62 arqiloqosi

arqiloqosi
(Zv.w. VII s-is Sua wlebi)

berZnuli lirikis umniSvnelovanes Janrad iamburi poezia iTvleba. igi Tavisi

arsiT deklamaciuri iyo da Tavdapirvelad leqsad Tqmul dacinvas, an saerTod
kafias ewodeboda. Zvel saberZneTSi is didi popularobiT sargeblobda.
erT-erTi pirveli iambografosi, romlis Semoqmedebis fragmentebmac Cvenamde
moaRwies, aris arqiloqosi. xSirad mas miaweren iamburi sazomis gamogonebas. Cve-
namde moRweuli misi fragmentebi gamarTulia deklamaciuri lirikisaTvis dama-
xasiaTebeli yvela sazomiT (iambebiT, troqeebiT, elegiuri distiqiT), aseve sa-
simRero lirikisaTvis niSandoblivi epodebiT.
arqiloqosi pirveli elini poetia, romlis moRvaweobis xanis zusti daTari-
Reba xerxdeba, radganac igi Tavis erT-erT leqsSi moixseniebs mzis dabnelebas:
`gvmarTebs yovlis molodini, gvmarTebs yovlis brma rwmena,
aw arafers gaviocebT, radgan RmerTTa meufem
SuadRisiT movlenili Rameuli ukuniT
mzis naTeli daubnela SiSiT SeZrul miwierT.
im wamidan moulodnels vaRiarebT mowevnad,
saocari ar iqneba, Tuki ise moxdeba,
zRvebi mTebSi gaucvalon delfinebma mTis cxovelT,
sanukvari gaxdes maTTvis borobani tyeebi,
mxecTaTvis ki _ mRelvare zRvis zvirTTa aboboqreba~.1
(122)
astronomTa azriT, am fragmentSi poeturad asaxuli mzis dabneleba Zv.w. 648
wlis 6 aprils unda momxdariyo. zogi mkvlevari saeWvod Tvlis am daTariRebas,
samagierod sakmaod sandod miiCnevs im faqts, rom arqiloqosis mamas, telesik-
less Zv.w. 675 wels parosuli kolonia dauarsebia kunZul Tasosze. unda aRiniS-
nos, rom arqiloqosis poezia biografiuli xasiaTisaa da misi gaTvalsiwinebiT
poetis portretis mravali detali xdeba cnobili. kerZod: arqiloqosis mama
warCinebuli ojaxiSvili yofila, deda ki _ mona qali, enipo. varaudoben, rom
warmomavlobis am laqam (berZenTa TvalSi) Taviseburad gansazRvra kidec poetis
bedi: rogorc ukanonod Sobils, mas ar hqonda ufleba mieRo mamiseuli memkvid-
reoba. amitom iZulebuli iyo Tavad moexveWa qoneba Soreul kunZul Tasosze,
romlis kolonizaciaSic misi winaprebi monawileobdnen. aq, mezobel Trakiul
tomebTan brZolebSi gaiara arqiloqosis cxovrebis mniSvnelovanma xanam. man, vi-
Tarca daqiravebulma mebrZolma, imogzaura kunZul evboaze, kontinentur saber-

1
Targmanebs warmovadgenT wignidan: helikoni. fragmentTa numeracias vuTiTebT m.l. vestis
gamocemis mixedviT.
arqiloqosi 63

ZneTSi da daeca brZolis velze kunZul naqsosze. misi cxovrebis mniSvnelovani

epizodia agreTve neobule Tavisi boroti mama likambesiT. legendis Tanaxmad,
likambesma ukanonod Sobil poets ar gaatana colad Tavisi qaliSvili. am gawbi-
lebisTvis arqiloqosma leqsebiT ise Seuracxyo isini, rom ara mxolod neobu-
lem, aramed misma debmac CamoixrCves Tavi.
poetis mdabiuri warmomavlobis am legendis gverdiT arsebobs sxva versiac,
romelic mis aristokratiul warmomavlobas gvamcnobs.
arqiloqosis mravalricxovan qmnilebaTagan Cvenamde metad mcire fragmentebi
SemorCa. maT Soris: elegiebi, romlebic imRereboda fleitaze Rvinis smis dros;
pirovnuli xasiaTis iamburi trimetrebi, mimarTuli, ZiriTadad, likambesisa da
neobulesadmi; troqeuli tetrametrebi Tasosis kolonizaciis, omis, sakuTari
ubedurebis, mzis dabnelebis da sxva movlenebis Sesaxeb; epodebi Sereuli met-
riT; tetrametrebi Sereuli ritmebiT. unda aRiniSnos, rom pindarosi moixseni-
ebda mis epinikiebsac, romelTagan Cvenamde arafers mouRwevia (ix. ol. 9).
arqiloqosis Semoqmedebis mkvlevarTa saerTo aRiarebiT, didia am poetis
damsaxureba pirovnuli lirikis ganviTarebis sferoSi. kerZod, swored mis poe-
ziaSi warmoCinda sruli ZaliT poeturi `me~. igi, upirveles yovlisa, Tavis Tavs
axasiaTebs da winadadebas iwyebs `ego~-Ti (`me~):
`me var diadi RvTaebis enialiosis msaxuri,
CemTvis rodia ucxo muzaTa Zvirfasi ZRveni~
(1)
enialiosi igive omis RmerTi aresia. Sesabamisad poeti Tavis Tavs miiCnevs meb-
rZolad da poetad. Cvenamde moaRwia erTma fragmentma, sadac didi poeturi os-
tatobiT aris warmodgenili mebrZolis saxe:
`oroliT vatareb pursac da oroliT vatareb Rvinosac,
orolsve veyrdnobi odes vsvam ismaroselTa Rvinos~.
(3)
arqiloqosi, rogorc mebrZoli, Tavisi fsiqikiT gansxvavdeba eposis gmirTa
Rirseuli saxeebisgan. misi azriT, `daqiravebuli kaci manamdea megobari, vidre
ibrZvis~ (15). rogorc Cans, mas cxovrebam aswavla zomierebis dacva. igi ar is-
wrafvis brZolis velze mopovebuli didebisaken, arc qonebis moxveWisaken. Tavi-
si azri, albaT, poetma micvalebulTa sulebis hadesSi gadamyvani qaronis sityve-
biT gamoTqva:
`ar mxiblavs gigesi, oqroTi mdidari,
arc Suri mTrgunavs da arc RmerTTa saqmeni,
arc Zalmosileba mizidavs mefeTa,
Cems TvalTa sawiers ganSordnen isini~.
(19).
misi erTaderTi mizani sicocxlis SenarCunebaa, radgan:
`TvistomTagan didebas da pativs ver eRirseba
mkvdari, cocxals miegeba mxolod madli cocxalTa,
aseTia daRupulTa xvedri usazarlesi~.
(133)
am azrebiT Sepyrobili arqiloqosisaTvis ucxoa omis romantika, is tradicie-
bi, rac Zvel saberZneTSi jer kidev arsebobda: iaraRi, sabrZolo aRsaWurveli
mebrZolis Rirsebis simbolod iTvleboda.
gavixsenoT, Tu rogor erkinebodnen erTmaneTs homerosis gmirebi iaraRis-
Tvis. gmirTa gmirma aiasma Tavi moikla mxolod imis gamo, rom aqilevsis aRsaWur-
veli mas ar argunes meomrebma. sayovelTaod iyo cnobili sityvebi, romliTac
64 arqiloqosi

acilebda sparteli deda Tavis Svils: `fariT an farze~... arqiloqosi Segnebu-

lad upirispirdeboda am tradicias, rodesac werda:
`is uzado fari, romelic Cemda uneblied mivagde
CirgvebSi, amSvenebs albaT mavan saiels axla,
amiT avicdine sikvdili, dae, daikargos es fari,
arad daveZeb, uaress rodi SeviZen kvlavac~.
(5)

misTvis farisTvis Tavganwirvas azri ar hqonda, radgan ukeTesis SeZena SeeZ-

lo cocxals.
tradicias upirispirdeba arqiloqosi maSinac, rodesac misTvis misaRebi
strategosis Tvisebebs aRwers. misi azriT, sulac ar aris aucilebeli mxedar-
TmTavari garegnulad iyos uzado, mTavaria sulis simedgre (gavixsenoT antiku-
ri xanis gamoTqma: `lamaz sxeulSi lamazi sulia~):
`me ar mxiblavs strategosi axovnebiT rCeuli,
bzinvare TmebCamoSlili, mzvaobari nabijiT,
dae, iyos usaxuri, dabali da fexmrudi,
oRond myarad idges masze suliT Seudrekeli~.
(114)
arqiloqosma, romelsac mravali weli brZolis velze hqonda gatarebuli,
kargad icoda sicocxlis fasi; icoda isic, rom RmerTebi sawuxars sixaruliT
cvlidnen da amitom mxneobisaken mouwodebda msmenels:
`dardiT daTrgunuli qalaqis arcerTi mosaxle, perikles,
aRar moisurvebs lxinSi Svebis da siamis Zebnas,
o, ra didebuli kacebi STanTqes boboqarma zvirTebma,
gminviT da cremlebis frqveviT mkerdSi gagvisivda guli.
magram gardauval lmobaTa salbuni gviboZes RmerTebma:
simxniT simZlavrea, Zmao, zegardmo moZRvnili ZRveni.
Jamidan-Jamamde umzadebs miwiers RvTaeba sawuxars,
dRes Cven gagvirisxda igi, dRes Cven viZirebiT sisxlSi,
xval sxvas daatydeba risxeba, qaluri godebis Tvinier
umZimes gansacdels swrafad unda davaRwioT Tavi~.
sazrunavTagan da mterTagan gabezrebuli poeti mxolod sakuTar Tavs endoba
da aseTi sityvebiT qadagebs:
`gulo, gulo, gaTangulo gloviTa da godebiT,
dards da urvas miegebe, aRorZindi lmobili,
mters sangarTan Causafrdi, nu Sedrkebi, ganmtkicdi,
gaimarjveb _ saxilvelad nu gaixdi sixaruls,
damarcxdebi _ nu igloveb Sin dardiT modrekili,
zomierad ixare da zomierad iwuxe,
Seimecne kacTa xvedris idumali wesrigi~.
(128)
mainc ra kanonzomiereba Seicno poetis dadardianebulma gulma? is xom ara,
rom `zevsia RmerTTa Soris utyuari winaswarmetyveli, rom mis xelSia yvela sas-
ruli~ (298) da amis gamo mokvdavs mxolod RmerTis imedi unda hqondes am cxovre-
baSi:
`RvTaebaTa uflobs neba, xSirad RmerTi Jamiers,
bedkruls, miwad muxlmodrekils, fexze wamoayenebs,
bedsvians ki gancxromis Jams umal pirqve daamxobs,
arqiloqosi 65

dasasruli ar eqneba kacTa bedis kirTebas:

upovarni, gonmixdilni ivlen miusafarad~
(130)
am filosofiuri Cafiqrebis gverdiT arqiloqosis lirikaSi erosis Temac
dominirebs. am SemTxvevaSi TvalSi sacemia poetis ormxrivi xasiaTi: mas uyvars ki-
dec da amave dros daundobelic aris. ai, misi romantikuli sulis ramdenime ga-
movlineba:

`neta Semaxo neobules xels...~

(118)

`ZiZam mirtiT dauzila Tma da mkerdi,

beber kacsac moxiblavda igi"
(48)

`xelT epyra mirtis toti

da mSvenieri vardi,
xarobda,
xolo Tmebi
Crdilad efina mxrebze~
(30-31)
arqiloqosi imave neobules asec moixseniebda:
`gaTaxsirebuli qali, dasiebuli fexebiT~ (206).
mkvelvarTa da mkiTxvelTa yuradReba miipyro erTma sakmaod vrcelma fragmen-
tma, romelic pirvelad 1974 wels gamoaqveynes r. merkelbaxma da m.l. vestma. erTi
wlis Semdeg igi savaraudo aRdgenebiTa da axleburi interpretaciiT warmoad-
gina miroslav markoviCma. es aris 35 striqoniani epodi _ dialogi axalgazrda
arqiloqossa da neobules umcros das Soris. fragmentSi moxseniebuli amfimedo
ki neobules (da misi debis) deda iyo.
sazomi am epodisa aris hemiepesi. am SemTxvevaSi igi emyareba erTmaneTisgan
ritmulad gansxvavebuli iamburi trimetrisa da dimetris monacvleobas, rac Se-
vecadeT agvesaxa kidec TargmanSi, romelic Sesrulebulia markoviCiseuli wa-
kiTxvis mixedviT:
`trfialebis wadils mTlad nu daiokeb,
Tu suli gevseba vnebiT,
Cvens saxlSi ipovni momxiblav gogonas,
romelsac surxar da mende,
ubiwo iTxove colad~. _ ase miTxra.
mivuge: `miwa rom faravs
im keTilSobili amfimedos qalo,
mismine: kiprisi Wabuks
siamovnebis gzas mravalgvars aniWebs,
erTs axlac ixilav, qorwils
merec moveswrebiT, ros RvTaebis nebiT
mziT gagverujeba Rawvni.
Txovna Segisrulo? Sen msurxar, pirvelma
unda gadavlaxo zRurbli,
Zvirfaso, Sens mwvane baRSi maxalise,
xolo neobule iyos
sxva kacTan. yvavili misi qalwulobis
daWkna, gaucvda xibli.
66 arqiloqosi

gadamwifebulic vnebas ver iokebs,

siSmagiT gviCvena Tavi.
gaqres! didi RmerTic veRar maiZulebs,
SevirTo aseTi qali.
masxarad amigdebs moyvasic, Zvirfaso,
Sengan ar moveli Ralats,
is unamusoa, mravalTan megobrobs
da vSiSob ugono ltolviT,
viT xvadma, umweo bavSvi ar Cavsaxo~.
vTqvi da avitace qali,
mindvris yvavilebSi Cavmale, davfare
rbili mosasxamiT. mfrTxali
ise gairinda, rogorc kravi mgelTan,
nazad veambore mkerdze;
man qalwulebrivi miZRvna siamaye.
TeTri sasicocxlo Zala
nebas mivuSvi da mis Tmas mivefere...~
(196)

arqiloqosis fragmentebSi SeiniSneba seqsis Tematikac (191; 193; 196; 119), romel-
Tagan zogierTSi ucenzuro sityvebic ki dasturdeba (42; 43 da sxva). poetma, ro-
gorc aRvniSneT, Tavisi daundobeli da basri eniT saqveynod gaiTqva saxeli. sak-
maod ostaturad iyenebda igi igav-arakis formasac. Seubralebeli iyo poeti ne-
obules mama likambesis mimarT. Cvenamde moRweul fragmentTagan aTamde mis wina-
aRmdeg aris mimarTuli. ai, erT-erTi maTgani:
`mama likambes, ra mzakvroba Cagidevs gulSi,
vin waritaca Seni goneba,
uwin ase rom gamxnevebda. masxrad gigdeben
axla ukve qalaqis mkvidrni~.
(172)
arqiloqosis dacinvas verc misi megobrebi gadaurCnen. ai, rogori sityvebiT
mimarTavs igi perikless: `bevri dalie ganuzavebeli Rvino, usasyidlod, mikono-
selTa msgavsad, Tanac modixar daupatiJeblad, TiTqosda didi megobari iyo. es
Seni stomaqi miuZRveba win Sens azrsa da gonebas urcxvobisaken~ (124).
Cans, arqiloqoss lirikis mraval sferoSi usinjavs kalami da yvela SemTxveva-
Si gamouxatavs Tavisi damokidebuleba garemomcveli samyarosa Tu adamianebi-
sadmi. am Tvisebis gamo igi mkvlevarebma berZnul literaturaSi axali etapis
damwyebad aRiares, rac poeturi `me~-s tradiciul samyarosTan, tradiciul Ri-
rebulebebTan dapirispirebiT gamoixata. arqiloqosi cxovrebam gaauxeSa, rac ai-
saxa kidec mis poeziaSi. misi leqsebis ena mZimea, xSirad uxamsi. poeti cdilobda
misTvis Sesaferisi formiT gamoeTqva is, rasac yoveldRiurad xedavda. damcina-
vi iambi mis ganwyobilebebs saTanadod moergo. moRweuli fragmentebis mixedviT
Tu vimsjelebT, Cven verasodes warmovidgenT liras mis xelSi, mxolod frigiul
sayvirs, romelic mkveTr xmebs gamoscemda.
miuxedavad amisa, arqiloqosis qmnilebebi didi popularobiT sargeblobdnen
ara mxolod poetis Tanamedrove, aramed Semdgom xanebSic. gadmogvcemen, rom he-
raklesadmi miZRvnili himni didxans imRereboda olimpiur asparezobebze. raf-
sodebi asrulebdnen mis qmnilebebs homerosisa da hesiodes poemebTan erTad.
mSobliuri kunZulis mkvidrebma mis pativsadebad daaweses gmiris kulti. arqi-
loqosis damcinavma, magram amasTanave poeturma satiram garkveuli gavlena iqo-
nia berZnuli komediis ganviTarebazec. Zveli avtorebi arqiloqoss homerosis
arqiloqosi 67

gverdiT ayenebdnen da Tvlidnen antikuri xanis udides da upirveles lirikosad

(plutrqosi, musikis Sesaxeb, 28).

lirika: iambebi, elegiebi, epodebi da sxva xasiaTis fragmentebi.

68 alkeosi

alkeosi
(Zv.w. VI s.)

