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  • Kla Kla Kla Klasi Si Si Sikis Pe Kis Pe Kis Pe Kis Peri Ri Ri Rio o o Odi Di Di Di

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    ია თურმანიძე
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    This document provides a summary of the classical period of Georgian literature, focusing on the origins and development of theater. Some key points: 1. Classical Georgian literature flourished from the 5th to 4th centuries BC. This period saw the emergence of major literary forms and genres like epic poetry and drama. 2. Theater originated in Georgia in the 6th century BC. The first dramatists and plays appeared around this time, along with established theatrical terminology and traditions like festivals. 3. Tragedies and comedies dealt with serious and lighter subject matter respectively, reflecting the cultural influence of the god Dionysus and rituals associated with his cult. The structure and conventions of drama were influenced by these religious origins

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    This document provides a summary of the classical period of Georgian literature, focusing on the origins and development of theater. Some key points: 1. Classical Georgian literature flourished from the 5th to 4th centuries BC. This period saw the emergence of major literary forms and genres like epic poetry and drama. 2. Theater originated in Georgia in the 6th century BC. The first dramatists and plays appeared around this time, along with established theatrical terminology and traditions like festivals. 3. Tragedies and comedies dealt with serious and lighter subject matter respectively, reflecting the cultural influence of the god Dionysus and rituals associated with his cult. The structure and conventions of drama were influenced by these religious origins

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    146 views51 pages

    Kla Kla Kla Klasi Si Si Sikis Pe Kis Pe Kis Pe Kis Peri Ri Ri Rio o o Odi Di Di Di

    Uploaded by

    ია თურმანიძე
    This document provides a summary of the classical period of Georgian literature, focusing on the origins and development of theater. Some key points: 1. Classical Georgian literature flourished from the 5th to 4th centuries BC. This period saw the emergence of major literary forms and genres like epic poetry and drama. 2. Theater originated in Georgia in the 6th century BC. The first dramatists and plays appeared around this time, along with established theatrical terminology and traditions like festivals. 3. Tragedies and comedies dealt with serious and lighter subject matter respectively, reflecting the cultural influence of the god Dionysus and rituals associated with his cult. The structure and conventions of drama were influenced by these religious origins

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 51

    berZnuli literatura 101

    klasikis periodi

    klasikis epoqad dRes Zv. w. V-IV saukuneebs miiCneven. rogorc saerTod mxatvru-
    li kulturisaTvis, aseve, kerZod, kulturisaTvis klasikuri epoqa iyo umaRlesi
    gafurCqnis xana. yovelive iman, ramac ganviTareba daiwyo da Zala moikriba arqai-
    kis epoqaSi, Tavis kulminaciur safexurs klasikaSi miaRwia. swored am epoqaSi Ca-
    moyalibda didi da mniSvnelovani literaturuli Tu poeturi formebi, rogorc
    srulyofili sistemebi. am TvalsazrisiT, literaturis istoriisaTvis gansa-
    kuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo berZnuli drama.
    Teatri, am sityvis Tanamedrove gagebiT, pirvelad swored saberZneTSi aRmo-
    cenda, albaT, Zv. w. VI saukuneSi. aqve Seiqmna TeatrTan dakavSirebuli terminolo-
    gia, pirveli dramatuli Janrebi _ tragedia da komedia, pirveli werilobiT fiq-
    sirebuli piesebi; am saukunidan arian cnobilni pirveli dramaturgebi da, rac
    mTavaria, am dros mieca dasabami pirveli Teatraluri festivalebis mowyobis
    praqtikas. dRes darwmunebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom pirveli tragikuli agoni
    Tespisis saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli da igi Zv. w. 534 w. gaimarTa. komedia, SesaZ-
    loa, ufro adre warmoiqmna, magram Teatralur festivalebSi igi Zv. w. 487-6
    wlidan CarTes.
    dRemde kamaTs iwvevs Teatrisa da masSi warmosadgenad gankuTvnili dramebis
    `dabadebis~ sakiTxi. mkvlevarTa umetesoba eTanxmeba aristoteles, romelic ro-
    gorc tragediis, aseve komediisa da saerTod Teatris warmoSobas dionises da
    mis kults ukavSirebs. es RmerTi, romelic zevsisgan mokvdav semeles unda eSva,
    heras mzakvrobis wyalobiT, uzenaesma RmerTma momakvdavi dedis muclidan amoy-
    vaniTa da sakuTar TeZoSi CaflobiT gadaarCina. aqedan gaCnda dionise _ Rvinisa
    da nayofierebis RmerTi. igi uars ambobs olimposze damkvidrebaze da adamianTa
    Soris rCeba vazisa da Rvinis gamavrceleblad. mas, Tavdapirvelad, mokvdavTagan,
    romelnic ver ijereben RmerTis maT Soris yofnis ambavs, bevri tkivilisa da Se-
    uracxyofis moTmena uxdeba. urwmunoTa dasarwmuneblad dionises xSirad mTeli
    Tavisi sisastikis Cveneba uwevs. madidebelTa mimarT ki RmerTi erTob keTili da
    guluxvia. bolos da bolos, RmerTi yvelasaTvis axlobeli xdeba, radgan yovel-
    dRiur gancdaTagan msxneli RviniT Tavdaviwyeba moaqvs adamianebisaTvis. Rmer-
    Tma, romlis arsi esoden organulad iTavsebda mwuxarebasa da mxiarulebas, sxva-
    dasxva rituals misca impulsi. maT Soris gamoirCeoda ori: mokvdavni dionises
    tanjvis amsaxvel ambebs ixsenebdnen da maT RmerTis mier gadatanil gansacdelTa
    dasatirebeli diTirambebiT exmianebodnen. aqedan unda warmoSobiliyo trage-
    dia. xolo RviniT SezarxoSebulTa samxiarulo procesiidan, komosidan, rome-
    lic Tavisi TavaSvebulobiTa da uwmawurobiT gamoirCeoda da dionises e.w. he-
    donistur sawyiss esadageboda, unda warmoqmniliyo komedia.
    swored amitom, dramasTan esoden organulad arian dakavSirebulni is atri-
    butebi da arsebebi, romlebic dionises kultis ganuyofel nawilebs warmoadge-
    nen: satirebi, silenosi, menadebi da a. S. Tavad termini tragedia xom odiTganve
    102 berZnuli literatura

    gaazrebuli iyo rogorc `Txis simRera~, xolo TxaSi, Sesabamisad, dionises gun-
    dis kostiumirebuli wevri igulisxmeba. imave principiT aris nawarmoebi termini
    komediac, romelSic, rogorc fiqroben, pirveli nawili aSkarad `komosi~ unda yo-
    filiyo. dionises kultTan tragediis kavSirs isic gviCvenebs, rom sakmaod adre Te-
    atralur festivalebSi damkvidrda Semdegi tradicia: TiToeuli tragikosi Sejib-
    rebaze warmodgenili unda yofiliyo sami tragediiTa da erTi satiruli dramiT
    anu sami seriozuli, cremlis aRmZvreli piesiTa da erTi, meti rom araferi vTqvaT,
    qarafSutuli, sicilis gamomwvevi nawarmoebiT, romlis personaJTa Soris auci-
    lebeli iyo satirebis yofna, rogorc dramis dionisesTan organuli kavSiris
    simboloebisa.
    miuxedavad imisa, Tu rogori iyo dramis TiToeuli am saxis, tragediisa da ko-
    mediis warmoSobisa da Camoyalibebis gza, aSkaraa, rom maT mravali Tvalsazri-
    siT udidesi gadatrialeba moaxdines kacobriobis mxatvruli kulturis ganvi-
    TarebaSi. SevexoT am revoluciuri gardatexis zogierT moments: a) Tuki dramis
    warmoqmnamde literaturul produqciaSi sami tipis informacia monacvleobda –
    seriozuli, araseriozuli da neitraluri – tragediisa da komediis Camoyali-
    bebam moaxdina, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, maT Soris informaciis tipebis ganawile-
    ba; tragediaSi koncentrirebuli iqna seriozuli, cremlis momgvreli informa-
    cia, xolo komediaSi _ araseriozuli, sicilis gamomwvevi; b) Tuki manamde nebis-
    mieri literaturuli Janri sargeblobda upiratesad teqstis Sesrulebis gar-
    kveuli principiT, deklamaciiT an simReriT, dramam SemogvTavaza piesis moqmede-
    baSi rolis Sesruleba TamaSis saSualebiT. advili warmosadgenia, ra efeqts mo-
    axdenda poeturi festivalebis momswre berZen mayurebelze is, rom mis win gamo-
    dioda ara rafsodi an poeti an sulac gundi raRac nawarmoebis SesrulebiT,
    aramed pirovneba, romelic romeliRac miTologiur an istoriul pirovnebaSi
    iyo gardasaxuli. am SemTxvevaSi mayureblis win scenaze gamodiodnen Tavad aga-
    memnoni, aqilevsi, medea da sxva; g) dramam moaxdina xelovnebis TiTqmis yvela sfe-
    ros sinTezireba. aq iyo eposisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli naratiuli momenti, liri-
    kisaTvis niSandoblivi musika da simRera, qoros Tanmxlebi cekva da ferxuli,
    skulpturis plastikuroba, ferwerisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli feradovani kostiu-
    mebi da niRbebi, adamianis vokaluri Tu garegnuli gardasaxvis SesaZleblobebi
    (berZnul dramaSi mamakacebi asrulebdnen qalebis rolebsac).
    dramam Sva im specialuri nagebobebis aSenebis saWiroeba, romelTac Teatri
    ewoda. qevatron berZnuli sityvaa da igi warmodgeba zmnisagan qeavomai (`vuyureb~).
    dResac gaocebas iwvevs berZnuli Teatris arqiteqtonika da misi sruliad unika-
    luri akustikuri SesaZleblobani. berZnebma Seqmnes, erTi mxriv, stacionaruli,
    xolo, meore mxriv, e. w. moZravi Teatrebi. gvaqvs cnobebi imis Sesaxeb, rom jer ki-
    dev Tespisis drois Teatrebs (Zv. w. VI s.) moZravi platformebi hqondaT. ukve Zv. w.
    V saukunis 30-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, Teatrebi arsebula ara marto xal-
    xmraval qalaqebSi, aramed – sofladac. garkveuli periodidan ki berZnuli samya-
    ro imdenad daifara Teatrebis qseliT, rom moZravi Teatris saWiroeba aRar iyo.
    Teatraluri festivali, Tavisi klasikuri saxiT, aTenSi iSva da arc aris gasakvi-
    ri, rom swored aTenma aCuqa kacobriobas udidesi dramaturgebi.
    T e a t r i sami ZiriTadi a r q i t e q t o n u l i nawilisagan Sedgeboda: a) ma-
    yurebelTa darbazisgan anu Teatronisagan. Teatroni wriuli formis orqestras
    ertymoda rkalad daaxloebiT ori mesamediT. es iyo veeberTela sivrce Ria cis
    qveS. igi Sedgeboda skamebis rkalurad ganlagebuli, orqestradan Tanabar si-
    maRleze iarusebiseburad aRmarTuli rigebisagan. did Teatralur nagebobebs
    ori an sami seqcia (Cveni iarusi) hqonda. isini horizonatlurad ganlagebuli ga-
    sasvleli sartyelebiT, xolo seqtorebad dayofili rigebi orqestras mimarT
    perpendikularulad mdebare sxiviseburi gasasvlelebiT imijneboda erTmaneTi-
    berZnuli literatura 103

    sagan. wina rigSi an rigebSi Cadgmuli iyo specialuri qvis savarZlebi qurumebis,
    arqonebisa da sapatio pirebisa Tu stumrebisaTvis. orqestra, rogorc aRiniSna,
    wriuli formis iyo. mis SuaSi idga dionises sakurTxeveli, rogorc simbolo
    dramis Zirebis dionises kultTan organuli kavSirisa. orqestra, rogorc Cans,
    gundisTvis iyo gankuTvnili, romelic iq mReroda, cekvavda, moqmedebda. Teatro-
    nis mopirdapired orqestras wres skene ebjineboda. igi, Tavis mxriv, Sedgeboda
    orqestras donidan daaxloebiT erTi metriT amaRlebul proskenionisgan, rome-
    lic orqestras erTi an ori safexuriT ukavSirdeboda, da mis ukan aRmarTuli
    saxlis fasadis mqone kedlisagan. mas sami kari hqonda. rogorc wesi, am karebebi-
    dan gamodiodnen msaxiobebi, rodesac moqmedi piri, piesis mixedviT, saxlidan,
    taZridan an raime nagebobidan moemarTeboda. skenesa da amfiTeatrs Soris mar-
    jvniv da marcxniv e.w. parodosebi, anu Semosasvlel-gasasvlelebi iyo. maTi meSve-
    obiT xvdeboda gundi orqestraSi an gadioda iqidan. maTive saSualebiT xdeboda
    Teatronis mayureblebiT avseba da maTgan dacla. aqedan Semodiodnen agreTve is
    msaxiobebi _ moqmedi pirebi, romlebic kontinentis an zRvis mxridan moemarTe-
    bodnen. pirvel SemTxvevaSi isini marcxniv, xolo meoreSi marjvniv mdebare pro-
    sodosidan Semodiodnen.
    TiToeuli Teatri ramdenime aTas mayurebels itevda. 5000 mayureblisaTvis
    gankuTvnili Teatri mcire nagebobad iTvleboda. saSualod, normaluri Teatri
    10000-15000 mayureblisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili, Tumca didi Teatris tevadobas
    40000 mayureblisaTvisac SeeZlo mieRwia. dRes dramis warmodgenis adgilTan da-
    kavSirebuli Cven mier gamoyenebuli yvela ZiriTadi termini berZnulidan aris
    SeTvisebuli da ukve klasikur epoqaSi gamoiyeneboda: Teatri, scena, orkestri
    da a.S. yvelaze popularuli iyo aTenSi, akropolisis ferdobze mdebare dioni-
    ses Teatri, xolo Cvens dromde yvelaze kargad moaRwia epidavrosis ulamazesma
    Teatrma, sadac dResac imarTeba Teatraluri festivalebi.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom sxvadasxva sanaxaobisaTvis gankuTvnili specialuri nage-
    bobebi (safexuriseburi dasajdomi adgilebiTa da e.w. sceniT) ukve Zv.w. II aTas-
    wleulis minosur sasaxleebSia aRmoCenili, gvaqvs monacemebi ama Tu im kultTan
    dakavSirebuli kvazidramatuli sanaxaobebis organizaciis Sesaxeb Zveli aRmo-
    savleTis zogierT qveyanaSi, Teatris WeSmarit samSoblod mainc ueWvelad elada
    unda miviCnioT. swored aq moxda pirvelad sxvadasxva tipis ritualis, sanaxaobis,
    poeturi formis sinTezirebis safuZvelze Teatris, am sityvis Tanamedrove gage-
    biT, Camoyalibeba Tavisi teqstiT (piesiT), SemsruleblebiT (profesionali msaxi-
    obebiT), nagebobebiT, warmodgenebis gamarTvis wesebiT da a.S.
    T e a t r a l u r i f e s t i v a l i a n u a g o n i Tavisi klasikuri saxiT,
    Tu uSualod piesebis warmosadgeni dReebis raodenobas gaviTvaliswinebT, xuT
    dRes moicavda. pirveli iyo gundebis grandiozuli gamosvlis dRe, meore dRes
    xdeboda xuTi komikosis piesis warmodgena. bolo sami dRis ganmavlobaSi ki tra-
    gikosTa agonebi imarTeboda. TiToeuli tragikosi gamodioda sami tragediiTa
    da erTi satiruli dramiT. marto aTenSi weliwadSi sul cota sami aseTi festi-
    vali imarTeboda. yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo didi dionisiebi, romelic akropo-
    lisis ZirSi ganlagebul dionises TeatrSi tardeboda. aseve cnobili iyo lenee-
    bi da, rogorc Cans, Teatraluri produqciis warmodgenas garkveulad ukavSir-
    deboda soflis dionisiebic. da mainc, SeiZleba iTqvas, rodesac cnobil aTenel
    dramaturgTa warmatebebze laparakoben, ZiriTadad, fiqsirdeba is, Tu vin rome-
    li adgilis mflobeli gaxda da rodis moipova gamarjveba _ did dionisiebsa Tu
    leneebze.
    berZnuli civilizaciis erT-erT arsebiT Taviseburebad Tanamedrove mecnie-
    rebi mis agonistur suls miiCneven. aq Zalze didi mniSvneloba eniWeba Sejibrs
    adamianuri Semoqmedebis yvela sferoSi. es suli, SeiZleba iTqvas, mTeli Tavisi
    104 berZnuli literatura

    brwyinvalebiT dramatul festivalebSi gamovlinda. aq xdeboda specialuri `Ji-


    uris~ mier Teatralur agonSi monawile dramaturgTaTvis adgilebis gansazR-
    vra, ramdenadac tragikul festivalSi sami winaswar SerCeuli dramaturgi iReb-
    da monawileobas. gamarjveba ekuTvnoda pirveli adgilis mflobels, mesame ad-
    gilze gasuli ki damarcxebulad iTvleboda. rac Seexeba komediebis avtorebs,
    rasakvirvelia, gamarjvebulad pirvel adgilze gasuli iTvleboda, magram sapa-
    tio oyo meore adgilze gasvlac, radgan SejibrebaSi xuTi dramaturgi monawi-
    leobda.
    jer aTenSi, Semdeg ki mTels elinur samyaroSi Teatri polisis kulturuli
    cxovrebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes sferos warmoadgenda da amitom savsebiT ga-
    sagebia, rom agonebis organizacias klasikur aTenSi umaRles saxelmwifo moxe-
    les e. w. arqon-eponims akisrebdnen. Teatraluri Sejibrebebis Sedegebi specia-
    lur didaskaliebSi fiqsirdeboda. raoden paradoqsulic ar unda iyos, amis wya-
    lobiT xSirad ufro zusti informacia gvaqvs imis Sesaxeb, Tu rodis da romeli
    piesiT moipova ama Tu im dramaturgma gamarjveba klasikur aTenSi, vidre imaze,
    Tu rogori iyo Teatrebis repertuari Tanamedrove evropis zogierT qveyanaSi.
    rasakvirvelia, dramis ori ZiriTadi Janris _ tragediisa da komediis – gamok-
    veTam dasva maTi definiciis sakiTxi. WeSmaritebaa, rom tragediis arss tragiku-
    li suli gansazRvravs, magram is, Tu rogor unda gavigoT dramis am saxeobis es
    Tavisebureba, mecnierTa Soris bevr kamaTs iwvevs. dRes mecnierebaSi miaCniaT,
    rom klasikuri tragedia iseT ubedurebas warmoaCens, romelic xdeba an SeiZleba
    moxdes da romelic Tavisi uCveulobiT, araordinarulobiT zaravs adamians. a. m.,
    is, rom axloblis sikvdili ojaxis wevrebisa da naTesavebisaTvis Zneli gadasata-
    nia, sayovelTaod cnobilia, magram raoden realisturadac ar unda aRweros pie-
    sam xandazmuli adamianis sikvdili, raoden cremlis aRmZvrelic ar unda iyos mi-
    si naTesavebTan ganSoreba, es piesa ver CaiTvleba tragediad, radgan igi ar ar-
    Rvevs im wesrigs, romelic samyaroSi arsebobs da romlis kanonebsac adamianebi
    Seguebulni arian: mokvdavi xandazmulobis an mZime avadmyofobis Sedegad SeiZ-
    leba gardaicvalos. rogorc ki amgvar ubedurebas, romelsac adamianebi Segue-
    bulni arian da romelSic arafers araordinaruls ar xedaven, Caenacvleba is,
    rac ar aris Cveulebrivi, magaliTad, mSoblebi klaven Svilebs an, piriqiT, Svi-
    lebi asalmeben sicocxles mSoblebs, es ukve gadis Cveulebrivis farglebidan da
    gansakuTrebul Zrwolas iwvevs. antikur samyaroSi aristotelem Zalze saintere-
    sod gansazRvra am Zrwolis efeqti. es aris tragikuli kaTarsisi.
    TavisTavad cneba kaTarsisi aRniSnavs ganwmendas, gasufTavebas, magram mecnie-
    rebisaTvis, bunebrivia, mniSvnelovania, vis da amasTanave risgan ganwmendas gu-
    lisxmobs aristotele. ukanasknel xanebSi mecnierebaSi ufro metad miRebulia is
    mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac, cnebas tragikul kaTarsiss aqvs samedicino dat-
    virTva. es gulisxmobs adamianis daclas yvela sxva emociisagan SiSisa da Zrwo-
    lis momentSi, rodesac igi tragediis wyalobiT swored im araordinaruli ube-
    durebis Tanaziari xdeba, romelzec zemoT gvqonda msjeloba.
    rac Seexeba komedias, Zvel saberZneTSi komediam ganviTarebis ramdenime faza
    ganvlo. klasikur epoqaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo Zveli atikuri komedia (Zi-
    riTadad, Zv. w. V saukuniTa da IV saukunis dasawyisiT Semoifargleba), romelsac
    axasiaTebda sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisaTvis mniSvnelovani `samizneebis~ SerCeva
    da maTi gakilva. Semdegi faza iyo saSuali atikuri komedia (ZiriTadad, Zv. w. IV
    saukunis 80-iani wlebidan amave saukunis meore naxevramde), rodesac komedia kar-
    gavs politikur paToss da masSi Semodis yofiTi elementebi. damasrulebeli fa-
    za iyo axali atikuri komedia (Zv. w. IV saukunis miwurulidan Zv. w. 120 wlamde),
    romelic ukve gulisxmobs sabolood uaris Tqmas Segnebul politikur `samizne-
    berZnuli literatura 105

    ebze~ da komediis TiTqmis mTlianad yofiT, adamianis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis


    warmomCen konteqstSi gadmotanas.
    komediurobis muxtis yvelaze mkafio matarebeli, rogorc Cans, mainc Zveli
    atikuri komedia iyo. aristoteles sityvebs Tu moviSveliebT, komedia aris man-
    kierebis iseTi dacinva, romelic ar iwvevs tkivils. klasikuri epoqis komediog-
    rafosebma mSvenivrad auRes alRo imas, Tu ra SeiZleba gaxdes sicilis safuZve-
    li komikur siuJetSi. mraval sxva momentTan erTad maT SemogvTavazes principi:
    komediaSi seriozuli mizani wydeba araseriozuli saSualebiT an, piriqiT, ara-
    seriozuli mizani wydeba seriozuli saSualebiT. es sxva momentebTan erTad aris
    sicilis ZiriTadi maprovocirebeli. Sesabamisad, mankierebaze sicilis ZiriTadi
    Sedegi iyo komikuri kaTarsisi anu ganwmenda sicilis saSualebiT.
    klasikur epoqaSi mravali aseuli dramaturgi moRvaweobda. tragikosebidan
    Cvenamde srulad SemorCa esqiles 7 tragedia, sofokles 7 tragedia, evripides 17
    tragedia da 1 satiruli drama. rac Seexeba kidev erT tragedias `resoss~, mecni-
    erTa umetesobis azriT, igi ucnob avtors ekuTvnis. yvela danarCen SemTxvevaSi
    SemogvrCa mxolod dramaturgTa saxelebi da piesebis metad Tu naklebad mniSvne-
    lovani fragmentebi. rac Seexeba klasikur komedias, Cvenamde sruli saxiT moaR-
    wia aristofanes 11 komediam. xolo sxva mravali komediografosis Semoqmedebis
    Sesaxeb Zalian zogadi msjeloba SegviZlia oden maTi saxelebisa da nawarmoebTa
    fragmentebis mixedviT.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom Cvenamde moRweuli dramebi im realuri dramatuli pro-
    duqciis mxolod erTob umniSvnelo nawilia, rac klasikur epoqaSi Seiqmna, maTi
    gaTvaliswinebiT mainc SeiZleba garkveuli azri SeviqmnaT berZnuli tragediisa
    da komediis Sesaxeb dramis Janris umaRlesi gafurCqnis periodSi.
    ukve antikurobaSi miRebuli iyo azri, rom berZnuli tragediis muzam Tavisi
    kulminaciuri gamoxatuleba swored Cvenamde moRweul esqiles, sofoklesa da ev-
    ripides Semoqmedebis saxiT hpova. Zv. w. 406 wels, rodesac gardaicvalnen evripi-
    de da sofokle, maTi umcrosi Tanamedroveni tragediis `gardacvalebis~ wlad
    miiCnevdnen. Tumca Semdgom, antikurobis daqveiTebamde, uamravi axali tragedia
    Seiqmna. da mainc, amgvar damokidebulebas, rogorc Cans, realuri safuZveli aqvs
    tragediis formirebis TvalsazrisiT. esqilem, sofoklem da evripidem Seqmnes da
    srulyves klasikuri tragediis is modeli, romlis realuri transformacia Sem-
    degi Taobebis dramaturgebma veRar SeZles da, Sesabamisad, tragediis ganviTa-
    rebis procesi, faqtobrivad, SeCerda. mas, rogorc Cans, mniSvnelovani transfor-
    macia, Tu ar CavTvliT garkveul teqnikur da garegan momentebs, aRar ganucdia
    antikur saberZneTSi.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom am sam tragikoss tragediis struqturis, misi warmodge-
    nis, msaxiobebisa da gundis moqmedebaSi CarTvis doneze mravali saerTo axasia-
    TebT, maTi Semoqmedeba erTmaneTisagan mravali arsebiTi, principuli momentiT
    gansxvavdeba.
    esqilem (Zv. w. 525/4-458) pirvelma CarTo tragediis moqmedebaSi 2 msaxiobi, es
    imas niSnavs, rom, Tumca nebismier piesaSi moqmed pirTa raodenoba SeiZleba bevri
    iyos, erT samoqmedo epizodSi orze meti ar monawileobs. man tragediis gundis
    raodenoba 12 kacis SemadgenlobiT gansazRvra. sofoklem msaxiobTa raodenoba
    samamde aiyvana, rac Tavisi Semoqmedebis bolo periodSi esqilemac miiRo da gai-
    ziara. sofoklemve gundis raodenoba 15 Semsruleblamde gazarda.
    TiToeuli am tragikosis piesa garkveul s t r u q t u r a s Seicavda. es iyo
    prologi, romelic, Cveulebriv, gundebis scenaze gamosvlas uZRoda win da erTi
    msaxiobis e. w. Sesaval partias warmoadgenda dramisaTvis. amas mosdevda parodo-
    si, anu gundis Semosvla. Semdeg mimdinareobda moqmedeba episodionebis saSuale-
    biT, xolo episodionebs Soris iyo stasimonebi anu gundis partiebi msaxiobebis
    106 berZnuli literatura

    gareSe. piesa mTavrdeboda eqsodosiT (finaluri nawiliT, romelsac tragediaSi


    aRar mosdevs gundis simRera).
    tragediisaTvis TiTqmis kanonikuri iyo miTologiuri Tematika da iSviaTi _
    siuJetisaTvis Tanamedrove istoriuli ambebis gamoyeneba. ramdenadac miTolo-
    giuri siuJetebis raodenoba, gansakuTrebiT maTi, romelnic tragediisaTvis Se-
    saferis fabulas Seicavdnen, ar iyo ganusazRvreli, tragediebis raodenoba ki
    erTob didi iyo, Zalze xSirad sxvadasxva tragikosi erTsa da imave fabulas ir-
    Cevda. amgvari SemTxveva Cvenamde moRweul tragediebSic ki SegviZlia gamovavli-
    noT. swored amitom, Tuki tragikosTa Semoqmedebas mxolod formaluri niSne-
    biT SevafasebT, maT Soris Zalze didi iqneba msgavseba, magram sakmarisia, trage-
    diebs konceptualuri TvalsazrisiT mivudgeT, rom aq savsebiT aSkara iqneba ar-
    sebiTi gansxvaveba klasikuri epoqis sam genioss Soris.
    droTa ganmavlobaSi Teatraluri warmodgenebis erTgvari `kanonika~ Seiqmna,
    romlis umTavresi ganmsazRvreli momentebi amgvarad SeiZleba CamovayaliboT: a)
    yvela rols (qalis Tu kacis) mamakacebi asrulebdnen, b) erT epizodSi erTdrou-
    lad monawileobda sami moqmedi piri (zogjer, gansakuTrebiT komediaSi, maTi
    ricxvi SeiZleboda odnav gazrdiliyo), g) msaxiobebi rolis Sesabamisi samosiTa
    da niRbiT warudgebodnen mayurebels, d) gundi tragediaSi jer 12, xolo Sem-
    dgom 15 kaciT ganisazRvreboda, xolo komediaSi 24 kaciT, e) gundis wevrebic
    niRbebiTa da Sesabamisi kostiumebiT iyvnen aRWurvilni. Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT,
    rom erTsa da imave msaxiobs (solists Tu gundis wevrs) uxdeboda rogorc qale-
    bis, aseve kacebis rolebis Sesruleba, simRera, cekva, pantomima, advili warmo-
    sadgenia profesionalizmis ra done moeTxovebodaT maT.
    Zv. w. VIII-IV saukuneebSi berZnul literaturaSi ukve Camoyalibebulia ZiriTa-
    di literaturuli Janrebi, Tumca maT gverdiT iqmneboda sxvebic, romlebic ze-
    moT CamoTvlili Janrebis variaciebs an mcire formebs warmoadgendnen: a. m., epig-
    ramebi, fliakebi, mimosebi.
    sakmaod popularuli iyo literaturuli igav-arakis Janri, romlis mamamTav-
    rad iTvleba naxevrad legendaruli esoposi (Zv. w. VI s.) ara marto berZnul, ara-
    med saerTod evropul literaturaSi. am Janris da, kerZod, misi fuZemdeblis
    Zalze stabilur warmatebaze antikurobaSi miuTiTebs is garemoeba, rom eso-
    posis igav-arakebs mravali mimbaZveli aRmoaCnda da mogvianebiT misi arakebis
    leqsis formiT gadmocemis magaliTebi mogvepoveba rogorc berZnul, aseve roma-
    ul literaturaSi.
    amis gverdiT warmoiqmna iseTi Janrebi, romelTac, Cveulebriv, antikuri lite-
    raturis farglebSi ganixilaven, Tumca, amasTanave isini kavSirSi arian antikur
    samyaroSi mecnieruli azris ganviTarebasTanac. amgvar ZiriTad Janrebad SeiZle-
    ba miviCnioT istoriografia, filosofia, mWevrmetyveleba.
    istoriografiis Zirebi Soreul warsulSi unda veZioT. bevrad ufro adre,
    vidre evropis kontinentze, kerZod, saberZneTSi, literaturuli azrovneba aR-
    mocendeboda, Zveli samyaros mraval xalxSi iyo cnobili istoriuli movlenebis
    werilobiTi fiqsaciis SemTxvevebi. a. m., mravlad mogvepoveba Zv. w. III-II aTaswleu-
    lebis Zveli aRmosavluri dokumentebi, romlebic istoriuli movlenebis Sesaxeb
    gvawvdian informacias. rogorc wesi, es dokumentebi warmoadgenen qronikaluri
    xasiaTis Canawerebs da isini sakmaod Sors arian sakuTriv istoriografiisagan,
    sadac xdeba ara marto realurad momxdari faqtis fiqsacia, daTariReba, aramed
    misi aRwera da analizi, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, misi ganxilva da interpretacia
    farTo istoriul konteqstSi. garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, istoriuli ambebis Se-
    monaxvis survili SeiZleba davinaxoT berZnul eposSic, romelic legendaruli
    ambebis Tu miTebis gadmocemis cdas warmoadgens. Tumca berZnuli eposi, bunebri-
    via, ver CaiTvleba istoriul Txzulebad, radgan masSi dominanturi elementi
    berZnuli literatura 107

