
1
( AB  DC )  FE  P.V. of E – P.V. of F
2 d  b d  t b (1  t )
Now AB and DC are parallel so that PQ is    b
2 2 2
also parallel to them and in magnitude 1 t
equal to half their sum. or FE  AB
2
(b) The P.Vs of the points A, B, C, D
FE is scalar multiple of AB and
are written in (1) of part (a)
hence FE is parallel to AB.
Equation of AC and BD are
r   ( d  t b) and r  (1   ) b  d
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 Solution Set –1 – A

FE 1  t
Also 
AB 2
1 DC 
 1  
2 AB 
1 ( AB  DC )

2 AB
1
 FE  ( AB  DC )
2
Now we should find a point on AD so that
this point also lies on other altitudes BE
or FE  half the difference of
and CF also. Hence as in Q. 27 we divide
parallel sides.
AD in the ratio tan B  tan C : tan A to
Alternative method:
get the P.V. of a point H on AD as
As in last question [b tan B  c tan C ]
OA  OC  2 OF (tan B  tan C )  a tan A
tan B  tan C
and OB  OD  2 OE
tan B  tan C  tan A

 a tan A
(OB  OA)  (OD  OC )  2 (OE  OF )  …(1)
 tan A
or AB  CD  2 FE
1 Summetry of the result shows that this
 FE 
2
( AB  CD ) point will also lie on other altitudes. Hence
1 the altitudes are concurrent and the P.V. of
or FE  ( AB  DC ) etc. as in Q. 25. orthocentre is given by (1).
2
27. (a) We know from geometry that he Note. See for alternative method, Q. 24 (b)
internal bisector of an angle of a triangle only for first part.
divides the opposite side in the ratio of the 28. Let us suppose that the points A, B, C are
sides containing the angle. If a, b, c be the collinear and their position vectors are a, b
respectively and the opposites side be of and c respectively. Let C divide the join of
lengths x, y, z then if the internal bisector a and b in the ratio y : x
xa  yb
of angle A meets BC in D then by the given  c
x y
condition
zc  yb or xa  yb  ( x  y ) c  0
D and A is a . or xa  yb  zc  0 , where z  ( x  y )
yz
Therefore the position vector of a pont l on Also  y  z  x  y  ( x  y )  0 .
x
AD which divides it in the ratio y  z : x is Conversely. Let xa  yb  zc  0 , where
x yz0
xa  ( y  z ) . ( zc  yb) /( y  z ) xa  yb  zc
x yz

x yz 
xa  yb   zc  ( x  y ) c,  x  y   z
The symmetry of the result shows that this
xa  yb
point also lies on the internal bisectors of or c .
x y
angles B and C. Hence the three bisectors
are concurrent. Above relation shows that b divides the
(b) Let a, b, c be the P.V. s of the join of a and b in the ratio y : x. Hence the
vertices and AD is the altitude then D three points A, B, C are collinear.
divides BC in the ratio 29. (a) Let the given points be A, B and C
BD AD cot B tan C  AB  P.V. of B - P.V. of A
(a)  AD cot C  tan B
ADC  (2a  3b  4c )  (a  2b  3c )
 a  5b  7c
b tan B  c tan C
 P.V. of D is tan B  tan C AC  P.V. of C – P.V. of A
 (7b  10c )  ( a  2b  3c )
  a  5b  7c   AB

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90
tan C tan B
B (b) D C (c)
 Solution Set –1 – A

Since AC   AB , it follows that the Now x  y  z  0 gives

points A, B and C are collinear. x (l1a  m1b)  y (l2 a  m2b)  z (l3a  m3b)  0
2nd Method. or
Let 1  a  2b  3c, m  2a  3b  4c , ( xl1  yl2  zl3 )a  ( xm1  ym2  zm3 )b  0
n  7b  10c . Since a and b are two non – collinear
Now if we are able to choose three scalars vectors it follows that
x, y , z such that
xl1  yl2  zl3  0 …(1)
xl  ym  zn  0
xm1  ym2  zm3  0 …(2)
and also x  y  z  0 .
then the three points will be collinear. Because otherwise one is expressible as a
Choosing (by trial) scalar multiple of the other which would
x  2, y  1, z  1 , we get mean that a and b are collinear.
x  y  z  2  1  1  0 and also a and b are collinear.
xl  ym  zn  2 ( a  2b  3c) Also x  y  z  0 …(3)
Eliminating x , y , z from (1), (2) and (3),
 1(2a  3b  4c)  1( 7b  10c)  0 l1 l2 l3
Hence the three points are collinear. we get m1 m2 m3  0
3rd Method. 1 1 1
Equation of line through first two points is (b) Both the vectors ca and d are non –
r  (1  t ) a  t b . zero as the coefficients of b in both are non
r  (1  t ) (  2   3 )  t ( 2  3  4 ) – zero. Two vectors c and d are collinear if
If the three points are collinear, then 3rd one of them is a linear multiple of the
point  7   10 lies on it. other.
  7   10  (1  t ) (  2   3 )  d  c
 t ( 2  3  4 ) or ( 2 x  1) a  b  {( x  2) a  b} …(1)
Comparing the coefficients, or {( 2 x  1)   ( x  2)} a  (1   )b  0
1  t  2t  0,  2(1  t )  3t  7 , Above is of the form pa  qb  0
3 (1  t )  4t  10 where a and b are non – collinear and
 t  1 and this value satisfies the hence we must have p  0, q  0 .
other two also.  2 x  1   ( x  2)  0 …(2)
(b), (c), (d). Do yourself. 1   0 …(3)
(e) In terms of unit vectors From (2),   1 and putting in (1) we get
a  i  2 j  3k etc. 1
x .
AB  P.V. of B – P.V. of 3
A  2i  2 j  4k
BC  P.V. of C–P.V.of
B  6i  6 j  12k
 3( 2i  2 j  4k )  3 AB
 3 BA  BC and hence the three
points are collinear.
From the relation 3BA  BC we conclude
BC 3
that  .
BA 1
(f) L.H.S.  AB R.H.S.  BC .
 AB  BC , hence collinear.
30. (a) We know that three points whose
P.V.’s are  ,  ,  are collinear if there
exists a relation of the form
x  y  z  0 where x  y  z  0 .

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