Zveli berZnuli lirikuli poeziis ganviTarebaSi gansakuTrebuli wvlili

miuZRviT eoliel poetebs, romelTa literaturuli da musikaluri centri iyo
kunZuli lesbosi. adgilobrivi folkloris safuZvelze maT sityvakazmul
mwerlobaSi Semoitanes axali formebi, romlebic monodiuri (anu solo) Ses-
rulebisTvis iyo gankuTvnili liris TanxlebiT. lesboselma poetebma sakulto,
sawesCveulebo, saqorwino, sanadimo, satrfialo Tu sxva xasiaTis simRerebSi sa-
kuTari gancdebiTa da emociebiT didad Seuwyves xeli pirovnuli lirikis aR-
mavlobas.
eoliuri lirikis umniSvnelovanesi warmomadgenlebi iyvnen alkeosi da sapfo.
isini Tanamedrovenic iyvnen da Tanamoqalaqenic, Tumca Tematika maTi poeziisa
sapirispirod gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisgan. sapfos leqsebSi wmindad qaluri
idealebi aisaxa, alkeosma ki WeSmariti moqalaqisa da mebrZoli poetis saxeli
daimkvidra istoriaSi. aleqsandrielma swavlulebma, rudunebiT Seiswavles ra
gardasuli wlebis literaturuli memkvidreoba, lirikos poetTa `kanonSi~
Zveli eladis cxra udidesi poeti daasaxeles. axasiaTebs ra TiToeul maTgans e.w.
`palatinis anTologiis~ uavtoro epigrama, alkeoss aseTi sityvebiT moixseniebs:

`unda gavixsenoT maxvili, romelic xelT epyra alkeoss,

mosvrili tiranTa sisxliT, samSoblos icavda odes...~
(IX, 184)

da marTlac, alkeosi cxovrobda maSin, rodesac kunZuli lesbosi, Tavisufali

ucxoelTa xelyofisagan, SeZruli iyo Sinagani mtrobiT. nawilobriv es iyo
Sedegi Zveli monarqiis rRvevisa. warCinebulTa gvaris Camomavalni ibrZodnen,
raTa Zalaufleba maT Soris danawilebuliyo, magram ver SeZles amis ganxor-
cieleba, radganac saxelmwifos marTvis sadaveebis xelSi Cagdebas sxvebic eswra-
fodnen _ es ki niSnavda brZolis dawyebas. erTmaneTs daupirispirda aristokra-
tia da tirania.
kunZuli lesbosi ukve meSvide saukunis meore naxevridan moicva am brZolam.
penTilidiebis gvaris dacemis Semdeg Zalaufleba mitileneSi tiraniam Caigdo
xelSi. garda amisa, mitilenelebma brZola daiwyes aTenelTa winaaRmdeg si-
geionis gamo. cxadia, alkeosi Tavisi meamboxe suliT ver darCeboda gulgrili am
movlenebisadmi. igi mouwodebda xalxs, ebrZola tiraniis winaaRmdeg, Tavad ki
ZmebTan erTad monawileobda SeTqmulebaSi tiran mirsilosis winaaRmdeg. es
SeTqmuleba gasca pitakosma, romelic dasawyisSi alkeosis Tanamzraxveli iyo.
rodesac SeTqmuleba gamomJRavnda, alkeosma mis ZmebTan erTad meyseulad datova
alkeosi 69

samSoblo. igi gaeSura mezoblad mdebare qalaq pirasken, sadac mitilenes ti-
ranTa Zalaufleba aRar vrceldeboda. Tu ra moxda Semdgom, CvenTvis ucnobia,
vidre mirsilosis gardacvalebamde. am movlenas sixaruliT Sexvda poeti, igi
dabrunda Tavis mSobliur qalaqSi, magram kvlav gaaZeves, radganac amjerad ga-
momJRavnda misi opozicia pitakosisadmi, romelic xalxma esimentad airCia. am
faqtis gamo aRSfoTebuli alkeosi egvipteSi gadaixvewa. gadmocemaTa Tanaxmad,
pitakosi aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi marTavda mitilenes. man Seiwynara alkeosi da
samSobloSi dabrunebis neba darTo.
aristokratTa interesebis damcveli alkeosi pitakosisa da, saerTod, ti-
raniis winaaRmdeg ibrZoda da sxvebsac amasve mouwodebda. mas mudam swamda, rom
dadgeboda dro, rodesac adamianebi Surisa da borot zraxvaTagan ganTavisu-
fldebodnen, rom brZola dasruldeboda da RvTaeba dabrmavebul xalxs ga-
moafxizlebda.
TariRebi alkeosis cxovrebisa jer kidev daudgenelia. mecnierebas didi xania
awuxebs kiTxva, Tu visi Tanamedrove iyo poeti _ solonisa Tu pisistratosis, Ta-
lesisa Tu qsenofanesi, sapfosi Tu anakreonisa. qronologias yovelTvis SeuZlia
SecdomaSi Segviyvanos ama Tu im poetis Sefasebis dros. boura1 antikur tradi-
ciaTa gaTvaliswinebiT ase warmogvidgens alkeosis cxovrebis qronologias:
630 weli _ alkeosis dabadeba;
612-618 ww. _ tiran melanqrosis damarcxeba pitakosis mier;
604-591 ww. _ pitakosis mmarTvelobis xana, alkeosis dabruneba samSobloSi;
580 weli _ pitakosis Camogdeba;
570 weli – pitakosis gardacvaleba.
trois2 mtkicebiT, alkeosi iyo ramdenadme axalgazrda sapfoze, solonisa da
Talesis Tanamedrove. ase rom, garkveulia mxolod erTi TariRi zustad: alkeo-
sis moRvaweobis xana emTxveva meeqvse saukunis pirvel naxevars.
alkeosis Semoqmedeba ise mdidari yofila, rom aleqsandriel poetebs Zv.w. III
saukuneSi igi aT wignad gamouciaT. Cvenamde am lesboseli poetis Semoqmedebis
mxolod umniSvnelo nawilma moaRwia. maTgan umetesoba amokrefilia im avtorTa
TxzulebebSi, romlebic enobrivi TvalsazrisiT ganixilavdnen mis simRerebs da
ainteresebdaT isini gramatikuli kategoriebis dasadgenad. amas emateba 1914, 1941 da
1951 wlebis papirolgiuri aRmoCenebi. ase rom, dResdReisobiT alkeosis 400-mde
fragmentia cnobili, romelTagan mxolod 25-mdea iseTi, leqsad aRqmis SesaZleb-
lobas rom qmnis. didi romaeli poeti horaciusi, romelic kargad icnobda alkeo-
sis poezias, mis Semoqmedebas oTx Tematur jgufad hyofda: 1) sabrZolo simRerebi
anu stasiotika; 2) sanadimo simRerebi; 3) miTosuri simRerebi da 4) satrfialo
simRerebi. antikuri wyaroebis cnobiT, Zvelad gansakuTrebuli popularobiT
sargeblobda alkeosis sabrZolo simRerebi, sadac poetis Tanamedrove lesbosis
samoqalaqo omis suraTebi aisaxa. am qmnilebaTa kiTxva naTels xdis, rom alkeosi
kunZulze arsebuli im jgufis anu hetairias3 wevri iyo, romelSic aristok-
ratuli warmomavlobis mamakacebi iyvnen gaerTianebulni da romelnic tiraniis
winaaRmdeg ibrZodnen. erT-erT fragmentSi warmodgenilia iaraRiT avsebuli
saxli. mzaddeba amboxeba, poeti TanamzraxvelT brZolisken uxmobs:
`omis RvTaebis naTeli mosavs maRal sasaxles,
saWurveli anaTebs darbazs.
brinjaos sxiviT elvarebs Weri

1
C. M. Bowra, Greek lyric Poetry, Oxford, 1961II.
2
M. Treu, Alkaios, Griechisch und deutsch, München, 1963II.
3
kunZul lesbosis sazogadoebriv-politikuri mdgomareobis Taobaze SedarebiT vrclad ix.
sapfos Semoqmedebis amsaxveli narkvevi, gv 70.
70 alkeosi

zuCebiTa da muzaradebiT mimofenili.

cxenTa Zuebis TeTrad friali
omSi myivari mebrZolebis TavsarqmelT amkobs.
magar SubTagan Tavdasacavi
moelvare sabarkulebi faraven sarWeT,
irgvliv bzinaven axlad nakeTi selis javSnebi.
iataks mosavs farTa simravle
da qalkisuri Subebis bzinva.
Tvla aRara aqvs saTeZurebs da welsabmelebs.
ar gvmarTebs maTi daviwyeba,
odes dadgeba sabrZolvelad warmarTvis Jami.1"
(357)
lesbosis tiranis, mirsilosis gardacvalebam iseTi sixaruliT aRavso poeti,
rom am movlenas leqsic ki uZRvna:
`axla ki gvmarTebs movilxinoT TavdaviwyebiT,
radgan mirsiloss, rogorc iqna, aRmoxda suli~.
(332)
magram Zalaufleba axalma tiranma, pitakosma Caigdo xelSi. Sewuxebuli al-
keosi arc am faqts tovebs uyuradRebod da TanamemamuleT guliswyromiT mimar-
Tavs:
`samSoblos ubedureba, SeuWirveli pitakosi, bediT wyeuli,
qalaqs tiranad mouvlineT, ros ganadideT Sekrebilebma~.
(348)
pitakosis winaaRmdeg alkeoss mravali simRera unda hqonoda dawerili. Cve-
namde moRweul fragmentebSi misi aseTi portreti ixateba: igi iyo hiras Ze, man
daarbia mitilene, gaanadgura wminda adgilebi, ubedureba moutana xalxs. pita-
kosma gatexa megobarTa Soris dadebuli fici. alkeosi Tavisi politikuri
mrwamsiT radikalurad ewinaaRmdegeboda am tirans, romelic jer misi mekavSire
iyo, Semdeg ki mirsilosisa. poeti pitakoss damamdablebeli epiTetebiT amkobs,
uwodebs `bRenZs, qoTnismucelas"(fr. 70, 141, 69). diogenes laertiosi gvawvdis
saintereso sias im epiTetebisas, romliTac alkeosi moixseniebs tirans (1, 81).
mebrZol poets TandaTan ekargeba momavlis rwmena. igi Tavis qalaqs adarebs
aboboqrebul zRvaSi moxvedril xomalds, romelic albaT veRar gaignebs gzas:
`qarTa WidilSi aRar ZalmiZs gzebis gagneba,
aRimarTeba erTi mxridan talRa, migoravs
da exeTqeba Semxvedr talRas,
zvirTebSi curavs Savi xomaldi.
pirquS avdarTan gviwevs brZola didi wvalebiT,
talRebi Tavze evlebian aRmarTul anZas,
daglejilia ialqani
da CamoZenZil nafleTebad frialebs qarSi.
...
xomalds talRebi awydebian, exeTqebian,
gamZvinvarebul zvirTebTan da zRvasTan Widili
mas aRar ZaluZs, CaiZireba
Tu ki waawyda uCinar beqobs.~
(326)

1
alkeosis umniSvnelovanes fragmentTa Targmanebi Sesrulebulia Cvens mier da gamoqveynebu-
lia wignSi: helikoni. fragmentTa numeracias warmovadgenT lobel-peijis cnobili gamo-
cemis mixedviT.
alkeosi 71

jer kidev antikur xanaSi am fragmentSi warmodgenil xomalds alegoriul

mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen. Zvelebis azriT, igi gansacdelSi Cavardnili qalaqis
alegorias iwvevda mudam. mkvlevarTa umetesobac am azrs iziarebda ukanasknel
xanebamde. Tumca am mosazrebas oponentebi gamouCndnen. maTi varaudiT, am sim-
ReraSi boboqar zRvaSi moxvedrili gaZevebuli poetis realuri gancdebic
SeiZleboda asaxuliyo.
samSoblodan gandevnili alkeosi `myudro savanis~ ZiebaSia. igi poulobs ki-
dec TavSesafars, Tumca pitakoss mainc ver iviwyebs da ukvdavTa sameuls (zevss,
herasa da dionises) SesTxovs, am saZulvel tirans Surisgebis qalRmerTi, erinisi
miuCinon. pitakosma fici gatexa da qalaqi dasaRupad gawira:
`... hiras vaJiSvils erinisi sdevnides miwyiv!
Cven xom aseTi wminda fici davdeT odesRac:
rom arasodes mivatovebdiT
Tanamozraxes miusafarad.
Tu mteri gvZlevda, damarcxebulebs
an miwad unda gangvesvena, an gadarCenilT
unda mogvekla Zalisufalni,
maSin kaci igrZnobda Svebas.
es safiqrali gaberil bRenZs ar awuxebda,
fexiT gaTela wminda fici, muxanaTurad
mosra qalaqi moRalatem,
utifrad gvlanZRavs da gvemuqreba~.
(129)

mSobliur samanebs miRma gaZevebuli alkeosis winaSe albaT daisva gamosavlis

Ziebis sakiTxi. aristokratiam politikuri brZola waago. istoriisTvis ucno-
bia, Tu rogor warimarTa poetisa da pitakosis urTierTobis bolo wlebi. tra-
diciis Tanaxmad, tirans igi Seuwynarebia am sityvebiT: `sjobs apatio, vidre
Suri iZio~.
moRweuli fragmentebidan Cans, rom alkeosma momavlis rwmena dakarga da xsnis
gzad nadimi da mxiaruleba daisaxa:
`Sesvi, gaamos, melanipos, iqneb ggonia,
odes gacurav boboqari aqeronis mSfoTvare talRebs,
dadgeba Jami mzis naTelis kvalad xilvisa?
ismine Cemi, nu moisurveb diad saqmeTa aRsrulebas!
o, moigone eolosis Ze sisifosi, mokvdavTa Soris
aRzevebuli iyo igi gonierebiT, Tumca egona,
sikvdilis pirquS sameufos gaeqceoda, orgzis gacura
RvTiT dawyevlilma boboqari aqeronis bneli talRebi,
gardmoavlina olimpielTa ganmgebelma, meufe zevsma
Savi miwis qveS ulmobeli sasjeli misTvis...
nu moisurveb diad saqmeTa aRsrulebas!
vidre dadga siberis Jami...~
(38)
miuxedavad gancdili damarcxebisa, poetis sulSi boroteba ar isadgurebs.
misi damwuxrebuli sulis mkurnali axla ukve mxolod Rvinoa:
`ar gvekadreba borotebiT aRvivsoT suli,
veras mivaRwevT da amaod gavitanjebiT,
sjobs, Cemo bikqis, Cveni sulis
didebul mkurnals mivendoT, Rvinos!~
(335)
72 alkeosi

Cvenamde moaRwia alkeosis aseTma frazebma: `Rvino, Zvirfaso biWo da WeS-

mariteba~ (336), an `Rvinoa kacTa sarke~ (333). varaudoben, rom es gamonaTqvamebi
daedo safuZvlad cnobil sentencias: `in vino veritas~ (`RvinoSia WeSmariteba~).
alkeosis sanadimod wodebul fragmentebs Soris gvxvdeba WeSmariti poetis mier
Sesrulebuli STambeWdavi striqonebi:
`yels gagisvelebs Rvino, Sesvi!
qreba varskvlavi,
weliwadis mZime dro dadga,
gadaibuga sicxiT yoveli,
foTolTa CrdilSi SeyuJuli WiWinobela
WriWinebs tkbilad
da oqromxala yvavis mxolod...
vnebaaSlilni arian axla diacni, kacebs
dauflebiaT uZlureba,
maT Tavsa da muxls mcxunvarebiT
wvavs siriosi.~
(347)
antikuri wyaroebis Tanaxmad, alkeosi cnobili yofila ara mxolod
sabrZolo Tu sanadimo simRerebiT, aramed satrfialo lirikiTac. CvenTvis les-
boseli poetis Semoqmedebis es nawili dafarulia moRweuli fragmentebis aras-
rulyofilebis gamo. Tumca maT Soris SeiZleba amovikiTxoT ramdenime liriuli
fraza. ase magaliTad, varaudoben, rom sapfosadmi siyvaruliT ganmsWvaluli
poetis mier iqneboda dawerili aseTi sityvebi:
`iebiT morTulo, wminda, tkbilad momRimaro sapfo...~
(384)
riT ipyrobs es fragmenti yuradRebas? upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos,
rom alkeosis azrs metad didi mniSvneloba eniWeba imdenad, ramdenadac igi iyo
sapfos Tanamedrove, uSualo mxilveli imisa, Tu rogor afasebdnen mis poeziasa
da pirovnebas ukve im Soreul epoqaSi. amasTanave yuradRebas ipyrobs mimarTvis
manera: alkeosi iseTi mokrZalebiTa da TayvaniscemiT moixseniebs sapfos saxels,
rogoriTac antikur epoqaSi mxolod RvTaebas Tu mimarTavdnen. Cvenamde moaRwia
kidev erTma fragmentma, romelic sapfosa da alkeosis gasaubrebiT aris cno-
bili:
alkeosi: `msurda, rom meTqva SenTvis raRac,
magram sircxvili...

sapfo: RirsebiTa da saTnoebiT savse survili

rom gqondes, gana warmoTqvamdi saZraxis sityvebs?
maSin Tvalebsac ar daxridi damorcxvebuli
da gamandobdi wrfeli guliT naTqvam simarTles.~
(sapfo, fr.137)
aravin icis ori didi poetis ra urTierToba imaleba am striqonTa miRma.
antikuri xanis monadime poetis gverdiT mudam Cans momxiblavi biWuna. aseTad
eguleboda alkeoss vinme menoni, romlisadmi mimarTulma oriod frazam moaRwia
Cvenamde:
`ubrZaneT vinmes, momxiblavi menoni mixmon,
raTa mewvios nadimze da vilxinoT erTad.~
(368)
mkvlevarTa azriT, satrfialo poeziis nimuSad unda CaiTvalos es fragmentic:
alkeosi 73