    aris poezia, mxatvruli azrovneba da ara istoriuli movlenebis Tanmimdevruli


    gadmocemisaken swrafva. saberZneTSi, ukve arqaikis epoqaSi, aRmocenda tradicia,
    prozauli formiT Seqmniliyo am legendaruli ambebis Sesaxeb kvazi Tu fsevdo-
    istoriografiuli xasiaTis Txzulebebi. maT avtorebs logografosebi ewode-
    baT. pirveli nabiji WeSmariti istoriografiisaken maSin gadaidga, rodesac sa-
    berZneTis istoriis Sesaxeb sistemuri xasiaTis naSromebis Seqmna daiwyo, sadac
    ambebi da movlenebi gadmocemulia qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT, dawyebuli
    uZvelesi droidan mwerlis Tanamedrove epoqiT damTavrebuli.
    Tu Cvenamde moRweuli informaciiT vimsjelebT, pirveli aseTi seriozuli na-
    biji gadaudgams herodotoss (herodote) (daaxl. Zv. w. 484-424).
    wminda istoriografiuli TvalsazrisiT herodotosis principisgan gansxvav-
    debodnen misi momdevno istorikosebi _ Tukididesi da qsenofoni. aqedan moyo-
    lebuli istoriografiam myarad daimkvidra adgili mwerlobaSi da antikurma
    samyarom kacobriobas ara erTi brwyinvale istorikosi misca; maTi Txzulebebis
    laRi stili da mecnierul TxrobasTan Sezavebuli beletristuli pasaJebi am na-
    warmoebebis kiTxvisas Tanamedrove mkiTxvelsac did siamovnebas aniWebs.
    antikuri civilizaciis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes miaRwevas f i l o s o f i a
    warmoadgens. man miTopoeturi azrovnebis paralelurad analitikuri azrovne-
    bis warmoqmnas daudo safuZveli. Tavad termini filosofia `sibrZnis siyva-
    ruls~ niSnavs, magram sinamdvileSi igi bevrad mets gulisxmobs, vidre ubralod
    sibrZnis mimarT interesia. ufro metic, romelime pirovneba, SesaZloa, e.w. Svidi
    brZenis (gansakuTrebuli sibrZniT gamorCeuli Svidi elinis nusxa, romlis sxva-
    dasxva variaciebia cnobili antikurobidan) siaSic yofiliyo Setanili, magram
    igi ar moexseniebinaT filosofosTa Soris. filosofosis azrovnebas da, ubra-
    lod, brZenis azrovnebas erTi arsebiTi niSani ganasxvavebs. brZeni cxovrebiseu-
    li gamocdilebidan gamomdinare gvauwyebs imas, rom raRac SeiZleba moxdes da
    misi Tavidan acileba brZenis mier Camoyalibebuli Segonebis mxedvelobaSi miRe-
    biT aris SesaZlebeli. Sesabamisad, brZenis azrovnebis forma aris gnomuri anu
    sentenciuri: rac ufro metad aris SesaZlebeli, rom raRac gamonaklisi moxdes,
    miT ufro izrdeba brZenis Segonebis damajerebloba. a.m., solonis cnobili sib-
    rZne _ `yvelafers bolo gamoaCens~ _ gulisxmobs Semdegs: adamianebs ar unda
    hqondeT imis iluzia, rom isini bednierebi an warmatebulni arian manamde, vidre
    ar daasruleben cxovrebas. mxolod amis Semdeg SeiZleba imis gansja, Tu ramde-
    nad myari iyo maTi bedniereba Tu keTildReoba. aseve, kritikul-analitikuri az-
    rovnebis elementebi SeiZleba iyos eposSic, lirikaSic, dramaSic, magram maT ver
    miviCnevT WeSmaritebis seriozul filosofiur Ziebad. amisgan gansxvavebiT fi-
    losofosi samyaros aqcevs dakvirvebis obieqtad. igi, rogorc pirovneba, `me~,
    samyarosTan, rogorc obieqtur `igi“-sTan specifikur mimarTebas amyarebs, rac
    gulisxmobs im sinamdvilis kvlevas, romelic yoveldRiuri realobis miRma Zevs.
    filosofiuri azrovneba daiwyo kiTxviT: ra aris yvelafris sawyisi? faqtobri-
    vad, am kiTxvas pasuxobda miTopoeturi tradiciac, magram gansxvaveba filosofi-
    ursa da miTopoetur pasuxebs Soris principuli xasiaTisaa. a.m. hesiodes `Teogo-
    nia~ gvauwyebs: `Tavdapirvelad iSva qaosi~. xolo pirvel filosofoss Taless,
    Tu antikur tradicias davujerebT, unda eTqva: `wyali aris yovelives sawyisi~.
    am or frazas Soris garda Sinaarsisa, is sxvaobaa, rom hesiodesaTvis es debule-
    ba a priori WeSmaritebaa, romlis dasabuTebis araviTari saWiroeba ar aris, xolo
    Talesi Tavisi mtkicebulebis mravalricxovan, analitikuri azrovnebiT mopove-
    bul arguments gvTavazobda.
    saberZneTSi filosofia Zv.w. VII saukunis miwurulSi, anu arqaikis periodSi
    aRmocenda da man ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani gza ganvlo sul raRac or saukune-
    108 berZnuli literatura

    Si. pirveli filosofosebi, romlebic ZiriTadad ioniaSi moRvaweobdnen, umTav-


    resad sawyisis anu arqes ZiebiT iyvnen dakavebulni.
    TiToeuli maTgani cdilobda ganesazRvra da daesabuTebina mis mier `gamovle-
    nili~ arqes principad aRiarebis uflebamosileba. a.m. Talesi (Zv.w. 624-545) sawyi-
    sad wyals, anaqsimandrosi (Zv.w. 610-545) apeirons anu `ganusazRvrels~, xolo anaqsi-
    menesi (Zv.w. 485-525) haers an, SesaZloa, raRac airisebur nivTierebas miiCnevs.
    qsenofanesidan (daaxl. Zv.w. 570-469) iRebs dasabams e.w. filosofiuri Teolo-
    gia, romelic uzenaesi miTopoeturi anTropomorfuli RmerTisagan diametra-
    lurad gansxvavebuli, uzenaesi RmerTis ideas amkvidrebs. gamorCeuli adgili
    uWiravs piTagoras (Zv.w. VI s. meore naxevari), romelic filosofiaSi e.w. mistikur
    mimarTulebas uyris safuZvels da yvelafris safuZvlad ricxvebsa da ricxvebs
    Soris mimarTebebs aRiarebs. arqaikis epoqis filosofosTa Soris aSkarad ga-
    morCeulia heraklite (Zv.w. VI s. meore naxevari), romlis Cvenamde moRweuli debu-
    lebebis interpretacia mecnierebaSi did kamaTs iwvevs. heraklites miewereba di-
    aleqtikuri meTodis Semotana filosofiaSi. amasTanave cneba logosis, rogorc
    principis damkvidreba filosofiaSi da e.w. maradiuli cecxlis koncefciis wamo-
    yeneba. samyaros arsebobis uwyvetobis process igi iazrebs rogorc am cecxlis
    periodul qroba-anTebas.
    filosofiuri azrovneba ioniidan TandaTanobiT mTel berZnul samyaroSi
    inacvlebs. amis naTeli magaliTia parmenidesi (daaxl. Zv.w. 500 wlis farglebSi),
    romelic italiis eleaSi moRvaweobda da e.w. eleaturi skolis fuZemdeblad iT-
    vleba filosofiaSi. Tavisi debulebiT: Tuki WeSmaritia imis mtkiceba, rom arsi
    aris, SeuZlebelia aseve WeSmariti iyos imis mtkiceba, rom arsi ar aris, igi anti-
    kurobaSi logikuri azrovnebis simbolod miiCneoda.
    parmenidesis Semdeg berZnul filosofiaSi, erTi mxriv, kvlav agrZelebda ar-
    sebobas e.w. bunebismetyveluri mimarTuleba, romelmac empedoklesis (Zv.w. V s.),
    anaqsagorasis (daaxl. Zv.w. 500-428) gavliT demokrites (Zv.w. V saukunis Sua peri-
    odi) atomisturi moZRvrebis Camoyalibebamde migviyvana, meore mxriv ki, Zv.w. V sa-
    ukunidan filosofiaSi iwyeba aSkara Semobruneba adamianisaken. upirveles yov-
    lisa, es sofistebis damsaxurebaa. sofistebi Tavdapirvelad sibrZnis maswavleb-
    lebad gaiazrebodnen. TandaTanobiT maTi moRvaweoba imaSi gamoixata, rom adami-
    anebisaTvis nebismieri azris WeSmaritebis damtkiceba eswavlebinaT. sofistebis:
    gorgiasis (daaxl. Zv.w. 483-376), antifonis (Zv.w. V s.) da gansakuTrebiT protago-
    rasis (Zv.w. V s.) moZRvrebis arsi SemdgomSi mdgomareobda: yvela sagnis sazomi
    aris adamiani, arsebulisa, rom isini arian da ararsebulisa, rom isini ar arian.
    Sesabamisad, sofistebis moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, obieqturi WeSmariteba ar arse-
    bobs da, aqedan gamomdinare, adamians SeuZlia nebismieri azris WeSmariteba daam-
    tkicos. moZRvrebis popularoba demokratiul aTenSi savsebiT gasagebia, radgan
    pirovnebis aqtivoba da iniciativa, sityvis Zala aq gansakuTrebiT fasobda. ada-
    mianis gamocxadeba WeSmaritebis kriteriumad saSualebas iZleoda logikuri
    konstruqciebiT manipulirebis saSualebiT nebismieri tradiciuli Rirebule-
    bis uaryofa da maTi axali RirebulebebiT Canacvleba, mrudisa da marTlis dapi-
    rispirebaSi nebismieri arCevanis siswore dagemtkicebina.
    sofisturma moZraobam azrovnebis saocari emansipacia gamoiwvia, rasac aspa-
    rezze iseTi unikaluri filosofosis gamosvla mohyva, rogoric sokrate (Zv.w.
    469-399) iyo. marTalia, mas ar dautovebia araviTari werilobiT Camoyalibebuli
    moZRvreba, magram misma mravalricxovanma moswavleebma, gansakuTrebiT ki pla-
    tonma, yvelaferi gaakeTes sokrates ukvdavsayofad. sokratem sofistebs Tavian-
    Ti logikis safuZvelze aCvena, rom maTi amosavali debuleba sakuTar TavSi wina-
    aRmdegobas Seicavda. misi gaTvaliswinebis SemTxvevaSi Tanabrad swori iqneboda
    ori erTmaneTis sapirispiro debuleba: adamiani aris WeSmaritebis sazomi / ada-
    berZnuli literatura 109

    miani ar aris WeSmaritebis sazomi, obieqturi WeSmariteba arsebobs / obieqturi


    WeSmariteba ar arsebobs. sokratem saxeli gaiTqva WeSmaritebis Ziebisaken dauo-
    kebeli ltolviT. misi cnobili fraza: vici, rom araferi ar vici, saukeTesod
    gadmoscems misi filosofiis arss. is codna, rac mokvdavs aqvs, sinamdvileSi ar
    aris WeSmariti codna. sokratem es Seimecna da igi aRmoCnda codnisa da arcodnis
    zRvarze, romlis gadasalaxavadac igi mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi eZiebda.
    cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis Taviseburma stilma mas gauCina bevri moswavle, mag-
    ram kidev ufro meti mteri. swored am ukanasknelTa sarCeli daakmayofila aTenis
    sasamarTlom da sokrates sikvdiliT dasja miusaja.
    antikuri filosofiuri azrovnebis mwvervals platoni warmoadgens. mis mos-
    wavleTa Soris ki gamoirCeoda aristotele. pirvelma daaarsa Tavisi moswavlee-
    bisaTvis akademia (aTenTan, legendaruli akademosis WalaSi), meorem ki Seqmna fi-
    losofiuri skola, romlis warmomadgenlebsac peripatetikosebs uwodebdnen. am
    ukanasknelTa Soris gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeoda Teofrastosi lesbosidan (da-
    axl. Zv.w. 370-287).
    berZnuli mwerlobis istoriaSi calke literaturul Janrad gamoiyofa
    m W e v r m e t y v e l e b a. rogorc cnobilia, masSi TavisTavad Cadebulia esTeti-
    kuri zemoqmedebis anu mxatvrulobis principi. oratorobis SesaniSnav nimuSebs
    ukve homerosis eposis gmirebi gvTavazoben TavianT sityvebSi. rogorc Janri,
    mWevrmetyveleba, faqtobrivad, Zv. w. V saukuneSi aRmocenda da misi mZlavri ganvi-
    Tareba dakavSirebulia aTenis demokratiuli saxelmwifos aRmavlobasTan. Tavad
    demokratiuli saxelmwifos struqtura iTxovda TiTqmis yvela moqalaqisagan
    mWevrmetyvelebis Cvevebs, radgan maT xSirad uxdebodaT gamosvla sasamarTlo
    procesebze, saxalxo krebaze, sazeimo Sexvedrebze, dResaswaulebze da a. S. Sesa-
    bamisad, funqcionaluri Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare, Seiqmna mWevrmetyvelebis
    sxvadasxva saxeebi, rogoric aris: sasamarTlo procesebze warmoTqmuli sityvebi,
    romelTa didostatadac gvevlineboda lisiasi (daaxl. Zv. w. 445-380); epideiqtu-
    ri mWevrmetyveleba anu oficialur zeimebTan Tu RonisZiebebTan dakavSirebuli
    sityvebi, romlis udidesi warmomadgeneli iyo isokratesi (Zv. w. 436-338). Cven-
    Tvis saintereso epoqaSi da mTels antikur samyaroSi erT-erT udides mWevrmety-
    velad iTvleboda demosTenesi (Zv. w. 384/83-322). aseve brwyinvale oratorebi iy-
    vnen sofistebi, romelTac, faqtobrivad, safuZveli Cauyares am Janris aRmocene-
    bas: gorgiasi (daaxl. Zv. w. 480-380), protagorasi (daaxl. Zv. w. 485-415). Cvenamde
    moRweuli lisiasis, isokratesis da demosTenesis sityvebi mWevrmetyvelebis xe-
    lovnebas mTeli Tavisi brwyinvalebiT warmoaCenen, rodesac sityva iZens ara mar-
    to damarwmunebel Zalas, aramed igi WeSmariti esTetikuri tkbobis wyarodac
    iqceva.
    rogorc aRiniSna, Zveli berZnuli literaturis istoriis zemoT ganxiluli
    periodebi SegviZlia movaqcioT antikuri literaturis ganviTarebis erT did
    epoqaSi, romelsac elinurs vuwodebT. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia is, rom am dros
    mTeli antikuri literatura, ZiriTadad, berZnebis mier Seqmnili berZnulenova-
    ni literaturiT aris warmodgenili.
    110 esqile

    esqile
    (Zv. w. 525/4w. _ Zv. w. 456/5 w.)

    didi berZeni tragikosi, tragikosTa diadi sameulis pirveli warmomadgenili,


    romelsac Semdgom `tragediis mama~ uwodes. misi cxovrebis Sesaxeb mcireodeni
    cnobebi mogvepoveba. daibada esqile elevsisSi Zv.w. 525/4 w-s. mamamisi evforioni
    evpatridTa uZvelesi aristokratiuli ojaxidan iyo. esqile ibrZoda Zv.w. 490 w-s
    maraTonTan da Zv.w. 480 w-s salamisTan. sicilieli tiranis hieronis mowveviT igi Zv.w.
    476/5 w-s sicilias estumra da qalaq etnas daarsebasTan dakavSirebiT mowyobil
    zeimze `etneli qalebis~ dadgma ganaxorciela. sicocxlis bolos, tragikosi kvlav
    gaemgzavra siciliaze, sadac gardaicvala Zv.w. 456/5 w-s. esqile iqve, qalaq gelaSi
    dakrZales.
    epoqa, romelSic esqiles mouwia moRvaweoba, rogorc Tavad berZnebis, ise mTeli
    Semdgomi kulturis mier udidesi aRmavlobis epoqad iyo Seracxuli. am dros um-
    niSvnelovanesi cvlilebebi mimdinareobda berZenTa cxovrebis yvela sferoSi _ sa-
    zogadoebriv-politikursa Tu ideologiur-kulturul sferoebSi. saberZneTSi,
    atikaSi safuZveli eyreboda msoflioSi unikaluri demokratiis mSeneblobas. esqile
    Wabuki iyo, roca Zv.w. 510 w-s dasrulda tiranTa mmarTveloba. klisTenesma aTenSi de-
    mokratiuli reformebis gatareba daiwyo, ramac am qalaqis arnaxul aRmavlobas
    daudo saTave. misma reformebma, romlebmac kanonis winaSe TiToeuli moqalaqis
    Tanasworobis principi daamkvidra, axali msoflmxedvelobis, axali ideologiis aR-
    mocenebas Seuwyo xeli. `es iyo istoriis is erT-erTi bednieri xana, rodesac individi
    Tavis Tavs didi da mniSvnelovani erTobis nawilad icnobierebda~.1
    magram amasTan es iyo axali berZnuli saxelmwifosTvis urTulesi gamocdis Jami. mas
    uzarmazari da Zlevamosili sparseTis imperia daupirispirda. sparselebTan omSi mop-
    ovebuli gamarjveba berZenTa xsovnaSi damkvidrda ara mxolod rogorc mniSvnelovani
    gamarjveba, aramed rogorc maTi siZlieris, arnaxuli patriotizmis da erTianobis
    simbolo. swored amgvari saxalxo aRmavlobis atmosferoSi mouwia esqiles moR-
    vaweoba. SeuZlebelia esqiles Semoqmedebis da epoqis suliskveTebis erTmaneTisgan
    gancalkeveba, rameTu tragikosis msoflxedvas uSualod gansazRvravda misi dro da
    am drois idealebi. sparselebTan saomrad aTenis mier gakeTebul ukompromiso ar-
    CevanSi vcnobT Cven momdevno aTwleulebis aTenuri scenis heroikul figurebs,
    gmirebs, romlebic gautexavi suliT moqmedeben da mosalodneli Sedegis miuxedavad
    udrekni arian TavianT gadawyvetilebebSi.
    esqiles cxovrebaSi berZnul-sparsuli omebi udidesi mniSvnelobis movlena iyo.
    yvelaze naTlad es im epitafiaSi warmoCinda, romelic esqiles Tavad SeuTxzavs:

    1
    Lesky A., Greek Tragedy, translated by Frankfort, London, New York, 54.
    * Targmani r. gordezianisa.
    esqile 111

    `aTenel esqiles, evforionis Zes, faravs es saflavi,


    gardacvlils puriT mdidar gelaSi.
    mis saxelovan simamaceze maraTonis Wala mogiyvebodaT
    da grZelTmiani midieli, vinac igi kargad gaicno.~*
    rogorc vxedavT, esqile Tavis saflavis qvaze mxolod sparselebTan brZolaSi
    monawileobas aRniSnavda. rogorc Cans, Tavisi cxovrebidan mxolod amas miiCnevda
    momdevno TaobaTa Rirssaxsovrad. aq sityvac araa mis dramaturgiul moRvaweobaze.
    maraTonTan brZola da gamarjveba misi cxovrebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani furceli
    iyo. amgvari xedva ki isev da isev epoqis sulis gamoZaxili gaxldaT, epoqisa, romelic
    adamianis yvelaze did siqveled samSoblos TavisuflebisaTvis brZolas miiCnevda.
    araa dazustebiT cnobili, Tu ramdeni drama hqonda esqiles dawerili. viciT misi
    oTxmoci dramis saxelwodeba. aqedan sruli saxiT Cvenamde mxolod Svidma tragediam
    moaRwia. samwuxarod, misi Semoqmedebis adreuli nimuSebi araa SemorCenili. esqiles
    yvelaze adreuli tragedia Zv.w. 472 w-iT TariRdeba. am dros 50 wels miRweuli
    tragikosi Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi aRmavlobis xanaSi imyofeboda. Tavis sicocxleSi
    esqiles Tormetjer uzeimia gamarjveba, anu TiTqmis or weliwadSi erTxel, rac mis
    uzarmazar popularobaze metyvelebs. amasve cxadyofs kidev erTi uprecedento faqti
    _ didi tragikosis gardacvalebis Semdeg Teatrebs mis tragediaTa ganmeorebiTi
    dadgmis nebarTva misces. axali dadgmebiT eqiles tragediebs kidev TxuTmetjer mou-
    povebiaT gamarjveba.
    esqilem mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa im Janris formirebaSi, romelsac dRes tra-
    gedias vuwodebT. dramaturgis upirvelesi siaxle meore msaxiobis Semoyvana iyo,
    ramac sagrZnoblad Seamcira qoraluri partiebis xvedriTi wili da sasimRero-
    deklamaciuri SesrulebisTvis gankuTvnil dramas scenuri xasiaTi mianiWa. meore
    msaxiobis Semoyvanam ganapiroba dialogis ganviTareba.
    esqiles miaweren siaxleebis Semotanas scenis gaformebaSi. man danerga axali
    scenuri mowyobilobani, riTac SesaZlebeli gaxda masStaburi, bunebis fonze
    gaSlili scenebis warmodgena. mdidruli kostiumebi, koturnebi, niRbebi, rogorc
    gadmogvcemen, TeatrSi swored esqiles SemouRia. Tavis tragediebSi esqile farTod
    iyenebda qoreografias da Tavad Txzavda qoreografiul figurebs. manve gansazRvra
    gundis raodenoba Tormeti kaciT.
    esqile tragediebSi gansakuTrebiT amaRlebul Temebs amuSavebs, misi gmirebi ze-
    bunebrivi siZlieris adamianebi, zekacebi arian. esqiles dramebis enac, Sesabamisad,
    amaRlebulia. tragikosis leqsika gamoirCeva gansakuTrebuli xatovnebiT, masSi didi
    adgili uWiravs Tavad esqiles mier SeTxzul kompozitebsa da Tamam metaforebs.
    aRiarebulia, rom lirikam, romelic mis tragediebSi ufro mniSvnelovan rols
    TamaSobs, vidre sofoklesa da esqilesTan, am poetur mimdinareobaSi Tavisi ganvi-
    Tarebis umaRles wertils miaRwia.
    sadavod rCeba religiasTan esqiles mimarTebis sakiTxi. Znelia imis garkveva, tra-
    diciuli religiuri Sexedulebebis momxrea esqile, Tu maTi mowinaaRmdege, mistikosi
    piTagorelia Tu orfikosi, iracionalurisken amJRavnebs igi ltolvas, Tu misti-
    kurisken. sainteresoa, aseve zevsis, uzenaesi RmerTis funqciis aRqmisas esqiles Semo-
    qmedebaSi gamovlenili cvlileba _ `mavedrebeli qalebis~ tradiciuli zevsidan
    `oresteas~ universalur, abstraqtul uzenaes RmerTamde, romelSic RmerTis
    filosofiuri gageba SeiZleba davinaxoT. rac Seexeba tradiciuli miTologiisadmi
    damokidebulebas, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom miTologiuri masalis imgvar kritikas,
    rogorc es evripidesaTvis aris niSandoblivi, esqilesTan ver vxvdebiT. esqile
    cdilobs, tradiciul miTosSi moralur-eTikuri elementebi Seitanos.
    da mainc, esqiles Teatris umTavres siaxles tragikuli konfliqtis ganviTarebis
    koncefcia warmoadgens, rasac tragikosma adeqvaturi forma, kerZod ki trilogiis
    forma mounaxa. marTalia, misi yvela piesa trilogiad ar erTiandeba, trilogiuri
    112 esqile

    forma esqiles SemoqmedebisTvis mainc arsebiTia. udidesi tragikuli muxtis mqone


    konfliqtebi, romlebic TavianTi avbediTi, uimedo dasasruliT trilogiis pirvel
    or piesaSia warmodgenili, trilogiis mesame, daskvniT nawilSi didi RvTaebrivi
    SerigebiT gadaiWreba, aq e.w. `sinaTlis sxivi~ gamosWvivis, radgan arsebobs RvTae-
    brivi neba, romelsac usaSinlesi danaSaulis da umZimesi tanjvisagan adamianis xsna
    SeuZlia. esqilesTvis samyaro harmoniulia. Tu adamiani am harmonias Tavisi `hi-
    brisiT~, zviadobiT daarRvevs, RmerTi mas _ `ates~, gonebis dabnelebis yvelaze saSi-
    nel formas mouvlens. igi Caidens danaSauls, Semdeg ki aucileblad daisjeba. swored
    daTmenis _ tanjvis Sedegad Seicnobs igi WeSmaritebas _ imas, rom adamiani araa bedis
    anabara da rom arsebobs maradiuli RvTaebrivi wesrigi. swored am gzas warmogvid-
    genen esqiles umTavresi msoflmxedvelobiTi principebi _ `is, vinc sCadis, daiTmens~
    da _ `tanjviT miiRweva swavla~.
    esqiles msoflxedvis Tanaxmad adamiani Tavadaa pasuxismgebeli `hibrisis~ Semcveli
    qmedebis CadenaSi. RmerTi ki pasuxismgebelia imaSi, rom aseTi adamiani dasajos. Rmer-
    Tis nebis da adamianuri miswrafebebis, qmedebaTa amgvari urTierTmimarTeba esqiles
    Semoqmedebis kidev erTi, Zalze arsebiTi maxasiaTebelia.
    tragikosis gmirebi RvTaebis nebiT gansazRvrul samyaroSi cxovroben. magram
    amasTan isini TavianTi surviliTa da nebiT moqmedeben. tragikosis personaJebi ar ar-
    ian oden RmerTis gankargulebis Semsruleblebi. isini akeTeben arCevans da amis Sesa-
    bamisad moqmedeben. swored arCevani gansazRvravs maT adamianurobasa da pirovnulo-
    bas. is ganapirobebs imas, rom maTma xvedrma agvaRelvos da maTi bedis mimarT Zrwola
    da TanagrZnoba gagviRvivos.
    esqiles tragediebs amgvarad aTariReben:: `sparselebi~ _ Zv.w. 472w; `Svidni Tebes
    winaaRmdeg~ _ Zv.w. 467w; `mavedrebeli qalebi~ _ savaraudod Zv.w. 463w; `mijaWvuli
    promeTe~ _ TariRi ucnobia; `orestea~ _ Zv.w. 458w.
    `s p a r s e l e b i~ _ es tragedia, mecnierTa umetesobis azriT, esqiles yvelaze
    adreuli tragedia unda iyos. Tumca am tetralogiis sxva piesebi Cvenamde moRweuli
    ar aris, rogorc maTi saTaurebidan Cans, es dramebi erTian siuJetur qargas ar qmnid-
    nen. amdenad, es piesa trilogiis koncefciaSi ar jdeba. `sparselebi~ unikaluri
    dramaa, radgan igi Cvenamde moRweul berZnul tragediaTagan erTaderTia, romelic
    istoriul Temazea Seqmnili.
    tragediis moqmedeba sparseTis dedaqalaq susaSi mimdinareobs. sparsel uxucesTa
    qoro eladis dasalaSqravad wasuli sparseTis jaris sidiadeze mReris, Tumc gundis
    simReraSi SfoTisa da wuxilis notebi gaismis. sparseTis jari Zalze yovndeba sa-
    berZneTSi. daTrgunul ganwyobas kidev ufro aZlierebs sparseTis mefis _ qserqsesis
    dedis _ atosas Semosvla, romelic qoros Tavis avismomaswavebel sizmars uyveba.
    dedofals esizmra sparsul da doriul samosSi gamowyobili qalebi. rodesac misma
    vaJma etlSi Sesabmelad maT uReli daadga, erTi maTgani damorCilda, meore qali
    gauZalianda, gawyvita lagami, gaapo uReli, ris Semdegac qserqsesi etlidan Zirs
    daenarcxa. qoro cdilobs atosas damSvidebas, magram SiSi da SfoTi, daZabuloba iz-
    rdeba. da ai, scenaze Semosuli macne maT sazarel ambavs atyobinebs _ sparseTis
    floti salamisTan ganadgurda, sparselTa danakargi uzomoa.
    `o, qalaqebo, erTianad aziis miwis,
    sparsTa qveyanav, mraval ganZis navsayudelo,
    rogor daiqca erTi dartymiT bevri sikeTe,
    sparsTa yvavili gadaWkna da qve dagvicvivda.
    vaime, cudis uwyeba rom me mxvda Tavad cuds,
    esqile 113

    da mainc unda vTqva mTlad Wiri. o, sparselebo,


    radgan moisra erTianad barbarosT jari...~
    (`sparselebi~, 249-255).∗
    qoros datirebis Semdeg gundi dariosis suls ixmobs, raTa sparseTis mefem, ro-
    melTanac sparseTis sidiadea dakavSirebuli, damarcxebis mizezi ganumartos. dario-
    sis aCrdili dgeba akldamidan da qoros momxdaris mniSvnelobas uxsnis _ hibrisma anu
    zviadobam moicva qserqsesi, roca man jer elinTa winaaRmdeg daZra jari da wminda
    helespontoss uReli daado (anu xidi gasdo helespontosis sruteze jaris gadasayva-
    nad), Semdeg ki eladaSi elinTa taZrebi SebRala da samlocveloebi gadawva. dae,
    nuRarasodes aRmarTaven sparselebi iaraRs im qveynis winaaRmdeg, romelic uaryo-
    filia maTTvis. bolos scenaze qserqsesi Semodis, gaismis saSineli moTqma.
    tragediaSi dawvrilebiT aris aRwerili salamisTan gamarTuli brZola, romlis
    monawile Tavad esqile iyo. da marTlac, piesa sakmaod zustad warmogvidgens orive
    mebrZoli mxaris mdgomareobas, imdenad zustad, rom garkveulwilad misi cnobebi
    istoriul wyarodac ki SeiZleba gamodges. magram tragediaSi sxva ramaa umTavresi _
    am konkretuli ambis RvTaebriv samarTalTan mimarTeba. am dramaSi iseve, rogorc
    esqiles sxva tragediebSi, romelTa masalac miTosidan aris aRebuli, adgili aqvs
    ganzogadebas. elinTa gamarjveba danaxulia, rogorc RvTaebrivi samarTlis gardau-
    vali ganxorcieleba. tragediaSi TiTqmis ar Canan konkretuli pirebi, gmirebi saxe-
    liT ar moixseniebian, radgan mTavari moqmedi am piesaSi aris xalxi, erToba, romelmac
    RmerTebTan erTad moipova gamarjveba.
    tragediis mTavari Tema tragikuli danaSaulisa da RvTaebrivi sasjelis
    urTierTmimarTebaa. qserqsesi moculi iyo hibrisiT, zviadobiT, swored amitom ga-
    mougzavna mas RvTaebam ate _ gonebis sastiki dabneleba. adamianuri arseboba mudmivad
    dakavSirebulia RvTaebriv realobasTan da Tu adamiani Sescodavs, mas RmerTi au-
    cileblad dasjis. qserqsesi esqiles tragikuli damnaSavis paradigmatul saxed war-
    mogvidgeba. misi xvedri danaSaulisa da sasjelis urTierTmimarTebis esqileseuli
    koncefciis mxatvrul xorcSesxmas warmoadgens, koncefciisa, romelic kvaldakval
    meordeba mis tragediebSi.
    tragedia `sparselebSi~ scenuri moqmedeba TiTqmis ar aris. Cven movlenebis ganvi-
    Tarebas ki ar vadevnebT Tvals, aramed vismenT gansjas da gancdebs, romlebic am mov-
    lenebs ukavSirdebian. piesaSi Zalze didia qoros funqcia, xasiaTebi ki statikurni da
    monoliTurni arian, Tumca am garegani statikurobis miRma aSkaraa Sinagani dinamizmi.
    tragediis fabula movlenaTa ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT sworxazovania, ganviTare-
    bis sqema ki martivia da im situaciis etapobriv gaRrmavebaSi gamoixateba, romelic
    Tavidanvea mocemuli.
    `S v i d n i T e b e s w i n a a R m d e g~ _ es piesa Tebes ciklis legendebze Seqm-
    nili tragediis daskvniT nawils warmoadgens. tragedia Zv.w. 467 wels iyo war-
    modgenili aTenis scenaze. man pirveli prizi moipova. antikurobaSi es piesa erTob
    popularuli iyo.
    trilogiis mTavari Tema sagvareulo wyevlis Temaa, romelsac esqile aseve Tavisi
    eTikuri msoflxedvis WrilSi ganixilavs. sagvareulo wyevla momdevno TaobebSi
    tyuilad, umizezod ar gadadis, mas ar mihyavs udanaSaulo adamianebi daRupvisken. igi
    Tavs avlens isev da isev codvil, danaSaulebriv qmedebebTan kavSirSi.
    moqmedeba TebeSi xdeba. eteoklesi, Tebes mmarTveli TanamoqalaqeT Tebes wi-
    naaRmdeg daZruli laSqris Sesaxeb auwyebs da mouwodebs qalaqis dacvisken. paro-
    dosi SeSinebul qalTa qoros warmogvidgens. panikiT moculni, isini RmerTTa qan-
    dakebebs exvevian da qalaqis gadarCenas emudarebian. mas Semdeg, rac eteoklesi Tan
    gakicxavs maT da Tan gamxnevebas Seecdeba, tragediis yvelaze mniSvnelovani nawili

