Journal of Adolescent Health 58 (2016) 317e322

www.jahonline.org

Original article

Rap Music Use, Perceived Peer Behavior, and Sexual Initiation

Among Ethnic Minority Youth
Kimberly A. Johnson-Baker, Dr.P.H. *, Christine Markham, Ph.D.,
Elizabeth Baumler, Ph.D., Honora Swain, Ph.D., and Susan Emery, Ph.D.
Center for Health Prevention and Promotion Research, University of Texas School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas

Article history: Received April 20, 2015; Accepted November 3, 2015

Keywords: Sexual behavior; Rap music; Media; Peers; Norms

A B S T R A C T
IMPLICATIONS AND
CONTRIBUTION
Purpose: Research shows that rap music use is associated with risky sexual behavior in ethnic
minority youth; however, it is unknown whether rap music use impacts sexual initiation specif-
Overall, this study estab-
ically and, if so, which factors mediate this impact. Thus, we investigated the longitudinal rela- lishes the need for further
tionship between hours spent listening to rap music in seventh grade and sexual initiation in ninth research on the impact of
grade. We also examined the role of perceived peer sexual behavior as a potential mediator of this rap music on perceived
relationship. peer sexual behavior.
Methods: We analyzed data from students (n ¼ 443) enrolled in a school-based randomized Importantly, the findings
controlled trial of a sexual health education curriculum collected at baseline and at 18-month do not support the censor-
follow-up. Rap music use and perceived peer sexual behavior were assessed in seventh grade, ship of rap music content;
whereas sexual initiation was assessed in ninth grade. Univariate, multivariate, and mediation rather, interventionists
analyses were conducted. should consider using rap
Results: At baseline, rap music use was significantly associated with race/ethnicity, parental music music to improve the cul-
rules, and sexual behavior, but not with gender or parental education. Rap music use was a sig- tural relevance of current
nificant predictor of sexual initiation on univariate analysis but not multivariate analysis. Media- sexual health education
tion analysis showed that the association between hours spent listening to rap music and sexual programs.
initiation was significantly mediated by perceived peer sexual behavior.
Conclusions: Rap music use in early adolescence significantly impacts sexual initiation in late
adolescence, partially mediated by perceived peer sexual behavior. More research is needed to
understand how rap music influences perceptions of peer sexual behavior, which, in turn, influ-
ence early sexual initiation.
Ó 2016 Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine. All rights reserved.

Ethnic minority youth (black and Hispanic) initiate sex at an
earlier age than youth from other racial/ethnic groups [1], putting
them at risk for multiple negative sexual health outcomes, such as
HIV, sexually transmitted infection (STI), and unplanned preg-
nancy [2e4]. Although all youth experience pressure to initiate
* Address correspondence to: Kimberly A. Johnson-Baker, Dr.P.H., Center for
Health Prevention and Promotion Research, University of Texas School of Public
Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7000 Fannin St., Houston, TX
E-mail address: Kimberly.Johnson@uth.tmc.edu (K.A. Johnson-Baker).
sex early, ethnic minority youth express greater pressure to
conform to sexual norms than white youth [5,6] and cite media as
the source of sexual pressure (National Campaign, 2012). Ethnic
minority youth consume a substantial amount of media including
music, predominantly rap music [7,8]; most of which contains
sexually explicit content [9e11]. Research shows that sexually
explicit mediadmedia with extreme and/or subtle references to
permissive sexual behaviordimpact sexual behavior among
youth [10e18] and that rap music is more likely than other pop-
ular music genres (e.g., pop, rock) to contain sexually explicit