`o, gevedrebi, Seismine Cemi simRera,

o, Seismine, gevedrebi!~
(374)
alkeosis Semoqmedebis es mxare, rogorc aRvniSneT, naklebad aris warmodgeni-
li fragmentebSi, Tumca maT mainc etyobaT adgilobrivi xalxuri poeziis gav-
lenis kvali. ufro metis Tqma SegviZlia alkeosis miTosisadmi damokidebulebis
Taobaze: Cans, igi werda himnebsac da xSirad iSveliebda kidec miTebs Tavisi az-
ris gamosaxatad. alkeosi sxva miTografosebisagan Tavisi ornamentuli xedviT
gansxvavdeboda. igi ki ar yveboda ukve kargad cnobil ambavs, aramed poeturi
saxeebiT warmoadgenda:
`zevsis da ledas naSierno, RmerTno Zlierno,
dido kastor da polidevkes, keTilmodrekiT
moiReT Cvenze mowyaleba da miatoveT
pelofsis miwa.
ukidegano xmeleTsa da zRvaTa zvirTebze
mogaqroleben malemsrboli huneni miwyiv,
raTa daixsnaT ulmobeli sikvdilisagan
mokvdavTa modgma.
gardaevlebiT xomaldebis maRal qandarebs,
ialqnebs, cisfrad mobriale cecxlovan anZebs,
moevlinebiT Sav xomaldebs Ramis ukunSi
mxsneli naTeliT.~
(34)
es himni, romelic zRvad gasul mexomaldeTa mfarvel dioskurebs, kastorsa da
polidevkess eZRvneba, mfrinav raSebze amxedrebul mxsnel RvTaebaTa STambeWdav
suraTs gvixatavs: isini Ramis ukunSi Sav xomaldebs mxsneli naTeliT evlinebian.
alkeosis poeziaSi SeiniSneba friad saintereso tendencia, rac ufro adreul
lirikaSi ar dasturdeba. kerZod, romelime poeturi xatis an Tundac bunebis
peizaJis aRwerisas poeti ki ar amtkicebs raimes, ki ar ganmartavs imas, Tu risT-
vis sWirdeba mas es foni, aramed gvTavazobs suraTs ganyenebulad, damatebiTi
komentaris gareSe. es aris obieqturad aRqmuli mSveniereba, romelmac mkiTx-
velze (Tu msmenelze) Tavad unda moaxdinis STabeWdileba:
`hebroso, Seni mdinareba ulamazesi,
ainosidan mewamuli zRvisken medini,
azvirTebuli, TrakielTa velebis gavliT
ufro mSvendeba.
da eswrafvian qalwulebi Sens wminda nakads,
nazi xelebiT isveleben saTuT TeZoebs,
salbunis msgavsi RvTaebrivi wyliT eniWebaT
momxiblaoba...~
(45)
es fragmenti alkeosis poeturi azrovnebis brwyinvale nimuSad iyo aRiare-
buli jer kidev antikur xanaSi. poeti gvixatavs adamianisa da bunebis mSveniere-
bis Serwymis momxiblav suraTs.
alkeosis saxelTan dakavSirebul am inovaciaTa (himnebSi miTTa ornamentuli
xasiaTis gamokveTa, `saxelmwifo _ xomaldis~ alegoriuli simbolos Seqmna,
samyaros silamazis aRqma analitikuri komentaris gareSe da sxva) garda anti-
kuri xanis avtorebi migvaniSneben misi enis didebulebaze, azris gamoxatvis la-
koniurobasa da damajereblobaze, poeturi formis keTilxmovanebasa da si-
natifeze (ix. dionisios halikarnaseli, II, 8).
74 alkeosi

dRes CvenTvis Znelia msjeloba imaze, Tu ra mxatvruli da poeturi Rirsebebi

gaaCnda alkeoss, ris gamo iyo aRiarebuli Zveli eladis udides poetad. Semo-
qmedebis is nawili, romelmac Cvenamde moaRwia, TvalnaTliv gvisabuTebs im azrs,
rom alkeosis poeziaSi gamoxatulia ganwyobileba sulisa, romelic aris WeS-
maritad `ajrethv~ (qveli, Rirseuli), radganac Tavad poeti iyo uTuod `ajnh;r
ajgaqov"~ (keTilSobili, Rirseuli kaci). igi zigierT berZen lirikosTa msgavsad
mefeTa da tiranTa karis poeti arasodes yofila; alkeosi mReroda imitom, rom
dauokebeli survili hqonda sakuTari msoflmxedvelobisa da ganwyobilebaTa
cxadyofisa. zogjer igi imdenad iyo gatacebuli polemikiT, rom Semoqmedebis
procesSi kargavda poeturobasa da sinatifes. mas ar hqonia alkmanis warmosaxvis
unari, arc sapfosmagvari Zlieri vneba da poeturoba. Tavad didi politikis sa-
kiTxebSic igi cudad erkveoda, magram Tavisi klasis dacemas ganicdida
gulwrfelad, mZafrad. alkeosis siZliere simRerebSi gamovlinda pirdapiro-
biTa da uSualobiT, RvTiT boZebuli unariT, eTqva simarTle naTlad, ubralod,
poeturi STambeWdaobiT.

lirika: sabrZolo, sanadimo, miTosuri, satrfialo

da sxva Tematikis Semcveli fragmentebi.
sapfo 75

sapfo
(Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneTa mijna)

antikuri literaturiT dainteresebuli mkvlevarnica da mkiTxvelnic sapfos1

Zveli berZnuli lirikis upirveles poetesad aRiareben. Tumca Zalze didxans
Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneTa mijnaze moRvawe am didebuli poeti qalis Semoqmedebis mesve-
urni rTuli problemis winaSe idgnen. maT xelT hqondaT, erTi mxriv, antikuri
cnobebi, romlebSic Zveli samyaros saxelovani moazrovneni (alkeosi, soloni,
platoni, herodotosi, straboni, horaciusi, fsevdo-longinosi da sxvani) saqe-
bar sityvebs ar iSurebdnen sapfos lirikis Sesafaseblad, meore mxriv ki, Zalze
mcirericxovani fragmentebi, romelTa gaTvaliswineba mxolod miaxloebiT war-
modgenas iZleoda mis Semoqmedebaze. papirologiis ganviTarebasTan erTad
mkvlevarT berZnuli lirikis axleburi analizis SesaZlebloba miecaT. ufro
mravalferovani gaxda ara mxolod teqstebis gamocemebi, aramed is gamokvleve-
bic, romelTa mizani iyo ganesazRvra sapfos adgili msoflio lirikis ganviTa-
rebaSi. dRes aRaravis epareba eWvi imaSi, rom Zveli samyaros saxelovani adamiane-
bi ar cdebodnen, rodesac sapfos `meaTe muzad~ aRiarebdnen (platoni, AG IX 506),
an `gasaocar arsebad~ moixseniebdnen da dasZendnen: `... Cven ar gveguleba sxva poe-
tesa, romelic mcireoden mainc Tu gautoldeboda sapfos poeturi mSvenierebiT~
(straboni, XIII 617). samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRiniSnos, rom antikurma esTetikam
sapfos poezia saTanadod Seafasa ra, naTlad warmoaCina misi avtoris Semoqmede-
biTi portreti, romelic dResac ar kargavs Tavis mniSvnelobasa da STambeWdao-
bas. Tumca unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi igi legendebi-
Tac Seimosa.2 Tanamedrove mkvlevarisaTvis ar aris rTuli, erTmaneTisgan gana-
calkevos realuri da legendaruli sapfos Sesaxeb arsebul gadmocemebSi.
upirveles yovlisa vnaxoT, romel realur faqtebs SeiZleba vendoT: sapfos
cxovrebis amsaxveli cnobebi moipoveba iseT avtorebTan, rogorebic arian hero-
dotosi, straboni, ovidiusi, aTeneosi, maqsimos tiroseli, elianusi, himeriosi
da sxva. 1922 wels gamoqveynda fragmentebi, romelSic aRniSnulia, rom biografia
Sedgenilia qameleonis Txzulebis mixedviT. sapfos cxovrebis aq warmodgenili
cnobebi msgavsia svidas leqsikonSi dadasturebuli biografiisa. am cnobaTa gaT-
valiswinebiT dadgenilia, rom sapfo daibada kunZul lesbosis qalaq eresosSi,
Tumca mTeli cxovreba qalaq mitileneSi gaatara. igi tiran pitakosisa da poet

1
antikur samyaroSi sapfos saxelis ramdenime varianti dasturdeba. Tavad poetesa Tavis Tavs
fsapfos (Yavpfw) uwodebs. es saxeli ar aris berZnuli warmomavlobis, mas mcireaziul enob-
riv samyaros ukavSireben mecnierebi.
2
vrclad sapfos SemoqmedebiT portrets SegiZliaT gaecnoT wignSi: n. tonia, sapfos poeturi
samyaro, Tbilisi, 1991. warmodgenil fragmentebs vuTiTebT lobel-peijis gamocemis mixedviT.
76 sapfo

alkeosis Tanamedrove yofila, Sesabamisad, moRvaweobda Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneTa mij-

naze. `parosis qronika~ gvamcnobs, rom aristokratTa devnis dros, VI saukunis
pirvel wlebSi, sapfo mitilenedan siciliaze gaqceula. varaudoben, rom igi
warCinebuli ojaxidan unda yofiliyo da, amdenad, pitakosis risxva masac unda
Sexeboda. sapfos leqsebSi ar Cans samoqalaqo brZolaTa Sefasebis kvali, amitom,
mkvlevarTa azriT, igi gadasaxlebaSi unda gahyoloda Tavis qmars, lesbosel
aristokrats, romelsac politikuri brZolebis dros devnidnen. is iyo mdidari
kaci kunZul androsidan, saxelad kerkilasi. cnobilia, rom Zv.w. 580 wlis maxlo-
bel xanebSi pitakosma amnistia gamoacxada. sapfoc am droisaTvis unda dabrune-
buliyo mitileneSi.
gadmocemaTa Tanaxmad, mas hyavda qaliSvili, saxelad kleisi, msgavsi saxeli un-
da rqmeoda poetis dedasac; mamas erqva skamandrosi. sapfos sami Zma hyolia _ eri-
giosi, lariqosi da qaraqsosi. umcross, lariqoss warCinebulTa gvarisTvis Sesa-
ferisi Tanamdeboba ekava _ igi pritaneionSi sapatio stumrebs Rvinos awodebda.
rac Seexeba ufros Zmas _ qaraqsos, is erTxel mitilenedan samogzaurod wasula
egvipteSi, sadac hetera doriqa Sehyvarebia da didi Tanxa gauRia mis gamosasyi-
dad. aman sapfos guliswyroma gamoiwvia, rac aRniSna kidec Tavis simRerebSi.
erigiosis Taobaze mxolod is aris cnobili, rom monawileobda romeliRac
brZolaSi.
rogorc varaudoben, sapfo yofila tanmorCili da Savgremani. Cvenamde moaR-
wia misma ramdenime gamosaxulebam. maT Soris yvelaze sainteresod miiCneven cno-
bil miunxenur larnaks sapfosa da alkeosis gamosaxulebiT (Zv.w. VI s.).
rogorc Cans, gadasaxlebidan dabrunebuli TiTqmis ormoc wels mitanebuli
sapfo saTaveSi udgeba warCinebul qaliSvilTa wres (an salons). swored misi
cxovrebis am nawils ukavSirdeba is legendebi, romelTa mimarT interesi sauku-
neTa ganmavlobaSi ar Camcxrala. erT-erTi legendis Tanaxmad, sapfos mSvenieri
Wabuki faoni Sehyvarebia. uimedo vnebaTaRelvas ayolils Tavi mouklavs, gadaS-
vebula ra levkadis kldidan amRvreul zRvaSi (straboni, X 452). sxva legenda ki
gvamcnobs, TiTqos sapfo iyo hetera, arTobda kacebs, magram WeSmariti vnebiT
mxolod axalgazrda qaliSvilebisaken iswrafoda. maT uZRvnida Tavis simRerebs
(maqsimos tiroseli, 18, 9). am arabunebrivi siyvarulis saxelwodebad dRemde Se-
morCa `sapfouri~ an `lesbosuri~, rameTu sapfo kunZul lesbosis mkvidri iyo.
sapfos pirovnebiT dainteresebas mravalma garemoebam Seuwyo xeli. yvelaze
metad ki iman, rom misi Semoqmedebis didi nawili qalwulebs eZRvneboda. maTi
STagonebiT qmnida poeti Tavis simRerebs, romlebSic Caqsovili iyo misi emociu-
ri bunebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mZafri gancdebi da ltolvebi. ratom? amaSi
rom gaverkveT, upirveles yovlisa unda warmovidginoT im periodis kunZuli
lesbosi, sapfos samSoblo.
antikuri tradicia lesboss xmelTaSua zRvis Svid udides da umniSvnelovanes
kunZulTa Soris moixseniebs (straboni, 612). eolielebiT dasaxlebul am mSvenier
da mdidar kunZulze saintereso Tavisebureba dasturdeba: aq qalebi damoukide-
belni da Tavisufalni iyvnen, maSin rodesac imave periodis atikaSi isini mkacrad
gansazRvrul ojaxur wesebs emorCilebodnen. im Soreul epoqaSi lesbosze mat-
rilinealuri tradiciebi jer kidev ar iyo gamqrali. albaT amitom aristokra-
tuli gvaris Camomavali kacebisaTvis arsebula e.w. mamrTa saidumlo kavSirebi.
savaraudoa, rom kacebi Tavisi drois umetes nawils iq atarebdnen. Tavis istori-
ul rols, romelic matrilinealuri gadmonaSTebis winaaRmdeg brZolasa da
ekonomiurad Zlieri patrilinealuri Zalauflebis damkvidrebas gulisxmobda,
eolidis mamrTa saidumlo gaerTianebebi aRasrulebdnen religiuri morCilebis
taqtikiT. es iyo ritualTa da rwmenaTa mTeli sistema, romelic mosaxleobaze
magiurad moqmedebda. rogorc socialuri organizacia, es saidumlo kavSirebi
sapfo 77

mdidar aristokratTa Rarib mosaxleobaze batonobis erTgvari iaraRic iyo.

kunZul lesbosze am saidumlo gaerTianebebSi mamrTa miReba xdeboda bavSvobis
asakidan, uceremoniod, magram garkveuli gadasaxadiT. axalziarebulni icavdnen
garkveul wesebs, monawileobdnen mniSvnelovan wesisgebebsa da religiur zeimeb-
Si, romlebic mamrTa saidumlo kavSirebis mfarvel RvTaebaTa wminda WalebSi
imarTeboda.
iseve, rogorc kacebs, kunZul lesbosze qalebsac hqondaT TavSesayari adgi-
lebi, hyavdaT rCeuli RvTaebebi, romlebsac Tayvans scemdnen da romelTa keTil-
ganwyobis mosapovebladac sagangebo ritualebs aRasrulebdnen. amis Tqmis saSu-
alebas gvaZlevs, upirveles yovlisa, sapfos lirika. samwuxarod, arqauli epoqis
berZenTa religiuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb arqeologiuri masala ganzogadebaTa
aramyar safuZvels iZleva. mecnierebi iZulebulni arian ZiriTadad daeyrdnon am
periodis mxatvrul nawarmoebebs. miuxedavad maTi fragmentuli xasiaTisa, swo-
red aq mopovebuli informaciaa umTavresi epoqis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis su-
raTis warmosadgenad. is, rom sapfosa da mis garSemo Semokrebil qaliSvilTa sa-
Tayvanebeli qalRmerTi iyo afrodite, es jer kidev aleqsandrielma swavluleb-
ma (Zv.w. III s.) daadgines da, Sesabamisad, berZeni poeti qalis simReraTa gamocemaSi
pirvel adgilze am RvTaebisadmi miZRvnili himni moaTavses. sapfos Cvenamde moR-
weuli simRerebis didi nawili swored afrodites eZRvneba, ufro didi nawili
ki siyvarulis im mSvenierebis gancdas, romelsac es RvTaeba uZRvnida adamianebs.
sapfos uTqvams, rom mas muzebi aniWebdnen WeSmarit bednierebas (elianusi,
aristid. sity. 28, 51), amitomac eTayvaneboda muzebs, xolo im adgils, sadac Tavs
iyridnen saidumlos ziarebuli qaliSvilebi, uwodebda `muzis msaxurTa saxls~
(`moisopolw'n dovmwi fr. 150). aravis miuCnevia sakamaTod is, rom sapfo am saxlis wi-
namZRvari iyo. mis mier aRiarebuli kulti (afrodite) ganapirobebda saidumlos
ziarebulTa cxovrebis wessa Tu Semoqmedebis Tematikas. es iyo siyvaruli, mSve-
niereba, gazafxulis dResaswauli, qorwineba da yovelive is, rac dakavSirebuli
iyo afrodites kultTan da rac xalisiT aRavsebda adamianur yofierebas. alkeo-
sisgan gansxvavebiT, lesbosis politikuri cxovreba maTi Tvalsawierisgan Sors
idga.
savaraudoa, rom sapfo, rogorc winamZRvari qalwulTa religiuri da Semoqme-
debiTi saxlisa, anu Tanamedrove termini rom moviSvelioT, salonisa, eweoda aR-
mzrdelobiT da akademiur moRvaweobasac. xolo qalwulni, mas Semdeg, rac miiReb-
dnen daxvewil religiur Tu musikalur-poetur ganaTlebas, Sin brundebodnen, an
Txovdebodnen. is dro, romelsac qaliSvilebi erTad atarebdnen, Cans, ubednieresi
iyo maT cxovrebaSi. isini Txzavdnen leqsebs, simRerebs, swavlobdnen cekvebs; euf-
lebodnen daxvewil manerebs, silamazis xelovnebas, rameTu monawileobdnen cno-
bil zeimebSi, romelTac `kalisteebi~ (`silamazis agonebi~, Tanamedrove samyaroSi
gansakuTrebuli popularoba rom moipova) ewodebodaT; emzadebodnen religiuri
ritualebis aRsasruleblad da ganicdidnen RvTaebebTan ziarebis sixaruls; Ta-
visufal dros ki mindvrad krefdnen yvavilebs, Tmebs imSvenebdnen diademebiT, sxe-
uls izeldnen nelsacxeblebiT da moRlilebi isvenebdnen rbil baliSebze. buneb-
rivia, maT moswondaT `muzis msaxurTa saxlSi~ yofna, amitomac ganSorebisas af-
rqvevdnen cremlebs da wuxdnen. xolo poeti, winamZRvari, sikvdils natrobda gan-
SorebiT gamowveul simwuxareSi (fr. 94). mas xom wrfeli guliT uyvarda Tavisi
mowafeebi, romelTac uZRvnida ara mxolod siyvaruliT gamTbar striqonebs, ara-
med sakuTari sulis nawilsac. es ase xdeba dResac. yovel WeSmarit moZRvars uy-
vars Tavisi mowafe. sapfos SeeZlo erTdroulad mosiyvarulec yofiliyo da mkac-
ric, zomaze metad gamoexata vnebaTaRelva garSemo SemokrebilTa sulieri amaR-
lebisTvis. sapfos moRvaweoba wminda elinuri movlenaa, rameTu Zveli berZnebi-
saTvis aRzrdaSi moiazreboda religiac, zneobac, Semoqmedebac, siyvarulic. war-
78 sapfo