    ∗
    Targmani r. gordezianisa
    114 esqile

    iwyeba. macne Tebes mefes awvdis cnobas misi mowinaaRmdege Svidi sardlis Sesaxeb, ro-
    melTagan TiTo SvidbWiani Tebes TiTo WiSkarTan dabanakdeba da iqidan Seutevs maT.
    es epizodi Svid simetriul nawilad iyofa. macnes mier TiToeuli sardlis dasax-
    elebis da daxasiaTebis Semdeg sityvas iRebs eteoklesi da TebelTa mxridan am sar-
    dals Tavis sardals upirispirebs. epizodis dramatizmi umaRles wertils aRwevs
    maSin, roca macne mefes auwyebs, rom meSvide WiSkarTan Tavad misi Zma _ polinikesi
    idgeba. oidiposis dawyevlili Svilebis ukuRmarTi bedis epizodi mkveTrad gamo-
    iyofa danarCeni ambebisgan. eteoklesis pasuxi aRar aris im adamianis pasuxi, romelic
    aqamde sifrTxiliT da dakvirvebiT qalaqis dacvis gegmebs ganixilavda, misi pirveli
    reaqcia Tavisi dawyevlili bedis gamo moTqmaa. man kargad icis, rom bedisweras ver
    gaeqceva da Tavisi nebiT midis bedisweris Sesaxvedrad, metic mas Tavad surs
    ZmaTamkvleli Serkineba. aq saqme esqilesTvis esoden damaxasiaTebel moqmedebis ormag
    motivaciasTan gvaqvs. erTi mxriv, aris obieqturi motivacia sagvareulo wyevlis
    saxiT, meore mxriv, aris subieqturi motivacia, romelic pirovnuli surviliT aris
    warmodgenili. qoro cdilobs eteokless am saSinel ganzraxvaze aaRebinos xeli, de-
    dobrivi mzrunvelobiT urCevs RmerTTa risxvis Casacxrobad msxverplSewirvis Ca-
    tarebas, magram amaod. eteoklesma icis, rom RmerTebma igi ukve ugulebelyves. `Tuki
    ubedureba RmerTebma mogvces, vera adamiani ver gaeqceva amas~ (`Svidni Tebes wi-
    naaRmdeg~, 719). es misi ukanaskneli sityvebia, romlebic mas tragikul sidiademde
    aRamaRleben. eteoklesi aris WeSmaritad tragikuli gmiri, radgan mas Tavidan
    bolomde aqvs gacnobierebuli is, rac elis _ gardauvali daRupva.
    gundi sagvareulo codvis Sesaxeb mReris. Semodis macne, romelsac Tebes gadarCe-
    nis sasixarulo cnoba moaqvs, magram amasTan gvauwyebs imasac, rom Zmebma _ eteoklesma
    da polinikesma erTmaneTi orTabrZolaSi amoxoces. tragediis finalSi daxocilTa
    gvamebi SemoaqvT, romelTac maTi debi _ antigone da ismene daitireben. amis Semdeg ax-
    ali konfliqti iwyeba. macne gvauwyebs Tebes uxucesTa gadawyvetilebas, romelic
    moRalate polinikesis dakrZalvas krZalavs. antigone uars acxadebs, daemorCilos
    gankargulebas. mecnierTa nawilis azriT, es ukanaskneli scena ar unda iyos origi-
    naluri. logikuri finalis Semdeg igi axal konfliqts iwyebs, rac tragikuli Jan-
    risTvis araa niSandoblivi. SesaZloa am tragedias es epizodi mogvianebiT sofok-
    les `antigones~ gavleniT daumates.
    `o r e s t e a~ esqiles erT-erTi ukanaskneli trilogiaa. is aTenis scenaze Zv.w.
    458 w-s daidga da gamarjvebac izeima. `orestea~ esqiles erTaderTi trilogiaa,
    romelmac sruli saxiT moaRwia Cvenamde.
    `oresteas~ gansakuTrebulobas ukve berZnebi aRiarebdnen. maTTvis es iyo yve-
    laze didi zemoqmedebis piesa, rac ki odesme dawerila. am nawarmoebma udidesi
    gavlena iqonia Tavisi drois aTenis (saberZneTis) socialur-politikuri
    ideologiis Seqmnaze da didwilad gansazRvra kidec Zv.w. V saukunis berZnebis
    msoflaRqma. esqiles `oresteas~ axali samyaros erTgvar ideologiad moiazreben.
    es axali samyaro, axali civilizacia ki demokratiuli polisia Tavisi umTavresi
    socialuri institutiT _ axali sasamarTloTi, romelmac gansjiTa da darwmune-
    biT samarTlis migebis axali principi daamkvidra. amdenad, nawarmoebis mTavari
    Tema axali tipis samarTlis dafuZnebaa, romelic dapirispirebul ZalTa axlebur
    urTierTmimarTebas gvTavazobs. `oresteaSi~ swored am mTavari Temis konteqstSi
    poulobs xorcSesxmas esqileseuli yvela is ZiriTadi principi, romlebzedac
    zemoT gvqonda msjeloba.
    trilogia warmogvidgens troas ciklis TqmulebaTa ramdenime epizods _ troas
    omidan Sin dabrunebuli agamemnonis mkvlelobis, mis mkvlelobaze orestesis
    SurisZiebis da sabolood orestesis Sewyalebis epizodebs.
    pirveli tragedia `a g a m e m n o n i~ sasaxlis saxuravze mwoliare guSagis sity-
    viT iwyeba. igi klitemnestras dauyenebia, raTa dedofalma koconTa sasignalo
    esqile 115

    sistemis meSveobiT droulad Seityos troas omis dasruleba. uecrad guSagi ga-
    marjvebis mauwyebeli koconis als dainaxavs da bednieri klitemnestrasTan sasix-
    arulo uwyebis misatanad emzadeba, TumcaRa mis sityvebSi garkveuli SfoTva da
    SiSi igrZnoba.
    argosel uxucesTa qoro parodoss warmogvidgens. qoro, faqtobrivad, gvau-
    wyebs yvela arsebiT ambavs, rac ki agamemnonis troadan dabrunebas uZRvoda win.
    amasTan mis partiaSi avbediTi momavlis ganWvretac aris SesaZlebeli.
    tragediaSi ganviTarebul movlenebTan gansakuTrebiT mWidrodaa dakavSire-
    buli erTi epizodi aqavelTa aTwliani laSqrobidan – agamemnonis mier ifigenias
    msxverplad Sewirva. aqavelTa jari avlisSi SeCerda, agamemnonze ganrisxebuli ar-
    temisi mas troasken gacurvis saSualebas ar aZlevda. misanma gaacxada qalRmerTis
    neba _ jari im SemTxvevaSi wavidoda troasken, Tu mTavarsardali qaliSvils
    Seswiravda msxverplad. agamemnoni saSineli dilemis winaSe dadga. mas samsxver-
    ploze an qaliSvilis sicocxle unda daedo, an troas laSqrobis dideba da mizani.
    da ai, esqile isev warmogvidgens aucileblobis da pirovnuli nebelobis
    urTierTmimarTebas, Tumc ise, rom gmirs individualur pasuxismgeblobas ar arT-
    mevs. agamemnoni iRebs sabediswero gadawyvetilebas da qaliSvils msxverplad
    swiravs. ifigenias msxverplSewirvam aqavelTa jars troasken gauxsna gza, magram aga-
    memnonis qmedebam sastiki risxva aRZra klitemenestras gulSi. agamemnonma Caidina es
    saqme. is ki, vinc Caidina, esqiles koncefciis Tanaxmad, daiTmens.
    qoros simRerebis Semdeg scenaze klitemnestra Semodis, romelic Tanamoqalaqeebs
    troas aRebis ambavs auwyebs. Cvens winaSea Zlieri, Tavis ZalebSi darwmunebuli, saz-
    riani qali. sayuradReboa, rom klitemnestras sityvaSi kvlav gaismis hibrisis motivi,
    dedofali gamarjvebuli berZnebis troaSi Cadenil qmedebas gansjis:
    `... zvaoben axla, maT xelTaa qalaqis ganZi,
    wesi da rigi darRveula, yoveli kaci,
    rasac ixelTebs, wilxvedrilic isaa misi.
    damorCilebul troas mdidrul palatTa WerqveS
    cxovroben laRad...~
    (`agamemnoni~, 333-37)∗
    male scenaze Tavdapirvelad macne, Semdeg ki gamarjvebuli agamemnoni Semodis. aga-
    memnons Tan Tavisi mxevali _ priamosis asuli, naTelmxilveli kasandra mohyavs.
    klitemnestra qmars moCvenebiTi sixaruliT egebeba. dedofali agamemnons mewamul
    xaliCas ugebs ferxqve da mas xaliCaze gavlas mouwodebs. mTavarsardali
    Tavdapirvelad uarzea, man mSvenivrad icis, rom xaliCaze gavla RmerTebis sakadrisi
    pativia, rom amgvari qmedeba dauSvebeli hibrisia, magram sabolood mainc Tanxmdeba
    cols. misi saqcieli TvalnaTeli dasturia imisa, rom agamemnoni zviadobas moucavs.
    mTavarsardali sasaxleSi Sedis. scenaze mxolod kasandra rCeba. saocrad STambeW-
    davi, iracionalizmiT savse simReriT naTelmxilveli gvamzadebs imisaTvis, rac unda
    moxdes _ agamemnonisa da misi, kasandras aRsasrulisTvis.
    `vaime, qalo, ra gagizraxavs,
    abazanaSi rom miuZRvebi
    Tanamecxedres? bolomde rogor vilaparako?
    aResruleba male yoveli,
    aha, xelebi eZeben xelebs...~
    (`agamemnoni~, 1107-1111).
    ...........
    `vaime, vai, es ra vixile,
    ukve gaSales hadesis bade!

    ∗
    Targmani g. sariSvilisa
    116 esqile

    sikvdilis landi xelCakiduli


    miuZRvis diacs... aha, iyvire,
    gaumaZRaro SurisZiebav, dakles zvaraki!~
    (`agamemnoni~, 1114-1118).
    kasandras simReraSi saSineli xatebi cvlian erTmaneTs, xatebi, romlebic am
    gvareulobis ubedurebaze mogviTxroben. situacia ukiduresad iZabeba, mayurebeli
    mzadaa saSineli ambis misaRebad. da marTlac, sasaxlidan ismis jer sasikvdilod daW-
    rili agamemnonis, Semdeg ki kasandras ganwiruli SeZaxilebi.
    uecrad sasaxlis karibWe ixsneba da Cvens winaSe klitemnestra warsdgeba. mis win
    ori cxedari agdia. saqme gakeTebulia, klitemnestra ar nanobs. igi sazarel Surisge-
    bas agamemnonis braleulobiT amarTlebs. man damnaSave dasaja, radgan ifigenias
    msxverplad Sewirva agamemnonis mxridan maTi saxlis Ralati da daRupva iyo.
    Seuracxyofilia igi kasandras _ xarWis saxlSi moyvaniTac. dedoflis TqmiT, agamem-
    nonma imdenad didi codva Caidina, rom mas demoni sjis, romelic masSi, klitemnes-
    traSi gansxeulda:
    `Tqvi ramdenic gsurs, rom es saqme me Cavidine,
    magram nu ityvi
    qvrivma qnao agamemnonis...
    Sen win dgas axla diacis saxiT
    demoni Zveli, Surismgebeli,
    vinac atrevsis bilwi lxinisTvis,
    balRebisTvis
    iZia Suri~.
    (`agamemnoni~, 1497-1504).
    klitemnestrasTvis TandaTan xdeba naTeli misi qmedebis ormagi mniSvneloba. es
    aqti gansazRvrulia bedisweriTac da adamianis nebiTac. es ori Zala esqilesTan yov-
    elTvis Tanxvdeba erTmaneTs.
    qoro ar iRebs klitemnestras Tavis gasamarTleblad moxmobil argumentebs. sce-
    naze Semodis egisTosi. qoro SeTqmulebs utevs. klitemnestra moqiSpeTa gaSvelebas
    cdilobs, qoros ki dawynarebas urCevs. gaismis simboluri datvirTvis mqone sityvebi:
    is, vinc Caidens, daiTmens (`agamemnoni~, 1658).
    SurismaZiebeli klitemnestra, romelic garkveul etapamde `gamWriax politikur
    meamboxedac~ SeiZleba ganvixiloT, Tavisi bolo qmedebiT damnaSaved _ qmris mkvle-
    lad da argosSi tiraniis damamyareblad warmogvidgeba. igi warsuls, regress ga-
    nasaxierebs. esqiles koncefciis Tanaxmad, raTa damkvidrdes axali civilizacia, kli-
    temnestra, rogorc Zveli da bneli Zalis ganmasaxierebeli, axalma Zalam unda daamar-
    cxos.
    trilogiis meore tragedia `q o e f o r e b i~ agamemnonis mkvlelobaze Svilis _
    orestesis SurisZiebas warmogvidgens. orestesi, romelic sasaxlidan Sors gaizarda,
    axla Tavis megobar piladesTan erTad argosSi brundeba. Camosuli igi mamis saflavze
    midis da gardacvlils Tmis kululebs Seswiravs. amasobaSi klitemnestra, romelsac
    avismomaswavebeli sizmari unaxavs, qmris saflavze micvalebulis sulis mosalbobad
    mxeval qalebs agzavnis. maT Sorisaa misi qaliSvili eleqtra. qoros sZuls dedofali
    da egisTosi. isini klitemnestras umkacresad gansjian da eleqtrasTan erTad aRavle-
    nen locvas, rom saxls SurismaZiebeli daubrundes:
    `o, keTilo mbrZanebelo, dido ufalo,
    saxlsa amas gardmoavline mowyale Tvali.
    mwuxris bindi
    Camoxseni
    moyvasis Tvalebs~.
    (`qoeforebi~, 806-810).
    esqile 117

    maT orestesis Camosvlis imedi aqvT. uecrad eleqtra mamis saflavze ku-
    lulebsa da nafexurebs SeniSnavs da raki orive sakuTars agonebs, qalwuli ime-
    dovnebs, rom orestesi, Zma dabrunda. samalavidan gamodis orestesi. da-Zma erT-
    maneTs amoicnobs. agamemnonis vaJi eubneba das, rom igi apolonis brZanebiT mamis
    mkvlelebze Suris saZieblad aris mosuli. eleqtra da orestesi gundTan erTad
    komosis vrcel scenaSi agamemnons daitireben da mis suls ixmoben dasaxmareblad.
    amasTan komosSi STambeWdavad warmogvidgeba klitemnestras saxe da misi saza-
    reli qmedeba. eleqtra amcnobs Zmas, Tu rogor upatiod damarxes mama klitemnes-
    tram da egisTosma:
    `vai, vai avis gambedo
    mter dedao, mtrulad izraxe,
    dautireblad, uWirisuflod,
    upatiod
    dagemarxa meuRle Seni~
    (`qoeforebi~, 428-432).

    komosis scenis Semdeg orestesi das SurisZiebis SemuSavebul gegmas gaacnobs. geg-
    mis mixedviT, igi, rogorc orestesis gardacvalebis macne, Tavad unda eaxlos
    klitemnestras da sasaxleSi mamis mkvlelebi amoxocos. rodesac gadacmuli orestesi
    dedofals Svilis gardacvalebas auwyebs, kletemnestras erTdroulad wuxilic
    Seipyrobs da sixarulic da ambis sacnobad egisTosTan orestesis ZiZas agzavnis. ZiZa
    mwared dastiris gazrdilis sikvdils. qoro amSvidebs mas da sTxovs, ar gadasces eg-
    isToss klitemnestras brZaneba _ sasaxleSi mcvelebis razmiT movides.
    sasaxleSi marto dabrunebul egisToss iqve klavs orestesi. xmaurze klitemnestra
    Semorbis. igi xvdeba, rom `ucxo~ mis mosaklavad mosuli misi pirmSoa. deda cdilobs,
    Svils Tavi Seacodos. igi iSiSvlebs mkerds, raTa gaaxsenos orestess, rogor wovda am
    mkerdidan ZuZus. erTi momenti agamemnonis Ze marTlac Seyovndeba, magram mis gverdiT
    mdgomi piladesi apolonis brZanebas Seaxsenebs. da vaJiSvili gangmiravs dedas.
    mkvlelobis Semdeg orestess xelSi uWiravs is sabediswero gadasafarebeli, ro-
    melic klitemnestras qmris mkvlelobis dros hqonda xelT. es misTvis dedis
    braleulobis nivTmtkicebaa. magram dedis danaSaulTan erTad orestess dedis
    mkvlelobis mTeli simZimec kargad aqvs gacnobierebuli. qoro agamemnonis vaJis
    saqciels, erTi mxriv, gmirobad afasebs, radgan man argoselTa miwa ori urCxulisgan
    gaaTavisufla da saxlis kanonieri memkvidreoba aRadgina, meore mxriv, dedis mkvle-
    lobas igi bedisweriT gansazRvrul danaSaulad axasiaTebs. Tavis warmosaxvaSi
    orestesi ukve xedavs sazarel arsebaT, eriniebs, romlebic mas dedaze SurismaZie-
    blad moevlinen da ar moasveneben, vidre hadesSi ar Caiyvanen. orestesi garbis.
    `e v m e n i d e b i s~ _ trilogiis mesame piesis moqmedeba delfos samisnoSi iwyeba.
    taZris savarZlebSi eriniebi Tvlemen, Zirs damxobil mavedrebel orestess ki xelebi
    sakurTxevlisken aqvs gawvdili. apoloni mis gamxnevebas cdilobs. eriniebi iRviZeben.
    maTsa da apolons Soris Widili iwyeba. eriniebis gancxadebiT, isini saxlidan devnian
    imaT, vinc TavianTi dedebi mokles, maTi funqcia naTesavTmkvlelTa dasjaa. apolonis
    kiTxvaze, Tu ratom ar sdevnian isini klitemnestras, eriniebi pasuxoben, rom dedo-
    fals sisxliT naTesavi ar mouklavs. mxareebi saerTos ver pouloben. apoloni arc
    cdilobs, eriniebTan kompromisi gamonaxos da orestess mouwodebs, aTenSi naxos
    samarTali. Semdegi scena orestesisa da eriniebis dapirispirebas ukve aTenSi warmog-
    vidgens. qalRmerTi aTena sasamarTlos iwvevs, raTa sasamarTlom zRvari daudos
    sisxliani SuriZiebis princips, `sisxli sisxlis wil~ _ kanonis moqmedebas.
    aTena guldasmiT ismens orive mxaris argumentebs da adamianTagan Semdgar samsjav-
    ros _ areopags problemis gansjis gziT gadawyvetas sTxovs. aq eriniebi gvevlinebian
    bralmdeblebad, apoloni orestesis damcvelad warmogvidgeba, aTena ki sasamarTlos
    118 esqile

    Tavmjdomared. eriniebi imeoreben braldebas _ man, orestesma, mokla deda, sisxliT


    naTesavi, Sesabamisad, misi danaSauli ufro didia, vidre klitemnestrasi, romelsac
    sisxliT naTesavi ar mouklavs.
    orestesis gasamarTleblad apolons Tavisi logika aqvs. keTilSobili kacis
    mkvleloba misi azriT, qalis mkvlelobaze ufro mZime danaSaulia, radgan mamakacis
    saqme ufro mniSvnelovania qalis saqmeze. SvilisTvisac mTavari mSobeli mamaa:

    `deda araa mSobeli imisa, visac Svilad uxmoben.


    igi aris mxolod axlad Casaxuli nayofis ZiZa,
    mSobeli aris is, vinc qmnis.....~
    (`evmenidebi~, 585-6)
    mamoba, apolonis ganacxadiT, dedis gareSea SesaZlebeli. amis magaliTia qal-
    RmerTi aTena, romelic mamis Tavidan iSva.
    eriniebs araferi aqvT apolonisTvis sapasuxo. mamri RmerTis sityvas axla aTenas
    cnobili sityva mosdevs, romelSic qalRmerTi apolonis argumentze dayrdnobiT
    mamisadmi Tavis upirates ganwyobas acxadebs:
    `dedis muclidan ar vSobilvar da mamakaci
    qals mirCevnia, Tumca arasdros ar veuRlebi,
    mainc mas veltvi mamaRmerTis mTayvanebeli.~
    (`evmenidebi~, 736-739).
    imarTeba kenWisyra. orestesi da eriniebi xmebis Tanabar raodenobas iReben. bolos
    agamemnonis vaJis gamarTlebas aTenas erTi xma gadawyvets. axla saWiroa eriniaTa mol-
    boba, maTi darwmuneba, rom isini saSiS Zalad ar moevlinon qveynierebas _ Tavisi Sxa-
    miT unayofoba ar moutanon. aTena eriniebs Rirseuli pativis migebas hpirdeba _ isini
    bavSvebsa da qorwinebasTan dakavSirebul ritualebSi mTavari figurebi iqnebian.
    eriniebi dahyvebian aTenas da keTilismyofel Zalebad _ evmenidebad gardaiqmnebian.
    trilogia aTenis pativsacemad aRvlenili evmenidebis simReriT mTavrdeba.
    trilogiis dasasruli TvalnaTliv warmogvidgens RvTaebrivi Serigebis esqile-
    seul koncefcias. RmerTis nebiT sazRvari edeba sisxliani SurisZiebis principis mo-
    qmedebas. mkvidrdeba samarTlis migebis axali forma gansjiTa da darwmunebiT, rac
    axali civilizaciis funqcionirebas unda daedos safuZvlad.
    trilogiaSi erTmniSvnelovnad aris gancxadebuli esqiles politikuri mrwamsi.
    aTenisa da misi saxelmwifo wyobilebis gulmxurvale patrioti miiCnevda, rom aTeni
    da misi wyoba unda yofiliyo nimuSi yvela danarCenisTvis, radgan mxolod aq iyo
    SesaZlebeli urTulesi sakiTxebis gawyveta, umZimes winaaRmdegobaTa moxsna. am qalaqs
    xom Tavad sibrZnis qalRmerTi aTena warmarTavda.
    kacobriobis kulturul memkvidreobaze esqiles tragediaTa gavlena TvalsaCinoa.
    XIX saukunidan moyolebuli TandaTanobiT izrdeba interesi esqiles Semoqmedebis
    mimarT. XX saukunis dasawyisSi erTob popularuli xdeba misi `orestea~. dRes msof-
    lio scenaze am tragediis araerTi saetapo dadgmaa ganxorcielebuli. amasTan esqiles
    Semoqmedeba uaRresad nayofieri aRmoCnda interpretaciebis kuTxiT. Tanamedrove
    literaturis sxvadasxva JanrSi uxvad gvaqvs esqiles tragediaTa recefciebi _ maT
    Soris sagangebod davasaxelebdiT iujin o, nilis dramas `eleqtram glova unda ata-
    ros~, sartris piesas `buzebs~ da x. volfis moTxrobas `kasandras~.

     tragediebi: `sparselebi~; `mavedrebeli qalebi~; `Svidni Tebes wi-


    naaRmdeg~; `mijaWvuli promeTe~; trilogia `orestea~ ( `agamemnoni~,
    `qoeforebi~, `evmenidebi~).
    sofokle 119

    sofokle
    (497/496-406/405 ww.).