1054-139X/Ó 2016 Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.11.003
318 K.A. Johnson-Baker et al. / Journal of Adolescent Health 58 (2016) 317e322
content [9,11,18]. Moreover, high exposure to rap music has been
shown to be associated with less parental monitoring, permissive
sexual attitudes, multiple sexual partnering, and STI acquisition
[11,18e20]. However, previous research is limited to cross-
sectional studies [18,21] or to studies with older adolescents
[17,19]. Furthermore, it is unknown whether rap music use im-
pacts early sexual initiation, a predictor of subsequent risky sexual
behavior [20], and, if so, which factors mediate this impact. Thus,
more research is needed to understand the impact of rap music on
ethnic minority youth who listen to a higher amount of such
music than do white youth [7,8].
Social cognitive theory provides a theoretical basis for investi-
gating the relationship between rap music and sexual behavior.
According to social cognitive theory, children learn vicariously from
media and are more likely to translate learning into behavior when
(1) the role model is similar to the viewer in gender or ethnicity; (2)
the behavior is perceived to be similar to real life; (3) the role model
is attractive; and (4) the behavior is positively reinforced [22].
Through observational learning and modeling, adolescents may
develop attitudes and beliefs that support the role model’s behavior
[22], which, in turn, may influence their decision-making when in
sexual possibility situations. This study assumed that through the
use of rap music, adolescents (1) identify with rap music artists; (2)
believe that sexual behavior is acceptable and reinforced in peer
groups; and ultimately (3) act on the learned behavior when the
opportunity is available. However, a greater understanding of how
rap music influences adolescent sexual initiation is warranted. A
possible mechanism underlying the relationship between rap mu-
sic and sexual behavior is the influence of perceived peer behavior.
Perceived peer behavior, the belief that one’s peer group is sexually
active, is a consistent predictor of early sexual initiation regardless of
socioeconomic status, neighborhood contextual factors, parental
characteristics, intention, and self-efficacy [23e26]. Furthermore,
sexually explicit media have been shown to function as a “super
peer” for youth seeking guidance on sexual behavior [27], sug-
gesting that media play a crucial role in setting norms for sexual
behavior. To our knowledge, no study has examined the potential
mediating role of perceived peer sexual behavior in the relationship
between rap music use and sexual initiation.
In this study, we investigated the longitudinal relationship be-
tween hours spent listening to rap music in seventh grade and
sexual initiation in ninth grade, while controlling for significant
covariates. We also examined the role of perceived peer sexual
behavior as a potential mediator of this relationship among urban,
ethnic minority youth. We hypothesized that seventh-grade youth
who listened to more hours of rap music are more likely than those
who listened to fewer hours of rap music or none to initiate sex by
ninth grade and that perceived peer sexual behavior mediates the
relationship between rap music use and sexual initiation.
Methods
Sample and study design
We used longitudinal data from a school-based randomized
controlled trial (RCT) that evaluated the effectiveness of a middle-
school sexual health education curriculum in a large southern U.S.
city [28]. We analyzed data collected at baseline (n ¼ 726) and at
18-month follow-up (n ¼ 509 for univariate analysis, n ¼ 443 for
multivariate and mediational analyses) from control group par-
ticipants to avoid any interference from the intervention. For the
RCT, a standardized protocol including parental consent, student
assent, and data collector training, was followed [26]. Students
completed computer-assisted surveys on laptops while being
monitored by trained data collectors. For their participation, stu-
dents received monetary incentives at each time point. This study
was approved by the institutional review board of The University
of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. Additional details
about the RCT are provided elsewhere [26].
Measures
Independent variable
Rap music use. We used a single item to measure rap music use
at baseline (seventh grade). Students were asked, “In a usual day,
how many hours do you listen to rap or hip hop?” Responses
included “I do not listen to rap music,” “Less than an hour a day,”
“1e2 hours a day,” “3e4 hours a day,” “5e6 hours a day,” and “7
or more hours a day.” Responses were recoded as “I do not listen
to rap music” (0 ¼ “no use”), “Less than 2 hours a day” (1 ¼ “low
use”), and “3 or more hours a day” (2 ¼ “high use”).
Dependent variable
Sexual initiation. We assessed sexual initiation at 18-month
follow-up (ninth grade). Sexual initiation was defined as “ever
having any sex” (i.e., vaginal, oral, or anal sex). Only those stu-
dents who reported “no sex” at baseline were included in the
longitudinal analysis.
Mediator variable
Perceived peer sexual behavior. We used a single item to assess
perceived peer sexual behavior at baseline (seventh grade). Stu-
dents were asked, “How many of your friends have had vaginal
sex?” Responses ranged from “none” (0) to “most” (3). Higher
scores represented higher perceived sexual activity among friends.
Covariates
Several variables known to influence both the independent
and dependent variables were included as covariates. Covariates
included gender, race/ethnicity, age, parental education, and
parental monitoring. To assess parental monitoring, we included
a measure of parental music rules. Students were asked, “Do you
have rules in your house about the kinds of music that you listen
to?” Responses included “no” (0) and “yes” (1).
Statistical analysis
Bivariate correlational analyses were used to examine the
relationships between rap music use, perceived peer sexual
behavior, and covariates. Chi-square analyses were performed to
assess subgroup differences among these variables. Logistic
regression was conducted to examine the relationship between
hours spent listening to rap music per day at baseline and any
engagement in sexual activity at 18-month follow-up. The pri-
mary independent variable of interest was the number of hours
spent listening to rap music per day. All data were analyzed using
PASW Statistics 18 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY).
Steps outlined by Baron and Kenny [29e31] were used to test
the mediational relationship between rap music use, perceived
peer sexual behavior, and sexual initiation. The conceptual model
of the mediation is presented in Figure 1. First, a regression
analysis was conducted to determine if rap music use was a pre-
dictor of perceived peer sexual behavior (pathway a in Figure 1).
 K.A. Johnson-Baker et al. / Journal of Adolescent Health 58 (2016) 317e322 319

