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 Abstract A fluid power system is defined as a means of power transmission in which a
relatively incompressible fluid is used as the power transmitting media The primary
purpose of fluid power system is the transfer of energy from one location to another
and this energy into useful work.

The method or the type of fluid power system used is hydraulic power system and
Pneumatic power system we used some other component to control the system like
valves for example direction control valve and we use pumps to increase the energy of
the fluid like positive displacement pump and we use actuator to do action of the
machine.

By using each item of hydraulic fluid power system we abled to make control on a
hydraulic circuit to get the force we need in extension and retraction by using some laws
like pascal’s law and Darcy’s law and Bernoulli’s equation and more than that to design a
complete hydraulic or pneumatic circuit
 Introduction Fluid power is a the most reliable technology the able to generation and
control and transmission power by using pressurized fluid at a certain degree for every
type of fluid .the fluid is classified as a incompressible type but every thing no just the
fluid has a degree of compression even if it is so small but it is compressed .so the
scientist and engineering says that the fluid power is the most important element that
responsible for moving the machine in industry.

because the fluid power is used to move the machines forward and back, up or down
according to the function of machine.it’s very difficult to find factory or workshop
doesn’t work with a machine doesn’t work with fluid power either it be pneumatic or
hydraulic system. [1] Fluid power is called hydraulic when we use a liquid such as water
or oil and the water is the first fluid that used in industry because it’s available much
than any other fluid but they stopped using it because the water has insufficiencies such
as freezes very quick in compare to other fluid and it is poor lubricant for the parts of
machine In contrast it leads to rust it and destroy the parts of machine.

When we used gas in the systems it called a pneumatic system by using air. [2] 1.1
Classification of power systems: 1. Source of energy, delivering mechanical power of
rotary motion. Electric motors and internal combustion engines (ICE) are the most
commonly used power sources. For special applications, steam turbines, gas turbines, or
hydraulic turbines are used. 2. Energy transmission, transformation, and control
elements. 3.

Load requiring mechanical power of either rotary or linear motion. / hydraulic power
system the hydraulic power system is transmitting the mechanical power that produced
by for example internal combustion engine by increase the energy of liquid, and there is
two types of hydraulic systems hydrodynamics power system transmit power by
increasing the kinetic energy of liquids such as turbine or rotary dynamics pump
hydrostatic power system is transmitted power by increasing the pressure of liquid and
this system is used in all the field of industry like aircraft, mobile equipment 1.1.2

pneumatic power system Pneumatic system using a compressed air ,the compressor
convert the energy that produced by a internal combustion engine or a electric motor
the mechanical energy to pressure energy of compressed air [] Advantage of hydraulic
system high power to weight ratio High stiffness of the hydraulic cylinders Simple
protection against overloading High force-to-mass and torque-to-inertia ratios
Self-lubrication.

Constant force or torque Disadvantage of hydraulic system Hydraulic power not easily
available, unlike electrical.Hydraulic generators High cost production Risk hazard by
using oil that cause fire Oil filtration problem
 Physical properties of hydraulic fluids. fluid mentions to both gases and liquids, A
liquid is a fluid for a given mass, will have a certain volume independent of the form of
its container.

This mean that even the liquid will assume the profile of the container, it will fill only
that volume of the container whose volume equals the volume of the quantity of the
liquid. Liquids are well-thought-out to be incompressible so the volume of the fluid
doesn’t change that assumption is just theoretical This is not true one hundred percent,
but the change in volume by pressure changes is too small so that it be ignore in a lot
of application when it doesn’t affect by large form for example in most engineering
applications.[] Gases otherwise are fluids that are easily compressible Also the volume of
the gas will differ to fill the vessel that containing the gas.

Air is the most gas commonly uses in the systems of fluid power because it is low-cost
and easily available in the environment. Air also has the following suitable advantage as
a power fluid such as resistance to fire and It is not disordered. and it can go out to
atmosphere again without any effect on environment .and dis advantage of gases is
because of the compressibility of gases it can not be used in some application like that
required accurate position or rigid holding , Because the air is tends to be compressible
gas , it have to be sluggish.