    antikurobaSi tragizmis fenomenis asaxsnelad da saerTod tragediis, ro-


    gorc aseTis, gasagebad Zalian xSirad mimarTavdnen sofokles „oidipos mefes~,
    Tavad avtors ki atikuri tragediis mwvervalad moiazrebdnen. sofokle as-
    parezze esqiles didebis wlebSi gamoCnda da pirvelive warmodgeniT daamarcxa
    didostati (Zv. w. 468 wels). misi cxovreba emTxveva aTenis klasikur periods,
    rodesac aTeni gansakuTrebul simaRleebs aRwevs. aTenis didebis epoqa sofokles
    epoqaa da isic qmnis am didebas. sofokle daibada Zv. w. 496 wels aTenTan axlos,
    kolonosSi da gardaicvala Zv. w. 406 wels. esqilesgan gansxvavebiT, romelic aT-
    enis didebis periodSi gardaicvala, igi aTenis daRmasvlasac moeswro.
    sofokle periklesis megobrad iTvleboda da aqtiurad monawileobda poli-
    sis cxovrebaSi. sakmarisia, Tvali gadavavloT mis sajaro funqciaTa nusxas: Zv. w.
    443/42 wlebSi sofokle sazRvao kavSiris xazinadari iyo, Zv. w. 441/39 wels
    periklesi aT strategosTagan erT-erTi gaxldaT, Zv. w. 413 wels probulosTa
    kolegiis wevri gaxda. gardacvalebis Semdeg mas Tayvans scemdnen, rogorc adgi-
    lis heross (wminda gmirs), radgan igi asklepiosis kultis erT-erTi damaarse-
    beli iyo da alkonis kultSic msaxurobda.
    pirveli cnoba sofokles Sesaxeb im droidan gvaqvs, rodesac is 16 wlis ymaw-
    vili iyo da liriT xelSi momRerlebis gunds xelmZRvanelobda salamisTan mop-
    ovebuli gamarjvebis aRsaniSnav zeimze. 12 wlis Semdeg igi kvlav Cndeba, amjerad,
    rogorc dramaturgi da did dionisiebze pirvel prizs iRebs. amis Semdeg so-
    foklem daaxloebiT 120 dramatuli nawarmoebi Seqmna Tavisi xangrZlivi cxovre-
    bis manZilze. man daaxloebiT 20-jer gaimarjva dionisiebze da arasdros ar ga-
    sula mesame adgilze (anu ar damarcxebula). 120 nawarmoebidan SemorCenilia
    mxolod Svidi tragedia. 1912 wels papirusze aRmoCnda erTi satiruli dramis
    „maZebrebis~ naxevari. am tragediebma Cvenamde moaRwia ax. w. 950 wliT daTariRe-
    buli xelnaweriT. garda CamoTvlili tragediebisa, SemorCenilia sofokles 100-
    ze meti dramis 1154 fragmenti.
    Teatraluri moRvaweobis pirvel wlebSi sofokle Tavis speqtaklebSi msaxio-
    badac gamodioda. didi efeqti mouxdenia sofokles navsikaas rolSi. miuxedavad
    popularobisa, is male SeeSva samsaxiobo moRvaweobas, zogierTi cnobiT, susti
    xmis gamo, rac msaxiobobas SeuZlebels xdida. antikuri wyaroebi aqeben mis musi-
    kalobas, msaxiobur niWs, silamazes. Cven ar viciT, ra Seesabameba sinamdviles.
    mxolod erTi daskvnis gakeTeba SeiZleba: sofokle Zalian uyvardaT aTenSi da
    masac Zalian uyvarda aTeni. Semonaxulia misi erTi metsaxeli filaTenaiosi anu
    is, visac aTeni uyvars.
    120 sofokle

    sofoklem mravali dramatuli siaxle Semoitana: aristoteles TqmiT, man Se-


    moiyvana mesame msaxiobi, gundis wevrebis ricxvi 12-dan 15-mde gazarda da ganavi-
    Tara scenuri mxatvroba (`poetika~ 1449a18). sofokles did Rirsebad iTvleboda
    agreTve personaJebis lakonurad da zustad xatvis xelovneba (plutarqosi,
    `moralia~ 79b). siaxles vxedavT tragediebis agebulebaSic. esqile tetralogie-
    bis warmodgenisas nawarmoebebs ise ajgufebda, rom erTi tragedia meores agr-
    Zelebda da avsebda. sofoklesTan TiToeuli tragedia dasrulebuli da
    TviTkmaria. Cven arc ki viciT, romel tragediebTan erTad iyo warmodgenili
    `oidipos mefe~ an `antigone~, magram amas arca aqvs maTi gagebisTvis mniSvneloba.
    Tavad sofokle Tavis SemoqmedebaSi sam fazas gamoyofda: 1) esqiles gavlenis
    periodi (rodesac igi esqiles msgavsad tetralogiebs qmnida. Cvenade arafers
    mouRwevia), 2) daSorebis periodi, rodesac misi Semoqmedeba jer kidev dasaxvewi
    iyo (`aiasi~, `antigone~, `traqiseli qalebi~) da 3) srulyofis periodi (`oidipos
    mefe~, `eleqtra~, `filoqtetesi~ da `oidiposi kolonosSi~).
    sofokles adreuli dramebi ornawiliania. mogvianebiT mas ufro daxvewili
    kompozicia cvlis, romelSic nawarmoebis erTianoba warmmarTvelia. rac Seexeba
    protagonistebs, esqilesa da evripidesagan gansxvavebiT, sofokle, misive sityve-
    biT, adamianebs warmoaCenda iseTebad, rogorebic isini unda iyvnen (aristotele,
    poetika, 1460b 34).
    antikurobaSi Tvlidnen, rom sofokles SemoqmedebaSi tragedia srulyofil
    saxes iRebs. aristotele mis did Rirsebad miiCnevda, rom sofokles tragediaSi
    erTmaneTs emTxveva protagonistis mier sakuTari Tavis Secnoba da gardatexa.
    mayurebels ecodeba mTavari gmiri da Tan SeZrwunebulia momxdariT, ris gamoc
    igi ganicdis kaTarsiss anu iwmindeba. aqedan ki warmoiSveba tragediisTvis damax-
    asiaTebeli specifikuri siamovneba.
    esqilesgan gansxvavebiT, tragikuli konfliqti sofoklesTan naklebad aris
    RvTaebrivi nebiT ganpirobebuli. igi gmiris xasiaTidanac modis. sofokles
    gmirebi monumenturebi arian da isini ar kargaven momxibvlelobas maSinac ki,
    roca cdebian, rac maT tragikulobas zrdis.
    sofokles SemorCenili tragediebidan ramdenime sargeblobda gansakuTre-
    buli popularobiT, rogorc antikurobaSi, ise mis Semdeg. upirveles yovlisa es
    iTqmis `oidipos mefeze~ da `antigoneze~.
    SeuZlebelia sofokles tragediebis mkacri qronologiuri dajgufeba.
    mxolod is viciT, rom pirveli SemorCenili nawarmoebi unda iyos „aiasi~, xolo
    bolo – „oidiposi kolonosSi~. qronologiur dajgufebas arca aqvs mniSvneloba
    am tragediebis gagebisTvis.
    `a i a s i~ (450w.) sofokles tragedia `aiasi~, rogorc Cans, Cvenamde moRweuli
    misi uZvelesi dramaa, razec am nawarmoebis agebulebac metyvelebs. tragedia or
    nawiladaa gayofili da masSi ori, erTi SexedviT damoukidebeli, motivia ganvi-
    Tarebuli. sofokle emyareba miTs aiasis Sesaxeb, romelic troas omSi aqavelebis
    saukeTeso gmiri iyo aqilevsis Semdeg. aqilevsis gardacvalebisTanave, mas,
    rogorc saukeTesos, wilad unda rgeboda aqilevsis iaraRi, magram atridebma
    sxvagvari gadawyvetileba miiRes da iaraRi odisevss miakuTvnes. Seuracxyofilma
    aiasma gadawyvita, Suri eZia aqavelTa mxedarTmTavrebze, magram qalRmerTma
    aTenam daicva Tavisi gmirebi, sigiJe Sehyara aiass, romelmac aqavelTa nacvlad
    saqoneli daxoca. tragedia iwyeba tragikuli ironiiT aRsavse epizodiT, rode-
    sac jer kidev Wkuadakarguli aiasi zis daxocili saqonliT savse karavSi, erTi
    cxvari, romelic odisevsi hgonia, boZze hyavs mibmuli da tanjviT upirebs
    mokvlas. aTena odisevsis Tvalwin elaparakeba SeSlil aiass, romelsac realobis
    grZnoba dakarguli aqvs (94 Smdg.). odisevsi gaognebulia, roca xedavs, ra
    SeiZleba damarTos RmerTma iseT yovlisSemZle gmirs, rogoric aiasia. aiasi
    sofokle 121

    TandaTan fxizldeba, sakuTar Tavs ubrundeba da xvdeba, rac moxda. axla is sru-
    liad pativayrilia. `aiasis~ pirvel epizodebSi gamofxizleba, sakuTari Tavis
    povnaa naCvenebi. aq ukve gamokveTilia Tema, romelic `oidipos mefeSi~ aRwevs
    srulyofilebas: gmirebi eZeben da pouloben sakuTar Tavs. `giJi~ aiasi isev
    ubrundeba Tavis normalur saxes da xedavs, rac moimoqmeda iseve, rogorc WkuiT
    cnobili oidiposi xvdeba tragediis bolos Tavisi gonierebis ugunurebas. aiasi
    Sercxvenilia, saxels ki misTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs. aqve vlindeba misi
    xasiaTis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani Strixi: rogorc WeSmaritad didi sofokle-
    seuli gmiri, aiasi monoliTuri figuraa, romelsac ar SeuZlia, marto ar iyos.
    samecniero literaturaSi xSirad aRniSnaven sofokles gmirebis martoobisken
    miswrafebas da Seusmenlobas. isini advilad da jiutad Tavisufldebian yvela
    socialuri jaWvisgan. aiasi sikvdils gadawyvets da arad agdebs axloblebis
    rCevas.
    aiasis da zogadad sofokles gmirebis qmedebis gasagebad mniSvnelovania ai-
    asis cxovrebis Tanamgzavris, tekmesas sityvebi. tekmesa cdilobs mis damSvidebas
    da uxsnis, rom ufro didi ubedurebac arsebobs, magaliTad monoba: `araferia
    monobaze uaresi~ (485). is, Tavisufali da mdidari mamis Svili monad iqca,
    `radgan RmerTebs ase surdaT~ da amatebs: `da maTTan erTad gansakuTrebiT Sen~.
    es fraza xsnis sofokles gmirebis tragikulobas da danaSaulisa da udanaSau-
    lobis sakiTxs. gmirebis qmedebas es ormagi motivacia gansazRvravs: RmerTebs
    surT da TavianTi xasiaTidan gamomdinare gmirebic Sesabamisad iqcevian.
    aiasi aravis usmens. is midis Tavis mosaklavad. aiasi sul marto rCeba scenaze.
    sofokle dramaturgiuladac usvams xazs mis martoobas. da antikur scenaze
    xdeba is, rac TiTqos dauSvebeli iyo: mayurebeli xedavs, rogor iklavs Tavs mTa-
    vari gmiri. amiT sruldeba am tragediis pirveli nawili. meore nawilSi did
    adgils ikavebs msjeloba imis Taobaze, unda daikrZalos Tu ara aiasi. es Temac
    ufro Rrmad da vrclad daamuSava sofoklem mogvianebiT tragediaSi `antigone~.
    aiasis Zma tevkrosi, erTi mxriv, da atridebi, meore mxriv, ver Tanxmdebian am sa-
    kiTxze. sabolood, odisevsi ambobs, rom yvelafers Tavisi dro da adgili aqvs
    da rom sikvdiliT mTavrdeba mtroba. axla sxva kanonebi moqmedebs (1332-69). am ka-
    nonebs mogvianebiT xSirad Segvaxsenebs antigone. aiass krZalaven. `aiasSi~ hibri-
    sis anu zviadobis motivi miiCneva tragediis warmmarTvelad. aiasi isjeba, radgan
    hgonia, rom ukeT icis, vin aris ufro meti didebis Rirsi, magram sasjels igi
    sabolood Tavad irCevs. is ar aris bedisweris pasiuri mimdevari. adamiani gan-
    wirulia, rom cdebodes, magram namdvili gmirebi am SecdomaSic Rirseulebi
    Canan.
    `o i d i p o s m e f e~ (434/32) sofokles yvelaze popularuli da albaT, sru-
    lyofili tragediaa. igi emyareba vrcel miTs labdakidebis Sesaxeb. sofokle
    miTis bolo nawils iyenebs da mis sakuTar variants qmnis. igi tragikuli kon-
    fliqtis Sesabamisad cvlis arsebuls. mokle Sinaarsi aseTia: oidiposs axal-
    gazrdobaSi apolonis misani uwinaswarmetyvelebs, rom igi moklavs mamas da co-
    lad SeirTavs dedas, ris gamoc igi garbis korinTodan, sadac gaizarda, raTa
    Sors iyos mSoblebisgan. oidiposi xvdeba TebeSi, colad mohyavs Tebes dedo-
    fali iokaste, romlis qmari laiosic manamde viRacam mokla. tragedia iwyeba am
    ambebidan mravali wlis Semdeg imis aRweriT, Tu rogor vrceldeba TebeSi Savi
    Wiri, romelic mxolod maSin dasruldeba, roca laiosis mkvlels ipovian. oidi-
    posi cdilobs, gaigos, vin aris mkvleli. aq ukve vxedavT oidiposs Tavisi yvelaze
    saxasiaTo kuTxiT: mas unda, rom icodes, hgonia, rom SeuZlia yvelaferi icodes
    da yvelaferi marTos, sakuTari bediswerac ki.
    `minda, rom es bneli gavfanto!~ (132)
    122 sofokle

    – ambobs oidiposi da am epizodidan iwyeba kiTxva-pasuxis mTeli wyeba. oidi-


    posi iZiebs, svams kiTxvebs da iRebs pasuxebs. oidiposi eZebs mkvlels da rac
    ufro Sors midis am ZiebaSi, miT ufro axlos modis yvela kvali masTan. tragi-
    kuli ironia mwvervals aRwevs, rodesac Tavis codnaSi darwmunebuli oidiposi
    wyevlis mkvlels da saSinel gansasjels umzadebs (236). advili warmosadgenia
    mayureblis reaqcia am sityvebze, radgan is kargad icnobda miTs da icoda, rom
    oidiposi iyo Tavad mkvleli. gavrcelebuli mosazrebiT, Cven aq srulyofili
    saxiT vxvdebiT imas, rasac aristotele idealuri tragediis maxasiaTeblad miiC-
    nevda: TanagrZnobas da SeZrwunebas, romelic ganwmendas iwvevs. oidiposi WeS-
    maritebamde nabij-nabij miiwevs. tiresiasTan, kreonTan gasaubrebaSi vlindeba
    oidiposis ukiduresobamde miyvanili Tavdajerebuloba da sakuTari Seucdom-
    lobis rwmena. iokaste pirveli xvdeba, rom laiosis mkvleli Tavad oidiposia.
    modis macne, romelic amcnobs oidiposs, rom misi mama korinToSi gardaicvala.
    oidiposi SvebiT amoisunTqavs, axla ki namdvilad SeZlo, Tavi daeRwia saSineli
    bediswerisgan da ar mouklavs sakuTari mama. magram macne ganagrZobs: oidiposi
    maTi namdvili Svili ar iyo, is iSviles. iokaste yvelafers xvdeba. oidiposi gax-
    vretili fexebiT kiTeronis mTaze ipoves. tragediaSi gardatexa xdeba dialogSi
    oidipossa da iokastes Soris. aq isev vxedavT daxvewil tragikul ironias. oidi-
    posi cdilobs sakuTari udanaSaulobis damtkicebas, magram yvela sabuTi misi
    danaSaulis mtkicebulebad iqceva. iokaste cdilobs SeaCeros oidiposi, romel-
    sac unda, rom yvelaferi icodes. magram oidiposma aucileblad unda icodes da
    is igebs, rom iokaste misi namdvili dedaa, xolo laiosi, mamamisi, is moxucia, ro-
    melic Tebesken momavalma mokla. iokaste Serbis sasaxleSi da Tavs ixrCobs, oidi-
    posi Tvalebs iTxris.
    oidiposi eZebs simarTles da poulobs mas. yvelafers naTeli efineba, magram
    es sinaTle imdenad damabrmavebeli aRmoCndeba misTvis, rom amjobinebs, Tvalebi
    daiTxaros. tragikuli ironiis saukeTeso magaliTia Tvalebis, xedvis, sinaTlis
    metaforikis xSiri gamoyeneba. tiresiasi pirveli umxels WeSmaritebas oidiposs,
    igi ar ijerebs da maSin tiresiasi wamoiZaxebs: `Tvalebi gaqvs da verafers
    xedav?~ (37). oidiposi brmaa WeSmaritebisTvis. germanel poets, holderlins
    ekuTvnis cnobili fraza: „mefe oidiposs, albaT, Tvalebi hqonda zedmeti.~ am Tva-
    lebiT mainc ver dainaxa WeSmariteba. axla mas sxva xedva sWirdeba. iseTi, rogo-
    ric tiresias aqvs, brma misans. xedva, romelic sakuTar Tavs daanaxebs. swored es:
    `Seican Tavi Seni~ aris wamyvani motivi sofokles am da sxva SemorCenil trage-
    diebSi.
    aristoteles mixedviT, „oidipos mefe~ srulyofilia agebulebiT, radgan
    tragikuli monaTxrobis ori fundamenturi elementi (paTetikuris garda) Sec-
    noba (anagnorisisi) da moqmedebis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT Semotrialeba
    (peripetia) „oidipos mefeSi~ erTmaneTs emTxveva.
    oidiposi namdvili sofokleseuli gmiria: ubralo adamianze ufro aRmate-
    buli, miuxedavad imisa, rom saSinel danaSauls Cadis, da mayurebels ecodeba igi.
    is gamorCeulia da mainc arasrulyofilia, adamianuria. swored amitom gve-
    codeba da ganvicdiT masTan erTad. mas raRac eSleba (aristotele am Secdomas
    hamartias eZaxis), raRacas arasworad afasebs.
    oidiposis danaSaulis an udanaSaulobis problema rTulia da mravalmxrivi.
    raSi mdgomareobs misi danaSauli, Tuki yvelaferi isedac apolonis mier gadawy-
    vetili iyo? risi Secvla SeeZlo oidiposs? ra SeeSala? aristotele Tvlida,
    rom SeeSala, magram swored imitomac aris misi Secdoma ase tragikuli, rom man
    ar icoda, rom danaSauls Cadioda. Tumca oidiposi ar aris marioneti, romelsac
    bediswera atrialebs. igi Tavisdauneburad, magram Tavisi xasiaTidan gamomdi-
    nare Tavis beds qmnis: raRaceebi aviwydeba, raRaceebs yuradRebas ar aqcevs, Ta-
    sofokle 123

    visTavSi darwmunebuli sxvebs ar usmens da a. S. is cdilobs gonebiT SeZlos be-


    disweris damarcxeba da araswor gadawyvetilebebs iRebs. igi ukiduresad amayia,
    ukiduresad darwmunebuli Tavis codnaSi da swored es ukiduresoba aris dam-
    Rupveli. oidiposi gauwonasworebelia. frangma struqturalistma klod levi-
    strosma pirvelma miaqcia yuradReba saxel oidiposis etimologiis mniSvnelo-
    bas: sityva oidiposi fexgasiebuls niSnavs. sikoWle, asimetriuloba, wonas-
    worobis advilad dakargvis unari oidiposis xasiaTis niSania. es sikoWle sim-
    boluri mniSvnelobisaa da gmiris arasrulyofilebaze miuTiTebs.
    oidiposis wyurvili, rom zustad icodes, gansakuTrebiT tragikuls xdis si-
    namdviles, radgan sinamdvileSi man araferi icis. mas aviwydeba, rom ubralod
    adamiania da adamianoba gulisxmobs, rom aucileblad SegeSleba. igi brmaa maSin,
    roca aqvs Tvalebi da xedavs mxolod maSin, roca brmavdeba.
    oidiposis tanjvis CvenebiT sofokle did gancdas iwvevda da iwvevs mayure-
    belSi, radgan oidiposi zedmiwevniT adamianuria, miuxedavad Tavisi gansakuTre-
    bulobisa. mayurebels ecodeba oidiposi da Tan eSinia, radgan nebismieri
    SeiZleba aRmoCndes mis adgilas.
    sofokles tragediebSi, da es ar exeba mxolod „oidipos mefes~, mTavari
    gmirebi Cadian Secdomas, rodesac im TvisebiT aWarbeben, romelic maT gansa-
    kuTrebulobas ganapirobebs, aseTia oidiposi Tavisi „yovlismcondeobiT~, anti-
    gone, romelic Tvlis, rom mxolod TviTon aris marTali, kreoni, romelic
    Tvlis, rom saxelmwifos interesebi yvelaferze maRla dgas da sxva.
    tragedia „oidipos mefe~ safuZvlad daedo mravalgvar gaazrebas. SeiZleba
    gamovyoT ramdenime gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani interpretacia, romelmac Sem-
    deg mTel mimdinareobebs Cauyara safuZveli. tragediis warmoSobaze da arsze
    saubrisas fr. nicSe nimuSad iRebs sofokles Semoqmedebas. mis dramebs da kerZod
    am tragedias igi ganixilavs, rogorc tragikulobis mwvervals. oidiposi, misi
    azriT, dionises niRabia, xolo yvela tragikuli gmiri dionisea. oidiposSi yve-
    laze naTlad Cans tragikuloba da dionisiuroba. 1900 wels z. froidma gamo-
    aqveyna wigni saxelwodebiT: Die Traumdeutung (`sizmrebis axsna~), sadac oidiposis
    miTze, kerZod ki mis sofokleseul variantze dayrdnobiT aCvena, rom bavSvSi
    Cadebulia fsiqiuri impulsebi, romelTa gamoc bavSvs ufro uyvars deda da wi-
    naaRmdegobrivi grZnoba aqvs mamis mimarT. es impulsebi nevropaTebSi mogvianebiT
    Camoyalibebul nevrozebs ganapirobebs. aqedan iRebs saTaves `oidiposis kom-
    pleqsi~. es impulsebi, froidis mixedviT, sxva xarisxiT, magram mainc yvela nor-
    malur adamianSi arsebobs, amitomac ganvicdiT dRemde oidiposis tragedias.
    froidma amiT safuZveli daudo sofokles dramebis fsiqoanalitikur ganxilvas
    da Tavad Seqmna axali miTi oidiposis Sesaxeb. froids ewinaaRmdegeba mravali
    literatori, romelic oidiposis „ukompleqsobis~ Cvenebas cdilobs. froidis
    oidiposi ki erT-erTi cnobili simbolo gaxda. mniSvnelovania mesame modelic. es
    aris franguli struqturalizmis fuZemdeblis, klod levi-strosis gamokvleva.
    levi-strosma oidiposis miTi struqturul anTropologiaSi gamoiyena, raTa
    eCvenebina miTebSi arsebuli saerTo struqtura.
    oidiposis Temas sofokle kidev erTxel miubrunda sicocxlis bolos. 90 wlis
    asaks miRweuli igi wers tragedias „o i d i p o s i k o l o n o s S i~ (401), ro-
    melic misi gardacvalebis Semdeg daidga. Tuki „oidipos mefis~ dasawyisSi oidi-
    posi RmerTis sadari mefea, romelsac yvela eTayvaneba, tragediis bolos ki brma
    maTxovari, „oidipos kolonosSi~ situacia sarkiseburad icvleba: gamaTxovre-
    buli oidiposi tragediis bolos RvTaebriobas iZens. xdeba misi apoTeosi da is
    adgilis wminda gmirad iqceva.
    moqmedeba xdeba aTenSi. dabrmavebuli, maTxovrad qceuli oidiposi Tavis qal-
    iSvil antigonesTan erTad uaxlovdeba aTens. winaswarmetyvelebis mixedviT aT-
    124 sofokle

    enSi, evmenidebis WalasTan elis oidiposs aRsasruli. oidiposi da antigone wi-


    naaRmdegobas awydebian xalxis mxridan. antigone axerxebs maT mogeriebas da
    iTxovs Sexvedras aTenis mefe TesevsTan. Tesevsi modis da icavs stumarTmoy-
    vareobis wesebs. Tebedan modis meore qaliSvili, ismene, romelic samwuxaro am-
    bebs uyveba mamas: polinikesi da eteoklesi, oidiposis vaJebi, samtrod gadaekid-
    nen erTmaneTs. eteoklesi kreons Seekra, xolo polinikesi Tebes winaaRmdeg
    apirebs galaSqrebas, raTa Zalaufleba Caigdos xelSi. mogvianebiT, kreonica da
    polinikesic cdiloben oidiposis gadmobirebas, magram Tebe da Zveli arseboba
    ukve ucxoa misTvis da oidiposi uars ambobs, dabrundes samSobloSi. xSirad
    saubroben Tebes da aTenis, rogorc uwesrigobisa da wesrigis, borotebisa da
    sikeTis dapirispirebaze sofoklesTan. Zneli saTqmelia, ramdenad aRiqvamda
    aTeneli mayurebeli Tebes codvis simbolod, magram erTi SexedviT TvalSisace-
    mia, rom TebeSi xdeba tragikul danaSaulTa umravlesoba, xolo aTeni ganmuxtvis
    adgilia. oidiposi uars ambobs, daubrundes Tavis Zvel `mes~. axla is sul sxva
    oidiposia, romelic Tavisi amoTxrili TvalebiT ufro mets da sxvanairad
    xedavs. tragediis msvlelobisas oidiposi maTxovridan isev Zlier figurad
    iqceva, oRond misi siZliere axla sxvagvaria, sxva gonierebaze dafuZnebuli.
    `oidiposi kolonosSi~ sruldeba oidiposis apoTeosiT. macne yveba, rogor
    gaisma Weqa-quxili da amas mohyva xma zecidan, romelic maRla uxmobda oidiposs.
    oidiposi TvalismomWrel sinaTleSi qreba. igi adgilis wminda gmiri, herosi
    xdeba, romelsac Tayvans scemen.
    am tragediaSi arsad Cans intriga. `oidiposi kolonosSi~ aris Rrmad religi-
    uri drama, datvirTuli religiuri simbolikiT. garkveulwilad, es aris so-
    fokles gamosaTxovari. arsad aris Serigeba sikvdilTan ise srulyofili,
    rogorc mis am tragediaSi. antikuri tragediis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro tragi-
    kuli gmiri Svebas poulobs. `udanaSaulo damnaSave~ wminda gmiri xdeba.
    `a n t i g o n e~ (442). Tebes miTiur cikls kidev erT SemorCenil tragediaSi mi-
    marTavs sofokle, rodesac wers tragedias oidiposis qaliSvilis, antigones
    Sesaxeb. antigone literaturaSi asaxuli pirveli meamboxe qalia, an sulac
    pirveli literaturuli amboxeba. Sinaarsi aseTia: polinikesi da eteoklesi,
    oidiposis vaJebi, erTmaneTs upirispirdebian ZalauflebisTvis brZolaSi.
    eteoklesi kreonTan aris Sekruli, romelic Tebes marTavs, polinikesi sxvebTan
    erTad ilaSqrebs Tebes winaaRmdeg. orTabrZolaSi orive Zma kvdeba. kreonis
    brZanebiT, pativiT unda dakrZalon eteoklesi, xolo polinikesi ZaRlebs dau-
    tovon sajijgnad. vinc Seecdeba polinikesis damarxvas, sikvdiliT daisjeba. an-
    tigone gadawyvets, rom mefis brZanebis miuxedavad aRasrulos rituali da
    rogorc wesi da rigia, Zma dakrZalos. tragedia iwyeba antigonesa da ismenes
    dialogiT, sadac ismene dis SeCerebas amaod cdilobs. antigone uars ambobs yve-
    lanair rCevaze, igi ukanmouxedavad martovdeba. sofokles gmirebs axasiaTebT
    midrekileba izolaciisken. antigone irCevs sikvdils. igi ayris Zmas miwas, sim-
    bolurad marxavs mas, magram sijiutis Tu raRac arCevanis gamo Tavis qmedebas
    kidev erTxel imeorebs.
    antigonesa da kreons Soris dialogi gvixsnis orives motivacias da xasiaTs.
    kreoni bralad sdebs antigones, rom man kanoni daarRvia, antigonesTvis ki
    kreonis gankarguleba mxolod brZanebaa. RmerTebis mier dadgenil kanonebTan
    axlos ver miva kreonis, mokvdavis kanoni. RmerTebi ki iTxoven, rom micvalebuli
    unda daikrZalos. kreonisTvis polinikesi mteria, romelic ar SeiZleba giy-
    vardes an gecodebodes. antigone ki Tvlis, rom is siyvarulisTvis arsebobs da
    ara siZulvilisTvis (523).
    kreoni sjis antigones. is cocxlad unda damarxon. hemoni, kreonis vaJi da an-
    tigones saqmro, cdilobs mamis SeCerebas. mTeli yuradReba axla kreonze
    sofokle 125

    gadadis. axla is xdeba mTavari tragikuli figura. kreoni, iseve rogorc anti-
    gone darwmunebulia Tavis sisworeSi da arafris Secvla ar surs. mogvianebiT
    Semodis tiresiasi, romelic mefes ubedurebas uwinaswarmetyvelebs. kreoni
    cdilobs Cadenilis gamosworebas. igi brZanebas gascems polinikesis dakrZalvis
    Taobaze, antigones gamosayvanad midis, magram tragedia ukve momxdaria: ganaCenis
    aRsrulebamde antigone Tavs ixrCobs. mamis danaxvaze sasowarkveTili hemonic
    Tavs iklavs. kreoni rCeba marto da ubeduri.
    antigone da kreoni am tragediis ori mTavari gmiria. isini or poluss war-
    moadgenen. es polusebi xSirad gansxvavebulad esmiT. maT Soris konfliqti gai-
    azreba xan rogorc dapirispireba ojaxsa da saxelmwifos interesebs Soris (anu
    piraduli sazogadoebrivis winaaRmdeg), xan RvTiuri, dauwereli kanonebis da
    adamianis mier Seqmnili kanonebis dapirispirebad, xanac qalisa da mamakacis tra-
    diciul konfliqtad, zogisTvis antigone sikvdilTan Seguebis gansaxierebaa,
    kreoni – sicocxlis da a. S. yvela zemoCamoTvlili interpretacia SeiZleba
    amokiTxuli iqnas `antigoneSi~, imdenad mravalmxrivia es tragedia. da mainc, is
    yvela am motivis erTianoba da kidev ufro metia. ori monoliTuri figura
    upirispirdeba erTmaneTs. orive darwmunebulia, rom mxolod misi gzaa misaRebi
    da rom is absoluturad marTalia. swored am absoluturobiT scodaven. anti-
    gonec da kreonic aWarbeben im TvisebiT, romliTac gamoirCevian. antigone mzad
    aris uari Tqvas sicocxleze Zmis gamo, xolo kreoni wesis dacvas yvelafers
    swiravs msxverplad. antigonesTvis araferi dgas dauwereli, RvTaebrivi kanone-
    bis zemoT, kreonisTvis saxelmwifos kanoni uzenaesia. „antigoneSi~ sofokles
    gmirebs yvelaze kargad gundi aRwers cnobil himnSi (332 Smdg.):
    „mravali ram aris saSiSi,
    magram adamianze ufro saSiSi araferia;
    igi seravs WaRara zRvas
    TviT sastik avdarSic,
    gruxuna talRebis gamkveTi...“1
    sxva problemaa antigones damokidebuleba sicocxlis mimarT. igi TiTqos Ta-
    vis Tavze iRebs labdakidebis modgmis codvebs da sicocxlis sanacvlod sik-
    vdils irCevs. sofokles antigones es xazi XX saukuneSi frangi egzistenciali-
    stebisaTvis gaxda gansakuTrebiT saintereso. Jan anuis antigone kargad xvdeba
    arsebobis absurdulobas da kompromisebiT cxovrebas sikvdils arCevs. sofok-
    les antigonesTvis sikvdilSia raRac xibli. igi manamde kvdeba, sanam ganaCeni
    aRsruldeba. antigone Tavad wyvets sakuTar beds. igi namdvili sofokleseuli
    gmiria. mas ar SeuZlia daemorCilos kreons. igi ar kvdeba misjili sikvdiliT.
    amisaTvis is Zalian jiutia da rogorc sofokle mas axasiaTebs: `avtonomosi~ anu
    sakuTar Tavs Tavad udgens kanonebs.
    antigones saxe didi popularobiT sargeblobda Tanamedrove literaturaSi
    da scenaze. meamboxe antigone areulobas mxolod kreonis TebeSi rodi iwvevda.
    meore msoflio omis dros franguli winaaRmdegobis moZraobam anuis egzisten-
    cialuri antigone Tavis gmirad gaigo, xolo 1989 wels germaniis gaerTianebamde
    socialisturi germaniis 50 wlisTavis aRsaniSnavad dadgmulma `antigonem~ maso-
    briv protestebs daudo safuZveli. SeiZleba iTqvas, ajanyebuli antigone am-
    boxis klasikur simbolod iqca.
    `t r a q i s e l i q a l e b i~ (438?). sofokles es tragedia misi Semoqmedebis
    adrindel periods unda ganekuTvnebodes, radgan masSi jer kidev SeimCneva or-
    nawiliani struqtura. tragedia agebulia herakles miTis Temaze. masSi herakles
    sicocxlis bolo epizodebia naCvenebi. centraluri motivia erosi, romelsac