Figure 1. Representation of the mediation model.
Second, a regression analysis was conducted to determine the
effect of perceived peer sexual behavior on sexual initiation
(pathway b in Figure 1), while controlling for rap music use.
Third, a regression analysis was conducted to determine if rap
music use was a significant predictor of sexual initiation, while
controlling for perceived peer sexual behavior (pathway c in
Figure 1). Significance testing to determine partial mediation
was completed using the Sobel test [32]. Students who reported
any sexual behavior at baseline, and those with missing data on
priority variables, were excluded from the analyses, resulting in
an analytic sample of 445 students.
Results
Baseline characteristics for the sample are presented in Table 1.
The sample had a mean age of 13 years (standard deviation ¼ .60),
was mostly female (56%), and was predominantly ethnic minority
(42% Hispanic and 40% black). Most students reported rap music
use; of these, 69% listened to 3 or more hours per day (high use),
17% listened to <2 hours per day (low use), and <10% did not
listen to rap music (no use). Most students reported that their
parents did not have rules about the type of music they could
listen to (72%). Finally, most students perceived that their peers
had not had sex (62%), and most had not had any sex (88%).
Baseline characteristics by rap music use for the sample are
presented in Table 2. Rap music use was not significantly associ-
ated with gender or parental education; however, it was signifi-
cantly associated with race/ethnicity, parental music rules,
perceived peer sexual behavior, and sexual behavior. In terms of
race/ethnicity, black students were more likely than Hispanic
students to report listening to 3 or more hours of rap music per
day (c2 ¼ 50.1, p < .000). For parental music rules, high-use stu-
dents were more likely than low-use and no-use students to
report not having parental music rules (c2 ¼ 16.8, p ¼ .004). In
terms of perceived peer sexual behavior, high-use students were
more likely than low-use and no-use students to report that their
friends had had any sex (c2 ¼ 40.3, p < .000). Finally, in terms of
sexual behavior, high-use students were more likely than low-use
and no-use students to report having had sex (c2 ¼ 15.5, p < .000).
Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to
examine the association between rap music use in seventh
grade and sexual initiation in ninth grade. Univariate analysis
was first performed with baseline variables previously associ-
ated with sexual initiation to identify explanatory variables for
multivariate logistic regression; variables found to be significant
at the p < .20 level were then selected as candidates for
multivariate logistic regression analysis. Only students who
reported no sex at baseline were included in the regression
analysis. Of these, those with a valid response at 18-month
follow-up were included in the univariate analysis (n ¼ 509).
The multivariate analysis was restricted to students with a valid
response for each variable included in the model (n ¼ 443). The
full model was significant (c2 ¼ 53.062, df ¼ 9, p < .000) and
correctly classified 79.5% of students. Results of the univariate