moudgeneli iyo misTvis Semoqmedeba RmerTebisa da marTalgangebis gareSe, iseve

rogorc Semoqmedi Tavisi qmnilebis siyvarulis gareSe.
`muzis msaxurTa saxli~, romelsac meTaurobda sapfo, ar yofila erTaderTi
kunZul lesbosze. mitileneSi mis garda arsebula sxva msgavsi `saxlebic~, rom-
lebsac qalebi meTaurobdnen. maT saxelebs Tavad sapfoc moixseniebs (fr. 57; 131;
90; 68 da sxva). Cans, maT Soris garkveuli urTierTdapirispirebac iyo. amaze mig-
vaniSneben is fragmentebi, sadac sapfo gamoTqvams Tavis gulistkivilsac imis ga-
mo, rom misi wris wevri qalwuli sxvisken (andromedasken, gorgosken) iswrafvis
da sixarulsac imis gamo, rom viRaca mas ubrundeba:
`Sen damibrundi, ra kargia, o, rogor msurdi,
naTelmosili siyvaruliT amivse suli,
ibedniere, vidre droa bednierebis...~
(48)
cnobil berZen mweral filostratosTan vxvdebiT aseT cnobas: `gainteresebs
Tu ra erqva pamfiliel qals, romelic icnobda sapfos da Txzavda himnebs arte-
mis pergaelis gansadideblad, usadagebda ra erTmaneTs eoliur da pamfiliur
maneras?... es brZeni qali TavisTavs uwodebda damofiles da Txzavda sapfos mane-
riT. Semoikriba garSemo qalwulTa wre da qmnida erotikul simRerebs, agreTve
himnebs, romelTac artemiss uZRvnida. saerTod ki, baZavda sapfos~ (filos-
tratosi, apolonis Sesaxeb I, 30). am gadmocemis mixedviT, pamfilieli damofiles
salonis wevrebs, qalwulebs, artemisis kulti aerTianebda. isinic qmnidnen ero-
tikul simRerebsa (Tumc erotika erTob Sors unda yofiliyo artemisisgan) da
himnebs. filostratosi damofiles brZen qals uwodebs, iseve rogorc platoni _
sapfos (elianusi, „Wreli ambebi~, 12, 19). Cans, damofilec artemisis kults ziare-
bul qalTa studiis ganswavluli da SemoqmedebiTi niWiT dajildoebuli winam-
ZRvari unda yofiliyo.
ase rom, uZvelesma wyaroebma Semogvinaxes cnobebi sapfosdroindel lesbosze
sul cota qalTa oTxi salonis arsebobis Taobaze. es umniSvnelo cifri rodia.
unda vivaraudoT, rom maT Soris arsebuli konkurencia, berZenTa agonisturi
sulis erT-erTi gamovlineba, xels uwyobda lesbosze musikalur-poeturi tra-
diciebis ganviTarebas. am azrs amyarebs ucnobi avtoris erTi friad sagulisxmo
gamonaTqvami: `... vfiqrob, aRamaRles `megobarma qalebma~ (hetairai) musikaluri
xelovneba, romelic sasargeblo da aucilebeli iyo axalgazrda qalwulebis-
Tvis~ (oqs. pap. XXIX, 2506 fr. 48). am erTi frazidan ori umniSvnelovanesi azris
gamotana SeiZleba: erTi mxriv imis, rom axalgazrda qaliSvilebisaTvis aucile-
beli da sasargeblo iyo musikaluri (da Sesabamisad poeturi) ganaTleba, meore
mxriv ki _ es movlena xels uwyobda, saerTod, musikaluri xelovnebis ganviTare-
bas. lesbosel qalTa saidumlo studiebis wevrebi, iseve rogorc maTi meTaurebi,
ra Tqma unda, werdnen simRerebs, magram maTgan Cvenamde arafers mouRwevia. ro-
gorc Cans, yvela daCrdila sapfom. misi simaRle miuwvdomeli aRmoCnda Sem-
dgomdroindeli poetesebisTvisac.
sapfos Semoqmedebis fragmentebma Cvenamde ZiriTadad ori gziT moaRwies: a)
antikuri xanis avtorebi xSirad imowmebdnen maT rogorc amaRlebuli poeziis
nimuSebs; b) mikvleulia papirusebi, sadac met-naklebi sizustiT amokiTxulia sap-
fos poeziis nawyvetebi.
dReisaTvis Cven mogvepoveba sapfos Semoqmedebis daaxloebiT 1900-mde striqo-
ni. maT Soris 600-mde striqonis Targmna SesaZlebelia. 1300-mde karedi ar iTar-
gmneba metismeti fragmentulobis gamo.
sapfos qmnilebaTa pirveli kritikuli gamocema ganaxorcieles aleqsandriel-
ma filologosebma (Zv.w. III-II ss.). maT cxra wignad gaanawiles sapfos simRerebi; ga-
iTvaliswines ra maTi metrika, pirveli wignis pirvel simRerad afroditesadmi
sapfo 79

miZRvnili himni (fr.1) warmoadgines, riTac gansazRvres kidec poeti qalis Semoq-
medebis Tematika.
ukanasknel wlebSi sapfos simReraTa mravali kritikuli gamocema ganxorci-
elda. ar wydeba muSaoba calkeul fragmentTa detalur interpretaciebze, Tan-
daTanobiT ixveweba da zustdeba sapfos simReraTa teqsti da Targmani. Cvenamde
moRweul fragmentTa Soris SesaZlebelia gamoiyos: epiTalamiebi, himnebi, pro-
pemptikonebi, Trenebi da megobari qalwulebisadmi miZRvnili simRerebi.
rac Seexeba epigramebs, elegiebs, iambebsa da monodiebs, romelTa Sesaxebac
gadmogvcems svida (s. v. Sapfwv), maTgan Cvenamde arafers mouRwevia.
sapfom didi gavlena iqonia lirikuli poeziis ganviTarebaze, xolo Tu Tvals
gadavavlebT antikuri xanis qalTa Semoqmedebas, gamoikveTeba friad saintereso
suraTi _ Zveli saberZneTisa da romauli xanis qalTa poezia sapfos Semdeg
daqveiTebis gzas daadga da bolos gaqra kidec.
es ramdenime mizeziT iyo ganpirobebuli. sapfos lirikis gaTvaliswinebiT
Seiqmna e.w. qalTa poeziis modeli. gviani xanis poetesebi cdilobdnen miebaZaT
sapfosaTvis. istoriuli gamocdileba ki cxadyofs _ yoveli mibaZva mTavrdeba
kraxiT.
ras vgulisxmobT, rodesac vsaubrobT sapfos poetur modelze?
poeturi modeli SeiZleba ganvixiloT a) garegani da b) Sinagani niSnebis er-
TobliobiT. garegnul donezea is, rac poeturi Semoqmedebis zedapirze Zevs da
risi aRqmac siRrmiseul ZiebaTa gareSe SeiZleba. am SemTxvevaSi Cven vgulis-
xmobT Tematikas, metrs, Janrobliv midrekilebebs, dialeqts.
rac Seexeba Sinagan dones, igi poeturi warmosaxvis Taviseburebebis yvelaze
mgrZnobiare momentebTan aris dakavSirebuli. am SemTxvevaSi vgulisxmobT `li-
rikuli mes~ gamovlenis formas, saxeobriobas, enobriv organizacias, epoqis
grZnobas da sxva. swored es sfero gansazRvravs poeturi xelovnebis arss.

a ) s a p f o s p o e t u r i m o d e l i s g a r e g a n i n i S n e b i:
Tematika. jer kidev antikur samyaroSi miuTiTebdnen sapfos poeziis Tematika-
ze. demetriosis gadmocemis Tanaxmad: `sapfo, romelic umReris silamazes, ero-
tebs, gazafxulsa da zRvis Citebs, aris tkbilmoubari da saamo. yoveli lamazi
sityva warmodgenilia mis qmnilebebSi. zogierTs igi Tavadac Txzavda (demetri-
osi, `metyvelebis Sesaxeb~, 166). daaxloebiT amave azrs imeorebs himeriosi, rode-
sac aRniSnavs: `sapfo, erTaderTi qalTa Soris, mZafrad ganicdida siyvaruls
liris xmaze. amitomac uZRvnida afroditesa da erotebs mTel Tavis simRerebs.
Temad irCevda axalgazrda qalwulTa silamazesa da simSvenieres~ (himeriosi,
sity. 28, 7).
amgvarad, antikuri xanis avtorTa cnobebidan cxadi xdeba, rom sapfos simRere-
bis mTavari Tema siyvaruli iyo. amasve adasturebs is faqtic, rom, rodesac aleq-
sandrielma swavlulebma sapfos poeziis gamocema ganaxorcieles, pirveli wignis
pirvel adgilze moaTavses afroditesadmi miZRvnili himni (fr.1), riTac cxadi ga-
xades misi Semoqmedebis mTavari Tematika.
metri: sapfos Cvenamde moRweuli fragmentebi saSualebas gvaZleven aRvniSnoT,
rom misi poezia metrikis TvalsazrisiT erTob mravalferovani unda yofiliyo.
amas, rogorc Cans, ganapirobebda TviT eoliuri lirikis buneba, misi sasimRero
xasiaTi.
sazomTa simravle saSualebas gvaZlevs vivaraudoT, rom maT Soris garkveuli
nawili Tavad sapfos mier unda iyos mignebuli. yoveli SemTxvevisaTvis, tradi-
cia mas antikur lirikaSi popularuli `sapfouri strofis~ Semoqmedad Tvlis.
am sazomiT yofila gamarTuli sapfos aleqsandriuli gamocemis 1 wigni da sxva
simRerebic.
80 sapfo

Janri: 1922 wels gamoqveynda sapfos biografiis Semcveli fragmentebi (oqs. pap.
15, 1800, fr. 1), romlis xelnaweric II-III saukuneebiT TariRdeba. masSi aRniSnulia,
rom biografia warmodgenilia qameleonis Txzulebis mixedviT. fragmentis meo-
re svetSi pirdapir aris miTiTebuli, rom sapfos `SeuTxzavs lirikul nawarmo-
ebTa 9 wigni, elegiebi da sxva~. ase rom, ukve antikuri xanis avtorebi mas mxolod
lirikuli nawarmoebebis Semoqmedad Tvlidnen.
dialeqti: mecnierebaSi dRes ukve dadgenilad iTvleba, rom sapfo werda eo-
liur dialeqtze. Cveni azriT, sapfos SemoqmedebaSi aris cda eoliuri dialeq-
tis lesbosur variantze gadasvlisa.

b ) s a p f o s p o e t u r i m o d e l i s S i n a g a n i n i S n e b i:
berZnul literaturaSi lirikis ganviTarebasTan erTad rom mZlavrad Semo-
vida individualizmis nakadi, romelic mkveTrad daupirispirda eposis obieqtu-
robas, ukve antikur epoqaSic kargad iyo gaazrebuli. ukanasknel xanebSi am sa-
kiTxis kvlevas mravali naSromi mieZRvna, maT Soris mniSvnelovani iyo bruno sne-
lis wigni saTauriT `sulis aRmoCena~. br. snelma eposidan arqaikaze gardamaval
epoqas, anu im epoqas, rodesac xdeba lirikis, rogorc Janris, formireba, specia-
luri terminic ki uwoda _ `pirovnebis gamoRviZeba~ (`das Erwachen der Personlichkeit“),
romelic Semdgom araerTma mkvlevarma gamoiyena. Cveni azriT, cnebaSi `pirovne-
bis gamoRviZeba~ pirvel rigSi unda vigulisxmoT poetis, Semoqmedis CarTva mis
sakuTar nawarmoebSi, rogorc adamianTa, saganTa Tu movlenaTa ZiriTadi Semfa-
seblisa. am SemTxvevaSi ori momenti unda gamovyoT: 1. emociuri, romelic poetis
`lirikuli mes~ gamovlenasTan aris dakavSirebuli; 2) msoflmxedvelobrivi, ro-
melic lirikaSi mxatvruli azris uSualo gancdis formiT aris warmodgenili
da romelic saxeebiT azrovnebis sferos moicavs. es momentebi arsebiTad migvaC-
nia sapfos poeturi modelis Sinagani donis gansazRvrisas.
`lirikuli me“-s gamovlena: sapfos poeziaSi am TvalsazrisiT SeiniSneba metad
mniSvnelovani garemoeba. masTan harmoniulad aris Serwymuli empiriul-biogra-
fiuli da warmosaxviT-biografiuli. poetis `lirikuli me~ garkveuli Tvalsaz-
risiT scildeba yofiT sazrunavebs da axal, sakuTar poetur samyaros iqmnis. em-
piriul-biografiulidan rCeba mxolod is, rac aZlevs mas impulsebs warmosaxvi-
Ti samyaros Sesaqmnelad. gveqmneba STabeWdileba, rom empiriul-biografiulis
doneze sapfos cxovreba faqtiurad dakavSirebuli iyo mis megobar qalwuleb-
Tan. maTTan urTierTobaSi hpovebda poeti qalis `lirikuli me~ impulsebs iseTi
warmosaxviTi samyaros Sesaqmnelad, sadac absoluturad ixsneboda distancia po-
etsa da RvTaebas Soris. es kargad Cans afroditesadmi miZRvnil himnSi (fr. 1), sa-
dac poeti evedreba RmerTqals, romlis yovlisSemZleobaSic Rrmad aris dar-
wmunebuli, Semwed moevlinos. poets mravalgzis miumarTavs RvTaebisaTvis da
sjeroda misi Zalmosilebisa:
`taxtmoxatulo, maradmyofo, zevsis asulo,
grZnebiT macduro afrodite, Sen gevedrebi,
dards da sawuxars ganmaride, nu damiTrgune
suli, meufev.
gardmomivline Semweoba, gamomecxade.
uwinac xSirad, ros gsmenia cad aRvlenili
Cemi vedreba, dagiTmia mamiseuli
oqros sasaxle
da gadmosulxar cidan etlze aRzevebuli.
swrafadmfrinavi beRurebis lamazi gundi
haerSi frTebis xSiri rxeviT mogaqrolebda
Savi miwisken.
sapfo 81

myis moaRwevdnen Cems samyofels da Sen, netaro,

mSvidi RimiliT mociage, ukvdavi saxiT
mekiTxebodi: ra mewada, ra mawuxebda,
kvlav rad gixmobdi.
esoden Zlier ra makrTobda, ras veswrafodi
mRelvare suliT: _ Cemo sapfo, vin davarwmuno
Sendami trfobiT rom aRenTos, vinme mogepyro
umarTebulod?
saTnoyofilma migatova iqneb qalwulma,
TviT geaxleba; Sens naboZeb ZRvens Tu ar iRebs,
Tavad mogiZRvnis; Tu ar uyvarxar, uneblieT
Seuyvardebi.
RmerTqalo, axlac momevline keTilganwyobiT,
mZime gancdaTgan damixseni damwuxrebuli
da damibrune Tanadgomis didebulebiT
sulis simSvide.

sapfo uSualo mxilvelis poziciidan aRwers `swrafadmfrinavi beRurebis la-

maz gunds, romelic haerSi frTebis xSiri rxeviT moaqrolebda~ qalRmerTs `Savi
miwisken~. leqsSi afrodites gamocxadeba poeturi sisadaviTa da ostatobiT
aris daxatuli. igi `mSvidi RimiliT mociage ukvdavi saxiT~ warsdgeba poetis wi-
naSe da ikiTxavs, Tu kvlav rad ixmobs. es sityva migvaniSnebs imaze, rom RmerTqa-
li araerTxel movlinebia sapfos mRelvarebis Jams. axla igi poets yvela survi-
lis aRsrulebas hpirdeba. mTeli simRera dawerilia RvTaebisadmi poetis da, pi-
riqiT, RvTaebis poetisadmi saocari siaxlovis grZnobiT. igi efuZneba mosiyva-
rule da keTilganwyobil mokvdav-ukvdavis urTierTobas.
aseTive siaxlovis grZnobiT aris warmodgenili afrodite sxva simReraSic
(fr. 2), romelsac pirobiTad `kiprosSobilisadmi~ ewodeba. simReram fragmentu-
lad moaRwia Cvenamde. dakargulia misi dasawyisi da bolo striqonebi, magram, mi-
uxedavad amisa, mkiTxvels naTlad warmoudgeba afroditesadmi miZRvnili reli-
giuri ritualis suraTi. sapfo am simReraSi maRali poeturi ostatobiT iduma-
lebiT moculi religiuri ritualis monawiled gvxdis. igi mis rCeul RvTaebas
evedreba, daeSvas kretis wminda taZarTan, sadac unda aRsruldes misdami miZR-
vnili rituali. gazafxuli iyo afrodites dro, kretaze marTlac yofila am
RvTaebis pativsacemad agebuli originaluri taZari. amdenad, sapfom zustad
amoirCia dro da adgili. igi gulisxmobda, rom swored es dro da es adgili yve-
laze metad iqneboda sasurveli misi RvTaebisaTvis, romlis molodinSic yvela
da yvelaferi garindebula. berZenTa warmodgeniT, RmerTebis yofna religiur
dResaswaulze udidesi bednierebis mimniWebeli iyo. sapfo ufro Sors midis, igi
ara marto zeimze daswrebas sTxovs afrodites, aramed monawileobasac. mas surs
`damaTrobeli sixalisiT ganzavebuli tkbili neqtari~ (RvTaebaTa sasmeli) swo-
red kiprosSobilma Camoasxas oqros TasebSi. sapfo darwmunebulia, rom asec iq-
neba, rameTu sjera RvTaebasTan siaxlovisa.
aseve ixsneba distancia sapfosa da `SoriT wasul~ megobar qalwuls Soris,
rodesac poeti Tavisi grZnobebis warmosaxvas cdilobs. megobrebTan damokide-
bulebaSi gansakuTrebuli simZafriTa da simaxviliT vlindeba poeti qalis pira-
di grZnobebi da emociebi. misi poeturi samyaro mokvdavTa da ukvdavTa siyvaru-
liT miRweul harmoniaSia da yoveli darRveva am harmoniulobisa gardacvalebis
tolfasia. swored am samyaroSi aRiqvams sapfo, rom Soreuli anaqtorias xilviT
gamowveuli mSvenierebis grZnoba misTvis aRemateba `lidiis oqros etlebisa da
abjarasxmuli meomrebis mSvenierebas~ (fr.16), rom mas aRelvebs megobari qalwu-
lis kabis Srialic (fr.22), rom sayvareli arsebis xilva masSi sikvdilis gancdas
82 sapfo