    1
    Targmani r. gordezianisa, `berZnuli literaturis istoria~.
    126 sofokle

    bedisweris Zala eniWeba da moqmedebis warmmarTveli xdeba. siyvaruli aiZulebs


    herakles, daipyros mefe evritosis qalaqi. igive Zala aiZulebs deianiras, yvela
    Zala iRonos siyvarulis dasabruneblad da uneburad danaSauli Caidinos. moqme-
    deba xdeba traqisSi, sadac deianira Tavis SvilTan erTad Tavs afarebs da elis
    herakles. marTlac, modis macne da atyobinebs herakles gamarjvebis ambavs da Tan
    tyveebsac agzavnis. gamogzavnil tyvebs Soris deianira SeniSnavs erT gasaocari
    silamazis qals, ioles. male misTvis cnobili gaxdeba, rom heraklem, ioles siyva-
    ruliT anTebulma, daipyro evritosis samefo. deianira ar fiqrobs SurisZie-
    baze, magram cdilobs, daibrunos qmris siyvaruli. usazRvro siyvarulis gamo
    brmad endoba kentavr nesosis rCevas da mis sisxlSi dasvelebul mosasaxams ug-
    zavnis herakles. nesosis sityviT, amiT igi siyvarulis dabrunebas SeZlebda. da
    rogorc yvela sofokleseuli gmiri, is uneburad Cadis danaSauls. herakles mo-
    sasxami wvavs. deianira xvdeba nesosis simuxTles da Tavis Secdomas. sasowark-
    veTili Tavs iklavs. datanjuli herakle iTxovs, oetas mTaze cecxli daanTon da
    iq dawvan. herakle xvdeba, rom aRsrulda zevsis winaswarmetyveleba, rom igi
    gardacvlilis xeliT mokvdeboda. herakle ambobs: `axla ki mesmis~ (1145) da Semdeg
    modis fraza: `araferi arsebobs, raSic ar aris zevsi~ (1278).
    isev meordeba nacnobi motivi: adamiani cdeba, ver xvdeba RvTaebriv misnobas
    da iRupeba ukiduresobis, am SemTxvevaSi, usazRvro siyvarulis gamo. deianiras
    danaSauls saukeTesod axasiaTebs misi vaJi, hilosi: `igi Secda, saukeTeso sur-
    vilebiT Sepyrobili~ (1136). es fraza sofokles lakonurobis saukeTeso magali-
    Tia. sul ramdenime sityva da yvelaferi naTqvamia. am tragediaSi Cven vxedavT siy-
    varulis meore, bnel mxares. mas erTdroulad SeuZlia iyos aRmSenebelic da da-
    mangrevelic. damangreveli, Tuki igi uzomoa.
    `e l e q t r a~ (417). `eleqtra~ sofokles gviandel tragediad iTvleba. siuJeti
    igivea, rac esqiles `qoeforebSi~, magram aqcentebia sxvagvarad dasmuli. Tuki
    esqilesTan moqmedeba orestesis irgvliv trialebs, sofoklesTan eleqtras
    gancdebi wamyvania.
    moqmedeba xdeba mikenSi, sadac agamemnonis mkvlelobis Semdeg klitemnestra da
    egisTosi mefoben. orestesi gaZevebulia, ragan misnobis Tanaxmad, igi dedas mok-
    lavs. qrisoTemisi da eleqtra dedasTan izrdebian. eleqtra elis Zmas, romelmac
    Suri unda iZios. igi sruliad martoa. is ver ugebs Tavis das, romelic
    Tanacxovrebas amjobinebs mxolod SurisZiebaze fiqrs. sofoklesTvis damax-
    asiaTebeli mTavari gmirebis izolacia `eleqtraSi~ kulminacias aRwevs, rodesac
    eleqtras carieli WurWeli uWiravs xelSi da dastiris Zmas, radgan is mkvdari
    hgonia, xolo WurWeli misi ferfliTaa savse. es gamogonili sikvdili orestesis
    eSmakobaa. mogvianebiT tragediaSi TamaSdeba atikur dramaSi erT-erTi yvelaze
    cnobili scena, rodesac amaod sasowarkveTili eleqtra cnobs Tavis Zmas. saso-
    warkveTileba didi sixaruliT icvleba. dedis sikvdilis survili aerTianebs
    da-Zmas. sofokle da esqile gansxvavebuli kuTxeebidan gvaCveneben erTsa da imave
    movlenas. sofokles orestesi ufro Tavisufalia siZulvilisgan, vidre eleqtra.
    eleqtra mTlianad SurisZiebis wyurviliTaa moculi. mogvianebiT misi es so-
    fokleseuli saxe aitaca Jan pol sartrma, romlis eleqtrac `buzebSi~ sakuTari
    siZulvilis monaa. sofoklesTan tragizms swored eleqtras gancdebi qmnis.
    rodesac orestesi eSmakobiT axerxebs dedis mokvlas, eleqtra yviris: `Cacxe . . .
    orgzis~ (1417). albaT, gulisxmobs `Cems magivradac~. Surisgebis msxverpli xdeba
    egisTosic, xolo orestesisTvis aRdgeba samarTlianoba da is ibrunebs samefos.
    tragedia, erTi SexedviT, kargad mTavrdeba, magram es keTili dasasruli Zalian
    pirobiTia. am tragediis tragizms eleqtras gancdebi qmnis. sofokle naTlad
    gviCvenebs, sadamde SeiZleba miiyvanos adamiani siZulvilma da SurisZiebis sur-
    vilma.
    sofokle 127

    dramatuli xelovnebis da literaturis Sesaxeb leqciaSi Slegeli erTmaneTs


    adarebda esqiles „evmenidebs~ da sofokles `eleqtras~. misi azriT, esqile am is-
    toriis bnel mxares gviCvenebs, xolo sofokle am ambavs ufro naz ferebSi war-
    mogvidgens. Cvens simpaTiebs eleqtraze da mis gmirul tanjvaze axvavebs. am tra-
    gediaSi Slegeli moWarbebul axalgazrdobas da apolonis Suqs xedavs. sofok-
    lesTan arsad Cans gamoqvabulebis da Crdilebis samefo. tragediis pirveli scena
    ganTiadze xdeba. amasac simboluri mniSvneloba aqvs. tragediis bolos gaTendeba
    orestesisa da eleqtrasTvis.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom eleqtras da orestesis miTi Zalian popularuli iyo
    antikurobaSi, Tanamedrove literaturaSi igi ar iqca antigonesaviT sayvarel
    gmirad. SeiZleba, es Rirebulebebis Secvlis bralic iyos. amboxebuli antigone
    yvela drois gmiria, dedismkvleli eleqtras TanagrZnoba ufro Znelia.
    `f i l o q t e t e s i~ (409). miTis mixedviT, filoqtetess, aqavel gmirs, herak-
    lem sikvdilis win Tavisi mSvild-isari dautova. filoqtetesi am mSvildiT
    SeiaraRebuli wavida troas winaaRmdeg saomrad, magram gzaze gvelma ukbina.
    Wriloba imdenad myrali aRmoCnda, rom gadawyvites, filoqtetesi ukacriel
    kunZulze daetovebinaT. gavida aTi weli. aqavelebma misnobiT Seityves, rom fi-
    loqtetesis iaraRis gareSe troas ver aiRebdnen. filoqtetesi ganrisxebulia
    aqavelebze da ar surs dabruneba. sofokles mixedviT, maT gagzavnes odisevsi da
    aqilevsis Ze neoptolemosi. neoptolemoss unda moetyuebina filoqtetesi, viTom
    gamoeqca aqavelebs da Semdeg eSmakobiT Caegdo xelSi mSvildi. filoqtetess
    Zalian gauxarda neoptolemosis danaxva. male ndobiTac aRivso. neoptolemoss,
    romelsac araferi aqvs saerTo cbierebiT saxelganTqmul odisevsTan, Zalian
    uWirs tyuilis Tqma. igi mainc axerxebs iaraRis xelSi Cagdebas. odisevsi si-
    marTles umxels filoqtetess da urCevs sakuTari nebiT wahyves maT troaSi.
    neoptolemosi ubrunebs mas mSvilds da mis darwmunebas cdilobs, Tumca amaod.
    axla, rodesac TiTqos unda dasruldes filoqtetesis izolacia da mas SeuZlia
    hyavdes megobari, filoqtetesi isev martoobas irCevs. neoptolemosi Txovs,:
    `Zvirfaso, nu gajiutdebi da nu irCev ubedurebas!~ (1387), magram gmiri uars am-
    bobs. roca yvela gza iketeba, Cndeba Deus ex machina herakles saxiT, romelic mou-
    wodebs filoqtetess, wavides troaSi. gmirebi brundebian. tragedia sruldeba
    locviT.
    es aris sofokles erTaderTi tragedia, sadac Cndeba Deus ex machina da aseve
    erTaderTi, sadac ar Cans qali.
    sofokle aqac cvlis miTs. neoptolemosisTvis centraluri rolis miniWeba
    misi inovaciaa. aseve sofokleseuli siaxlea ukacrieli lemnosi. tragediis
    dasawyisSi ramdenjerme meordeba, rom filoqtetesi aris sruliad marto, mi-
    tovebuli, is cxovrobs gamoqvabulSi, xolo lemnosi ukacrielia da veluri mxe-
    cebiT dasaxlebuli. tragediis bolos yvelaferi icvleba. samecniero litera-
    turaSi aRiniSneba, rom `filoqtetesi~ sofokles erTaderTi tragediaa, sadac
    mTavari gmirebi srul transformacias ganicdian: neoptolemosi Tavidan
    Tanxmdeba, moatyuos filoqtetesi, Semdeg icvlis pozicias da mSvildsac ki
    ubrunebs mas, filoqtetesi uars ambobs izolaciidan isev civilizacias dau-
    brundes, magram bolos Tanxmdeba. neoptolemosis transformacias adareben efe-
    bosis hoplitad gaxdomis rituals, xolo filoqtetesis dabruneba veluris `ga-
    kulturebaa~. transformacias gadis bunebac. Tuki tragediis dasawyisSi lemnosi
    aRwerilia, rogorc yvelasgan mitovebuli kunZuli, dramis bolos es mkacri ud-
    abno pastoraluri xdeba. veluri cxovelebis nacvlad, romlebzec filoqtetesi
    nadirobda da eSinoda, maTi sakbilo ar gamxdariyo, gamosaTxovar sityvaSi iq
    nimfebi cxovroben, romelTac Tbilad emSvidobeba filoqtetesi (1452-61). RvTae-
    128 sofokle

    brivi nebiT axerxeben adamianebi veluri bunebis morjulebas, rac frangi mecni-
    eris, p. vidal-naqes TqmiT, `filoqtetesSi~ momxdari bolo transformaciaa.
    `filoqtetesi~ mravaljer gadamuSavda mogviano xanis literaturaSi. mas
    yvela epoqa Tavisi interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT cvlida. axali variantebidan
    gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania andre Jidis traqtati `filoqtetesi~ (1899). so-
    fokles gmiris sijiute andre JidTan ucnaur saxes iRebs. filoqtetesi Tavad
    svams dasaZinebel wamals, rom mebrZolebs gauadvilos mSvildisris motaceba.
    Zvel berZen tragikosTagan sofokle yvelaze ufro daxvewilia. masTan sru-
    lyofilebas aRwevs tragediis forma, misi gmirebi Zlieri figurebi arian, ro-
    melTa tanjva yvelaze metad xvdeba mayureblis guls. sofokles gmirebi Tavad
    irCeven Tavis beds. tragikul konfliqts am arCevanis simcdare ganapirobebs.
    mniSvnelovania ara imdenad ambavi, ramdenadac intriga, romelic ixlarTeba
    gmiris arCevanis Sedegad. TiTqmis yvela gmirs Tavad gamoaqvs ganaCeni sakuTari
    TavisTvis. isini eswrafvian martoobas da sxvagvarad arc SeuZliaT, radgan maTi
    dari aravinaa siZlieriT.
    sofokles gmirebi, TiTqos idealurebi, Zalian adamianurebi rCebian. maT ada-
    mianurobis swored maTi Secdoma ganapirobebs. swored amitom ganicdis mayure-
    beli maT Tavze datexil ubedurebas da amitom uyvarT es gmirebi ukve ramdeni
    saukunea.
    Zalian didia sofokles gavlena evropul kulturaze. igi mravaljer iTargmna
    da gadamuSavda. am mxriv yvelaze mdidaria franguli da germanulenovani lit-
    eratura. sofokleTi saqarTveloSi, upirvels yovlisa, qarTuli Teatri dainte-
    resda. pirvelad 1912 wels daidga `antigone~, 1913 wels `oidipos mefe~. pirvel
    speqtaklebs Tan axlda leqciebi sofokles Semoqmedebis da saerTod, antikuri
    Teatris Sesaxeb. sofokles dramebma swrafad moipova popularoba da XX sauku-
    nis 20-ian wlebamde `antigones~ da `oidipos mefis~ ramdenime axali dadgma
    ganxorcielda. saqarTvelos gasabWoebam xangrZliv pauzas daudo safuZveli.
    mogvianebiT ramdenjerme daidga `oidipos mefe~ (1946, 1956, 1978 da sxva). sofokles
    `antigone~, romelic 1972 wels xangrZlivi Sesvenebis Semdeg xelaxla daidga, Jan
    anuis `antigonem~ Secvala. qarTuli mwerloba naklebad iTvaliswinebs sofokle-
    seul saxeebs. rogorc Cans, igi jer kidev Tavis jers elis.

     tragediebi: „aiasi~, „antigone~, „eleqtra~, „oidiposi kolonosSi~, „oidipos


    mefe~, „traqiseli qalebi~, „filoqtetesi~.
    evripide 129

    evripide
    (Zv.w. 485/480 _ Zv.w. 406w.)

    evripide _ didi berZeni tragikosi, tragikosTa brwyinvale sameulis ukanask-


    neli warmomadgeneli. mwerlis dabadebis TariRis Sesaxeb ori versia arsebobs.
    pirvelis mixedviT igi Zv.w. 485/84w-s daibada, meore versia ki evripides dabadebis
    TariRad Zv.w. 480 wels, salamisis sazRvao brZolaSi berZnebis gamarjvebis wels
    acxadebs. am gadmocemiT es istoriuli TariRi samive berZeni tragikosis cxovre-
    bis mniSvnelovan furclebs ukavSirdeboda _ esqile Tavad ibrZoda salamisTan,
    sofokle gamarjvebis mozeime ferxulSi iRebda monawileobas, evripide ki ber-
    ZenTa gamarjvebis dRes moevlina qveynierebas. rogorc Cans, berZnebi cdilobdnen
    am umniSvnelovanesi TariRisTvis simboluri datvirTva mieniWebinaT, raTa amiT
    ufro Rirsaxsovari gaexadaT STamomavalTaTvis.
    evripides cxovrebis Sesaxeb ramdenime biografiuli wyaroa SemorCenili.
    Tumca es wyaroebi imdenad xSirad imeoreben Zv. atikuri komediis mier evripides
    Sesaxeb SeTxzul anekdotur ambebsa da xumrobebs, rom mecnierebi erTob frTxi-
    lad ekidebian maT monacemebs. didi berZeni tragikosi xom komediis dacinvis say-
    vareli obieqti gaxldaT.1
    evripide daibada erTi gadmocemiT sofel fliaSi _ Suagul atikaSi, meore gadmo-
    cemiT _ kunZul salamisze. evripides mama vaWari iyo, dedamisi ki filoqorosis mixed-
    viT maRali wris qali gaxldaT. Wabuki evripide deloseli apolonis kultmsaxure-
    baSi monawileobda. gadmogvcemen, rom siWabukeSi evripide aTletizmiT da ferweri-
    Tac iyo gatacebuli. magram yvelaze mTavari Wabuki evripides cxovrebaSi, ueWvelia,
    im drois cnobil inteleqtualebTan misi nacnoboba iyo. aTenSi am dros farTod iyo
    gaSlili inteleqtualuri moZraoba, moZraoba, romelsac kacobriobis azrovnebis
    istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze saintereso inteleqtualuri gamoRviZeba SeiZleba
    ewodos. evripides moZRvarni anaqsagorasi, protagorasi da misi umcrosi Taname-
    drove sokrate yofilan. tragikosisTvis axlobeli aRmoCnda sofistebis mier daner-
    gili atmosfero _ axali sakiTxebis dasma, tradiciul RirebulebaTa kritika, skep-
    ticizmi, rac ase farTod gamovlinda SemdgomSi mis SemoqmedebaSi.
    evripide politikurad aqtiuri moqalaqe ar yofila. rogorc gadmogvcemen,
    igi cxovrobda ganmartoebiT kunZul salamisze erT gamoqvabulSi, romelic
    zRvas gahyurebda. sZulda stumrebi da wveulebebi. bunebiT iyo daRvremili da

    1
    aristofanes TerTmeti komediidan sami vrclad warmoadgens evripides Semoqmedebis
    problematur sakiTxebs. rac Seexeba danarCen piesebs, evripide yvela maTganSia moxseniebuli.
    rogorc Cans, aristofane erTob kargad icnobda mis Semoqmedebas. meore mxriv, evripides
    mimarT gamovlenili aseTi didi yuradReba imazec metyvelebs, rom tragikosis dacinva
    aTenel mayurebels sruliadac ar bezrdeboda.
    130 evripide

    moRuSuli. hqonda uamravi wigni da iyo Zalian ganaTlebuli pirovneba. tragiko-


    sis biografosis cnobiT, didi dramaturgi ar cdilobda, Tavisi mayureblis
    keTilganwyoba moepovebina. misi ukareba buneba, ganrideba samoqalaqo saqmia-
    nobisgan, novatoruli Semoqmedeba, daudgromeli mwerluri suli, rogorc Cans,
    aTeneli mayureblisTvis mainc da mainc misaRebi ar unda yofiliyo. Sesabamisad,
    aTenSi igi popularobiT ar sargeblobda. albaT aman ganapiroba kidec xandaz-
    muli evripides wasvla makedoniaSi, mefe arqelaosis karze. iq tragikosi gansa-
    kuTrebuli pativiT miiRes, Tumc, rogorc Cans, genios Semoqmeds bevri moSurne
    hyavda. makedoniaSi igi sul oriode weli moRvaweobda, Zv.w. 406w-s tragikosi
    gardaicvala. erTi legendis Tanaxmad,SuriT anTebulma samefo karis poetebma
    moisyides msaxuri da imanac ZaRlebs daaglejina evripide.
    evripides gardacvalebas aTenSi gloviT Sexvdnen. gadmogvcemen, rom mxcovani
    sofokle proagonSi gamosvlisas ZaZebiT Semosila, gundi ki gvirgvinis gareSe
    gamouyvania. tragikosis saflavs aseTi warwera amSvenebda: Tumc evripide make-
    doniaSi ganisvenebs, misi saflavi mTeli elada aris. SemdgomSi Tavad aTeneleb-
    mac Rirseulad daafases saxelovani Tanamemamule, dionises TeatrSi sofoklesa
    da esqiles qandakebebs gverdi evripides qandakebamac daumSvena. aseTi iyo
    tragikosi, romelsac erTi fraziT ase axasiaTebs misi biografosi: `ganride-
    buli mTeli dReebis ganmavlobaSi fiqrobda TavisTvis da werda, rameTu sZulda
    yovelive, rac ar iyo diadi da amaRlebuli~.
    erTi versiiT evripides dawerili hqonia 92, meoreTi ki _ 78 tragedia. mog-
    vepoveba cnobebi misi 75 dramis saTaurebisa Tu fragmentebis Sesaxeb. Cvenamde
    srulad moaRwia evripides 17 tragediam da erTma satirulma dramam.1 Tavisi
    tetralogiebi man 22-jer warmoadgina, pirvelad Zv.w. 455w-s. imaze, rom evripide
    sicocxleSi popularobiT ar sargeblobda, metyvelebs Tundac is, rom pirveli
    adgili man sul xuTjer moipova _ oTxjer sicocxleSi da erTxelac sikvdilis
    Semdgom. evripides TxzulebaTa pirveli mecnieruli gamocema elinistur xanaSi
    aristofane bizantionelis TaosnobiT momzadda.
    pirveli, rac evripides Semoqmedebis ganxilvisas unda iTqvas, aris is, rom
    evripide udidesi maZiebeli da novatoria. SeuZlebelia erT sqemaSi movaqcioT
    evripides Semoqmedebis nebismieri kardinaluri sakiTxi _ iqneba es dramaturgis
    mimarTeba religiasTan, gmirTa xatvis proncipebi, Tu tragediis konfliqtis
    gadawyvetis gzebi. amis mizezi ki martivia, evripides ar aqvs myari msoflmxedve-
    lobiTi principi, samyaros miseuli aRqma iseve danawevrebulia, rogorc aris, mi-
    si gagebiT, Tavad samyaro. swored samyaros evripideseuli aRqma aris is arsebi-
    Ti, rac mis Teatrs principulad ganasxvavebs esqiles da sofokles Teatrebi-
    sagan. Tu esqile da sofokle, r. gordezianis SeniSvniT, Tumc gansxvavebuli gze-
    biT samyaros harmoniulobisa da erTianobis aucileblobis ideamde midian,
    evripidesTan es ase ar aris. evripidesTan samyaro aRar aris harmoniuli, `aq
    aRaraferi rCeba iseTi, rasac misi daSlili nawilebis kvlav gaerTianeba da ur-
    TierTTanxmobaSi moyvana SeuZlia~.2 masTan adamianis Tavisufali neba aucileb-
    lobas _ RmerTebis mier dadgenil RvTaebriv wesrigs aRar upirispirdeba. evri-
    pide Tavis dramebSi umeteswilad warmogvidgens imgvar tragikul situaciebs da
    tragikul qmedebaT, romlebic mTlianad arian moqceulni adamianur Tu so-

    1
    `alkestisi~ _ Zv.w. 438w; `medea~ _ Zv.w. 431w; `heraklidebi~ _ Zv.w. 430w; `andromaqe~ _ Zv.w. 429w;
    `hipolitosi~ _ Zv.w. 428w; `hekabe~ _ Zv.w. 425w; `mavedrebeli qalebi~ _ Zv.w. 424w-is Semdgom;
    `herakle~ _ TariRi ucnobia; `eleqtra~ _ TariRi ucnobia; `troeli qalebi~ _ Zv.w. 415w;
    `elene~ _ Zv.w. 412w; `ifigenia tavroselebSi~ _ TariRi ucnobia; `ioni~ _ TariRi ucnobia;
    `finikieli qalebi~ _ daaxl. Zv.w. 411-408ww; `orestesi~ _ Zv.w. 408w; `ifigenia avlisSi~ _ Zv.w.
    406w; `bakqi qalebi~ _ Zv.w. 406w; `kiklopi~ _ TariRi ucnobia.
    2
    r. gordeziani, 2002, 438
    evripide 131

    cialur konteqstSi. Sesabamisad, dramaturgs ainteresebs ara imdenad gmiris mi-


    marTeba gare realobasTan, ramdenadac Tavad gmiris pirovneba, misi reaqciebi
    eqstremalur viTarebaSi, is, Tu rogor SeiZleba warmoCindes erTi da igive ada-
    miani sruliad gansxvavebul pirovnebad.
    tragikosis Semoqmedebis meore da Zalze arsebiTi siaxle tradiciuli mi-
    Tologiuri masalisadmi evripides axleburi damokidebulebaa. evripide cnobil
    miToss aratradiciul interpretacias aZlevs, zogjer igi nacnob ambavs
    gansxvavebul gagrZelebas uZebnis, xanac adgilobrivi legendis safuZvelze axal
    miToss qmnis. demiTologizaciis process emsaxureba siuJetur qargaSi sruliad
    ucnobi gmirebis, yoveldRiuri ambebis, yofiTi detalebis Semotana. tragediis
    amaRlebuli enisa da tonis daqveiTeba, maRalfardovani stilis nacvlad
    Cveulebrivi, yoveldRiuri sasaubro enis damkvidreba aseve ganapirobebs evrip-
    ides tragediaTa xasiaTis Secvlas da mis yofiT dramasTan daaxloebas.
    miTosisadmi am axlebur damokidebulebas pirdapir ukavSirdeba evripides Se-
    moqmedebaSi tragikuli gmiris koncefciis arsebiTi cvlileba. man miwaze Camoiy-
    vana adamiani. aristotelem sagulisxmod daaxasiaTa evripides novatoroba: `so-
    fokle asaxavda adamianebs iseTad, rogorebic isini unda iyvnen, xolo evripide
    iseTebad, rogorebic isini arian~. aman, bunebrivia, gmirebis deheroizacia ga-
    moiwvia. evripides personaJebi garkveuli gagebiT `realisturni arian~, isini
    Cveulebrivi adamianebis msgavsad moqmedeben da ganicdian. maTSi metia miwieri
    vnebani da mankierebani.
    evripidem dramatuli kolizia gmiris Sinagan samyaroSi gadaitana, asaxa mis
    sulSi mimdinare ori sapirispiro Zalis Widili. unda iTqvas, rom poetis
    Tanamedroveebs gauWirdaT Tavis Tavis sapirispirod orad gaTiSuli pirovnu-
    lobis aRqma, radgan monoliTur xasiaTebs iyvnen miCveulni. amasTan, ueWvelia,
    rom evripide flobda xasiaTis xatvis maRal xelovnebas. mis tragediaTa erT
    nawilSi namdvilad moqmedeben mTliani, fsiqologiurad damajerebeli xasiaTebi,
    Tumca amasTan evripide zogierT Tavis dramaSi imgvar personaJebsac warmogvid-
    gens, romlebsac pirobiTad Tu SeiZleba xasiaTebi vuwodoT. fsiqologiurad
    damajerebel xasiaTs naxavda mayurebeli Tu ramdenime StrixiT daxatul per-
    sonaJs damokidebuli iyo im mizanze, romelsac evripide konkretuli tragediis
    daweris dros isaxavda.
    evripides uwodebdnen `filosofoss scenaze~. es, bunebrivia, ar gulisxmobs imas,
    rom dramaturgi Tavisi nawarmoebebiT romelime filosofiur moZRvrebas qadagebda.
    Tumc tragikosis SemoqmedebaSi aSkarad SeiniSneba misi Tanamedrove naturfilosofo-
    sebis SexedulebaTa kvali, vercerTi filosofiuri skola mas Tavis mimdevrad ver
    daasaxelebs. aseTi skolebi ki im periodis eladaSi mravlad iyo. mis tragediebSi erT-
    droulad vxvdebiT, rogorc sofistur da sokratul, ise tradiciuli olimpiuri
    religiis doqtrinebs.
    mkvlevarTa umetesobis azriT, evripides tragediaTa struqturuli kompozi-
    cia teqnikisa da ostatobis mxriv bevrad Camouvardeba sofokles tragediebs.
    evripides dramaTa erT nawils aklia simetriuloba, calkeuli epizodebi ar ar-
    ian erTmaneTTan SeTanxmebuli, saboloo jamSi ki adgili aqvs erTgvar disharmo-
    nias, mTlianobis darRvevas. Tumca gvaqvs kompoziciuri TvalsazrisiT unaklod
    agebuli tragediebic. misi tragediaTa formaluri mxaris nairgvaroba isev da
    isev Semoqmedis novatorulma Ziebebma da eqsperimentebma ganapiroba. gansxvave-
    buli Seferiloba aqvs masTan kompoziciis elementebsac _ prologs, eqsodoss,
    finalur scenebs. prologSi ZiriTadad gadmocemulia is informacia, romlis
    codnac mayureblisTvis evripides mier Secvlili tradiciuli masalis gamo ukve
    aucilebelia. prologs xSirad RmerTi warmoTqvams.
    132 evripide

    finalur scenebSi araiSviaTad gamoiyeneba dramatuli xerxi _ deus ex machina _


    `RmerTi manqanidan~, radgan dramaTa did nawilSi konfliqti CixSi Sedis da
    mxolod RmerTis Carevas SeuZlia aRadginos wesrigi. amasTan amgvari finali
    xSirad warmoaCens gmiris momavals, zogjer igi romelime kultis dafuZnebis
    winapirobaa, calkeul SemTxvevebSi ki gmiris sxva TvisobriobaSi gadasvlas ga-
    moxatavs.
    gansxvavebulia gundis rolic. mecnierebaSi araa sabolood dadgenili, Tu ra
    funqcia eniWeboda gunds dramaturgis SemoqmedebaSi. Tumca mainc SeiniSneba
    garkveuli tendencia imisa, rom uSualod moqmedidan gundi TandaTanobiT may-
    ureblis rolSi gadavides. gundis xasiaTis cvlileba, rogorc Cans, yvelaze
    metad evripides musikalurma inovaciebma gamoiwvia. cnobilia, rom aristotele
    gundis amgvari gamoyenebis mimarT kritikulad iyo ganwyobili. `gundic ise unda
    iyos aRebuli, rogorc erT-erTi msaxiobi. igi unda iyos mTelis nawili da
    monawileobdes mis ganviTarebaSi _ ara ise, rogorc es aris evripidesTan, aramed
    ise, rogorc es aris sofoklesTan~ (aristotele, `poetika~).
    evripides Semoqmedebis analizisas sagangebo yuradReba misi dramebis klasi-
    fikacias eqceva. masTan aSkarad gamoiyofa dramis ramdenime tipi, rac kon-
    fliqtis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva formas unda gamoewvia. dramaTa erT nawilSi
    konfliqti katastrofamde midis, sxvebSi _ garkveulad neitraldeba, zogjer ki
    bednieri finaliT mTavrdeba. konfliqtis ganviTarebis garda evripides dramaTa
    gansxvavebulobas sxva faqtorebic ganapirobeben, romlebsac Cven qvemoT ufro
    dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT.
    arsebobs evripides tragediaTa araerTi klasifikacia. vfiqrobT, pirobiTad
    isini sam ZiriTad jgufad SeiZleba davyoT: wminda tragediebi, rogorebicaa:
    `medea~, `hipolitosi~, `heraklidebi~, `troeli qalebi~, `hekabe~, `mavedrebeli
    qalebi~, `andromaqe~, `herakle~, `heraklidebi~, `bakqi qalebi~; tragikomediebi:
    `alkestisi~, `ioni~, `elene~, `ifigenia tavroselebSi~ da melodramebi (an paTeti-
    kuri tragediebi): `eleqtra~, `orestesi~, `ifigenia avlisSi~, `finikieli qalebi~.
    Cven TiToeuli am jgufidan TiTo piesas ganvixilavT. manamde ki mokled evrip-
    ides piesaTa fabulebs warmovadgenT.
    `alkestisi~ _ tragediaSi gadmocemulia admetosis saxlSi datrialebuli am-
    bavi. zevsis mier dasjili apoloni erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi emsaxureboda feres
    mefe admetoss. admetosis mxridan keTili mopyrobiT moxibluli apoloni
    gadawyvets, daarwmunos moirebi, gauxangrZlivon mefes sicocxle. bedisweris
    qalRmerTni miscemen nebas admetoss, icocxlos misTvis gankuTvnili drois Sem-
    dgomac erTi pirobiT, Tu vinme admetosis axlobelTagan dasTanxmdeba mis
    sanacvlod sikvdils. admetosma Camoiara axloblebi, sTxova dedas da mamas, ma-
    gram mxolod alkestisma _ misma colma moisurva mis nacvlad sikvdili. piesis
    mimdinareobisas alkestisi kvdeba. swored am dros herakle Seivlis admetosTan.
    mefe ar gaumxels mas colis sikvdils, radgan SiSobs, rom am SemTxvevaSi herakle
    aRar gaCerdeba masTan. sabolood herakle mainc gaigebs dedoflis gar-
    dacvalebis Sesaxeb da admetosis stumarTmoyvareobiT moxibluli maspinZlisT-
    vis colis dabrunebas gadawyvets, risTvisac hadesSi Cadis da amohyavs alkestisi.
    piesa bednieri col-qmris erTad yofniT mTavrdeba.
    `h e r a k l i d e b i~ _ tragedia warmogvidgens herakles SvilTa beds, romle-
    bic aTenma Seifara. herakles Zveli mteri _ evrisTevsi sdevnis maT da aTenis me-
    fisgan maT gadacemas moiTxovs. aTenis mefe uars ucxadebs mas. maSin evrisTevsi
    jariT midis aTenis winaaRmdeg da brZolaSi marcxdeba.
    `h i p o l i t o s i~ _ tragediaSi moTxrobilia Tesevsis colis _ fedras dana-
    Saulebrivi ltolvis Sesaxeb. fedras TavdaviwyebiT Seuyvardeba Tavisi geri _
    Tesevsis vaJiSvili hipolitosi. qali cdilobs Caiklas vneba Tavis TavSi, magram
    evripide 133