,because the air it contain water and oxygen so the air could be corrosive danger ,the
parts of machine not self-lubricant.[] Properties of fluid. Cheap Easily available
Resistance to fire Resistance to foam Not danger Not to be toxic More incompressibility
Stable to chemical action Good lubricity Ability to reduce the heat Viscosity being ideal
The governing equation in hydraulic circuits.

The continuity equation state that for the steady flow in pipeline, the weight of flow rate
the weight of fluid that pass in the line a given station per unit time is the same for all
positions in the pipe W1=W2 (?Av)1=(?Av)2 Where ?= specific weight of fluid (KN/m3),
A = cross-sectional area of pipe (m2), v = velocity of fluid (m/s).

and because the specific weight of fluid is constant for the same fluid we used that form
Q =AV (Av)1=(Av)2 Bernoulli's equation is one of the highest useful equation for
performing of hydraulic circuit analysis.it allow us to size components like valve, pump. /
If we divide the both side of equation by W because the amount of fluid is constant / /
Friction is the biggest element of losses in energy in fluid power system the losses of
energy because of the friction is transferred into heat which is transfer to the
surrounding air.
Result to that cause loss in potential energy in the system and shows up as a losses in
head or pressure. The head losses consist of two main component Pipes losses Fitting
losses The head losses can be represent in equation called darcy’s equation ?? ?? =??( ??
?? )( ?? 2 2?? ) Where f = friction factor (dimensionless), L = length of pipe (m), D = pipe
inside diameter (m), V= average fluid velocity (m/s), G = acceleration of gravity (m/s2).

FRICTIONAL LOSSES IN LAMINAR FLOW Darcy's equation is used to calculate head

losses in pipes experiencing laminar flow by notice that for laminar flow that the friction
factor equals to constant 64 divided by Reynolds number ??= 64 ?? ?? The head losses
can be represented as ?? ?? = 64 ?? ?? ( ?? ?? )( ?? 2 2?? ) FRICTIONAL LOSSES IN
TURBULENT FLOW Darcy's equation is used for calculate the losses of energy in
turbulent flow fluid.

But, the friction factor cannot be represented by a simple equation as the case of
laminar flow. This is due to the random and fluctuating movement of the fluid particles.
For turbulent flow the experiments showed that the friction factor is a function of not
the Reynolds number only but too the relative roughness of the pipe.

The relative roughness can be defined as the pipe inside surface roughness,
???????????????? ????????h????????= ?? ?? Pipe absolute roughness Pipe relative
roughness values depend on the material of the pipe as well as a method of
manufacturing. The table blow give us values of absolute roughness for various types of
pipes. And with the ?? we go to the chart called Moody Diagram to calculate the friction
factor by knowing the factor of the type of the material and with the number we get the
value of the friction factor /
Hydraulic pumps. Hydraulic pumps are the machines that act to increase liquid energy
that are flowing through them.

The three main types of the pumps are rotodynamic, displacement,special effect pumps.
Hydraulic pumpsis convert mechanical energy to hydraulic energy [] / Classifi cations of
hydraulic pumps. there is two main classification of pump in fluid power Nonpositive
displacement pump or hydrodynamic pump :the main use of it is for high volume, low
pressure Because they are not capable of hold at high pressures, they are rarely to use in
the fluid power industry.it used for transport fluid from a place to another place .

that kind of pump is not self priming it need some help in the beginning of been it work
Positive displacement pump : is the most type used for systems of fluid power that type
is small, high volumetric efficiency, capable of high pressure up to 70,000 KP and more ,
highest flexibility. Types of pump External gear pump disadvantage Heating of very high
presure High noise come from vibration Decreasing pressure from internal leakage
between input and output Screw pump Advantage High flow rate Pressure up to 200
bar Speed up to 3500 rpm Disadvantage Too expensive It is maintenance to difficult
Piston pump Axial Piston-Pump is the biggest on with high efficiency but the cost of it is
very high much expensive than screw pump Pump cavitation Cavitation can be happen
due to entrained air bubbles in the hydraulic fluid or the hydraulic fluid is vaporized.
That occurs the suction term.