iwvevs (fr.31). es simRera emociuri poeziis Seudarebeli nimuSia. masSi poeti ada-
mianur vnebaTa gadmocemis umaRles xelovnebas aRwevs.
sapfosTvis RvTaebaTa Tanasworad moCans is kaci, romelic saTayvano arsebas-
Tan zis axlos da sulganabuli ismens mis saubars, sicils. simRera iwyeba sityviT
`Cans~ (`faivnetai~), rac gulisxmobs marto poetis damokidebulebas imisadmi, vinc
netarebiT emsgavseba RmerTebs, rameTu flobs udides bednierebas. es RvTaebrivi
wamebi (sayvareli adamianis xilva, masTan siaxlove) sapfoSi iwvevs umZafres emo-
ciebs:
`RmerTebis xvedris meCveneba Tanaziari
kaci, romelic Sens winare zis mdumarebiT
da gismens tkbilad mosaubres, saamod mcinars
sulganabuli.
me ki sxva grZnoba meufleba: odes gixilav,
Tund wamieri iyos Seni gamocxadeba,
mRelvarebisgan amovardnas iswrafvis guli
da gaognebuls
Zali ar Semwevs xma gaviRo Senda saTqmelad.
Tavbru mexveva, mwveli ali sxeuls damivlis,
TvalTagan Cini mekargeba, sasmenelTagan
merTmeva smena,
oflad viRvrebi, TrTola mitans, gonebas vkargav,
balaxze ufro mwvane feri saxed medeba,
mciredi xanic da usulod Cavikecebi,
mgonia, mkvdari.
magram yvelafris damTmenia sabralo suli...~
(str. 31)
`mgonia~ (`faivnom j~ str.16) aris pasuxi simReris dasawyisSi warmodgenili sity-
visa `Cans~ (`faivnetai~ str.1). aq xazgasmulia gansxvaveba viRac kacisa da poetis
grZnobebs Soris. orive gancda warmosaxviTia, sapfosmieria. aseTi warmosaxva ki-
dev ufro afaqizebs, ufro daxvewils xdis sapfos `lirikul mes~, romelic sru-
lyofilebisaken iswrafvis. aseT viTarebaSi xdeba swored tradiciuli proble-
mis axleburad warmosaxva; es ki miT ufro sainteresoa, rac ufro metia saxeebiT
azrovnebisaken ltolva.
saxeobrioba: miuxedavad imisa, rom sapfos poeziaSi aisaxa wmindad qaluri
idealebi, da rom es poezia saukeTeso nimuSad iqca platonis mier `saxelmwifo-
Si~ poeti qalisadmi gankuTvnili rolisa, mainc SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sapfom sxva
poetebTan SedarebiT (vgulisxmobT rogorc qal, aseve mamakac poetebs) gacile-
biT ukeT igrZno da gamoxata is zogadi da amaRlebuli, ramac igi, rogorc poe-
ti, gaiyvana Tavisi polisis, garkveuli epoqisa da garkveuli politikuri movle-
nebiT Semofargluli sazRvrebidan da aziara yvelaze ufro universalursa da
globalurs, rac ar iyo arc droiTa da arc ama Tu im epoqis politikuri Tu sa-
xelmwifoebrivi interesebiT gansazRvruli. am SemTxvevaSi vgulisxmobT sapfos
msoflaRqmis im momentebs, romelTa axlebur interpretaciasa da poetur saxee-
bad warmodgenasac gvTavazobda poeti.
upirveles yovlisa, yuradRebas iqcevs bednierebis gancdis sapfoseuli xati.
am SemTxvevaSi metad saintereso garemoebas unda SevexoT: erTi mxriv, ramdenad
prozaulia sapfo, rodesac Cveulebrivad gamoTqvams Tavis azrs bednierebis
tradiciul gagebaze:
`mxolod simdidre, Tu Rirseba mas Tan ar axlavs,
ukeTuria, Tumca erTurTs Serwymuli oriv
bednierebis mwvervaliviT mogevlineba~
(148)
sapfo 83

e.i. sapfos azriT, cxovrebiseuli bedniereba simdidrisa da Rirsebis (siqve-

lis) SerwymiT miiRweva.
meore mxriv, gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs is faqti, rom calkeul fragmen-
tebSi sapfo mravalgzis migvaniSnebs im fenomenTa Sesaxeb, romelTa erTad Tav-
moyra da gaazreba warmodgenas gviqmnis maradiuli bednierebis miseul gagebaze.
am TvalsazrisiT yuradRebas ipyrobs erTi fragmenti, romlis bolo striqonebi
ase ikiTxeba:
`me veswrafvi uaRresobas,
es brwyinvaleba da mSveniereba
mzis siyvarulma marguna wilad~
(58, str. 25-26)
simReram fragmentulad moaRwia Cvenamde. Cans, sapfo miTologiuri saxeebis
moSveliebiT cdilobda Camoeyalibebina maradiuli bednierebis arsi. am simRera-
Si moTxrobili iyo ganTiadis RmerTqal eosis sasiyvarulo Tavgadasavali. mas
Seuyvarda mokvdavi tiTonosi da radganac surda misi bedniereba usasrulod
gagrZelebuliyo, zevss Seevedra, tiTonosisTvis ukvdaveba mieniWebina, magram
daaviwyda eTxova mudmivi axalgazrdobis SenarCunebac misTvis. gaiara drom, ti-
Tonosi daberda, dauZlurda, eosma gadaiyvara igi da miatova. am SemTxvevaSi mi-
Tologiuri saxeebi mxolod saSualebaa sapfosTvis, gadmosces sakuTari azrebi.
maTi moSveliebiT poeti cdilobs gamoxatos Tavisi damokidebuleba warmavali
da maradiuli mSvenierebisadmi. warmavali mSvenierebisadmi ltolva droebiTi
bednierebis momgvrelia, maradiuli mSvenierebisadmi ki _ samaradJamo.
sapfos azriT, adamiani maradiul bednierebas eziareba, Tuki igi Tavisi cxov-
rebiseuli gziT miiswrafvis uaRresobisadmi, ukvdavebisadmi, RvTaebriobisadmi,
lamazi da naTeli cxovrebisadmi. yovelive es ki moiazreba raRac uzenaesi `mzis
siyvarulis~ farglebSi.
poetur xatad Sevida mTels antikurobaSi sapfosTan pirvelad dadasturebu-
li gamoTqma `mSvenierisa~ (`kavlo"~) da `kargis~ (`ajgaqov"~) SeerTebiT miRebul
srulyofilebaze, romelic Semdgom gamoixata terminiT „kalokagaTia~. sapfos-
Tvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo fiqri adamianur srulyofilebaze, sulis mSveniereba-
ze, ramdenadac es ukavSirdeboda amaRlebasa da RvTaebasTan ziarebas:
`vinc lamazia, garegani Tvisi ieriT gvxiblavs mxolod,
vinc keTilia suliT, umal mSvenieric mogveCveneba~
(50)
am fragmentSi sapfo berZnul literaturaSi pirvelad gamoTqvams azrs sulis
mSvenierebis Sesaxeb. a. leskis samarTliani SeniSvniT, berZnul literaturasa da
filosofiaSi metad gavrcelebuli `kalokajgaqiva~-s problema swored sapfos poe-
ziidan iRebs dasabams.1
axal sityvas ambobs sapfo berZnul poeziaSi, rodesac gamoTqvams Tavis azrs
mSvenierebis Sesaxeb. misi azriT, mSveniereba aris ara obieqturi realoba, aramed
subieqturi cneba. simReraSi, romlis pirobiTi saxelwodebaa `anaqtoriasadmi~
(fr.16), sapfo garkveviT aRniSnavs, rom umSvenieresi aris is, vinc (an rac) adamians
uyvars. poeti am azris naTelsayofad iSveliebs miTologiur saxes, gvagonebs
ulamazes elenes, romelmac siyvarulis gamo daTmo ojaxi, meuRlis mefuri sare-
celi, Svilebi. poetis azriT, mSvenieria siyvaruli, rameTu misi grZnobadi sawyi-
si aris RvTaebrivi. am miTologiuri saxis moSveliebiT sapfo gvarwmunebs, rom
misTvis Soreuli anaqtorias xilva ufro mniSvnelovania, `vidre lidiis oqros
etlebis an abjarasxmul meomarTa mSveniereba~.

1
A. Lesky, Geschichfe der griechischen Literatur, München, 1971, 176.
84 sapfo

sapfos poeturi saxeebiT azrovnebis erT-erTi brwyinvale nimuSia fr.96-Si

warmodgenili suraTi. aq poeti cdilobs warmoaCinos misi megobari qalwulis
mSveniereba da uaRresoba. igi martivi Sedarebidan gadadis rTulSi, bunebis er-
Ti movlenis mSvenierebis aRweridan meoreSi, Semdeg kidev sxvaSi da mkiTxvelis
Tvalwin iSleba araCveulebrivi panorama mimwuxrisa:
`sardeSi xSirad Cvenze fiqri aiyoliebs
da axsendeba is dro, odes erTad viyaviT,
Sen gaRmerTebda, Seni xmieri
simRerebiT ixibleboda,
axla anaTebs lidieli qalebis dasSi,
rogorc mTovare, vardisferTiTa,
mzis Casvlis Semdeg rom gakrTeba cis kabadonze.
yvela varskvlavis damCrdilavi ucxo mSvenebiT,
romlis naTeli sxivi aRavsebs
marilian zRvas, yvavilebiT mofenil mdelos,
sadac lamazad ebneva nami
vardebs, nairfer ZiZoebs da saTuT samyurebs.
daexeteba mimwuxrisas igi mowyeniT,
ros siyvaruliT igonebs atTiss
misi saTuTi, mwuxarebiT aRsavse suli.
modio CemTan! _ mas mouxmobs xmamaRla igi,
Tumc mSfoTvare zRvis sxva napiridan
aravis esmis Soreuli Zaxili misi.
(96)
sxvagvari suraTia daxatuli fr.2-Si, sadac sapfo warmogvidgens afrodite-
sadmi miZRvnil religiur rituals. poeti aRwers molodins, mdumarebas, amitom
mimarTavs iseT poetur saxeebs, romlebic am mdumarebis idumalebas SegvagrZno-
bineben. ase magaliTad, sapfo mouxmobs RvTaebas wminda taZarTan, sadac vaSlis
xeTa didebuli xeivania `da surnelovan sakmevelTa boliT mosili sakurTxevle-
bi~. am poetur saxes irealur samyaroSi gadavyavarT. poetis warmosaxva kidev uf-
ro mZafrdeba, irealuri misTvis realuri xdeba: `aTrTolebuli foTlebidan
moiTenTeba mdumare Tvlema~, _ ambobs igi da aravis epareba eWvi imaSi, rom mar-
Tlac am wminda taZarTan daeSveba kiprosSobili:
`cidan iswrafe, kretis wminda taZarTan modi,
aq vaSlis xeTa didebuli xeivania
da surnelovan sakmevelTa boliT mosili
sakurTxevlebi.
wvimis wveTebi xmauroben xeTa rtoebSi,
velad balaxebs efineba vardebis Crdili,
aTrTolebuli foTlebidan moiTenTeba
mdumare Tvlema.
mimobneulan saZovrebiT mdidar mindorze
axlad mosuli yvavilebi da saamuri
niavi arxevs iakinTebs wminda baRebis
wyaroTa CrdilSi.
kiprosSobilo, gvirgvinebiT damSvenebuli
modi am velze da aRavse oqros Tasebi
damaTrobeli sixalisiT ganzavebuli
tkbili neqtariT.~
(2)
sapfo 85

sapfo misTvis mniSvnelovan movlenebs aRwerda ara rogorc maT miRma myofi
damkvirvebeli, aramed rogorc maTi uSualo ganmcdeli. dResaswaulis idumale-
ba da silamaze poetis religiur xilvaSi gacnobierda ara marto Tavisi ideiT,
aramed xatovan-grZnobadi formiTac. miTi am SemTxvevaSi poetisaTvis iqca ara
marto religiuri, aramed religiur-esTetiuri fenomenis gamoxatvis saSuale-
bad. es Tavisebureba sapfos SemoqmedebiTi manerisa, rac TavisTavad misi poetu-
ri azrovnebiT aris ganpirobebuli, Tavs iCens mTels mis SemoqmedebaSi, gansakuT-
rebiT mis Trenebsa da epiTalamiebSi, romlebic, rogorc cnobilia, sakulto
RvTismsaxurebaTa dros imRerebodnen.
enobrivi organizacia. sapfos poeturi modelis Sinagani donis gansazRvri-
saTvis saintereso Sedegebs iZleva misi Semoqmedebis analizi enobrivi organiza-
ciis TvalsazrisiT. am SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs sapfos Cvenamde moRweul
fragmentTa kvleva im sityvebisa da sityvaTSeTanxmebebis xmarebis sixSiris mixed-
viT, romelnic gviCveneben, Tu ra sagnebi da ra cnebebi iyo poetisaTvis yvelaze
mniSvnelovani, rogori maxasiaTeblebiT aRiqvamda igi maT da ra mimarTebebs amya-
rebda maTTan. es sakiTxi vrclad gvaqvs ganxiluli Cvens monografiaSi `sapfos
poeturi samyaro~ (gv. 144-155), romlis daskvnebic aseTia:
I. sapfos poeturi samyaro cnebaTa xasiaTis mixedviT grZnobadia. masSi aisaxa
adamianuri gancdebi da emociebi. bunebis mSveniereba, yovelive is, rac maradiu-
li da gardauvalia;
II. imis mixedviT, Tu rogori maxasiaTeblebiT aRiqvams sapfo samyaros da, Tu am
maxasiaTeblebs pirobiTad sam jgufad davyofT (dadebiTi, neitraluri, uaryo-
fiTi), davinaxavT, rom masTan dadebiT maxasiaTebelTa mniSvnelovani upiratesoba
SeiniSneba;
III. sapfosTan yvelaze xSirad xmarebuli zmnebia, romelTa mniSvneloba `siyva-
rulis~, `sixarulis~, `ltolvis~, `survilis~ da a.S. gagebas Seicaven;
IV. yvelaze xSirad xmarebuli sityvebi, romlebic sapfos Semoqmedebis gasage-
bad umniSvnelovanes konteqstebs qmnian, grZnobad niuansebs atareben;
V. yvelaze xSirad sapfo mimarTavs im miTologiur siuJetebsa da saxeebs, rom-
lebic mSvenierebisa da siyvarulis samyaros ukavSirdebian.
epoqis grZnoba. is, rom sapfos poezias mimarTebis mravali xazi akavSirebs Ta-
visi epoqis, anu arqaikis xelovnebasTan, mkvlevarTa Soris eWvs aRar iwvevs. es mi-
marTebebi or jgufad SeiZleba daiyos: 1. mimarTebebi, romlebic damaxasiaTebe-
lia saerTod arqauli epoqis berZnuli xelovnebisa da literaturisaTvis. am
SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs pirovnuli interesis wina planze wamoweva, rac
socialur struqturaSi momxdarma cvlilebebma da polisis cxovrebaSi pirovne-
bis aqtiurma CarTvam ganapiroba. am procesma geometriuli epoqis sqematizmis
arqauli stiliT Secvla gamoiwvia. 2. mimarTebebi, romlebic met-naklebad indi-
vidualuri iyo da ama Tu im poetis calsaxa kavSirze migvaniSnebda xelovnebis
saerTo stilTan. am SemTxvevaSi Cven vgulisxmobT ara srul individualobas,
aramed garkveul, erTi epoqis mxatvruli xedvisTvis damaxasiaTebel principTa
realizaciis procesSi ama Tu im poetis mier gamovlenil Taviseburebebs.
sapfos simReraTa kompoziciaSi gamovlenilia e.w. `triaduli principi~, rome-
lic Tavs iCens rogorc garegan, aseve Sinagan kompoziciebSi. am SemTxvevaSi sul
erTia ras vexebiT _ iqneba es wminda kompoziciuri principi, motivTa ganawilebis
principi, moqmedebis droSi ganawileba, mxatvruli saxis gadmocema Tu sxva, yvel-
gan vlindeba poetis gaucnobierebeli swrafva, miaRwios mTlianobas, rogorc
wesi, sami elementis erTobliobiT. Tumca mTlianoba TavisTavad pirobiTi cnebaa.
imis mixedviT, Tu ra TvalsariziT ganvixilavT sapfos simRerebs, mTliani SeiZ-
leba iyos mTeli leqsi, an am leqsis calkeuli poeturi saxe, Sesabamisad, erTi
mTlianoba SeiZleba Seadgendes sxva triadis nawils, magram, Tavis mxriv, erTi
86 sapfo

srulyofili triada SeiZleba warmoadgendes sami triaduli mTlianobis er-

Tobliobas da a.S. Cven vfiqrobT, rom am SemTxvevaSi sapfos poeturi xedva gar-
kveuli TvalsazrisiT ukavSirdeba misive epoqis xelovnebas. arqauli berZnuli
xelovneba geometriulisgan gansxvavebiT, xasiaTdeba monumentur formaTa rRve-
viT, rac iwvevs tradiciul kompoziciur formaTa rRvevas. arqaulma xelovnebam
geometriuli epoqidan memkvidreobiT miiRo midrekileba simetriulobisa da
sistematizaciisaken. amasTanave gaTavisuflda ra monumenturobisagan, daiwyo
swrafva samelementovani kompoziciebisaken. es yvelaze naTlad gamoixata im epo-
qis arqiteqturasa da qandakebaSi, agreTve keramikaSi.
sapfos simReraTa kompoziciaSi gamovlenili e.w. triaduli principi warmo-
adgens erTgvar eqvivalents arqaul xelovnebaSi dadasturebuli swrafvisa same-
lementovani kompoziciebisaken. Cven vfiqrobT, rom epoqis kompoziciuri xedva
miT ufro mZafrad iCens Tavs ama Tu im poetis SemoqmedebaSi, rac ufro didia xe-
lovani da rac ufro organulad aris dakavSirebuli misi Semoqmedeba epoqis es-
Tetikur principebTan.
sapfom sxva poetebTan SedarebiT (vgulisxmobT rogorc qal, aseve mamakac poe-
tebs) yvelaze ukeT igrZno Tavisi epoqis suli, garegnulad yvelaze ufro ordi-
nalurSi, CveulebrivSi, yoveldRiurSi dainaxa is mSvenieri da amaRlebuli, ra-
mac misi, rogorc poetis, Tavisi polisis, garkveuli epoqis, garkveuli politi-
kuri movlenebiT Semofargluli sazRvrebidan gayvana da yvelaze ufro globa-
lurTan ziareba SeZlo.
garda amisa, sapfos poeziaSi mTeli srulyofilebiT gamovlinda is, rasac
SegviZlia vuwodoT qaluroba am sityvis yvelaze ufro specifiuri, magram maRa-
li gagebiT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ar aris sapfos arcerTi leqsi, fragmentic ki,
romlis miRma ar Candes qali, misi samyaro. es samyaro danaxulia Tavisi yvelaze
ufro niSandoblivi sakralurobiT. Tumca poeti axerxebs am qaluri xedvis gan-
zogadebas yvelaze ufro maRali poeziis donemde. es samyaro Tavisi zogadsaka-
cobrio mniSvnelobiT xSirad aramc Tu utoldeba mamakacTa TvaliT aRqmul kos-
moss, aramed ufro Rrma da mniSvnelovanic ki aris. yovelive es SeiZleba Sevafa-
soT ara marto rogorc individualuri poetis damsaxureba, aramed rogorc sa-
ocrad warmatebuli cda qalis TviTgamoxatvisa poeziaSi. amas Sedegad mohyva
zogadad Semoqmedi qalis poeturi modelis Seqmna, romelic esoden did kvals
daamCnevs Semdgomi poeziis, upirveles yovlisa ki qalTa poeziis ganviTarebas.