    amaod. qalbatonis cudad yofniT gamwarebuli ZiZa, gadawyvets yvelaferSi hipo-


    litoss gamoutydes. axalgazrda Wabuks, romelic isedac ubirad aris RvTaeba
    afroditesTan, romelsac sZuls qalTa sqesi da romelic artemisis erTgulia,
    SeZravs ZiZis monayoli. aRSfoTebuli igi lanZRavs fedras aseTi uwmindurobis
    daSvebisaTvis. fedra igebs yovelives. igi gadawyvets sicocxlis TviTmkvlelo-
    biT dasrulebas, magram manamde dawers werils, romelSiac brals sdebs hipoli-
    toss misTvis pativis axdis mcdelobaSi. Semosul Tesevss mkvdari coli da misi
    baraTi xvdeba. SeZrwunebuli igi sTxovs poseidons, daRupos misi Svili. hipoli-
    tosi ver axerxebs mamis darwmunebas, simarTles ki ver eubneba, radgan ZiZisTvis
    saidumlos Senaxvis fici aqvs micemuli. hipolitosi iRupeba. finalSi artemisi
    Tesevss simarTles amcnobs. mama exveva udanaSaulod daRupul Svils.
    `h e k a b e~ _ am dramiT iwyeba evripides tragediaTa cikli, romelic omis
    tragikul Sedegebs, eqstremalur mdgomareobaSi Cavardnil gmirTa gancdebs da
    maT bed-iRbals warmogvidgens. moqmedeba xdeba Trakiis xersonesSi, sadac sam-
    SobloSi mimavali berZenTa floti Seferxdeba. berZnebs mihyavT Sin tyveebi, ro-
    melTa Sorisac troas mefis _ priamosis coli hekabe da misi qaliSvilebi arian.
    prologs polidorosis _ priamosis vaJis aCrdili warmoTqvams. igi mamis mier
    Trakiis mefe polimestorTan iyo gadamaluli, Svilis movlisTvis priamoss
    didZali ganZi hqonda mefisTvis micemuli. magram ukanaskneli xarbi da veragi ad-
    amiani aRmoCnda da ganZis dauflebis gamo mokla polidorosi, misi gvami ki
    zRvaSi gadaagdo. polidorosis aCrdili sizmarSi gamoecxadeba hekabes da mas
    misi qaliSvilis _ poliqsenes xvedrs auwyebs.
    Semosuli gundi sasowarkveTil dedas aqilevsis aCrdilis moTxovnas amcnobs
    _ gmirTagmiri iTxovs, rom poliqsene mas msxverplad Seswiron. Semodis odisevsi,
    romelmac poliqsene unda waiyvanos. hekabe cdilobs odisevsis gadarwmunebas,
    magram amaod. Tavis mxriv, poliqsenes monad yofnas sikvdili urCevnia. odisevss
    mihyavs qalwuli, romelic warbSeuxreli xvdeba sikvdils. qaliSvilis sikvdilis
    Semdeg hekabe Semzarav ambavs igebs. moaxles misi vaJiSvilis gvami moaqvs, ro-
    melic zRvas gamouriyavs. priamosis meuRle xvdeba polimestoris veragobas da
    masze sastik SurisZiebas gadawyvets. igi SesTxovs agamemnons, ar SeuSalos xeli
    SurisgebaSi. hekabe TavisTan iwvevs polimestors SvilebiTurT, xvdeba keTilad,
    pirdeba ganZeuls. cota xnis Semdeg karvidan barbaciT gamodis TvalebdaTxrili
    Trakiis mefe. igi uyveba dabrunebul agamemnons, rogor daxoces karavSi misi
    Svilebi da rogor dasTxares mas Tvalebi. mas unda daarwmunos agamemnoni, rom
    polidorosi mxolod aqavelTa gulis mosagebad mokla. aqavelTa mTavarsardali
    ar irwmunebs mis sityvas da brZanebs, rom Trakiis mefe ukacriel kunZulze daag-
    don.
    `a n d r o m a q e~ _ tragedia mogviTxrobs andromaqes bedze troas aRebis Sem-
    dgom. troas omis Semdeg andromaqe, heqtoris coli wilad xvdeba neoptolemoss,
    aqilevsis vaJs, romlisganac mas vaJi SeeZineba. piesa iwyeba andromaqes Tavs
    datexili ubedurebis gadmocemiT. fTiaSi myof andromaqes Tetisis taZrisTvis
    Seufarebia Tavi, radgan mas devnis neoptolemosis kanonieri meuRle hermione,
    menelaosis asuli. hermiones Svili ar uCndeba. igi darwmunebulia, rom es andro-
    maqes gamo xdeba, romelmac mas jado gaukeTa. hermione neoptolemosis gamgzavre-
    biT sargeblobs da mamas spartidan ixmobs. isini andromaqesa da misi Zis mokvlas
    apireben. menelaosi eSmakobiT gamoityuebs andromaqes taZridan da is-isaa mama-
    Svilma TavianTi mzakvruli Canafiqri unda aRasrulon, rom scenaze Cndeba
    moxuci pelevsi, aqilevsis mama, romelic gadaarCens ganwirul deda-Svils. mene-
    laosi midis. axla sasowarkveTilebaSi vardeba hermione. qali grZnobs, rom
    neoptolemosi mas andromaqesa da misi vaJis mokvlis mcdelobas ar apatiebs. ue-
    crad fTiaSi Camodis orestesi. igi mzadaa, hermione TavisTan waiyvanos. amaso-
    134 evripide

    baSi scenaze SemoaqvT neoptolemosis gvami, romelic delfoSi orestesisgan


    waqezebul delfoselebs mouklavT. tragediis bolos Tetisi brZanebs neop-
    tolemosis delfoSi dakrZalvas, andromaqes ki moloselTa qveyanaSi agzavnis.
    `mavedrebeli qalebi~ _ tragedia gadmogvcems, Tu ra moxda mas Semdgom, rac
    polinikesis mier moyvanili argoseli vaJkacebi Tebes kedlebTan daiRupnen. Te-
    belebi ar anebebdnen gvamebs Wirisuflebs. moklulTa dedebi midian aTenSi, raTa
    aTenis mefe Tesevss TebelebTan Suamavloba sTxovon. Tesevsi midis TebeSi, ebrZ-
    vis Tebelebs da aiZulebs maT, daabrunon argoselTa cxedrebi.
    `h e r a k l e~ _ tragedia herakles Tavgadasavlis ramdenime epizods warmogvidgens.
    rodesac herakle kerberosis dasamorCileblad hadesSi Cavida da iq Seyovnda, Tebes
    tiranma _ likosma herakles ojaxis amoxocva gadawyvita, raTa amiT momavali Surismge-
    blebisagan gaTavisuflebuliyo. magram herakle brundeba droulad da klavs likoss.
    am dros herakles dauZinebeli mteri hera mas sigiJes mouvlens. gaxelebuli herakle
    amoxocavs Svilebs da cols. roca gmiri gons mova, igi SeZrwundeba CadeniliT. herakle
    Tavis mokvlas gadawyvets. sabednierod am dros scenaze Semodis Tesevsi, romelsac
    herakles dasaxmareblad likosis winaaRmdeg jari Camouyvania. igi arwmunebs gmirTag-
    mirs, rom misi sicocxle samSoblos sWirdeba da aTenSi wasvlas sTavazobs. herakle
    eTanxmeba megobars da midis aTenSi.
    `e l e q t r a~ _ tragedia amuSavebs cnobil miTs imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor mokla
    deda orestesma mamaze, agamemnonze SurisZiebis mizniT. am miTosze tragediebi,
    rogorc cnobilia, esqiles da sofokles hqondaT dawerili. SurisZiebis grZno-
    biT anTebul eleqtrasTan, romelic mamis mkvlelebis dasjaze ocnebobs, Camodis
    orestesi. da-Zma erTmaneTs amoicnoben, Seadgenen klitemnestrasa da egisTosis
    mkvlelobis gegmas. orestesi klavs jer egisToss, Semdeg dedas. dedis mkvlelo-
    bis Semdeg da-Zma acnobierebs, Tu ra sazareli ram Caidines. bolos Deus ex machina-
    Ti Semodian elenes Zmebi _ dioskurebi _ kastori da polidevkesi. isini amcnoben
    maT momavals. orestesi aTenSi areopagis winaSe unda warsdges, sadac misi ga-
    marTleba moxdeba. eleqtra ki orestesis megobars, piladess unda gahyves colad.
    `t r o e l i q a l e b i~ _ tragedia troas dacemis Semdeg troel tyveTa saSi-
    nel mdgomareobaze mogviTxrobs. macne atyobinebs priamosis ojaxs, Tu rogor
    dainawileben maT aqaveli gmirebi. hekabe odisevsis mxevali gaxdeba, kasandra aga-
    memnonis sayvareli, andromaqe neoptolemoss xvdeba wilad, xolo umcros
    poliqsenes aqavelTa saflavs daaklaven. scenaze rig-rigobiT Cndebian msxver-
    plni. kasandra winaswarmetyvelebs agamemnonis sazarel aRsasruls da odisevsis
    xangrZliv xetials. Semdeg scenaze Semodis andromaqe, romelsac macne axal
    Semzarav ambavs atyobinebs. aqavelebs gadauwyvetiaT andromaqes Cvili vaJis _ as-
    tianaqsis troas galavnis koSkidan gadagdeba. Setyobinebis Semdeg macne stacebs
    vaJs andromaqes da kedlidan Zirs isvris. tragediis dasasruls Sikriks axali
    brZaneba moaqvs. troas cecxli unda waukidon, raTa qalaqi aRigavos miwisagan
    pirisa. hekabes unda Tavadac daiwves cecxlSi, magram amis nebas ar rTaven.
    `i f i g e n i a t a v r o s e l e b S i~ _ mogviTxrobs ifigenias Semdgomi bedis
    Sesaxeb. igi tavroselTa qveyanaSi artemisis taZris qurumi xdeba. piesaSi gadmo-
    cemulia, Tu rogor pouloben orestesi da piladesi iq ifigenias da rogor
    usxltebian xelidan tavroselebis mefe Toass.
    `i o n i~ _ aTenis mefis erexTevsis asul kreusas apolonisgan gauCndeba vaJi.
    kreusa malulad gaCenil Svils kalaTSi tovebs bedis anabara, magram apoloni ar
    wiravs Tavis pirmSos da delfoSi gagzavnis. iq vaJi apolonis taZris daraji
    xdeba. kreusa Semdgom colad mihyveba qsuToss. radgan maT Svili ar uCndebaT,
    isini delfoSi midian, raTa misans uSvilobis mizezs SeekiTxon. evripide mog-
    viTxrobs romantikul istorias, Tu rogor ipovis col-qmari delfoSi Wabuk
    evripide 135

    ions, romelmac ar icis Tavisi warmomavloba da mravali intrigis Semdeg rogor


    daarwmuneben qsuToss, rom ioni misi Svilia.
    `f i n i k i e l i q a l e b i~ _ am tragediaSi damuSavebulia igive siuJeti, rac
    esqiles tragediaSi `Svidni Tebes winaaRmdeg~, magram evripide Temas ufro
    afarToebs da sxva moqmedi pirebic Semohyavs.
    `o r e s t e s i~ _ gadmogvcems im movlenebs, romelTac klitemnestrasa da eg-
    isTosis mokvlis Semdgom hqonda adgili, vidre orestesi mikenidan wavidoda.
    eriniebis Semosevisagan gonebaaSlili orestesis mdgomareoba ukiduresad mZi-
    mea. amasTan argoselebs misi sikvdiliT dasja surT. da-ZmasTan saSvelad Camodis
    maTi biZa _ menelaosi. da ai, roca xsnis imedi Cndeba, scenaze Semodis tindarevsi,
    babua, aRSfoTebuli SviliSvilebis saqcieliT. igi afrTxilebs menelaoss, ar
    daexmaros da-Zmas. menelaosi miatovebs ZmisSvils da roca yvela imedi gadai-
    wureba, maTTan Camodis piladesi. orestesi da piladesi saxalxo krebaze midian,
    raTa argoselebs gaauqmebinon orestesis dasjis gadawyvetileba, magram mxolod
    imas axerxeben, rom qvebiT Caqolvis ganaCens TviTmkvlelobis ganaCeniT acv-
    levineben. bolos, roca araferi gamouvaT, megobrebi mzakvrul gegmas Seadgenen,
    romlis Tanaxmadac unda moklan elene, misi Svili hermione ki Seipyron, raTa
    Svilis mokvlis SiSiT menelaoss daxmareba aiZulon. rodesac menelaosi scenaze
    brundeba, orestess xanjali aqvs hermionesTvis yelze mibjenili. gacofebuli
    menelaosi mainc ar exmareba sasikvdilod ganwirulT da sasaxlis gadawvis
    brZanebas gascems. Deus ex machina-Ti Cndeba apoloni, romelic yvelas simSvidisken
    mouwodebs da orestess xsnis gzas auwyebs.
    `b a k q i q a l e b i~ _ tragediaSi gadmocemulia, Tu ra dabrkolebebi xvde-
    boda dionises kultis gavrcelebas, rogor uaryo Tebes mefem _ kadmosis
    SviliSvilma penTevsma dionises RvTaebrioba da rogor daglijes igi dionises
    mimdevarma bakqma qalebma, maT Soris sakuTarma dedam da deidam, romlebmac
    bakqosisgan STagonebulebma ver amoicnes igi.
    `k i k l o p i~ _ dramis siuJetad aRebulia `odiseas~ IX simReraSi gadmocemuli
    epizodi _ odisevsis istoria kiklop polifemosis mRvimeSi, romelsac evripidem sat-
    irebis mier dionises Zebnis Sesaxeb miTi daumata.
    `m e d e a~. tragedia `medea~ evripidem aTenelebs Zv.w. 431 wels warudgina. maSin
    tetralogiam, romelSiac es piesa Sedioda, mxolod mesame prizi miiRo, rac misi
    sruli Cavardnis tolfasi iyo. magram, bedis ironiiT, am tragediam, aseTma
    arapopularulma evripides sicoxleSi, imgvari gavlena iqonia msoflio lit-
    eraturaze, rogoric ar hqonia arcerT sxva dramas.
    amis mizezi am tragediis zogadsakacobrio mniSvnelobaSi da, rasakvirvelia,
    mis umaRles mxatvrul RirebulebaSia saZiebeli. antikurobis cnobili mkvle-
    varis, tragediis saukeTeso gamomcemlis peijis TqmiT, `medeaSi~ asaxuli emo-
    ciebi _ qalisa, romlis siyvaruli siZulviliTaa Secvlili da aseve kacisa, ro-
    melsac aRar uyvars, warmoadgenen adamianis bunebaSi arsebul maradiul da ucv-
    lel fenomens.1
    medeas demonurma figuram imTaviTve daainteresa evripide. medeas miToss man
    Tavdapirvelad tragedia `peliadebi~, Semdeg ki `egevsi~ miuZRvna. rogorc Cans,
    Semoqmedebis am etapze, roca evripide gansakuTrebiT iyo dainteresebuli ada-
    mianSi arsebuli, yvelafris gamanadgurebeli iracionaluri ZaliT, miTiuri
    medeas demonizmi Sesaferisi masala aRmoCnda misTvis zRvarsgadacilebuli vne-
    bebiT aRsavse tragikuli pirovnulobis Sesaqmnelad.
    tragedia `medeas~ mTavar Temas medeas pirovnebaSi arsebuli ori urTierTsa-
    pirispiro Zalis _ vnebis da gonierebis dapirispireba da maTi usastikesi Widi-

    1
    Euripides, Medea, ed. Page D.L. , Oxford, 1938, XV.
    136 evripide

    li warmoadgens. es _ Tavis Tavis sawinaaRmdegod orad gaTiSuli pirovnebis Cve-


    neba _ sruliad axali movlena iyo berZnuli literaturisaTvis. swored eqstre-
    malur situaciebSi mimdinare urTulesi fsiqologiuri procesebis virtuozu-
    lad daxatvam daumkvidra evripides jer kidev antikurobaSi adamianuri sulis
    saukeTeso mcodnis saxeli.
    tragediaSi argonavtebis miTosis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro dramatuli epizo-
    dia gadmocemuli _ iasonisa da medeas sasiyvarulo ambis dasasruli. moqmedeba
    xdeba korinToSi, sadac iasonma uRalata medeas da qveynis mmarTvelis _ kreonis
    asulis colad SerTva ganizraxa. tragedia swored amiT iwyeba da medeas
    SurisZiebaze mogviTxrobs.
    Tavidanve unda aRvniSnoT, rom evripide aq gvaviwyebs medea _ jadoqars medea _
    adamianis sasargeblod. ZiZa, romelic prologSi Tavisi qalbatonis ukidures
    sasowarkveTis Sesaxeb gviyveba da amasTan medeasgan mosalodnel saSiSroebaze
    gvafrTxilebs, sagangebod aRniSnavs, rom yovelive amaSi medeas veluri zne,
    Taviseburi suli da ubeduri bunebaa damnaSave. medeas ambis gacnobasa da qalis
    sulieri mdgomareobis warmoCenis garda, prologs kidev erTi funqcia akisria _
    igi amzadebs mayurebels miTosis axali versiisTvis, romelSic kolxi qali Tavad
    klavs Svilebs. swored amas emsaxureba Svilebis mimarT medeas mtrul damokide-
    bulebaze gakeTebuli aqcentebi. male scenaze Tavad medea gamodis da masTan
    TanagrZnobis gamosaxatavad misul qoros Tavis mdgomareobaze da qalebis sa-
    ziaro mZime xvedrze elaparakeba. `ramdeni suldgmulia am qveynad, ramden gulSi
    Rvivis grZnoba da azri, magram ar moiZebneba arseba qalze ufro umweo da saco-
    davi. jer aris da, mamasisxlad vyidulobT qmars, magram male irkveva, rom mona ki
    ara, despoti SegviZenia, xorcis mjijgneli... alalbedze SevdivarT qmris saxlSi,
    _ ucxo xalxi, ucxo wesi, ucxo garemo; midi da imtvrie Tavi, sada xar, visTana xar,
    vin giwevs gverdiT, mxeci Tu kaci...~ (`medea~, 230-236)∗, magram misi mdgomareoba
    yvela maTganis mdgomareobaze uaresia. ucxo qveyanaSi uTvistomos axla qmarma
    uRalata, romelic misTvis yvelaferi iyo. medea amcnobs qoros, rom mas
    SurisZieba aqvs ganzraxuli da sTxovs, xeli ar SeuSalos.
    scenaze korinTos mefe Semodis, romelic medeas axal ubedurebas atyobinebs _
    man SvilebTan erTad dauyovnebliv unda datovos qveyana. medeas ki SurisZie-
    bisTvis dro sWirdeba. amitom igi xerxs mimarTavs _ elaquceba mefes, ostaturad
    iyenebs ritorikas, Tav-gzas ubnevs mmarTvels da bolos imarjvebs _ kreoni erTi
    dRiT darCenis nebas rTavs. da mayurebelic rwmundeba, eqscesuri vnebebiT
    mocul qals xelewifeba, Cafiqrebuli SurisZieba aRasrulos. medeas Semdeg
    sityvaSi Cven SurisZiebis medeaseul gegmebs vigebT. amasTan kolxi qalis sityvaSi
    warmoCndeba misi kredo, romelsac momavalSi medea gamudmebiT imeorebs _ igi
    ver dauSvebs, rom mtrisTvis sasacilo gaxdes.
    Semdegi scena iasonisa da medeas Sexvedras warmogvidgens. iasoni modis, raTa
    gaZevebis win cols fuladi daxmareba SesTavazos. medea qmars RalatSi adana-
    Saulebs. iasoni cdilobs sofisturi argumentebiT Tavi imarTlos da Ralati
    piriqiT, col-Svilis sakeTildReod mimarTul qmedebad warmoadginos. rac Se-
    exeba medeas mimarT mis madlierebas, igi ase ajamebs yovelives _ Tu medeam mas
    kargi gaukeTa, sanacvlod ufro meti miiRo _ eladaSi cxovreba da brZenis sax-
    eli. Tumca iasonis ritorika mainc fuWia. igi medeas, bunebrivia, veraferSi ver
    arwmunebs. mayurebeli ki misi saxiT ufro TvalnaTliv xedavs iasonis msgavsi ada-
    mianebis pirovnul amoralobas da uzneobas. tyuilad ar mReris qoro adamianTa
    verag Canafiqrebze, ficis gatexvaze, mdinareTa aRma dinebaze.

    ∗
    b. bregvaZis Targmani
    evripide 137

    iasonis gasvlas erTi SexedviT moulodneli epizodi mohyveba. scenaze vxedavT


    aTenis mefe egevss, romelic samisnodan brundeba, sadac uSvilobis mizezis sa-
    kiTxavad iyo wasuli. kolxi qali egevss uSvilobisgan gankurnebas hpirdeba, Tu
    sanacvlod mefe mas _ meuRlisgan motovebuls da qveynidan gaZevebuls _ Sei-
    farebs. egevsi hpirdeba TavSesafars.
    TavSesafris dagulebis Semdeg medea SurisZiebis gegmis yvelaze sazarel
    nawils acxadebs _ igi Svilebis mokvlas apirebs, raTa iasoni rac SeiZleba sasti-
    kad dasajos. gaognebuli qoro mouwodebs mas, xeli aiRos am saSinel ganzrax-
    vaze, magram amaod.
    Semdeg scenaze ukve nabij-nabij medeas dagegmili SurisZieba gaTamaSdeba.
    medea TavisTan iwvevs iasons. meuRles saxecvlili coli xvdeba. qali aRiarebs
    Tavis ugunurobas da Txovnas aaxlebs _ dae, Seevedros iasoni Tavis sacoles, rom
    bavSvebi korinToSi datovon. TviTon ki, Tavis mxriv, patarZlis gulis mosal-
    bobad bavSvebis xeliT kreusas ZRvens _ peplossa da oqros gvirgvins gaugzavnis.
    iasoni gaxarebuli Tanxmdeba cols Txovnis asrulebas. marTlac, gamzrdeli
    medeas sasixarulo ambavs _ bavSvebis korinToSi datovebas Seatyobinebs.
    aforiaqebuli medea gamzrdels Sin agzavnis. Tavis TavTan marto darCenili ki
    saboloo gadawyvetilebas iRebs. igi warmoTqvams Tavis cnobil monologs da
    Cven momswreni vxvdebiT mis pirovnebaSi mimdinare brZolisa, brZolisa or
    dapirispirebul sawyiss Soris. rogorc leski aRniSnavs, adamianis sulSi mimdi-
    nare fsiqologiuri procesebi aseTi intensivobiT am piesamde atikur tragedi-
    aSi ar yofila warmoCenili.1
    es ori sawyisi _ vneba da gonierebaa. Svilebis moyvaruli deda daundobel
    SurismaZiebels upirispirdeba. sabolood, SurismaZiebeli imarjvebs. medea
    aRiarebs Tavis damarcxebas: `vneba Zlieria Cems gonierebaze, vneba, romelic ada-
    mianTaTvis usastikesi borotebis wyaroa~ (`medea~, 1079-80).
    scenaze Semorbis gaognebuli macne da medeas misi gagzavnili saCuqrebiT
    korinTos mefis da misi qaliSvilis sazareli daRupvis ambavs amcnobs. medea
    kidev erTxel sabolood mimarTavs qalebs da bavSvebis mokvlas gardauvlobiT
    xsnis. amis Semdeg igi tovebs scenas. scenis miRma dedis mier dakluli bavSvebis
    ganwiruli SeZaxilebi ismis.
    Semorbis iasoni. mas korinTelebisgan Svilebis gadarCena unda, magram aq
    Svilebis daxocvis ambavs daaxvedreben. saxlis Tavze heliosis mier gamogzavnil
    gveleSapebSebmul etlSi mSvidi, civi, yovelgvari adamianurobisagan daclili
    medea zis. iasons igi Svilebis Sexebis nebas ar aZlevs da sawyalobel sikvdils
    uwinaswarmetyvelebs.
    tragediis finals mecnierebi sxvadasxva interpretacias uZebnian. zogierTi
    mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom Deus ex machina-Ti medeas gauCinareba gmiris Tvisobrivad
    sxva arsSi gadasvlis mauwyebelia, sxvebi ki fiqroben, rom aq, SesaZloa, miTolo-
    giur ZirebTan medeas dabrunebis swrafva davinaxoT.
    evripides tragediam scenaze uTvalavi `medeas~ dabadebas misca biZgi. msof-
    lio dramaTa Soris dadgmis sixSiriT Tu recefciaTa raodenobis kuTxiT
    `medea~ pirvel adgilze dgas. medeas Tematika Zalze nayofieri aRmoCnda xelov-
    nebis sxva dargebisTvisac. sayuradRebod warmoCinda medeas miTi qarTul lit-
    eraturaSic. akaki wereTlis poema `media~, levan sanikiZis moTxroba `ambavi
    kolxi asulisa~ da oTar WilaZis romani `gzaze erTi kaci midioda~ medeas Temis
    saintereso interpretacias warmogvidgenen.
    `e l e n e~. evripides tragikomediebs misive wminda tragediebisagan konfliqtis gan-
    viTarebis formis garda ramdenime arsebiTi niSani ganasxvavebs. upirveles yovlisa, es

    1
    Lesky A., Greek Tragedy, translated by Frankfort, London, New York, 146.
    138 evripide

    piesaSi warmodgenili realobis tipia. evripides tragikomediaTa fabula imTaviTve


    daujerebel, fiqtiur realobas efuZneba da ara `SesaZlebel realobas~. aq wminda
    Teatralur pirobiTobasTan gvaqvs saqme, rac, Tavis mxriv, tragizmis paTosiT Secvlas
    iwvevs. xSirad calkeul scenebs mayurebelze oden STabeWdilebis moxdenis, imwuTier
    emociaTa aRZvris funqcia ekisrebaT. am tipis dramebis wminda tragediebisagan ganmasx-
    vavebeli Strixi aris isic, rom maTSi mravladaa komikuri elementi, rac savsebiT dauS-
    vebeli iyo klasikuri antikuri tragediisTvis. amasTan, evripides tragikomediebisTvis
    niSandoblivia bednieri finalic, rac aseve ewinaaRmdegeboda tragikuli Janris ka-
    nonebs. Sesabamisad, am tipis piesebi umTavresad gasarTobi, paTetikuri da melo-
    dramatuli elementebis nazavs warmoadgenen.
    evripides tragikomediaTa Soris `elene~ erT-erTi gamorCeuli piesaa. sainte-
    resoa igi, erTi mxriv, elenes miTis inovaciuri damuSavebiT, meore mxriv ki imiT,
    rom am dramam Tavisi romantikuli fabuliT saTave daudo axal literaturul
    Janrs _ berZnul romans (am Janris ZiriTadi sqema aseTia: ganSorebuli Seyvare-
    bulebi / col-qmari mravali Tavgadasavlis Semdeg kvlav Sexvdebian erTmaneTs,
    Sexvedris momentSi maTi mdgomareoba saxifaToa, isini eZeben Tavis daxsnis gzebs,
    warmatebiT daaRweven Tavs xifaTs da bolos bednierni erTad rCebian).
    `elene~ Zv.w. 412w-s daidga. masSi evripidem gamoiyena elenes miTis naklebad cno-
    bili versia, romlis avtorobas antikuroba stesiqoross miawers. am versiis Tanax-
    mad, parisma troaSi elene ki ara, misi aCrdili waiyvana, xorcieli elene ki heras
    nebiT hermesma egvipteSi miiyvana da egviptis mefes _ protevss Caabara, raTa mas me-
    nelaosisTvis coli ubiwod Seenaxa. amasobaSi Cvidmeti weli gavida, gardaicvala
    protevsi da elenes umwikvlobas safrTxe protevsis vaJisagan, Teoklimenosisgan
    daemuqra, romelsac Seuyvarda elene da qalis colad SerTva ganizraxa.
    piesa elenes axali safrTxis gadmocemiT iwyeba. menelaosis erTguli elene
    uars ambobs qorwinebaze da sasaxlidan gamoqceuli protevsis saflavTan eZiebs
    TavSesafars. man icis, rom troaSi misi aCrdilisTvis ibrZvian da saSinlad
    ganicdis imas, rom sruliad udanaSaulo mxolod saxelis gamo isjeba.
    troas dacemis Semdeg Sin gamgzavrebuli menelaosis xomaldi qariSxalma
    dalewa. mxolod menelaosi da ramdenime TanamebrZoli gadarCebian, romlebic
    egvipteSi gamoqvabuls Seafareben Tavs. Tan maT troadan wamoyvanili elenes
    aCrdili hyavT.
    elenes Semdeg scenaze ZonZebiT Semosili menelaosi Semodis da sasaxlisken
    miemarTeba, raTa sarCo moipovos. uecrad mas xorcieli elene gadaeyreba. elene
    male amoicnobs meuRles, menelaoss ki Zalze uWirs daijeros, rom mis winaSe
    realuri elenea, radgan mas namdvili elene gamoqvabulSi datyvevebuli aCrdili
    hgonia. igi mxolod maSin irwmunebs, rom mis winaSe mdgomi qali namdvilad ele-
    nea, roca misi msaxuri auwyebs mas elenes aCrdilis eTerSi asvlis da gaqrobis
    Sesaxeb. gaxarebuli col-qmari erTmaneTs gadaexveva da RmerTebs aRuvlens mad-
    lobas. bednieri wuTebis Semdeg elene menelaoss awmyo gasaWirs amcnobs _ mene-
    laoss sikvdili elis, radgan egviptis mefes misi, elenes colad SerTva unda.
    iwyeba axali peripetia. col-qmarma gamosavali unda gamonaxos, egviptes unda
    daaRwion Tavi. gegmas elene SeimuSavebs. qali Teoklimenoss warudgens menela-
    oss, rogorc menelaosis megobars, romelmac, SemTxveviT gadarCenilma, qmris da-
    Rupvis ambavi Camoutana. axla, rakiRa qmari mkvdaria, igi Tanaxmaa colad gahyves
    mas, oRond erT rames sTxovs, neba darTos berZnuli wesisamebr qmris simboluri
    dakrZalvis rituali zRvaSi xomaldiT gasulma aRasrulos. qalis TanxmobiT
    gaxarebuli Teoklimenosi elenes yvelafers usrulebs, ritualis warmarTvas ki
    `menelaosis megobars~ anu Tavad menelaoss andobs.
    roca xomaldi napirs moscildeba, Canafiqris Tanaxmad masze menelaosis ga-
    darCenili megobrebi amodian. isini Tavs asaReben berZnebad, romlebic TiTqosda
    evripide 139