Simply defined, cavitation is the formation of bubbles or cavities in liquid, developed in

areas of relatively low pressure around an impeller. The imploding or collapsing of these
bubbles trigger intense shockwaves inside the pump, causing significant damage to the
impeller and/or the pump housing. pump cavitation can cause: Failure of pump housing
Destruction of impeller Decreased flow and/or pressure Excessive vibration
 The rule to prevent pump cavitation to happen Keep velocity of suction is below 1.5

m/s Mount the pump close to reservoir Minimize number of fittings Use the right oil in
lubricity Hydraulic cylinders They extract energy from the fluid and convert it to
mechanical energy to perform useful work. They also called linear Hydraulic actuator the
single-acting cylinder The simplest type of hydraulic cylinder is the single-acting
cylinder, it consist of a piston inside a cylindrical housing called a barrel. Attached to
one end of the piston is a rod, which extends outside one end of the cylinder (rod end).

At the other end (blank end) is a port for the entrance and exit of oil / the Double-acting
cylinder in the Double-acting cylinder the fluid it go through two path that help very
well in some direction like the application that the cylinder in the vertical type / Cylinder
Cushioning Double acting cylinder sometimes contain cylinder cushons at the end of
the cylinder to slow the piston down near the end of the stroke ,this prevent excessive
impact when the piston is stopped by the end caps . / Mill-type hydraulic cylinder with
bolted head. Hydraulic Motors The function of the hydraulic motors is a reverse of that
of the pump.

Hydraulic motors are displacement machines converting the supplied hydraulic power
into mechanical power. They do continuous rotary motion The displacement of a
hydraulic motor is the volume of the oil needed to rotate t motor shaft by one complete
revolution. The motor speed depends on the rate of the flow ,while the supply pressure
depends mainly on the motor loading torque LIMITED ROTATION HYDRAULIC MOTORS
A limited rotation hydraulic motor provides rotary output motion over a finite angle.

That device produce high torque in either direction Rotary actuators are available with
working pressures up to 5000 psi. /
 Hydraulic valves. Fluid power is controlled primarily through the use of control devices
called valves. The selection of these valves involves not only the type but also the size,
actuating technique, and remote-control capability basic types of valves: flow control
valves.

pressure control valves directional control valves directional control valves check valve it
is one way direction control valve because it is permits free flow in one firection and
prevents any flow in the opposite direction / Pilot-Operated Check Valve This type of
check valve always permits free flow in one direction but permits flow in the normally
blocked opposite direction only if pilot pressure is applied at the pilot pressure port of
the valve / pressure control valves Simple Pressure Relief Valves It is advantage is fast
time response to pressure change Note the external adjusting screw.

which varies the spring force and, thus, the pressure at which the valve begins to open
(cracking pressure). / Pressure-Reducing Valves This type is normal open valve is used to
maintain reduced pressures in specified locations of hydraulic systems. / Unloading
Valves This valve is used to permit a pump to build pressure to an adjustable pressure
setting and then allow it to discharge oil to the tank / Sequence Valves this valve used
to play every cylinder actuator by sequence / flow control valves.

Needle Valves Non-Pressure-Compensated Valves / Pressure-Compensated Valves /

 Conclusion After study some part of the hydraulic system I found the advantage of it
can be says as A hydraulic system is an efficient transmitter of power for many reasons.
Firstly, its simple levers and push buttons make it easy to start, stop, accelerate and
decelerate. This also allows for control accuracy.

Also, because it is such a fluid system, without any cumbersome gears, pulleys or levers,
it easily copes with a huge weight range. It provides a constant force, regardless of
changes in speed. For the most part, hydraulic systems are simple, safe and economical
because they use fewer moving parts compared to mechanical and electrical systems,
which makes them easier to maintain. Hydraulic systems are safe to use in chemical
plants and mines because they do not cause spark. And Hydraulic systems also have
some drawbacks.

Handling hydraulic fluids is messy, and it can be difficult to totally get rid of leaks in a
hydraulic system. If hydraulic fluid leaks in hot areas, it may catch fire. If hydraulic lines
burst, they can cause serious injuries. Take care when handling hydraulic fluids, as too
much exposure can lead to health issues. Hydraulic fluids are also corrosive, but some
types are less so than others.