lirika: himnebi, epiTalamiebi, propemptikonebi,

megobari qalwulebisadmi miZRvnili simRerebi.
anakreoni 87

anakreoni
(Zv.w. VI s-is bolo)

Zveli berZnuli monodiuri lirikis mesame didi warmomadgeneli, anakreoni

(Zv.w. VI saukunis miwuruli), sapfosa da alkeosze umcrosi iyo. am teoseli poetis
SemoqmedebaSi aRar Cans is siaxlove xalxur poeziasTan, romelic Tavisebur
xibls sZenda lesbosur lirikas. samagierod misi simRerebi msmenels Tavisi unaR-
vlo da xalisiani ganwyobilebebiT izidavda. amgvarma poeturma niWma mas tiran-
Ta sasaxleebisaken gauxsna gza, ris gamoc igi istoriaSi samudamod karis poetad
darCa.
anakreonis dabadebis TariRad Zv.w. 570 wels varaudoben, Tumca zogierT
mkvlevars miaCnia, rom poeti ufro adre, Zv.w. 593 wels unda dabadebuliyo. man
axalgazrdul asakSi datova sparselTagan Seviwroebuli mSobliuri qalaqi, io-
niis teosi da mraval TanamemamulesTan erTad gadasxlda Trakiul abderaSi. es
qalaqi imxanad teosis kolonia iyo. aravin icis, ramden xans dahyo poetma iq, an
rogor moxvda samosis tiranis, polikratesis karze, romelic saqveynod iyo cno-
bili Tavisi simdidriTa da mecenaturi midrekilebebiT. polikratesis sasaxleSi
anakreoni didi pativiT sargeblobda. aq igi mowme gaxda Tavisi mfarvelis, ubed-
nieresi adamianis usaSinlesi aRsasrulis.1 male igi aTenSi miiwvia polikratesis
Ze hiparqosma. am did qalaqSic gansakuTrebuli siyvaruli daimsaxura mxiarulma
poetma, Tumca Zv.w. 514 wels mokles hiparqosic. amjerad anakreoni TesaliaSi ga-
dasaxlebula da alevadebis karisTvis Seufarebia Tavi. poets Rrma siberemde
ucocxlia, gardacvlila 85 wlis asakSi abderaSi, an Tavisive mSobliur qalaq
teosSi.
Zv.w. III saukuneSi aleqsandrielma swavlulebma anakreonis simRerebi 5 wignad
gamosces. aqedan sami sasimRero lirikas eTmoboda, erTSi iamburi sazomiT gamar-
Tuli leqsebi iyo warmodgenili, erTSic _ elegiebi. Zveli wyaroebi mas himnebisa
da parTeniebis avtoradac moixsenieben. maTgan Cvenamde asamde fragmentia Semor-
Cenili, romelTa gaTvaliswinebiTac SeiZleba iTqvas, rom anakreonisaTvis ucxo
iyo moqalaqeobrivi paTosi, rac esoden mniSvnelovani Canda alkeosisa Tu arqi-
loqosisaTvis. anakreonma sxva gza irCia _ udardeli cxovreba tiranTa karze, ra-
mac Tavisi kvali dasdo mis poezias. man antikuri xanidanve daimkvidra unaRvlo
darbazobaTa mexotbis saxeli.
anakreonis Semoqmedebas or periodad hyofen mkvlevarni. poetis adreuli pe-
riodis leqsebSi aisaxa teoselTa gasaWiri:

1
polikratesze saintereso cnobebs gvawvdis istoriografosi herodotosi. Sdr. III, 39 Smd.
88 anakreoni

`aha, vixile me tanjuli samSoblo Cemi...~1

(187/56)
vkiTxulobT erT-erT fragmentSi da vfiqrobT, es misi teosidan gaZevebis am-
saxveli sityvebi unda iyos. sxva fragmentSi igi brZolaSi daRupul megobars um-
Reris:
`mamacTa Soris upirveless dagtiri Sena,
aristoklides...
sul axalgazrda Seewire mamulis daxsnas...~
(75/90)
msgavsi ganwyobilebiT aris dawerili abderisaTvis brZolaSi daRupuli aga-
Tonisadmi miZRvnili simRerac:
`ros agaToni daiRupa abderisaTvis,
koconTan myofi qviTinebda mTeli qalaqi,
axalgazrdebSi arvin iyo badali misi,
brZolis qarcecxlSi daRupuli aresis mier.~
(191/100)
da mainc, anakreonis sulieri ganwyobilebani ufro im simRerebSia asaxuli,
romlebic sixaruls, Rvinos, siyvaruls da sxva bednier gancdebs warmosaxaven.
aki Tavadac aRniSnavda:
`ar miyvars kaci nadimisas, roca krateriT
Rvinos svams, cxarobs da brZolebze
cremlisRvriT yveba,
aramed vinac muzebsa da lamaz saCuqars
afroditesas gamaxsenebs amod momlxeni...~
(56/96)
albaT ase fiqrobda anakreoni: mebrZolma unda iomos, xolo monadimem unda
moilxinos da muzebisa da afrodites mSvenieri ZRveniT iamos. umTavresi Tema te-
oseli poetis Cvenamde moRweuli fragmentebisa Rvino da siyvarulia. anakreoni
erTnairad etrfoda qalebsac da kacebsac da amaSi araferi iyo miuRebeli misi
drois adamianebisaTvis:
`yrmao, Sena gaqvs gamoxedva nazi qalwulis,
dageZeb,
Sen ki dagixSvia Cemdamo smena,
Tumca arc ici,
viT marTav Cems suls"
(15)
karis poetma anakreonma kargad icoda, ras iTxovda misgan msmeneli, amitom sav-
sebiT piruTvneli iyo sakuTari Semoqmedebis Sefasebisas:
`Cemi sityvebis gamo unda vuyvarde ymawvilT,
radgan saamo saqmeebze saamod vmReri~
(32; 57 (C))
es sityvebi TiTqmis emTxveva aTeneli poetis, kritiasis sityvebs, romlebiTac
man anakreoni Seafasa: `is tkbili iyo da udardeli~ (aTeneosi, 600 d, fr. 7 bgk).
anakreons, rogorc misi poeziidan Cans, mTeli cxovrebis manZilze viRac uy-
varda, magram es siyvaruli mas ar Trgunavda:

1
anakreonis simReraTa Targmanebs warmovadgenT Semdegi gamocemis mixedviT: anakreoni, anak-
reontea. lirika. Targmani, Sesavali werili da komentarebi Tamar kalatozisa, Tbilisi, 1988.
anakreoni 89

`miyvars da TiTqos arc miyvars kidec,

xeli var... TiTqos arca var xeli~.
(46/79)
poeti TiTqos eTamaSeboda eross, masTan erTad xarobda da eZleoda netare-
bas. mas mudam moswonda sakuTari Tavis Seyvarebul kacad warmosaxva. miaRwia ra
Rrma siberemde, cxovrebis xalisi arasodes daukargavs, radganac mudam satrfia-
lo TavgadasavalTa ZiebaSi iyo. es grZnoba mas ki ar awamebda sxva SeyvarebulTa
msgavsad, aramed sicocxlis xaliss hmatebda da arc imas Takilobda, ironiiT
aRewera Tavisi warumateblobani:
`me erTxel burTi mewamuli feris mesrola
oqrosTmianma
erosma da kvlav saTamaSod,
Wrelsandlebian gogonasTan cekvad gamixmo.
magram qalwulma,
am mdidari lesbosis Svilma,
Cems WaRara Tmebs gadaxeda dacinvis TvaliT
da merme sxvisken mitrialda da gauRima~.
(5; 13)
anakreonis simRerebi momcro zomisani arian. maTSi ar aris vrceli saubari
siyvaruliT gamowveul gancdebze. poeti ubralod afiqsirebs calkeul moments
gulwrfeli, Tumca reliefuri poeturi saxiT, xSirad originaluri dasasru-
liT, rac mis leqss gansakuTrebulad STambeWdavs xdis:
`da damcxo uro,
viT mWedelma erosma kvlavac
da gadamagdo
mTis gamyinav nakadSi uceb~.
(25)
siyvarulis Tema sxvadasxva variaciiT ikiTxeba teoseli poetis Cvenamde moR-
weul fragmentTa umetesobaSi. ai, anakreoni `msubuqi frTebiT~ mifrinavs erosi-
saken, raTa Tavisi sadardeli gauziaros:
`msubuqi frTebiT olimposken mivfrinav maRla erosisaTvis,
radgan aRar surs ymawvils CemTan drois tareba,
Cems WaRara wvers gadmoxeda damcinav mzeriT
da oqrocurvil frTaTa qrolviT gafrinda igi."
(52)
gamoucdel qalwuls poeti warmoidgens Trakiul kvicad, romelic Tavisuf-
lad danavardobs. anakreons surs, swored mas uCvenos Tavisi satrfialo xelov-
nebis Zala:
`o, Trakiulo kvico, mapyrob almacer mzeras,
Seubraleblad gamirbixar, arad Tvli codnas,
Tumc danavardob Tavisuflad, me ki Sen mainc
amogdeb aRvirs da samanebs SemogaWeneb...
jer ki mindvrad sZov, msubuqad da Smagad TamaSob
ar giwvnevia jer mxedvnelis marjvenis Zala.~
(78)
siyvarulis Temas anakreonis poeziaSi xSirad Tan axlavs RviniT SemTvrali
poetis gznebac. sanadimo simRerebi iseve mravlad gvxvdeba Cvenamde moRweul
fragmentebSi, rogorc satrfialo simRerebi. Rvinis wyalobiT anakreons surs
SeebrZolos eross:
90 anakreoni

`momitane vaJo wyali, Rvino,

yvavilebic momitane Cqara,
gvirgvinebiT msurs movirTo Tavi
da xeldaxel SevebrZolo eross."
(38)
poets sulac ar xiblavs Rreoba da Cxubi, mas moridebiT surs xotba uZRvnas
baxuss. unda aRiniSnos, rom anakreonis sufruli simRerebi sxva antikuri skoli-
onebisagan erTi arsebiTi TvisebiT gansxvavdeba: misi siyvaruli, Troba da Tavda-
viwyeba zomierad esadageba erTmaneTs. zomierebis grZnoba Trobis drosac ar
tovebs poets:
`mwyurvali var, surnelovan RviniT
azarfeSa momawode, yrmao,
Seurie aTi wili wyali
martooden xuT fiala Rvinos,
minda Sevsva ase mSvidad, wynarad,
moridebiT xotba vuZRvna baxuss.
***
vinadimoT, maS, amivse Tasi,
me ar miyvars Rreoba da Cxubi,
rac Cvevad aqvT loTobisas skviTebs,
/me ki qveynad ras ar daviviwyeb/
oRond amo simReris dros masvi...~
(43; 11)
ubraloeba, sinaTle, STambeWdaoba _ anakreonis poeziis umTavresi Tvisebebia
mis Semoqmedebaze msjelobisas uTuod gasaTvaliswinebelia is, rom poets sakma-
od mravali konkurenti unda hyoloda: sasaxlis kari xom mraval momRerals aZ-
levda TavSesafars. amitom iq Sekedlebul poetTa moRvaweoba yoveldRiuri Se-
jibri iyo. es ki maT SemoqmedebiT xelovnebaze Taviseburad moqmedebda. zogi uZ-
lebda am konkurencias, zogic _ naadrevad tovebda asparezs. anakreonma Tavisi
maRalpoeturi ostatobiT, daxvewili teqnikiT, zustad mignebuli TematikiT ara
mxolod TanamedroveTa aRtaceba da siyvaruli daimsaxura, aramed mas mravali
mimbaZvelic gamouCnda.
ra Tqma unda, am teoseli poetis Semoqmedeba mxolod satrfialo da sufruli
TematikiT ar amoiwureboda. Cvenamde moRweul fragmentTa Soris aris nawyvete-
bi himnebidan, vxvdebiT elegiebs, epigramebsa da sxva piraduli xasiaTis gamonaT-
qvamebsac. ai, rogor ganicdida igi siberes:
`gavWaRaravdi...
gamiTeTrda Tmac ukve Tavze...
da momxiblavi siWabukec wavida, gaqra,
TiTqmis damcvivda kbilebi da
sicocxle tkbili
ar damrCa bevri.
amitomac vqviTineb mwared...
maSfoTebs Zlier tartarosi... radganac mRvime
sazarelia hadesisa... dausabamo,
sabediswero aris misken mimavali gzac...
da iq vinc erTxel CaeSveba, cxadia igi
kvlav verasodes ver ixilavs
sinaTles dRisas...~
(36)
anakreoni 91

ase rom, anakreonis simReraTa Tematika mravalferovani unda yofiliyo, mag-

ram Zvelma samyarom igi hedonist Semoqmedad _ siyvarulis, mxiarulebis, nadimTa
momReral poetad aRiara. didebulad Seafases misi poezia jer kidev uZveles sa-
ukuneebSi moRvawe moazrovneebma, maTgan saukeTesoa poet simonides keoselis
(Zv.w. 556-468 ww.) epitafia:
`muzaTa nebier poets teosma TavisTan uxmo _
did anakreons misca Tavis wiaRSi bina,
mis leqsSi erosic iyo... ismoda qaritTa xmebic,
tkbilad umRerda qnarze ymawvilkacebis trfobas;
aqerons STenili martod ganaRa imaze tiris,
rom veRar xedavs naTels leTes napirTan mjdari,
is Tavis mSvenier Wabuks, is Tavis megistes dardobs,
dardobs Trakiel smerdiss da im gardasul trfobas.
saamur simRerebs galobs, hadesSic ar kvdeba mkvdari,
miwisqveSeTSic ismis misi barbiTis xmebi.~1
rogorc aRvniSneT, anakreons Zvel samyaroSive mravali mimbaZveli gamouCnda.
misi gamonaTqvamebi da reminiscenciebi gvxvdeba evripidesTan (`hipolitosi~ 1274
da Smd; `bakqi qalebi~ 266 da Smd;), aristofanesTan (`aqarnelebi~ 848); amonari-
debs misi leqsebidan vxvdebiT strabonTan, plutarqosTan, elianusTan, lukianos-
Tan da sxva avtorebTan. anakreoni arc bizantielebs daviwyniaT, razec metyvele-
ben homerosis, hesiodes, esqiles Tu evripides sqolionebi; svidasa da hesiqiosis
leqsikonebi da sxva. anakreons gamosaxavdnen larnakebzec. britaneTis muzeumSi
inaxeba Zv.w. V saukunis kiliqsi, romelzec gamosaxulia poeti or ymawvilTan er-
Tad. Cvenamde Semoinaxa anakreonis marmarilos biusti warweriT.
imdenad didi iyo anakreonis popularoba, rom ucnobi poetebi simRerebs
Txzavdnen misi saxeliT, romelTagan elinisturi, gvianantikuri da bizantiuri
epoqis daaxloebiT 60 leqsisgan Sedgenilma krebulma moaRwia Cvenamde. igi war-
modgenilia e.w. `palatinis anTologiis~ damatebaSi `anakreonteas~ saxelwode-
biT. sxvadasxva mxatvruli Rirsebis mqone es leqsebi ZiriTadad anakreonis qmni-
lebaTa mixedviT arian Seqmnilni. mibaZvis survili mogvianebiT evropel poeteb-
sac gauCndaT. XVII_XIX saukuneebSi mravali leqsi Seiqmna `anakreonis~ mibaZviT,
literaturaTmcodneobaSi axali termini gaCnda `anakreontika~. zogi poeti ise
moeqca misi berZeni winamorbedis gavlenis qveS, rom e.w. `anakreonuli leqsebis~
mTeli krebulebic ki Seqmna.
anakreons saqarTveloSic icnobdnen. misi gavlena igrZnoba besikis poeziaSi,
ufro metad ki aleqsandre WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi. qarTveli romantikosi poe-
ti, Cans, Targmnida kidec leqsebs `anakreonteadan~ da Tavadac werda maTi mibaZ-
viT.

lirika: satrfialo simRerebi; sufruli simRerebi.