    SemTxveviT gadaeyarnen maT, Sua zRvaSi gasulT. menelaosi maT niSans aZlevs, ris
    Semdegac berZnebi egviptelebis ekipaJs amoxocaven da aSvebuli afrebiT sparti-
    saken mSvidobiT gacuraven.
    amdenad, piesaSi `elene~ Cven gvaqvs bednieri finali, romanul-saTavgadasavlo
    peripetiebi, sasiyvarulo motivebi, calkeul scenebSi vxvdebiT komikuri
    elferis elementebsac. nawarmoebis fabulac ori eleneTi _ realuriT da elenes
    aCrdiliT imTaviTve daujerebelia. CamoTvlili niSnebi tragikomediaTa jgufis
    piesebis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs warmoadgenen.
    rogorc aRvniSneT, sayuradReboa piesis mTavari gmiris _ elenes saxe, ro-
    melic marTlac novatoruli saxea. am elenes araferi aqvs saerTo evripides dra-
    mebis _ `andromaqes~, `troeli qalebis~ da `orestesis~ macdur da Tavisi momxib-
    laobiT ubedurebis momtan elenesTan. evripides `eleneSi~ warmodgenili elenes
    saxe erTguli qalis / colis saxe-modelad gvevlineba, romelic amosavali gaxda
    berZnuli romanis coli / mijnuris tipisTvis.
    evripides piesaSi damuSavebulma elenes miTma gamoZaxili hpova XX saukunis
    literaturaSi. berZeni poetis g. seferisis leqsi `elene~ swored am versias ex-
    mianeba.
    `i f i g e n i a a v l i s S i~. evripides melodramebi ZiriTadad tragikomedie-
    bis tipis piesebi arian, Tumc garkveuli maxasiaTeblebiT gansxvavdebian maTgan. am
    piesebSi veRar vxvdebiT verc komikur elementebs, verc daxlarTul, intrigebiT
    datvirTul fabulebs. am jgufis zog piesaSi (`eleqtra~, `orestesi~) evripides
    mTavari yuradReba personaJTa daxasiaTebaze gadaaqvs, sxvebSi mas ufro metad
    fabula, moqmedebis ganviTareba ainteresebs. mis melodramebSi aRar aris arc
    tragikuli idea, arc tragikuli kaTarsisi. tragikuls paTetikuri cvlis. isini
    cremlis aRmZvrel, gulisamaCuyebel piesebs warmoadgenen.
    `ifigenia avlisSi~ evripides erT-erTi bolo piesaa, romelic misi sikvdilis
    Semdeg daidga (daaxl. Zv.w. 406w.) da romelmac poets pirveli adgili mexuTed
    moapovebina.
    piesa efuZneba cnobil miTs agamemnonis mier sakuTari qaliSvilis _ ifigenias
    msxverplad Sewirvis Sesaxeb, romlisTvisac araerTxel miumarTavT berZen
    tragikosebs.
    moqmedeba xdeba avlisSi, sadac troasken mimavali aqavelTa flotia gaCere-
    buli. misnobis mixedviT, aqavelebi troasken gacurvas mxolod ifigenias msxver-
    plad Sewirvis SemTxvevaSi SesZleben. piesa iwyeba aforiaqebuli agamemnonis war-
    modgeniT, romlis pirovnebaSiac erTmaneTs mTavarsardlis valdebuleba (ufro
    ki ambiciuroba) da mamobrivi grZnoba ebrZvis. agamemnoni icvlis uwindel
    gadawyvetilebas da swers cols, rom man aRar Camoiyvanos ifigenia avlisSi vi-
    Tomcda aqilevsTan dasaqorwineblad. misda saubedurod werils menelaosi ig-
    debs xelT, romelic sastikad hkicxavs Zmas imis gamo, rom am ukanasknels eladis
    bedi ar anaRvlebs. amasobaSi avlisSi klitemnestra da ifigenia Camodian. agamem-
    nonis azriT, axla ifigenias msxverplSewirva ukve gardauvalia, radgan jari mis
    qaliSvils ar daindobs. gulisamaCuyebelia qaliSvilisa da mamis Sexvedra. poets
    ifigenia warmodgenili hyavs miamit bavSvad, uzomod Tbil da alersian Svilad,
    arsebad, romelic tkbeba sicocxliT da romelic arad dagidevs troas oms.
    amasobaSi klitemnestra SemTxveviT Sexvdeba Tavis viTomcda sasiZos _
    aqilevss, magram maTi Sexvedrisas irkveva, rom ifigenias qorwilis ambavi agamem-
    nonis mogonili yofila. amasTan msaxuri klitemnestras aqavelTa mTavarsardlis
    WeSmarit ganzraxvas atyobinebs. klitemnestra evedreba aqilevss daxmarebas qal-
    iSvilis gadasarCenad.
    male ifigenia igebs, ra elis. qaliSvils unda sicocxle da ar surs msxverplad See-
    wiros troas oms. igi emudareba mamas, daindos misi sicocxle. magram agamemnonis
    140 evripide

    gadawyvetileba uryevia. Tavis arCevans igi eladis interesebiT xsnis: `menelaoss ki ar


    gavuxdivar Tavis monad,... aramed eladas. es mas, minda Tu ar minda, unda Sevwiro Seni
    Tavi. es aris is, rac Cvenze Zlieria, radgan elada unda gaxdes Tavisufali, ramdenadac
    es Senze da Cemzea damokidebuli, rom barbarosebma veRarasdros gabedon ZaliT Se-
    bRalon elinTa sareclebi (`ifigenia avlisSi~, 1269-75).
    amis Semdeg evripide aRSfoTebul jars gvixatavs, romelic iTxovs qalwulis
    msxverplSewirvas. cxadia, rom jaris nebasTan verafers gaxdeba aqilevsi, man
    mxolod SeiZleba sicocxle waagos. da maSin, ifigeniaSi cvlileba xdeba. Tan-
    daTanobiT is icnobierebs, rom sazogado interesi, eladis keTildReoba saku-
    Tar sicocxleze maRla unda daayenos: `CemTvis dadgenilia sikvdili. me msurs
    sikvdili saxelovnad miviRo da mdabal qmedebas ganverido~ (`ifigenia avlisSi~,
    1375-6). Tavis msxverplSewirvas ifigenia axla sruliad gansxvavebulad moiaz-
    rebs. es omi misTvis ukve elinTa interesebisTvis warmarTuli omia. axla yve-
    laferi maszea damokidebuli. mTeli elada xom mas Sescqeris.
    piesa ifigenias msxverplSewirvis ritualis aRweriT mTavrdeba. rodesac
    samsxverplo danas ifigenia sicocxles unda gamoesalmebina, qalwuli saswau-
    lebriv gaqra, mis nacvlad ki samsxverplo bomonze sulTmobrZavi iremi gaCnda.
    rogorc iq myofni fiqroben, qalwuli qalRmerTma Tavis sameufoSi waiyvana.
    am tragediaSi gansakuTrebiT mkafiodaa warmoCenili saerTo elinuri patri-
    otizmi. troas omi omis Temaze Seqmnili evripides sxva tragediebisgan gansxvave-
    biT eladis pativisa da RirsebisaTvis warmarTuli omia. omis amgvari aRqma
    aRamaRlebda evripides TanamedroveTa patriotul suliskveTebas, rac erTob
    aqtualuri iyo Zv.w. V s-is damlevs mTeli eladisTvis, peloponesis ocdaaT-
    wliani omiT gawamebuli qveynisTvis. gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmo iyo qalwuli
    ifigenias saxe, romelic sazogado interesebs piradulze maRla ayenebda da ne-
    bayoflobiT midioda sikvdilze samSoblos sakeTildReod.
    piesam `ifigenia avlisSi~ gavlena iqonia Semdgomi periodis literaturaze (m.
    lekleri; J. de kora; gotSildi; dolCe; de rotru; rasini). ifigenias Temis gamo-
    Zaxils vpoulobT aseve saxviT xelovnebasa da musikaSi.
    evripides popularobis zrda elinistur epoqaSi iwyeba. misma Semoqmedebam
    didi gavlena moipova im periodis literaturaze, gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa
    evripides tragikomediebisa da melodramebis kvali menandrosis SemoqmedebaSi.
    roms evripide ukve livius andronikusma gaacno (Zv.w. IIIs). romaeli poetebi da
    dramaturgebi _ eniasi, aqtiusi da seneka didad iyvnen evripidesgan davalebulni.
    frangi klasicistebi korneli da rasini farTod iyenebdnen evripides siuJetebs.
    plutarqosi evripidesTan dakavSirebiT aseT legendas mogviTxrobs: Zv.w. 404
    wels, aTenis damorCilebis Semdeg spartelebma qalaqis dangreva gadawyites. ma-
    gram mTavarsardlebis gulebi SesZra erTma fokiselma, romelmac qoros pirveli
    simRera imRera evripides `eleqtradan~ da spartelebmac xeli aiRes TavianT
    ganzraxvaze. rogorc Cans, isini did pativs miagebdnen genialuri tragikosis Se-
    moqmedebas.

     tragediebi: `alkestisi~; `medea~; heraklidebi~; `andromaqe~; `hipolitosi~;


    `hekabe~; `mavedrebeli qalebi~; `herakle~; `eleqtra~; `troeli qalebi~;
    `elene~; `ifigenia tavroselebSi~; `ioni~; `finikieli qalebi~; `orestesi~;
    `ifigenia avlisSi~; `bakqi qalebi~; `kiklopi~.
    aristofane 141

    aristofane
    (daaxl. Zv. w. 448-386)

    aristofane dRes erTaderTi avtoria, vinc literaturis istoriaSi Zveli


    atikuri komediis saxeliT cnobil mTel `epoqas~ warmogvidgens.
    Tavisi drois gamorCeuli komediografosis biografiidan Zalian cota ram
    viciT. cnobilia mxolod is, rom aristofane filipes Ze aTeneli iyo. poeti
    daaxl. Zv. w. 448 wels dabadebula da sul 40 komedia dauweria. amaTgan 11 komedia
    istoriam srulad Semogvinaxa. SemorCenilia, aseve, calkeuli komediebis sa-
    Taurebi da mcire fragmentebi. `plutosis~ dadgmis (Zv. w. 388) Semdeg aristofa-
    nes vaJs – araross mamis kidev ori komedia warmoudgenia: `kokalosi~ da
    `eolosikoni~. varaudoben, rom am komediebis warmodgenis Semdeg aristofanes
    didxans aRar ucocxlia da daaxl. Zv. w. 386 wels gardacvlila. rogorc olim-
    piodorosi `platonis cxovrebaSi~ wers, poetze platons es epigrama Seuqmnia:

    `xelTuqmnel taZars savaned eZebdnen qaritebi didxans,


    bolos ipoves kidec – aristofanes suli~.*

    cnobilia, rom Zveli komedia literaturuli komediis uZvelesi formaa da is


    dionises kultTan kavSirSi Caisaxa. Tavad komediis saxelwodebac dionisur dRe-
    saswaulTan dakavSirebuli komosidan modis (komedia _ `komosis simRera~). ko-
    mosi mxiaruli msvleloba iyo. misi SezarxoSebuli monawileebi Semxvedrebs
    damcinavi da salanZRavi sityvebiT egebebodnen, falosis ganmadidebeli procesia
    ki dionises pativsacemad mxiarul da uxams, e. w. falikur simRerebs asrulebda.
    meore mxriv, arsebobda farsis saxis xalxuri saxumaro scenebi, mimikuri
    TamaSebi, romlebic ukve Seicavda dramatuli warmodgenis Canasaxs. komediis sa-
    fuZvelSi swored es ori sxvadasxva sawyisi – inveqtiva (pirovnuli dacinva) da
    mimosi (saxumaro scenebis asaxva) – gaerTianda, ramac gansazRvra Tavad Zveli ko-
    mediis specifika.
    literaturuli komediisTvis fabulis Seqmnas antikuri tradicia siciliel
    epiqarmoss miawers, dasrulebuli saxe ki Zvel komedias atikaSi miuRia.
    aristofanes Tavisi komediebiT araerTxel gaumarjvia Teatralur Sejibre-
    bebze. Zv. w. V saukuneSi komediebi dionises pativsacemad gamarTul dResas-
    waulebze idgmeboda: qalaqis anu did dionisiebze, leneebsa da soflis anu mcire
    dionisiebze. Cveulebriv, saasparezod xuT komedias warmoadgendnen, magram
    peloponesis omis periodSi maTi ricxvi samamde Semcirda. warmodgenebi dRisiT,
    Ria cis qveS imarTeboda. komediis dadgmis nebarTvas komediografosi arqontis-
    gan iRebda. Tu arqonti dramaturgs gunds miscemda, e. i. mas komediis dadgmis
    142 aristofane

    ufleba eniWeboda. amis Semdeg arqonti qoregosad, dadgmis organizatorad, ro-


    melime mdidar moqalaqes niSnavda. qoregosi amzadebda gunds, zrunavda maT
    kostiumebze, scenis dekoraciaze. dramaturgi ki Tavad iyo Tavisi komediis
    reJisoric, kompozitoric da qoreografic.
    komediaSi sami msaxiobi moqmedebda (iSviaTad SemohyavdaT meoTxe da mexuTe
    msaxiobi), statistebis raodenoba ki ar iyo SezRuduli. gundi (qoro) 24 wevris-
    gan Sedgeboda da mas korifevsi winamZRolobda. tragediis msgavsad komediaSic
    mxolod mamakaci msaxiobebi TamaSobdnen. msaxiobebs farTe karikaturuli niR-
    bebi ekeTaT da Wreli samosi ecvaT. isini groteskul kostiumebSi – Ripianebi,
    didi tyavis falosebiTa da sqeli ukanalebiT – ganasaxierebdnen kargad cnobil
    realur politikosebs, filosofosebs, poetebs, sofistebs, oratorebs, maT
    Tanamedrove berZen moqalaqeebs, romlebic TeatrSi mayurebelTa Soris isxdnen
    da sakuTar Tavze icinodnen. aristofanes komedias politikur komediasac
    uwodeben, radgan masSi bevria miniSneba poetis Tanamedrove politikur Tu so-
    cialur viTarebaze, konkretul istoriul pirebze. jer kidev antikurobaSi
    aristofanes komediebi aTenis demokratiisa da Tavisuflebis simbolod miiC-
    neoda. cnobilia, rom politikosebs ramdenjerme ucdiaT, SeezRudaT Zveli ko-
    mediisTvis damaxasiaTebeli daundobeli pirovnuli dacinva, Tumca amas Sedegi
    ar mohyolia. aristofane kargad irCevs Tavisi komediis samiznes. is yvelafer
    `seriozuls~, `namdvils~ da `wmindas~ komikuris farglebSi aqcevs. amave dros,
    realuri Tematika da realuri pirovnebebi Zvel komediaSi paradoqsulad
    irealur, fantastikur, zRaprul, absurdul elementebs erwymis.
    formis TvalsazrisiT Zveli atikuri komedia met-naklebad erTiania. masSi
    ramdenime kompoziciuri elementi gamoiyofa. komedia iwyeba prologiT, sadac
    protagonisti axal (xSirad fantastikur) ideas ayenebs, riTac is Zveli ideebis
    damcvelT upirispirdeba. prologs mosdevs parodosi – gundis Semosvla. or
    dapirispirebul pozicias Soris brZola komediis momdevno nawilSi – agonSi –
    imarTeba. am paeqrobaSi, Cveulebriv, protagonisti imarjvebs. Zveli komediis
    specifikuri nawilia parabasisi, romelic uSualod komediis moqmedebas ar
    ukavSirdeba. aq qoro Tavisi rolidan gamodis da komediis avtoris saxeliT
    pirdapir mayurebels mimarTavs. gundi, Cveulebriv, aqtualur politikur Tu
    sazogadoebriv problemebze laparakobs. parabasiss mosdevs e. w. episodionebi,
    mokle paraleluri scenebi, sadac mTavari personaJisa da misi ideis gamarjvebis
    Sedegebia naCvenebi. scenebi qoros simRerebiTa da cekvebiT (intermediebiT) ga-
    moiyofa. komediis bolos, eqsodosSi, mTavari gmiris triumfia warmodgenili,
    rasac Tan axlavs msaxiobebisa da gundis mxiaruli msvleloba.
    pirveli komedia, romelic Zv. w. 427 wels axalbeda aristofanem vinme kalis-
    tratosis saxeliT warmoadgina, iyo `m e i n a x e n i~. or weliwadSi dionisiebze
    `b a b i l o n e l e b i~ daidga, sadac komediografosis samizne aTenis saSinao da
    sagareo politika iyo. es orive komedia mxolod mcire fragmentebis saxiTaa
    dRemde SemorCenili.
    Cvenamde srulad moRweul komediaTagan yvelaze adrindelia `a q a r -
    n e l e b i~ (Zv. w. 425, leneebi), romliTac axalgazrda dramaturgs ukve sax-
    elovani komediografosebi, kratinosi da evpolisi daumarcxebia Teatralur
    asparezobaSi. am periodSi aTenSi peloponesis omi (Zv. w. 431-404) mZvinvarebs. aT-
    ensa da mis mokavSireebs Soris samxedro ganxeTqileba arsebobs: erT mxares ibrZ-
    vian atikuri sazRvao kavSiris saxelmwifoebi da peloponeselebi, meore mxares –
    spartelebi da misi mokavSireebi. omiT mocul aTenSi usamarTloba da Zalmom-
    reoba sufevs. es aiZulebs komediis protagonists, miwaTmoqmed dikeopoliss
    (samarTlian moqalaqes) gaugonari, `didi, saSineli saqme~ gaakeTos: mxolod Ta-
    visTvis da Tavisi ojaxisTvis dados zavi lakedemonTan. mas am saqmeSi amfiTeosi
    aristofane 143

    exmareba, romelsac boTlSi Casxmuli Rvinis saxiT moaqvs zavi spartidan. boT-
    lidan Rvinis/zavis mosmiT dikeopolisisTvis axali cxovreba iwyeba, sadac aRar
    aris omi, SimSili da ubedureba. mSvidobismosurne dikeopoliss aqarnelebi,
    aqarnes demis mcxovreblebi (komediis gundi) upirispirdebian. protagonisti maT
    arwmunebs, rom omis dawyebis mizezi mxolod mowinaaRmdege mxare ar yofila. ko-
    mediaSi xazgasmulia omis periodis aTenuri politikis damaxinjebuli buneba.
    garyvnileba da Zaladoba Serwymulia iTifalikuri odomantebis (158 Smd.),
    kleonis (379-82) da `kargad SeiaraRebuli~ lamaqosis (592) saxeebSi.
    komediis meore nawilSi axlad damyarebuli mSvidobis epizoduri scenebia
    warmodgenili, sadac Wamis, smisa da nayofierebis motivebia win wamoweuli. mSvi-
    doba warmodgenilia rogorc omis antipodi. omis momxreTa saxiT dikeopoliss
    lamaqosi upirispirdeba. komediaSi erTmaneTs cvlis maTi amsaxveli scenebi. erT
    mxaresaa lamaqosi – omisTvis mzadeba, samxedro aRWurviloba, samxedro termi-
    nebi; meore mxares – dikeopolisi, romelic Rvinis dResaswaulisa da nadimisTvis
    emzadeba. lamaqosi samxedro momzadebis enaze laparakobs, dikeopolisi ki –
    nadimisTvis mzadebis enaze. erTi brZolaSi midis, meore – sanadimod. lamaqosi
    daWrili brundeba, dikeopolisi – naqeifari ori kaxpis TanxlebiT. dikeopo-
    lisis xelSia zavi, romelic SeuZlia, visac unda imas gauziaros. omisa da mSvi-
    dobis dapirispirebaSi mSvidoba `imarjvebs~, komedia protagonistis triumfiT
    sruldeba. magram dapirispireba amjerad dikeopolisis saxeSi Cndeba: imas, rasac
    protagonisti omis periodis aTenidan gaurboda, axla Tavadve emsaxureba (amisT-
    vis sakmarisi aRmoCndeba Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdeba). komediis pirvel nawilSi
    dikeopolisi kicxavs aTenSi `megaruli dekretis~ (romlis mixedviTac aTenelebi
    megarelebs aTensa da aTenis imperiis saxelmwifoebTan miaxloebas ukrZalavdnen)
    arsebobas, axla ki TviTonac msgavs rames akeTebs: dikeopolisis kerZo bazarSi
    vaWrobis ufleba mxolod aTenis mtrebs aqvT. aq aTenelebi aRmoCndnen mega-
    relebis msgavs poziciaSi; protagonisti dascinis iseTsave Rarib da sasowark-
    veTil glexs, rogoric cota xnis win TviTon iyo (1018-1036). manamde mSvidobis sa-
    kiTxis ganxilvaze qalaqi acxadebda uars, amjerad dikeopolisi ambobs uars,
    zavi sxvasac gaunawilos (1037-39); adre usamarTlobis msxverpli protagonisti
    axla Tavad ganasaxierebs mas. amdenad, dikeopolisi mravali iseTi TvisebiT aRi-
    Wurveba, rasac manamde is, rogorc `samarTliani moqalaqe~, amxelda aTenSi. aseT
    konteqstSi protagonistis saxelic sasacilo elfers iZens. rogorc Cans, ko-
    mediis Sesaval nawilSi dasmuli Teza antiTezis saxes iRebs komediis dasasruls,
    rac saerTod damaxasiaTebelia Zveli atikuri komediisTvis.
    `m x e d r e b i~ (Zv. w. 424, leneebi) pirveli komediaa, romelic aristofanem
    Tavisi saxeliT warmoadgina da gaimarjva kidec. komediaSi gamasxaravebulia
    maSindeli aTenis radikaluri demokratiis lideri – demagogi kleoni, romelic
    im periodSi Zalian popularuli samxedro da politikuri moRvawe iyo. kleoni
    demokratiuli partiis agresiulad ganwyobil frTas xelmZRvanelobda da spar-
    tasTan omis gagrZelebis momxre iyo. cnobilia, rom kleonma `babilonelebis~
    dadgmis Semdeg sasamarTloSi erTxel ukve uCivla aristofanes da aTenis sax-
    elmwifos avtoritetis damcirebaSi dasdo brali. gadis ramdenime weli da mxe-
    drebSi aristofane isev ar erideba masze daundobel Tavdasxmas (arsebobs va-
    raudi, rom kleonis roli Tavad aristofanes uTamaSia).
    komediis personaJad gamoyvanilia demosi (xalxi), romelic ise gamoCerCete-
    bula, rom mas advilad atyueben da yvlefen sakuTari msaxurebi. demosis mmarT-
    veloba paflagonel metyaves Caugdia xelSi. paflagoneli metyavis saxiT mxe-
    drebSi kleonia gamoyvanili. berZnulad `paflaZein~ TuxTuxs niSnavs, rac
    kleonis xasiaTsa da laparakis maneraze (is cnobili mWevrmetyvelic yofila) mig-
    viTiTebs. kleons meZexve agorakritosi upirispirdeba da jobnis kidec mas demo-
    144 aristofane

    sis mosyidvaSi. komediaSi baliSebiTa da sakvebiT demosis mosyidva Teatris ga-


    reT arsebuli realobis metaforaa. meZexvec Tavxedi demagogis ganzogadebuli
    saxea. is bazarSia gazrdili (agorakritosi metyveli saxelia: `agora~ – bazari,
    `krinein~ – gansja), gaunaTlebeli, Tavxedi da wamxdaria, `saSineli xmiT~, usir-
    cxvilod laparakic SeuZlia. mas xalxis winamZRolisTvis `aucilebeli~ yvela
    Tviseba aqvs! axla is iWers paflagonelis adgils da `didi kaci~ xdeba. metyave ki
    amieridan mis xelobas gahyveba – WiSkarSi Zexvs gayidis.
    komediaSi aristofanes monebis rolSi gamohyavs Tavisi Tanamedrove aTeneli
    strategosebi nikiasi da demosTenesi, gaSarJebuli hyavs Tavad komediis gundic –
    mxedrebi, romlebic aTenis jaris aristokratul nawils Seadgendnen.
    Tavis saukeTeso komediad aristofane `R r u b l e b s~ (Zv. w. 423, dionisiebi)
    miiCnevs, Tumca dramaturgTa SejibrSi am komediam mxolod mesame adgili dai-
    kava, rac, faqtobrivad, mis marcxs niSnavda. `RrublebSi~ aristofane aRzrdis
    problemas svams da gaSarJebuli hyavs filosofosi sokrate, rogorc axali
    aRzrdis simbolo. cnobilia, rom mogvianebiT (Zv. w. 399 wels) aristofanes `Rru-
    blebs~ sokrates winaaRmdeg sasamarTlo procesis mowyobis erT-erT safuZvlad
    gamoiyeneben. Tumca es imas ar niSnavs, rom Tavad komediografosi pirovnulad
    sokrates mimarT mtrulad iyo ganwyobili.
    komediaSi sokrate Zveli berZnuli RvTaebebis nacvlad Rrublebs aRiarebs,
    Tavis `safiqraleTSi~ moswavleebTan erTad `mniSvnelovan~ sakiTxebze fiqrobs
    da msjelobs. Segirdebsac bevri `saWirboroto~ kiTxva awuxebT, mag.:
    `...koRoze ras metyvi,
    Tu ici, sajdomiT wuis Tu piriTo?~ (157-58)
    Seusabamoa da sicils iwvevs, roca sokrate meteorologiuri movlenebisa da
    muclis buybuyis analogiasac SeniSnavs (383-87). komediis dasawyisSi aristo-
    fanes mxiaruli satiris cxadi obieqti sokratea, magram aRmoCndeba rom sokrate
    ar aris komediis umTavresi da erTaderTi samizne. `Rrublebis~ protagonisti
    moxuci strefsiadesi gadawyvets, `safiqraleTSi~ Tavadac miebaros. protago-
    nists mxolod piradi interesebi amoZravebs. mas sityvis iseTi xelovnebis Ses-
    wavla surs, riTac mevaleebis advilad gacurebas SeZlebs da maT vals aRar dau-
    brunebs. strefsiadesi socialuri tipicaa, mas hyavs coli, masze ufro maRali
    socialuri fenidan, da vaJi, mflangveli fidipidesi, romlis gamoc mama valebSi
    ixrCoba. amdenad, aristofanes Tavdasxmis obieqti gacilebiT farTovdeba, is Ta-
    vis Tanamedrove aTenelebs dascinis, maT Soris komediis mayurebelsac, ro-
    melTaganac bevrs eyoleboda mSoblebi da Svilebi.
    komediis dasawyisSi `Rrublebis mimdevari~ strefsiadesi finalSi Tavad
    daupirispirdeba axal aRzrdas – `safiqraleTSi~ ganswavlul fidipidess. mamis
    daZalebiT fidipidesma iq `iswavla tlikini~ (1143), mas ukve `gaRma Sedavebis
    ostatis mzera~ (1175) aqvs. mevaleebis Tavidan moSorebis Semdeg Svili advilad
    upirispirdeba mamasac da mis lanZRvasa da cemasac ar erideba. SvilTan dapi-
    rispirebiT gamwarebuli strefsiadesi cecxls miscems sokrates `safiqraleTs~.
    amiT komediis protagonisti mTlianad `angrevs~ prologSi warmodgenil Teziss.
    `Rrublebis~ marcxis Semdeg, Zv. w. 422 wels, aristofanem pirveli adgili
    daimsaxura leneebze, sadac man `k r a z a n e b i~ warmoadgina. amjerad aristofane
    sasamarTlo procesebis aranormalurad moyvarul aTenelebs amasxaravebs. kome-
    diografosi dascinis dRiuri lukmis monebad gadaqceul mosamarTleebs, rom-
    lebic dainteresebuli arian sasamarTlo procesebis simravliT.
    komediis dasawyisSi gamoCndebian monebi – qsanTiasi da sosiasi, romlebic Tav-
    TavianT sizmrebs yvebian. maTi sizmrebi komikuri alegoriebia aTenel politi-
    kosebze (kleonimosze, kleonze, Teorossa da alkibiadesze). es politikuri xum-
    aristofane 145