For example, two main types of brake fluid are available for hydraulic mountain bikes,
DOT fluid and mineral oil. Due to its non-corrosive properties, mineral oil is less likely to
destroy a bike's paintwork. To keep your hydraulic system in its prime, periodically check
hydraulic systems for leaks, lubricate when necessary, and change filters and seals as
required.
/ Solution: (a) Cylinders 1 and 2 are identical and are connected by identical lines.
Therefore, they receive equal flows and sustain equal loads (F1 = F2). Velocity is
calculated from discharge and area as ??= ??( ?? 3 /??) ??( ?? 2 ) Head loss in the systems
is given by ?? ?? = 1 13 ( ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? +??) ?? 2 ?? Reynolds number is given by ?? ?? =
?????? ?? = ???? ??/?? = ???? ?? Flow through path 4 is given by ?? 4= 0.00252 2 =0.0016
?? 3 /?? Flow through path 6 is given by ?? 6=0.0016* ( 0.203 2 - 0.102 2 ) 0.203
=0.000945 ?? 3 /?? Similarly for paths 8 and 9 we can write Q8=Q9= 2*0.000945 =
0.00189 m3 /s Velocity calculation: ?? 1 = 0.00252( ?? 3 /??) ?? 0.0508 2 4 ( ?? 2 ) =1.24
??/?? ?? 2,3 = 0.00252( ?? 3 /??) ?? 0.0317 2 4 ( ?? 2 ) =3.19 ??/?? ?? 4 = 0.00126( ?? 3 /??)
?? 0.0254 2 4 ( ?? 2 ) =2.49 ??/?? ?? 6 = 0.000945( ?? 3 /??) ?? 0.0254 2 4 ( ?? 2 ) =1.86
??/?? ?? 8,9 = 0.00189( ?? 3 /??) ?? 0.0317 2 4 ( ?? 2 ) =2.39 ??/?? Reynolds number
calculation: ???? (1) = 1.24*0.0508 0.000093 =677 ???? (2,3) = 3.19*0.0317 0.000093
=1087 ???? (4) = 2.49*0.0254 0.000093 =680 ???? (6) = 1.86*0.0254 0.000093 =508 ????
(8,9) = 2.39*0.0317 0.000093 =815 All flows are laminar; hence we can calculate the
losses in each branch.

The general formula is ?? ?? = 1 13 ( ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? +??) ?? 2 ?? where ??= 64 ???? Hence

the losses are / Total force can now be calculated as ?? 1 = ?? 2 = 6900000 2560 85500
120000 32500 * ?? 0.203 2 4 -[ 20900 100500 * ??( 0.203 2 - 0.102 2 ) 5 ] ?? 1 = ?? 2 =
[216000]-[2940] = 213000 N (b)We have Heat generation rate (power loss in W) =
Pressure × Discharge ={(2560+ 85500 +120000)*(0.00252)+ (2*20900*0.000945)+
(2*32500*0.00126)+ (100500*0.00189)} = 524 + 39.5 + 81.9 + 190 = 835W = 0.835 kW
(c) Cylinder piston diameter = 0.203 m Area of piston = ?? ?? = ?? (0.203) 2 4 ?? 2
Cylinder rod diameter = 0.102 m Area of rod = ?? (0.102) 2 4 ?? 2 Annulus area = ??
?????????????? = ?? (0.203) 2 4 - ?? (0.102) 2 4 Now ??= ?? ??????( ?? 3 /??) ??( ?? 2 )
where each cylinder receives one half of pump flow because of the configuration of
cylinder.

Extension velocity is given by ?? ?????? = ?? ?????????? ??????( ?? 3 /??) ?? ?? ( ?? 2 ) =

0.00126( ?? 3 /??) ?? 0.203 2 4 ( ?? 2 ) =0.0389 m/s Retracting velocity is given by ??
?????? = ?? ( ?? 3 /??) ?? ???????????????? ( ?? 2 ) = 0.00253 ?? 0.203 2 4 - ?? 0.102 2 4
=0.0521 m/s
 Refrences [1] fluid power with Application by anthoney eesposito

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