1
simonidesis am epigramis Targmani ekuTvnis m. RaribaSvils. ix: helikoni.
92 pindarosi

pindarosi
(daaxl. Zv.w. 518-438 ww.)

qorika Zveli berZnuli lirikis sxva saxeebTan SedarebiT yvelaze metad iyo
dakavSirebuli kultTan da religiur wesCveulebebTan. sagundo simRerebi
Tavisi folkloruli formiT, ra Tqma unda, uZvelesi saukuneebidan arsebobdnen,
Tumca maT droTa ganmavlobaSi sagrZnoblad icvales saxe. polisis epoqaSi himnma
sazogadoebrivi datvirTva miiRo: mas unda ganedidebina saxelmwifoebrivi
kultebi, rac Seqmnida polisis erTianobis safuZvels. amave epoqaSi gabatondnen
axali Janrebic, romlebic ZiriTadad adamianTa gandidebasa da xotbas emsaxure-
bodnen. gamoCndnen profesionali poetebi, romlebic werdnen simRerebs SekveTiT
da Sesabamis anazRaurebasac iRebdnen, Tumca amas xeli ar SeuSlia maTTvis Seeqm-
naT WeSmaritad poeturi qmnilebebi. aseT poetTa pleadas ganekuTvneba pin-
darosi, Zveli berZnuli qorikis ubrwyinvalesi warmomadgeneli. igi daibada Te-
bes maxloblad mdebare daba kinoskefaleSi Zv.w. 518 wels (sxva versiiT _522 w.).
misi Semoqmedebis dasawyisi periodi aRiniSneba metad mniSvnelovani istoriuli
movleniT _ es aris berZen-sparselTa omebis periodi. qserqsesis laSqrobis
dros pindarosi ukve saxelmoxveWili poeti iyo. igi Rebulobda SekveTebs Tesa-
lieli alevadebisagan (piT. X), aTeneli megaklesisgan (piT. VII), Tavad diadi sa-
berZneTis moasparezeebisganac (piT. VI da XII). magram, rogorc pindarosis qmnile-
baTa qronologiidan Cans, am periodisaTvis igi werda ufro metad RvTaebaTadmi
miZRvnil himnebs, vidre epinikiebs. rodesac delfo da Tebe sparseTs miemxrnen
(480 w.), pindarosma es movlena miiRo rogorc gonivruli aqti. magram saqme sxvag-
varadac datrialda: qserqsesi damarcxda (479 w.), xolo Tebem Zlivs daaRwia Tavi
`moRalatis~ samarcxvino saxels. yovelive es pindarosma mZafrad ganicada, rac
aisaxa kidec mis mier daaxloebiT am periodSi Seqmnil VIII isTmosur odaSi. sa-
zogadoebam, rogorc Cans, did poets apatia es gaugebroba. yovel SemTxvevaSi,
476 wels mas iwveven siciliaze hieron sirakuselisa da Teron akragaselis olim-
piur da piTiur gamarjvebaTa zeimze. sicilia am periodisTvis iTvleboda sa-
berZneTis politikur da kulturul centrad. aq Tavs iyridnen da Tavis ideebs
qadagebdnen im drois gamoCenili sazogado moRvaweebi, filosofosebi, Semo-
qmedni. pindarosis SemoqmedebaSi siciliuri periodi iTvleba misi poeturi aR-
mavlobis xanad. siciliuri ciklis odebi, rogorc pindarosis Semoqmedebis sau-
keTeso nimuSebi, epinikiaTa krebulis pirvel furclebze moaTavses aleqsan-
drielma swavlulebma.
Zv.w. 475 wlisaTvis pindarosi brundeba TebeSi. aq igi kvlavac agrZelebs ode-
bis weras sicilieli gamarjvebulebisaTvis. aRsaniSnavia kidev erTi faqti, rasac
pindarosis sulier samyaroSi mZime kvali unda daetovebina: hieron sirakuseli,
romelsac pindarosma ramdenime brwyinvale oda uZRvna, da romelmac 468 wels
pindarosi 93

moipova etliT srbolaSi didi xnis nanatri olimpiuri gamarjveba, odas ukve-
Tavs ara pindaross aramed bakqilidess (es oda Cvenamdec SemorCa). am faqtiT aR-
SoTebuli pindarosi wers sapasuxo simReras (piT.II), sadac iqsionis miTiT hiero-
nis umadurobaze mianiSnebs, xolo Tavis metoqe bakqilidess uwodebs maimuns. da
mainc miuxedavad amgvari marcxisa, siciliidan dabrunebis Semdeg pinda-
rosisaTvis dgeba warmatebebis xana (475-460 ww.). mis Semoqmedebas mTel sa-
berZneTSi aRiareben, igi iTvleba pirvel poetad (misi ufrosi TanamoRvawe si-
monides keoseli 468 wels gardaicvala, xolo umcrosi _ bakqilidesi erTob
TvalnaTliv CamorCeboda mas Tavisi xelovnebiT). pindarosis Cvenamde moRweuli
Semoqmedebis TiTqmis naxevari am periodiT TariRdeba. mas ukveTen odebs korin-
Tos, rodosis, argosis, kirenesa Tu eginas mkvidrni. miuxedavad am aRiarebisa,
pindarosisa da mis TayvanismcemelTa Soris mainc iCenda xolme Tavs garkveuli
gaugebroba. sagulisxmoa erTi faqti: 474 wels aTenma pindaross SeukveTa diTi-
rambosi, romelic ise brwyinvaled SeTxza poetma, rom Tanamemamule Tebelebma
mas cilad daswames samSoblos Ralati da daajarimes didZali TanxiT. es Tanxa
gadaixedes diTirambosiT moxiblulma aTenelebma. CvenTvis cnobilia sxva
SemTxvevac: delfos SekveTiT pindarosma SeTxza peani 6, sadac ganadidebda ra
apolons, augad moixseniebda mis miTologiur mters, eginel gmirs, eakid neop-
tolemoss. amis gamo Tavi Seuracxyofilad igrZnes eginelebma. pindarosi iZule-
buli gaxda SeeTxza axali oda specialurad eginelebisaTvis (nem. VII), sadac axle-
burad gadaamuSava miTi neoptolemosis Sesaxeb.
pindarosis bolo periodis odebSi SeigrZnoba erTgvari mowodeba Tanxmobisa
da simSvidisaken. aTensa da eginas Soris warmoSobil did ganxeTqilebebs (Zv.w.
458-457 ww.) mohyva eginas, xolo Semdeg Tebes Zalauflebis daqveiTeba. yovelive
es poets mZimed unda ganecada. am periodis odebSi pindarosTan sul ufro
xSirad iCens Tavs pesimisturi ganwyobileba. ase magaliTad, cnobil VIII piTiur
odas poeti ase asrulebs:
`Jamierebi: arsebobs vinme? Tu ar arsebobs?
aCrdilT zmaneba _ adamiani.
odes RmerTisgan naTlieri sxivi gadmova,
mxolod maSin eZleva mokvdavs
dRe naTeli da Jami tkbili...~
pindarosi gardaicvala daaxloebiT 438 wels. erT-erTi biografia (`svidas
leqsikoni~) ase aRwers misi gardacvalebis suraTs: ` gamoikiTxa ra RmerTebisagan, Tu
ra unda yofiliyo misTvis saukeTeso, gardaicvala TeatrSi... Tavisi sayvareli Teo-
qsenosis muxlebze damxobili~.
pindarosis saxeli gardacvalebis Semdeg legendebiT Seimosa. ra Tqma unda,
mas hyavda Rirseuli damfaseblebi. maT Soris didi aleqsandre. poetis cxovre-
bis aRwerilobidan cnobilia aseTi faqti: rodesac aleqsandre makedonelma Zv.w.
335 wels Tebe daarbia, brZaneba gasca, xeli ar exloT pindarosis saxlisTvis.
pavsaniasi (IX, 23) gviambobs, Tu rogor uxilavT berZnebs tyeSi pani, romelic pin-
darosis simRerebs mReroda. iqve mogviTxrobs pavsaniasi imis Sesaxebac, Tu
rogor SeukveTa pindaross Sesandobari simRera Tavad persefonem. am legendebis
gverdiT mogvepoveba aTeneosis gadmocemac (1, 3 a da XIV, 638 a ) imis Taobaze, Tu
rogor Tvlida aTenis sazogadoeba pindarosis simRerebs ukve Jamgardasulad.
da es savsebiT bunebrivia: ramdenadac didi iyo pindarosis saxeli poetis
Tanamedrove samyaroSi, miT ufro rTuldeboda misi poeziis didebulebis
SegrZneba Semdgomi drois mkiTxvelebisaTvis. im mizezTagan, romelnic am movle-
nas naTels mohfenen, gamovyofdiT sam umTavress, romelTa codnac gzas gag-
vixsnida am WeSmaritad amaRlebuli poeziis gasagebad: 1. pindarosis cxovrebis
aRwerilobidan cnobilia, rom misi poeturi Semoqmedeba metad mravalferovani
94 pindarosi

yofila. pindarosis qmnilebaTa ricxvi oTxi aTass aRwevda. es iyo himnebi, peanebi,
diTirambebi, prosodionebi, epinikiebi da sxva, romlebic 17 wignad gamouciaT
aleqsandriel swavlulebs.1 Cvenamde SedarebiT srulyofilad epinikiaTa oTxma
wignma moaRwia. epinikiebi anu `gamarjvebulTa sadideblebi~ eZRvneboda olim-
piur, piTiur, nemeur da isTmosur sportul sarbielebze gamarjvebulebs. da ai,
Tanamedrove mkiTxvelis bunebriv gaocebas iwvevs pirvelive Sexvedra Zveli ber-
Zeni poetis poeziis JanrTan: gulwrfelia ki Semoqmedi, romlisTvisac viRac
meetlis an mokrivis SemTxveviTi gamarjveba sportul sarbielze iqceva dide-
buli poeziis STagonebad?
am SemTxvevaSi unda gaviTvaliswinoT Zvel berZnul sportul asparezobaTa
arsi: asparezobas unda gamoevlina gamarjvebuli, is, viszec gadmodioda RvTae-
brivi madli, is, vinc RmerTebis rCeuli iyo. sportuli ostatoba gamarjvebulis
pirad Rirsebad miiCneoda, xolo RvTaebrivi madli mTel mis gvarsa da TanamoqalaqeT
efineboda. fantastiuri Tayvaniscema, romliTac ganmsWvalulni iyvnen saberZneTSi
sportul sarbielze gamarjvebulTa mimarT, aixsneba swored imiT, rom gamarjvebulSi
scnobdnen ara mxolod didebul ostats, aramed RmerTebis rCeuls. asparezobas unda
gamoevlina is, Tu romeli gvarisa Tu qalaqis mimarT gamoiCendnen mowyalebas RmerTebi,
romelTa keTilmodrekilebac iqneboda samaradiso. swored amitom pindarosis dros
berZnebi asparezobebze eSurebodnen imave grZnobiT, ra grZnobiTac miemarTebodnen
isini apolonis wminda qurumTan. gamarjvebuli aRiqmeboda mTeli gvarisa da qalaqis
didebad. igi sazeimo svliT brundeboda samSobloSi TanamoqalaqeTa TayvaniscemiTa da
sadidebeli simRerebiT naTelmosili.
2. gamarjvebulis sadidebeli es iyo misi gvarisa da samSoblos xotba. ganadidebda
ra gmirs, pindarosi Tavis odebSi uxvad sargeblobda mis modgmasa Tu qalaqTan da-
kavSirebuli istoriuli Tu legendaruli TematikiT, miTosiT, rac kargad iyo cno-
bili poetis TanamedroveTaTvis da ris codnac dRes specialuri ganaTlebis gareSe
SeuZlebelia. swored es aris meore mizezi imisa, rom Tanamedrove mkiTxveli ver
aRiqvams srulyofilad pindarosis poezias.
miTis gadmocema pindarosTan, eposisagan gansxvavebiT, ganpirobebulia miTis axali
funqciiT: Tu eposisaTvis miTis Txroba iyo mTavari da miTi masSi gadmoicemoda Tan-
mimdevrulad, ise, rom msmenels srulyofili STabeWdileba Sehqmnoda ambavTa mTel
jaWvze, lirikisaTvis miTi mniSvnelovani iyo mxolod konkretul movlenasTan da-
kavSirebiT. lirikos poets ainteresebda miTis ara yvela detali, aramed mxolod is,
romelic ama Tu im movlenis asociacias iwvevda. amitom aris pindarosis poezia dat-
virTuli mravalricxovani miTologiuri pasaJebiT, romlebic erTmaneTs enacvlebian

1
pindarosi moRvaweobda im periodSi, rodesac TxzulebaTa wignad gamocemis xelovneba jer
kidev ar iyo gavrcelebuli. misi odebi xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi inaxeboda msmenelTa
mexsierebaSi. werilobiTi teqstebi TiTo-TiTo egzemplaris saxiT moipoveboda taZrebSi,
saqalaqo arqivebsa Tu SemkveTTa ojaxebSi. savaraudoa, rom poetis qmnilebaTa Sekreba
daiwyo mxolod Zv.w. IV saukunidan, maSin rodesac ganviTarebas iwyebs mwignobruli xe-
lovneba. aristoteles mowafe qameleons (daaxl. Zv.w. 300w.) pindarosisaTvis miuZRvnia mTeli
Tavi Cvenamde mouRwevel TxzulebaSi Zveli poetebis Sesaxeb. am masalis safuZvelze Zv.w. III
saukuneSi aleqsandriel swavlulebs SeudgeniaT pindarosis TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli 17
wignad, dayofili Janrebis mixedviT. am gamocemidan unda momdinareobdes pindarosis odaTa
xelnawerebis orive cali _ `parizuli~ da `vatikanuri~, romelTa safuZvelzec XIX-XX saukuneebSi
SesaZlebeli gaxda pindarosis teqstis aRdgena. aleqsandriel swavlulebsave, aristofane bizantio-
nelisa da aristarqosis meTaurobiT, miewerebaT pindarosis teqstis komentarebic (Cvenamde maT ar
mouRweviaT). Zv.w. I saukuneSi am komentarebis safuZvelze cnobil gramatikoss, didimoss Seudgenia
vrceli kompilacia, romelic gamouyenebiaT gviani drois komentatorebs _ sqoliastebs. swored am
ukanasknelTa mier Sedgenili sqolionebi pindarosis teqstisa SemorCa Cvenamde. ramdenadac
sqolionebi SedarebiT gviani periodisaa, Secdomebisgan dazRveuli ar unda iyos. bevri cnoba eWvsac
iwvevs. magram maT mainc ar daukargavT Tavisi mniSvneloba. am sqolionebs xSirad mimarTaven
pindarosis teqstis Tanamedrove komentatorebic.
pindarosi 95

garkveuli asociaciuri TanamimdevrobiT. lirikuli struqtura msmenelis Tanamonawi-

leobas gulisxmobda. Tu epikosi poeti varaudobda, rom msmenelisaTvis ucnobi iyo esa
Tu is miTologiuri ambavi da amis gamo saWirod cnobda ambavTa mTeli Tanamimdev-
robiT gadmocemas, lirikosi poeti iTvaliswinebda, rom misi msmenelisaTvis es
ganvlili etapi iyo, rom sakmarisi iyo mxolod miniSneba da msmenelis cnobierebaSi
aRsdgeboda miTologiuri asociaciebis mTeli wyeba. ase rom, pindarosis poezia
naTelia mxolod im mkiTxvelisTvis, romelic ziarebulia Zvel berZnul
samyaros. TviT profesionali filologisTvisac ki Znelia pindarosis poeziis
srulyofili aRqma, rameTu ocdaxuTi saukuniT scildeba im samyaros, rodesac
moRvaweobda Tavisi drois es udidesi Semoqmedi.
3. ar unda daviviwyoT isic, rom pindarosi iyo ara marto poeti, aramed kompozi-
torica da Semsrulebelic. misi odebi, dawerili rTuli metruli kompoziciiT,
esadagebodnen garkveul musikalur xmovanebas, romelic TavisTavad Rrma emociur
datvirTvas atarebda. poezia, musika da saSemsruleblo xelovneba erTurTs Serwy-
muli, Zveli samyaros msmenelTa amaRlebasa da ganwmendas iwvevda. Cvenamde Semor-
Cenili mxolod poezia da isic rTulad gasagebi, Tanamedrove mkiTxvelSi, buneb-
rivia, am grZnobebs ver aRZravs, Tumca mis mxatvrul azrovnebaSi Rrma kvals tovebs.
pindarosi ukve dakanonebul qorikul samyaroSi gamoCnda mogvianebiT, rogorc
ucxo, rogorc aratradiciuli. igi movida beotiidan. es iyo mdidari mxare, magram Zv.w.
VII-VI saukuneebis kulturul cxovrebas ganridebuli. aq iyo lirikuli skola, magram
Zalian Caketili da arqauli. misi poetebi sargeblobdnen adgilobrivi dialeqtiT da
mimarTavdnen adgilobriv miTebs. sainteresoa, rom maT Soris iyvnen qalebic _ cnobi-
lia tanagreli korina, romelic kinaRam moxvda didi poetebis aleqsandriul kanonSi.
magram pindarosi ar yofila mSobliuri poeturi skolis tradiciebis gamgrZelebeli.
gadmocemis Tanaxmad, erT-erT poetur Sejibrze beotielebs korinasTvis miuniWebiaT
upiratesoba da ara pindarosisaTvis. mas tradiciuli kanonebis ugulebelyofas say-
vedurobdnen.
musikaluri ganaTleba pindarosma miiRo aTenSi, yvelaze mowinave mxatvrul tenden-
ciaTa axal centrSi, sadac jer kidev axsovdaT lasosisa da simonidesis saxelebi. ma-
gram pindarosi arc maT kvals gahyolia. legenda mas simonidesisa da bakqilidesis me-
toqedac warmoadgens. sagundo lirikis arsenalSi igi movida mza niadagze da Tavs
grZnobda mis ara kanonier memkvidred, aramed mimRebad, romelsac yvelaferi unda gar-
daeqmna da gardaesaxa. swored aqedan gamomdinareobda is mudmivi daZabuloba, is mud-
mivi mRelvareba, rac SeigrZnoba mis simRerebSi.
pindarosi moRvaweobda maSin, rodesac aristokratul wyobas, romlis ideebsac
qadagebda poeti, safuZveli ecleboda. asparezi eTmoboda axal, demokratiul ideo-
logias, romelsac ukve daeZebneboda sakuTari poetebi. pindaross sjeroda, rom sam-
yaro iyo harmoniuli da ucvleli, rom masSi yvelaferi RmerTebis nebas emorCileboda,
rom mxolod RmerTebi gansazRvravdnen adamianTa beds:
`ar daiviwyo,
rom RmerTi aris Semoqmedi yovelierTa~.
(piT. V, 12-13)
`RmerTebma Seqmnes miwieri yvela siqvele,
brZenic, Zlieric, enamWevric maTganve iSva~.
(piT. I, 41-42)
Rrma filosofiurobiTa da araCveulebrivi ubraloebiT gamoxata pindarosma
Tavisi azri adamianis bedTan dakavSirebiT:
`arsebobs modgma adamianTa,
arsebobs modgma RvTaebaTa,
Tumca orTaves erTma dedam STabera sunTqva,
96 pindarosi

erTmaneTisgan ganasxvava sxvadasxva ZaliT.