    robebi komediis mTavar Temaze gadasvlamde mayureblis `gaxurebas~ isaxavs


    miznad. marTlac male qsanTiasi pirdapir mayurebels miubrundeba da situacias
    auxsnis: maTi batoni moxuci filokleoni (kleonis moyvaruli) sasamarTloebis
    siyvaruliTaa daavadebuli. bdelikleons (kleonis moZules) mama saxlSi ga-
    mouketavs, rom moxuci mosamarTle sasamarTlo procesze ar gaeqces. sasaciloa
    xerxebi, riTac filokleoni saxlidan gaparvas cdilobs, mag., sakvamurSi SemZ-
    vrali mosamarTle iZaxis: `kvamli var, movbolav~ (144). komediis gunds filok-
    leonis megobari mosamarTleebi Seadgenen, romlebic ironiulad krazanebad ar-
    ian gamoyvanilni:
    ` . . . am berikacebis
    toms vin ganarisxebs, budes krazanebis!
    welsqvemoT hkidiaT nestari da imiT
    mwared dagnestraven. . . ~ (223-26)
    maT winaSe filokleonisa da bdelikleonis paeqroba imarTeba, sadac Svili ma-
    mas amarcxebs. filokleoni cxovrebis axal wesze gadadis –dafleTil mosasxams
    da Zvel fexsacmels axliT icvlis da ugonod mTvrali fleitaze damkvreli qa-
    lis TanxlebiT Semodis agoraze. ironiulia komediis finali: TavaSvebuli
    saqcielis gamo axla ukve moxuc filokleons emuqrebian sasamarTloSi CiviliT.
    `aqarnelebis~ msgavsad, omis Temas exeba komedia `m S v i d o b a~ (Zv. w. 421, meore
    adgili), romelic momdevno wlis dionisiebze daidga. komediis protagonistia
    miwaTmoqmedi trigeosi. is sruliad fantastikuri gziT cdilobs cidan qal-
    RmerT eirenes (mSvidobis) miwaze Camoyvanas: sagangebod gasuqebul nexvis Wiaze
    amxedrebuli trigeosi zecaSi mifrinavs. olimposze mSvidoba polemoss (oms)
    hyavs gamoqvabulSi gamoketili. komediis protagonisti eirenes aTavisuflebs
    da, `aqarnelebis~ protagonistisgan gansxvavebiT, mSvidoba mTeli eladisTvis
    moaqvs.
    aristofanes erT-erT saukeTeso komediad aris miCneuli `f r i n v e l e b i~ (Zv.
    w. 414 dionisiebi, meore adgili). komediis samizne rigiTi aTeneli pisTeterosia,
    romelic ukeTesi adgilis ZiebaSi evelpidesTan erTad garbis aTenidan. pisTet-
    erossa da evelpidess mobezrebiaT aTenis oromtrialSi cxovreba da ufro mSvidi
    garemos povnis imediT frinvelebs mimarTaven. komediis gmirebi aq fantastikuri
    qalaqis Seqmnis ideas ganaxorcieleben – iqmneba frinvelTa saxelmwifo, romelic
    adamianTa da RmerTTa samyofels Soris iarsebebs da orive maTganze ibatonebs:
    frinvelTa nebis gareSe RmerTebs aRar miuvaT adamianTa mier Sewiruli msxver-
    plis kvamli. pisTeterosi da evelpidesi frinvelTa saxes iReben. Sendeba axali
    qalaqi, romelsac pisTeterosi RrubelguguleTs (nefelokokkugias) uwodebs da
    evelpidesTan erTad misi ganmgebeli xdeba. komediis dasawyisSi mSvidi adgilis
    mZebneli aTenelebi, komediis bolos TviTon xdebian `samyaros mmarTvelebi~ _ ko-
    mediis sawyisi debuleba isev amoyiravebulia komediis finalSi.
    frinvelebSi aristofane fantastikuri saxelmwifos Seqmnis utopiur ideas
    dascinis, imavdroulad ki adamianis bunebisTvis ase damaxasiaTebel erTpirov-
    nulobisa da Zalauflebis momxveWvelobis wyurvils aSiSvlebs.
    omis Temas ubrundeba `l i s i s t r a t e~ (Zv. w. 411). berZenTa Soris mSvidobis
    damyareba surs aristofanes komediis kidev erT protagonists – aTenel qals
    lisistrates (jaris damSlels). komediis dasawyisSi lisistrate mTeli sa-
    berZneTis qalebs uxmobs. qalebi nel-nela ikribebian aTenidan, beotiidan,
    korinTodan, spartidan, magram Sekrebis mizezi jer aravin icis. prologSi
    aristofane komediisTvis Cveul intrigas qmnis, gaurkvevlobaSi myofi mayureb-
    lis molodinze TamaSobs, roca 112-e striqonamde ar xsnis, ra surs lisistrates
    da mxolod 124-e striqonSi iwyeba laparaki protagonistis gegmaze. aRmoCndeba,
    rom mebrZoli mxareebis dasazaveblad qalebi seqsualur gaficvas mimarTaven:
    146 aristofane

    isini uars amboben mamakacebTan sareclis gayofaze. es xerxi gaWris, qalTa pro-
    testi Tavis Sedegs gamoiRebs – omi Sewydeba. omisa da mSvidobis dapirispirebis
    fonze komediaSi erotikuli aspeqtia xazgasmuli. amitom am TemasTan dakavSire-
    buli xumrobebi, miniSnebebi, metaforebi komediaSi sicilis aRZvris umTavresi
    wyaroa.
    `q a l e b i T e s m o f o r i e b i s d R e s a s w a u l z e~ (Zv. w. 411, dionisiebi)
    mTlianad evripides tragediebis parodias warmoadgens. komediis protagonistia
    evripides simamri mnesiloqosi, romelic evripides dasacavad qalis tansacmliT
    SeniRbuli Tesmoforiebis dResaswaulze Sekrebil qalebSi gaereva. qalebi gam-
    warebuli arian evripideze misi tragediebis gamo da tragikosis sikvdiliT
    dasjas iTxoven. mnesiloqosi evripides dacvas cdilobs. bolos ki, qalebis xelSi
    Cavardnili, Tavad gaxdeba dasaxsneli. qalebisgan Tavis daxsnis mizniT mnesilo-
    qosi xis dafebze wers Tavis ambavs (evripides `palamedesis~ parodia). komediaSi
    evripides kidev ramdenime tragediis (`elene~, `andromeda~) pasaJia parodire-
    buli. mnesiloqoss beber qalad gadacmuli evripide gamoixsnis, romelic manamde
    Tavisive tragediebSi gamoyenebul xerxebs mimarTavda.
    aristofanes Cvenamde moRweul komediebsa da fragmentebSi evripides Zalian
    bevri tragediaa parodirebuli, rasac am tragikosisadmi aristofanes gansa-
    kuTrebuli damokidebulebiT xsnian. miuxedavad imisa, rom evripides ase xSirad
    dascinoda Tavis komediebSi, varaudoben, rom komediografoss Tavad moswonda
    evripides stili.
    komediis personaJad evripide gamoyvanilia aristofanes momdevno komediaSic
    _ `b a y a y e b S i~. Zv. w. 405 wels leneebze warmodgenili `bayayebi~ Zalian war-
    matebuli komedia aRmoCnda aristofanesTvis. man komediografosTa Sejibrze
    pirveli adgili moipova da, erTi versiiT, imave wels komedia ganmeorebiTac ki
    daudgamT.
    komediis protagonistia dionise, Teatrisa da Rvinis RmerTi. mas hadesSi Cas-
    vla da iqidan evripides amoyvana gadauwyvetia, radgan cocxalTa Soris kargi
    tragikosi aRar darCenila. komediis pirvelive striqonebiT sityvasTan erTad
    Zlier komikur efeqts qmnis vizualuri mxarec: gamodis herakles samosiT
    `SeniRbuli~ dionise da mas mohyveba mona qsanTiasi, romelsac mxarze bargi mou-
    kidebia da ise Semjdara virze. komikuria gadacmuli dionisesa da misi monis ha-
    desSi mogzaurobac, rasac bayayebis gulisgamawvrilebeli yiyini gasdevs fonad.
    komediis meore nawilSi aristofane erTmaneTs upirispirebs or did
    tragikoss – esqilesa da evripides da afasebs, `wonis~ maT xelovnebas. scenaze Se-
    motanil uzarmazar sasworze mopaeqreebi sakuTari tragediebis striqonebs
    Seagdeben. gamarjvebuli esqile gamodis. miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavidan dionise
    evripides wayvanas apirebda, sabolood is esqiles irCevs.
    Zv. w. V saukunis literaturul kritikaze msjelobisas xSirad iSvelieben
    aristofanes `bayayebs~. Tumca komediaSi tragikosTa xelovnebis analizi da Se-
    faseba ufro sofistebis moZRvrebis, poeziis maTeuli kritikis parodiaa.
    `q a l e b i s a x a l x o k r e b a z e~ (Zv. w. 392) mwared dascinis axali, Tanas-
    worobis principze agebuli sazogadoebis Senebis ideas. komediaSi am utopiur
    Teorias aTeneli qali praqsagora ganaxorcielebs, romelic Tavis qmars blepi-
    ross qalTa mmarTvelobis upiratesobas usabuTebs. kacebad gadacmuli qalebi
    moaxerxeben Zalauflebis xelSi aRebas da axali, `samarTliani~ saxelmwifos
    Seqmnas, sadac yvelaferi yvelasTvis saerToa, socialuradac da qonebrivadac
    yvela erTmaneTis Tanasworia, Tanasworoba daculia seqsualur sferoSic ki: ax-
    algazrdebma jer moxucebs unda asiamovnon, rom `daCagruli~ aravin darCes.
    aristofane 147

    aristofanes Cvenamde srulad moRweuli ukanaskneli komediaa `p l u t o s i~,


    romelic mas Zv. w. 388 wels warmoudgenia (komediis pirveli varianti Zv. w. 408
    wels daidga). komediaSi kvlav utopiuri ideebia gamasxaravebuli.
    komediis protagonists moxuc qremiloss brma plutosi (simdidris RmerTi)
    asklepiosis taZarSi mihyavs, sadac plutoss Tvals auxelen. es ki imas niSnavs, rom
    RmerTi simdidres usamarTlod aRar daarigebs, qveynad `samarTlianoba imar-
    jvebs~.
    Tu qronologiurad gadavxedavT aristofanes komediebs, vnaxavT, rom isto-
    riuli mdgomareobis cvlilebasTan erTad Zveli atikuri komediac viTardeba,
    saxes icvlis. am TvalsazrisiT aristofanes komediebs pirobiTad sam jgufad
    yofen. pirveli periodis komediebs yvelaze mwvave politikur komediebs (`aqar-
    nelebi~, `mxedrebi~, `Rrublebi~, `krazanebi~, `mSvidoba~) uwodeben, radgan maTSi
    uxvadaa mZafri pirovnuli Tavdasxmebi. `frinvelebidan~ moyolebuli komediebSi
    ukve TandaTan sustdeba inveqtiva, pirovnuli dacinva, sagrZnoblad mcirdeba
    Zveli komediisTvis specifikuri uxamsobebi, qoros partiebic SedarebiT ukana
    planzea gadanacvlebuli. `frinvelebis~ Semdeg veRarsad vxvdebiT srul para-
    basissac. `bayayebi~ ukanaskneli komediaa, romelic Zveli komediis CarCoebSi
    jdeba. aristofanes bolo komediebSi (`qalebi saxalxo krebaze~, `plutosi~)
    gundi ukve TiTqmis ufunqcioa, saerTod gamotovebulia parabasisi, gamqralia
    pirovnuli Tavdasxmebi da uxamsobebi. am periodidan berZnuli komedia Tavisi
    ganviTarebis axal fazaSi gadadis. mogvianebiT am axal periods saSualo atikur
    komedias uwodeben.
    aristofanes komediaze msjelobisas mecnierebi bevrs kamaToben aristofanes
    ideologiuri Sexedulebebis Sesaxeb. Zveli komediis samizne poetis Tanamedrove
    aTenis mravalferovani sazogadoebriv-politikuri cxovreba iyo. bunebrivia,
    komediografoss udavod eqneboda sakuTari Sexedulebebi da interesebi, Tavisi
    Camoyalibebuli pozicia ama Tu im aqtualur sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. Tumca,
    ufro sarwmunoa im mecnierTa pozicia, romlebic uSedegod miiCneven komediebSi
    avtoriseuli Sexedulebebis amokiTxvis mcdelobas da amas Zveli komediis
    specifikiT xsnian. amitom, albaT, araswori iqneba, aristofanes saxeSi veZeboT
    moralisti an romelime politikuri poziciis propagandisti. misi msoflmxed-
    velobis gansazRvra garTulebulia swored Zveli atikuri komediis Janruli
    Taviseburebis gamo – Zveli komedia xom yvelafers inversiulad asaxavs.
    komediaSi Tanaarsebobs `realuri samyaro~, romelic Zalian ararealuria da
    `ararealuri samyaro~, romelic imavdroulad Zalian miwieria. aristofanes
    SeuZlia Tavisi Tanamedroveebis yoveldRiuri sazrunavi da wuxili gansxvave-
    bul, jadosnur garemoSi gadaitanos, sadac yvelaferi axali, ucnauri formiT
    gadaiWreba. yoveli axali komediiT is axal, e. w. komikur miTs qmnis. tragediis
    mayureblisgan gansxvavebiT Zveli komediis mayurebelma arasdros ar icoda,
    rogor Seicvleboda moqmedeba, ra eloda mas momdevno scenaSi. yoveli war-
    modgena iyo axali, fantastikuri ideiT TamaSi, am ideis sruliad fantastikuri
    ganxorcieleba. aq poetis fantazias ar hqonda sazRvrebi. fantastikuroba
    aristofanes komediis arsebiTi da specifikuri maxasiaTebelia. fantastikuria
    yvela komediis siuJeti: komediis gmirebs SeuZliaT, Caifiqron zavis dadeba
    qalaqis danarCeni nawilis winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad an hadesSi Cavidnen da iqi-
    dan gardacvlili esqile amoiyvanon an sulac, ukuagdon saRvTo wesrigi ise,
    rogorc pisTeterosi akeTebs amas `frinvelebSi~.
    Tumca fantastikuri da zRapruli komediis gmirebi xSirad realuri isto-
    riuli da miTologiuri pirebi arian, romlebic aristofanes karikaturis saxiT
    gamohyavs Tavis komediebSi, mag., kleoni, sokrate, esqile, evripide, dionise, plu-
    tosi, herakle da a. S. magram komediis protagonisti iSviaTad aris istoriuli
    148 aristofane

    piri (`qalebi Tesmoforiebis dResaswaulze~) an miTosidan aRebuli personaJi


    (`bayayebi~), umeteswilad is poetis fantaziis nayofia. komediis personaJebi ar-
    ian e.w. profesiuli (elCi, Sikriki, macne, damsmeni) da eTnikuri (aTeneli, spar-
    teli, beotieli, megareli) tipebic, romlebic ufro sqematurad aisaxebian da
    xSirad statistebis rolSi gamodian. aristofanesTvis damaxasiaTebelia ab-
    straqtuli cnebebis (simarTle da tyuili `RrublebSi~, dazaveba `lisistrate-
    Si~ da a.S.) personifikaciac.
    aristofanes personaJebi ufro tipebs warmoadgenen, vidre individualur
    xasiaTebs. Tumca es imas ar niSnavs, rom komediaSi xasiaTis niSnebi saerTod ar
    arsebobs. komediis evoluciasTan erTad TandaTan icvleba komediaSi personaJis
    koncefciac. aristofanes gviandeli komediebis gmirebi (praqsagora, qremilosi)
    ukve individualuri xasiaTis Strixebs avlenen.
    personaJebi komediaSi xSirad icvlian moqmedebis adgils. bevr SemTxvevaSi
    samoqmedo adgilis cvlileba samoqmedo sivrcis cvlilebasac gulisxmobs. mag.,
    `aqarnelebis~ prologSi pniqsze xdeba moqmedeba da samoqmedo sivrces aq
    orqestra qmnis, xolo roca dikeopolisi acxadebs: `axla evripides unda miva-
    kiTxo~ (394), is orqestridan scenis fasadisken moZraobs. adgilis cvlileba
    teqstSi miTiTebulia, savaraudod, icvleba scenis dekoraciebic.
    moqmedebis mTliani mimdinareobis aRqma komediaSi mainc rTulia, radgan misi
    calkeuli scenebi ar aris Tanmimdevruli da erTmaneTisgan ganpirobebuli. amas
    xels uwyobs Tavad komediis struqturac, mag., parabasisi, romelic komediis mo-
    qmedebis mimdinareobas Suaze wyvets. iseTi STabeWdileba rCeba, TiTqos komedi-
    aSi asaxul movlenebs didi xangrZlivoba aqvs, meore mxriv ki, TiTqos dro
    gaCerebulia. komediis personaJebi saxlebs Soris, qalaqidan sofelSi, erTi
    realobidan meoreSic ki zRapruli simartiviTa da siswrafiT moZraoben. Tumca
    daudgenelia, drois ra xangrZlivobas gulisxmobs is, rac scenaze an scenis miRma
    xdeba. aristofanes komediaSi moqmedebis ganviTarebas Tavisi xasiaTiT sizmarSi
    ganviTarebul moqmedebasac ki adareben. amitom tragediisgan gansxvavebiT kome-
    diaSi SeuZlebelia moqmedebis xangrZlivobis zusti gansazRvra. mag., ramdeni
    dRe Tu kvira grZeldeboda qalTa gaficva lisistrateSi da a. S.
    Zveli komedia xSirad arRvevs dramatul iluzias: personaJi Tavisi rolidan
    gamodis, `ixsnis niRabs~ da uSualod mayurebels mimarTavs. es xdeba parabasisSi,
    sadac qoro Tavad komediis avtorad iqceva da publikas sxvadasxva aqtualur Te-
    maze elaparakeba. aseT dros misi niRabi mTel auditorias uyurebs. Teatraluri
    iluzia xSirad irRveva komediis sxva nawilebSic. rac ar unda fantastikuri yo-
    filiyo Zveli komediis fabula, aristofanes komediis mayurebels mudmivad unda
    hqonoda komediis moqmedebaSi CarTvis molodini. mag., praqsagora scenidan aCu-
    mebda TeatrSi myof konkretul mayurebels, `arifrade, morCi laybobas~
    (`qalebi saxalxo krebaze~, 129) da albaT, misi niRabic pirdapir arifradesken
    iqneboda mimarTuli. `mxedrebSi~ meZexve mTel darbazs mimarTavs: `baTqa-
    buTqisgan suyvela wiTurebi ar gaxdiT?~ (900). hadesSi moxvedrili dionise ki
    ise SeSindeba urCxulis (empusas) danaxviT, rom TeatrSi mayurebelTa Soris sa-
    patio adgilze mjdomi `Tavisive~ qurumisken gaiqceva saSvelad (`bayayebi~, 297).
    aris SemTxvevebi, roca msaxiobebi scenidan xilsac esvrian mayurebels
    (`krazanebi~ 58-9, `plutosi~ 797-9). komedia gangeb Slis scenasa da publikas So-
    ris arsebul bariers, rac komikur efeqts qmnis.
    scenuri iluziis rRvevas e. w. metaTeatralur miniSnebebsac ukavSireben:
    Teatri laparakobs sakuTar Tavze, rom Teatri mxolod iluziaa, scenis jados-
    noba, TamaSi, romelic specialurad kontrolirebad garemoSi TamaSdeba.
    aristofanes komedia mdidaria sxvadasxva tipis metaforebiT, rasac poeti
    salaparako enidan, misi winamorbedi dramaturgebis, lirikosi an epikosi poete-
    aristofane 149

    bis Semoqmedebidan iRebs da am tradiciul metaforebs Tavis komediebSi xSirad


    axleburad warmoadgens. amasTan, komikuri efeqtis Sesaqmnelad aristofane
    Zalian xSirad mimarTavs metaforis `scenur realizacias~. mag., scenurad aris
    ganxorcielebuli metafora – filosofosi RrublebSi: sokratesTan misul
    strefsiadess sivrceSi momzirali da mnaTobTa bedze Cafiqrebuli filosofosi
    SemaRlebul adgilze, hamakSi mokalaTebuli xvdeba (`Rrublebi~, 217 Smd.). aseve,
    sokrates aburduli filosofia simbolizebulia misi TayvaniscemiT tri-
    alisadmi (berZnulad `dinos~) da es vizualur metaforaSia gamoxatuli: sok-
    rates kars gareT mrgval farTo sasmiss (berZnulad, aseve, `dinos~) deben iq, sa-
    dac, Cveulebriv, saxlis mfarveli RmerTis statuis adgilia. aristofanes aq
    sityvis orazrovneba `exmareba~ metaforis scenur ganxorcielebaSi.
    `aqarnelebSi~ dikeopolisis kerZo zavi boTlSi Casxmuli Rvinis saxiTaa war-
    modgenili. mTel scenas sityvis ormag mniSvnelobaze TamaSi gansazRvravs
    (berZnulSi `sponde~, zavsac aRniSnavs da Rvinis ritualur dasxmasac). amdenad,
    sityvis orazrovnebaze agebuli metafora (Rvino/zavi) aqac sityvasityviT ga-
    TamaSdeba scenaze.
    gavixsenoT dazavebis scena `lisistrateSi~, sadac Semodis nimfa dazaveba
    (nimfa personificirebuli dazavebaa). roca aTenels da spartels Zalian swyu-
    riaT dazaveba, e. i. maT swyuriaT nimfa. sasurveli geografiuli teritoriebis
    moniSvnisasac isini sasurveli nimfis konturebs xazaven. pasaJi savsea kalambure-
    biT da uxamsi xumrobebiT. am scenaSi (1112-1187) Temis, ideisa da scenuri war-
    modgenis erTianoba aristofanes ostatobis iSviaTi nimuSia.
    Tavis komediebSi aristofane uxvad iyenebs uxamsobebs. komediaSi uxamsoba
    daundobeli da TavSeukavebeli pirovnuli Tu politikuri inveqtivis ZiriTadi
    Semadgeneli nawilia, rac, saerTod, aristofanes adreuli komediisTvisaa damax-
    asiaTebeli. mag., aqarnelebis protagonisti Trakiel odomantebze ikiTxavs:
    `asoze foToli vin SemoacalaT?~ (159). mxedrebSi meZexve kleons ase emuqreba:
    `emag ukanals ZexviviT gamogiteni axla!~ (364). komediebSi msgavsi magaliTebi
    mravladaa. Cveulebrivia miniSneba aTenelTa garyvnilebaze, zog SemTxvevaSi
    kerZo samiznec aRniSnulia. bunebrivia, uxamsi leqsikis aseTi pirdapiri gamo-
    yeneba Zlier komikur efeqts qmnida. aristofane Tavis komediebSi ufro `daxve-
    wil~, e. w. metaforul uxamsobebsac iyenebs, riTac mayureblis inteleqtualur
    asociaciebze (xSirad, vizualurzec) TamaSobs. TavSekavebis moxsniTa da sityve-
    bis TamaSiT gamowveuli wminda inteleqtualuri garTobiT mayurebeli siamovne-
    bas iRebs. `lisistrateSi~ personaJ kinesiasis saxeli ironiulad mis seqsualur
    aRgznebazec mianiSnebs (berZnulad `kinesis~ moZraobas, aRelvebas niSnavs). xSir
    SemTxvevaSi aristofane orazrovan sityvebs arCevs, romelTac erTi mxriv, kon-
    teqstisTvis Sesaferisi, `uwyinari~ mniSvneloba aqvs, meore mxriv ki – meore, ux-
    amsi mniSvneloba. dikeopolisis bazarSi savaWrod misuli megareli Tavis
    asulebs goWebad asaRebs (cxoveluri travesti) (aqarn. 729 Smd). berZnulSi
    sityva `xoiros~ goWs aRniSnavs, amasTan mas meore, gadataniTi mniSvnelobac aqvs –
    qalis genitaliebi. sityvis mniSvnelobebze aseTi TamaSic, udavod, komikuri
    efeqtis gazrdas emsaxureba. komizms amZafrebs scenaze metaforis pirdapiri re-
    alizebac: megareli scenaze, mayureblis Tvalwin gadaacmevs Tavis asulebs goWe-
    bad.
    aristofanes komediis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia parodia. ko-
    mediografosi gansakuTrebiT xSirad tragediis parodias (paratragedias) mi-
    marTavs. tragediebidan mTeli pasaJebi, motivebi, calkeuli frazebia parodire-
    buli. personaJebi Janris Sesabamisad icvlidnen diqcias, xmis tons, mimikas,
    Jestebs, parodia Seexeboda metrikasac. aristofanes Tanamedrove mayurebels
    SeeZlo, amoecno ara mxolod sityvieri, aramed metruli aluziebic, miniSnebebi
    150 aristofane

    ara mxolod sityvier stilistur doneze, aramed – musikalur stilistur done-


    zec.
    komediebSi mravladaa evripides tragediebis parodia. mag., aqarnelebis winaSe
    Tavdasacavi sityvis warmoTqmamde dikeopolisi evripides tragediis personaJis,
    telefosis samosSi gamoewyoba (aqarn. 394 Smd.). misi sityvis dasawyisi da dasas-
    ruli telefosis cnobili sityvis parodiaa. tragediis parodiis SigniT hero-
    dotosis istoriis parodiasac xedaven, roca omis dawyebis sababad dikeopolisi
    kaxpebis motacebas asaxelebs (herodotosi berZen-sparselTa omze Txrobas
    azielebsa da evropelebs Soris qalebis motacebis amsaxveli miTebiT iwyebs).
    evripides tragediebis parodias eZRvneba mTlianad `qalebi Tesmoforiebis dRe-
    saswaulze~. magram berZnuli tragediebis didi nawili Cvenamde ar Semonaxula,
    amitom Tanamedrove mkiTxvelisa Tu mayureblisTvis komediaSi parodirebuli
    yvela personaJis, pasaJisa Tu frazis `gamocnoba~ Znelia.
    aristofanes komediebSi gvxvdeba homerosis eposis parodiac. gavixsenoT
    `krazanebi~ (180-86), sadac filokleoni viris mucels amokruli cdilobs, gai-
    paros saxlidan (`odiseas~ (IX, 425 Smd.) parodia). `aqarnelebSi~ dikeopolisi
    Rvinis/zavis sami sinjidan mesames – ocdaaTwlians irCevs. am Rvinos `ambrosiisa
    da neqtaris suni aqvs~ (196). `odiseaSic~, roca odisevsi RviniT umaspinZldeba
    kiklop polifemos, kiklopi Rvinos aRiqvams, rogorc ambrosiisa da neqtaris
    wveTs (IX, 359).
    aristofanes parodiis wyaro lirikac aris. mag., pindarosis odaSi mnemosi-
    nesTan (muzebis deda) mimarTebaSi dasturdeba kompoziti `liparampÂqs~ moel-
    vare Tavsaburvelis mniSvnelobiT (nem. 7. 15). komediografosi ki imave kompozits
    parodiulad gamoiyenebs Tevzis sousis epiTetad (aqarn. 671).
    aristofanes komediebi cocxali da mdidari eniTaa dawerili da atikuri
    dialeqtis brwyinvale nimuSad miiCneva. savaraudod, aticistebis interesi
    aristofanes komediebisadmi maTi Semonaxvis erT-erTi mizezic gamxdara.
    komediaSi yoveldRiuri salaparako berZnulis gverdiT prozisa da poeziis
    ufro amaRlebul stilsac vxvdebiT, rac xSirad maTsave parodias emsaxureba. ko-
    mediografosi mravalmxriv enobriv saSualebebs mimarTavs. is sityvaTa Txzvis
    didostatia. aristofanesTvis Cveulebrivia ori, sami, zogjer oTxi da meti
    sityvis SeerTebiT Seqmnili neologizmebi. poeti Cveulebriv, sayoveldReo
    sityvebs axali, uCveulo formiT acocxlebs kompozitebSi. mag., evripides tra-
    gediis personaJad gadacmul dikeopoliss aristofane `evripidnasvams~ uwodebs
    (aqarn. 484). gavixsenoT `qalebi saxalxo krebaze~, sadac finalSi yvela miwveulia
    kerZze, romlis absurdul saxelsac aristofane Tavad Txzavs da es sityva kome-
    diaSi eqvs striqons ikavebs (1169 Smd.). arcTu iSviaTad aristofane personaJebs e.
    w. metyvel saxelebs arqmevs (dikeopolisi, trigeosi, filokleoni da a.S.).
    aristofanes enis Taviseburebaa sityvis kninobiTi formebis simravlec, rac
    xalxuri metyvelebisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. poetis xelSi kninobiTi formebi
    ganwyobilebis SeqmnasTan erTad azris umciresi niuansis gamosaxvis kargi saSu-
    alebaa. komediaSi enobrivi planebis simravle personaJTa e. w. kuTxur metyvele-
    baSic vlindeba. mag., `aqarnelebSi~ megarelic (729-835) da beotielic (860-954)
    Tav-TavianT dialeqtze metyveleben, doriul dialeqtze laparakobs `lisis-
    trateSi~ sparteli qali (93 Smd.); xolo ucxoelTa, mag., sparseTis cru elCis
    (aqarn. 100-109), ena komediaSi `barbarosulia~.
    cnobilia, rom aristofanes komediebi didi warmatebiT sargeblobda klasi-
    kur epoqaSi. magram aTenis demokratiis dacemasTan erTad Zvelma komediamac
    sabolood dakarga Tavisi sicocxlisunarianoba. komediis, rogorc Janris, Sem-
    dgomi ganviTareba axali atikuri komediis gzas mihyveba. evropuli komedia
    swored menandrosisa da romaeli plavtusis pirmSoa.
    aristofane 151

    aristofanes sikvdilis Semdeg, antikur epoqaSive, misi komediebis mimarT in-


    teresic TandaTan ganelda. upiratesobas ukve saSualo da axal atikur komedias
    aniWebdnen. Tumca arsebobdnen gamonaklisebic. aristofanes baZavda lukianosi,
    kvintilianuss ki Zveli komediis atikuri enis siwminde aRafrTovanebda da aris-
    tofanes komedias oratorTaTvis saukeTeso misabaZ nimuSad miiCnevda. aristo-
    fanes Semoqmedebas swavlobdnen aleqsandrieli filologebi da bizantiuri
    xanis swavlulebi. bizantiur periodSi misi komediebi saskolo literaturaSic
    SeutaniaT. Sua saukuneebSi aristofanes yvelaze ufro popularuli komedia
    `plutosi~ iyo, mogvianebiT popularul saskolo teqstebad iqca sxva komedie-
    bic, ZiriTadad, `Rrublebi~, `frinvelebi~, `krazanebi~. Tumca, cnobilia, rom ux-
    amsobebiT mdidari Zveli komediis teqstebidan gamomcemlebi xSirad iRebdnen
    axalgazrda mkiTxvelTaTvis `Seufereblad~ miCneul nawilebs. renesansis epoqis
    moRvaweTagan aristofanes komediis satirul stils, groteskul fantastikas,
    ironiasa da komikuris heroikas gansakuTrebiT kargad grZnobda fransua rable.
    me-17 _ me-18 saukuneebSi aristofanes komediebs mniSvnelovani gavlena mouxdenia
    inglisur satiraze, gansakuTrebiT, ben jonsonsa da henri fildingze. aristo-
    fanes gavleniT dauweria goeTes `frinvelebi~. `komediis mamisadmi~ interesi
    kidev ufro izrdeba momdevno saukuneebSi, roca araerTi avtori ganicdis mis
    gavlenas, mravaljer gamoicema misi komediebi, `lisistratesTvis~ ilustraciebs
    qmnis pikaso... dRes aristofanes komediebis axlebur kvlevas eZRvneba didZali
    samecniero literatura, sxvadasxva Teatris scenaze ki aristofanes komediebis
    Tanamedrove interpretaciebi idgmeba.

     komediebi: `aqarnelebi~, `mxedrebi~, `Rrublebi~, `krazanebi~, `mSvidoba~,


    `frinvelebi~, `lisistrate~, `qalebi Tesmoforiebis dResaswaulze~, `ba-
    yayebi~, `qalebi saxalxo krebaze~, `plutosi~.

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