ubadrukia adamiani,
rvalis zeca ki
uxrwnel savaned gvegvlineba ukunisamde.
ukvdavTa modgmas vemsgavsebiT mainc raRaciT:
amaRlebuli azriTa Tu Cveni bunebiT.
magram wyvdiadSi CaZirula bediT xvdomili
dRisiT Tu RamiT gasavleli gza,
rac dagvrCenia samanebamde.~
(nem. VI, 1-8)

axali droebis Semoqmedni ki (heraklitesi, esqile) ukve xedavdnen samyaroSi

gamefebul winaaRmdegobebs, romlis Sedegic iyo am samyaros uwyveti ganvi-
Tareba. maTTvis movlenaTa cvla ganisazRvreboda ara RTaebrivi nebiT, aramed
samyaros maradiuli kanoniT.
axali drois adamianebisaTvis WeSmaritebis gansaxierebad warmodgeboda
filosofosi, romelic Tavisi gonebiT swvdeboda movlenaTa miRma arsebul ka-
nonebs da ganacxadebda maT adamianTaTvis. aseT pirobebSi poeti-brZeni Tan-
daTanobiT kargavda Tavis funqciebs; mas aRar Seswevda unari axali ideebis qad-
agebisa, igi mxolod am ideebis mxatvrul formaSi ganmasaxierebeli unda yo-
filiyo. pindarosisaTvis es miuRebeli iyo. igi ibrZoda tradiciuli, aristok-
ratiuli ideebis ganmtkicebisaTvis, magram es brZola amao iyo. pindarosis
msoflaRqmis centraluri fenomenic ki ajrethv (siqvele) _ romelic saukuneebis
ganmavlobaSi mTeli berZnuli filosofiis erT-erT ZiriTad mcnebas war-
moadgenda, axali ideologiisaTvis ukve miuRebeli iyo.
ra iyo am fenomenis arsi pindarosiseuli interpretaciiT? !Arethv _ am terminis
zusti qarTuli Sesatyvisobis monaxva erTob garTulda. tradiciulad Cven mas
vTargmniT terminiT `siqvele~ da unda gavigoT igi, rogorc sxvadasxva zneobriv Tvise-
baTa (`SemarTeba~, `Zalmosileba~, `didebuleba~, `maRal saqmeTa aRmsrulebloba~,
`maRali xelovneba~, `zneobrivi srulyofileba~) erTianoba. pindarosisaTvis adamiani
ver iqneba `qveli~, Tu mas ar aRusrulebia `diadi saqme~:
`ganemravleba didad siqvele,
viT xe, saTuTi ylortebis rxeviT
miemarTeba namian zecad
samarTlian da brZen kacTa Soris~.
(nem. VIII, 40-42)
xolo Sedegi `diadi saqmis aRsrulebisa~ unda iyos `warmateba~:
`warmatebaTa miRwevaa pirveli jildo,
meore ZRveni _ gandidebaa,
xolo Tu kacma daimsaxura
warmatebac da gandidebac
udiadesi diademiT Seimoseba~.
(piT. I, 98-100)
mxolod `warmateba~ aris RmerTebis keTilmodrekilebis mauwyebeli. magram
imisaTvis, rom warmatebas miaRwio, unda iyo saxelovani modgmiT (gevno"), rameTu
Sens gvarze unda gadmodiodes RmerTebis madli, unda gagaCndes saTanado xarje-
bis gaRebis saSualeba (davpana), simdidre, romelic aseve RmerTebis wyalobis
Sedegia, SegeZlos Sroma (povno"), da, rac mTavaria, es unda iyos RvTaebis neba
(daimwvn):
pindarosi 97

`arian gzebi,
ufro Sori gzebic arian!
erTgvari swrafva ver eqnebaT adamianebs!
Znelia maRal xelovnebas miuaxlovde,
magram Sen, keTilmZleobis mauwyebelo,
nu Sedrkebi,
raTa xmamaRla SesZaxo:
es kaci iSva RmerTebis nebiT...~
(ol. IX, 100-104)
pindarosis yoveli epinikia emsaxureboda axali movlenis (sportul aspa-
rezobaze miRweuli gamarjvebis) CarTvas ukve gardasul movlenaTa sistemaSi.
gardasuli movlenebi ki miTosiT iyo Semosili. bunebrivia, poeti cdilobda ux-
vad esargebla miTologiuri pasaJebiT ama Tu im movlenis samyaros saerTo wes-
rigSi mosaTavseblad ise, rom ar darRveuliyo am samyaros harmoniuloba.
dRes, mecnierebaSi, sakmaod bevri iwereba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra funqcias as-
rulebs miTi pindarosis SemoqmedebaSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mkvlevarTa Soris
ar aris Tanxmoba yvelaze ufro principul sakiTxebSic ki. pindarosis Semoqmede-
baSi miTis funqciisa da interpretaciis sakiTxebze msjelobisas unda gaviTva-
liswinoT ori garemoeba:
1. pindarosis droisTvis miTebi da TqmulebaTa sxvadasxva ciklebi ukve savse-
biT Camoyalibebuli unda yofiliyo Tavisi simbolikiT Tu saxeebiT. Sesabamisad,
Tuki pindarosis epoqaSi mwerali mimarTavda miToss ara mxolod informaciuli
interesiT, igi iZulebuli iqneboda miTTan, mis simbolikasTan garkveuli mimar-
Teba daemyarebina, moexdina miTis Taviseburi interpretacia.
2. pindarosi miToss mimarTavs, rogorc wesi, garkveuli asociaciiT (iqneba es
metaforuli Tu metonimuri). imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad Rrmaa es asociacia,
miTs SeiZleba hqondes sruliad sxvadasxva datvirTva dawyebuli wminda orna-
mentulidan, damTavrebuli rTuli sistemiT, romelSic sruliad sxvadasxva kom-
ponentTa (formalurisa Tu ideuris) gaerTianebas vxvdebiT.
miTis pindarosiseuli interpretaciis ZiriTadi principebi gansakuTrebiT
iCens Tavs im SemTxvevaSi, sadac SedarebiT vrclad aris gadmocemuli ama Tu im
miTis siuJeti. poets SeuZlia Secvalos tradiciuli sqema siuJetisa, an datovos
igi ucvlelad. bunebrivia, arCevans am SemTxvevaSi ara aqvs nebismieri xasiaTi: a)
iq, sadac pindarosis azriT, tradiciuli sqema upirispirdeba mis ZiriTad kon-
cefcias RmerTebis uzenaesobisa da ubiwoebis Taobaze, miTologiurma siuJetma
SeiZleba ganicados cvlileba. am SemTxvevaSi poeti winaswar gvauwyebs, rom
cvlis miTologiur siuJets, axdens am cvlilebaTa motivacias, saTanado argu-
mentirebas. b) iq, sadac tradiciuli miTologiuri siuJeti ar upirispirdeba
pindarosis msoflaRqmas da aqedan gamomdinare mis warmodgenas RmerTebze, ma-
gram mas garkveuli TvalsazrisiT esaWiroeba tradiciul siuJetSi erTgvari
cvlilebebis Setana, misi modifikacia, aRar xdeba winaswari gancxadeba da, Sesa-
bamisad, cvlilebaTa saTanado argumentacia.
yovelive amis Semdeg, bunebrivia, ismis kiTxva, romelic araerTgzis wamoW-
rila pindarosis kvlevisas _ ra aris mainc e.w. `mTavari elementi~ (`tragende Ele-
ment~ `datvirTvis mqone elementi~) pindarosis odebSi _ miTosi Tu xotba. Cveni
azriT, Tuki sakiTxs SevxedavT calkeuli odis TvalsazrisiT, `mTavari ele-
menti~ unda iyos `xotba~, radganac yoveli oda dawerilia gamarjvebulis gan-
sadideblad. amdenad, pindaross ar SeiZleba hqondes oda, sadac ar iqneba xotba,
magram aqvs odebi, sadac ar aris warmodgenili miTi. magram sakmarisia, gaviaz-
roT pindarosis odebi zogadad misi Semoqmedebis poziciidan, rom `mTavari
elementi~ aq aRmoCndeba miTosi, romelSic yvelaze metad vlindeba poetis mxatvruli
98 pindarosi

fantazia, misi unari tradiciuli motivebis SemoqmedebiTad aTvisebisa da, rac mTa-
varia, msoflmxedveloba. ramdenadac miTi pindarosis odebis umTavresi Se-
madgeneli elementia, amitom mas ukavia odis mTavari, Sua nawili. aseT
SemTxvevebSi oda agebulia samnawiliani, simetriuli kompoziciiT: I. eqspozicia,
II. miTosuri nawili, III. RvTaebisadmi mimarTva. eqspozicia moicavda TamaSebis, ga-
marjvebulis, misi modgmisa Tu qalaqis xotbas; Tu gamarjvebuli iyo Wabuki, po-
eti xotbas asxamda mis mwvrTnelebsac. odis miTiur nawilSi warmodgenili iyo
gamarjvebulis modgmasa Tu qalaqTan dakavSirebuli romelime miTi (an miTis is
nawili, romelic poets gansakuTrebulad esaWireoboda adresatis gansadideblad). es
miTologiuri nawili poeturi xatebiT ganacxadebda msmenelTaTvis, rom ama Tu im
gmiris gamarjveba ar aris SemTxveviTi monapovari, rom es aris gamarjvebulis modgmisa
Tu qalaqis mimarT RvTaebaTa odindeli keTilganwyobis kidev erTi gamovlineba. odis
bolo nawilSi poeti mouwodebda RmerTebs, rom maTi madli ar mokleboda gamarjve-
bulis gvarsa Tu qalaqs. odis dasawyissa da bolo nawilebSi poets xSirad Sehqonda
sxvadasxva, misi asociaciebis Sesabamisi motivebi. aseve, odis miTologiuri nawilic
xSirad ivseboda maRalpoeturi sentenciebiT, rac esoden ubadlod xelewifeboda pin-
daross. imisda Sesabamisad, Tu rogori iyo SemkveTis survili, an poetis ganwyobileba,
odis calkeuli nawilebi farTovdeboda an mcirdeboda, magram ucvleli rCeboda misi
samnawiliani kompozicia (unda aRiniSnos, rom gamonaklisebi aqac gvxvdeba, magram maT
ara aqvT sistemuri xasiaTi. Sdr. ol. XIV).
pindarosis qmnilebebSi nakadiviT miedineba misive cnobierebaSi aRbeWdili asocia-
ciebi, saxeebi, romlebic ganumeorebeli metaforebis saxes iReben. poeti gvTavazobs
Tavis poetur xilvebs, xolo es xilvebi mZafria da STambeWdavi, xan bundovani. magram
Tu Tavs Zalas davatanT da gaviazrebT, gagvaocebs maTi siRrme da mniSvneloba.
rodesac pindarosi sakuTar poetur SesaZleblobebze saubrobs, cdilobs metafo-
rulad gagvagebinos Tavisi saTqmeli:
`azri, viT xmier saWreTelze
madgas enaze,
azri, romelic Cemis nebiT
moipareba didebulad mdinari sunTqviT~.
(ol. VI, 82-83)
pindarosis azriT, `arseboba~ es aris `uaRresoba~, `gamorCeuloba~. rac ufro
sariskoa, didia, mniSvnelovania saqme, miT ufro aRmatebulia gamarjvebuli, ro-
melic aucileblad unda ganadidos poetma. Tu ama Tu im movlenam, ama Tu im
gmirma ver naxa Tavisi poeti, igi dakargulia, anu wyvets arsebobas:
`Tvlemen warsuli didebani,
ganridebia mokvdavTa xsovnas yovelieri,
rasac odiTgan ar Sexebia
gonierebis umaRlesi srulyofileba
sityvis diadi mdinarebiT madlmofenili~.
(isTm. VII, 16-19)
Tuki movlenam an gmirma ipova poeti, mcdarad Semfasebeli an ganmadidebeli,
maSin irRveva samyaros faseulobaTa mTeli sistema. pindarosis azriT, homerosi,
gadaaWarba ra odisevsis Sefasebisas, iqca `amaRlebuli xelovnebiT naTqvami si-
cruis~ ganmadideblad (nem. VIII, 25-35; Sdr. VII, 20-25). amitom poetis misia friad
mniSvnelovania: igia msoflio wesrigis gamaazrebeli da damamkvidrebeli, Sesa-
bamisad brZeni _ `sofov"~. Cveulebriv, WeSmariteba vlindeba droSi, amitom pin-
darosi ambobs: `...warmavali dReebi arian yovlad brZeni mowmeni~ (ol. I, 32-34); an
`dro _ qronosi erTaderTi ganacxadebs WeSmaritebas~ (ol. X, 54). magram poeti
xels uwyobs am gancxadebas. igi winaswarmetyvels hgavs, oRond warsulis.
pindarosi 99

rogorc winaswarmetyveli ganacxadebs momavals, aseve poetic xsnis warsuls.

rogorc misans STaagoneben RmerTebi, aseve poetsac STaagoneben muzebi da
qaritebi. ase rom, poeti RmerTTa rCeulia da ara naklebi, vidre Tavad moas-
pareze. igic iseve emzadeba gamarjvebisTvis, rogorc aTleti, an meetle, an
moisari... (Sdr. nem. V, ol. I, XI da sxva). amitom pindarosi ase xSirad saubrobs
odebSi sakuTar Tavze, sadac sadidebels uZRvnis liras, rogorc samyaros wes-
rigis simbolos, romlis xmierebasac moaqvs simSvide da netareba misTvis, vinc
eziara samyaroseul harmonias. es xmiereba gonebas urevs mas, vinc ver SeeTvisa am
harmonias.
pindarosisaTvis yoveli movlena, yoveli gamarjvebis wami dakavSirebuli iyo
warsulTanac da momavalTanac. mxolod poezias SeeZlo imxanad misi dafiqsireba.
Semoqmedi aniWebda mas gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas da srulyofilebas:
`Semoqmedi qmnis yovel qmnilebas;
viT gaCnda xibli dionisuri
xarTamdevari diTirambebiT?
an vin mozoma raSis lagami?
vin aRamaRla RmerTis taZarze
frTosanTa mefe, orTaviani?
aq isxams yvavils
muza, romelic amosunTqviT siames afrqvevs...~
(ol. XIII, 16-22)
imisaTvis, rom gansadidebeli movlena damkvidrdes, saWiroa igi gaxdes Ses-
agrZnobi, saxilveli, aRsaqmeli. amis SesaZleblobebs iZleva WeSmariti poezia:
`verc zamTris warRvna
moquxari Rrublebidan gadmodenili
mZvinvare laSqrad,
verc qariSxali,
qviSis borcvebs rom miagorebs,
zRvaTa siRrmeSi ver CaZiravs
am sagalobels~.
(piT. VI, 10-14)
pindarosi cdilobs esa Tu is movlena ise warmoaCinos, rom Rrmad aRbeWdos
mexsierebaSi. es ki SesaZlebeli xdeba metaforebiT, epiTetebiT, poeturi xatebiT.
da am SemTxvevaSi mkiTxveli misdevs poetis cnobierebis nakads, romelic,
horaciusis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `aboboqrebuli moedineba~ da azrovnebis
samanTa gadalaxvas lamobs:
`axalgazrdobis yvavilebiT mosili xana
mZlavrad mosagre laSqarSi amoisunTqe,
sadac rCeulni emedgrebodnen
SebmaTa Zalebs imedebis samanebamde~.
(isTm. VII, 34-36)
`raTa vadido
eakidebis bedniereba,
maTi mklavebis Zalmosileba,
an rkinisebri Serkinebani, _
gadaifinos Cems win veli
uZlieresi naxtomisaTvis,
Cems muxlebSia msubuqi qrola,
arwivi zRvaTa miRma navardobs!~
(nem. V, 17-20)
100 pindarosi

amgvari striqonebi uxvad daiZebneba pindarosis qmnilebebSi. isini xiblaven

mkiTxvels poetur warmosaxvaTa siZlieriT, azrovnebis siRrmiT, metaforulo-
biT. maTi kiTxvisas Cvens win iSleba asociaciurad moazrovne poetis saocari da
uaRresad saintereso samyaro.
ra Tqma unda, pindarosi flobda poetur zmanebaTa warmoCenis sakuTar
xerxebs, magram mis azrTa da metaforul asociaciaTa wiaRsvlebi moulodneli
da Seucnobeli iyo misive Tayvanismcemel msmenelTa Tu mkiTxvelTaTvis. es Seuc-
nobloba abnevda TviT antikuri xanis mkiTxvelsac, romelic miCveuli iyo mowes-
rigebul poetur normebs. amitomac cdilobda igi gaemarTlebina pindarosi, dae-
naxa masSi `zegardmo niWiT dajildoebuli poeti~ da ara `mecnieri poeti~. aseT
SemoqmedTaTvis xom kanonebi ar arsebobdnen. am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa Zv.w. I
saukunis avtoris e.w. fsevdo-longinosis traqtatis `amaRlebulisaTvis~ erTi
adgili: `... nuTu lirikul poeziaSi Sen arCev iyo bakqilidesi da ara pindare,
xolo tragediaSi amjobineb ion qioseli gerqvas da ara sofokle? rasak-
virvelia, bakqilidesi da ioni arasodes arRveven poeturi xelovnebis dadgenil
wesebs, yovelTvis didi sifrTxiliT da pedanturi sizustiT weren, maSin rode-
sac pindarem da sofoklem, TavianTi boboqari vnebiTa da Sleguri gznebiT,
SeiZleba erTbaSad gadaswvan, erTbaSad gadabugon yvelaferi, Tumca aseve
SeiZleba moulodnelad Caqrnen da Caiferflon~ (XXXIII. Targmani b. bregvaZisa).
antikur xanaSive daimkvidra pindarosma `maRali stilis~ poetis saxeli, rom-
lisTvisac mTavari iyo Rirseba, uaRresoba, Zalmosileba. ai, rogor afasebda an-
tikurobis erT-erTi udidesi Semoqmedi horaciusi pindarosis poeturi sityvis
Zalas:
`viT boboqari nakaduli, mTidan daZruli,
azvirTebuli moiRvreba napirTa ngreviT,
ise moRelavs pindarosis Zlieri sityva
Rrma saTavidan.~
(IV, 2)
Tu romaeli horaciusisaTvis pindarosi axlobeli da gasagebi iyo, Taname-
drove mkiTxvelisaTvis arasodes qceula igi iseT cocxal Tanamosaubred,
rogorc homerosi an evripide. mas baZavdnen barokos paTetikuri lirikis Semo-
qmednic, romantizmis wina periodis poetebic, magram es mibaZva mxolod gareg-
nuli formebiT gamoixateboda. pindarosis poeziis Sinagani Zalis paTosi kvlav
gamocanad rCeboda. XIX saukuneSi antikurobis am udidesma Semoqmedma klasikuri
filologiis specialistTa viwro wreSi gadainacvla. maSinac ki, rodesac ev-
ropam axlad SeigrZno arqaikis mSveniereba, pindarosma mainc ver moipova sayov-
elTao aRiareba.

lirika: epinikiebi, fragmentebi.