Table 2
Table 1
Baseline characteristics by rap music use
Baseline characteristics of final analytic sample (n ¼ 443)a
Variable na Rap music use, % (n)
Characteristic %
No use Low use High use
Age, M (standard deviation) 12.95 (.49)
Gender Overall 726 9.6 (73) 16.9 (128) 69.3 (525)
Male 36.8 Gender 726
Female 63.2 Male 41.1 (30) 43.0 (55) 42.5 (223)
Race/ethnicity Female 58.9 (43) 57.0 (73) 57.5 (302)
Black 38.4 Race/ethnicity** 726
Hispanic 45.6 Black 6.8 (5) 29.7 (38) 47.0 (247)
Otherb 16.0 Hispanic 65.8 (48) 50.8 (65) 33.1 (200)
Maximum parent education Otherb 27.4 (20) 19.5 (25) 14.9 (78)
Did not graduate high school 29.6 Maximum parent education 691
High school graduate 22.6 Did not graduate high school 28.2 (20) 36.1 (43) 25.7 (129)
Some college 17.6 High-school graduate 21.1 (15) 21.8 (26) 23.6 (118)
College graduate 30.2 Some college 14.1 (10) 13.4 (16) 19.2 (96)
Rap music use College graduate 36.6 (26) 28.6 (34) 31.5 (158)
No use 11.7 Parent has music rules** 723
<2 hours per day 18.7 Yes 38.9 (28) 39.1 (50) 23.7 (124)
3 hours per day 69.5 No 61.1 (44) 60.9 (78) 76.3 (399)
Parent has music rules Perceived peer sexual behavior** 693
Yes 28.7 None 88.4 (61) 74.4 (87) 56.0 (284)
No 71.3 Few 8.7 (6) 18.8 (22) 23.1 (117)
Perceived peer sexual behavior Some 1.4 (1) 2.6 (3) 11.8 (60)
None 70.2 Most 1.4 (1) 4.3 (5) 9.1 (46)
Few 19.9 Has had any sex** 724
Some 6.1 Yes 2.7 (2) 4.7 (6) 14.3 (75)
Most 3.8 No 97.3 (71) 95.3 (122) 85.7 (448)
a a
Sample was limited to those who did not have sex at baseline; thus, no data Only includes participants with data available on selected variables.
b
for baseline sexual behavior are reported. White, Asian/Pacific Island, and Native American.
b
White, Asian/Pacific Island, and Native American. ** p < .000.
320 K.A. Johnson-Baker et al. / Journal of Adolescent Health 58 (2016) 317e322

and multivariate analyses are presented in Table 3. After Table 4

adjusting for covariates, neither low rap music use (odds ratio Results of mediation analysis

[OR] ¼ 1.181; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] ¼ .46e3.01; p ¼ Pathway Analysis b p
.727) nor high rap music use (OR ¼ 2.231; 95% CI ¼ .99e5.03; c Rap music use / sexual initiation .614 .000
p ¼ .053) significantly predicted sexual initiation, compared a Rap music use / perceived peer behavior .227 .000
with no use of rap music. However, the findings for the rela- b Perceived peer sexual behavior / sexual initiationa .847 .000
c’ Rap music use / sexual initiationb .452 .012
tionship between high rap music use and sexual initiation did
approach statistical significance. Gender (OR ¼ 1.962; 95% CI ¼ a
Controlled for rap music use.
b
1.26e3.04; p ¼ .003), age (OR ¼ 1.813; 95% CI ¼ 1.18e2.79; Controlled for perceived peer sexual behavior.
p ¼.007), and perceived peer sexual behavior (OR ¼ 2.03; 95%
CI ¼ 1.44e2.86; p ¼.000) remained significant predictors in the peer sexual behavior. Rap music use was significantly associated
full model. Interaction terms for perceived peer sexual behavior with sexual initiation on univariate analysis but not on multi-
and rap music use were not significant (p ¼ .828). variate analysis; however, this relationship did approach signif-
Mediation analysis was conducted to determine if perceived icance. This could be attributed to the effect of perceived peer
peer sexual behavior mediated the relationship between rap sexual behavior on sexual initiation. On mediation analysis,
music use and sexual initiation. The standardized regression perceived peer behavior was found to partially mediate the
coefficient between hours spent listening to rap music and sex- relationship between rap music use and sexual initiation.
ual initiation decreased substantially when controlling for Moreover, this finding suggests that listening to rap music does
perceived peer sexual behavior (Table 4). The other conditions of not directly influence sexual initiation. Instead, youth who listen
mediation were also met: Hours spent listening to rap music to high amounts of rap music may be more likely than those who
significantly predicted (1) sexual initiation (b ¼ .227, p ¼ .000); listen to low amounts of rap music or no rap music to believe that
(2) perceived peer sexual behavior (b ¼ .847, p ¼ .000); and (3) their peers are sexually active, which, in turn, may increase their
perceived peer sexual behavior significantly predicted sexual likelihood of initiating sex. In addition, although rap music use
initiation when controlling for hours spent listening to rap music was not significant in the full model, mediation analysis is still
(b ¼ .452, p ¼ .012). The Sobel test indicated that the association plausible because establishing full mediation was not our intent.
between hours spent listening to rap music and sexual initiation This partial mediation was found to be distal suggesting that
was partially mediated by perceived peer sexual behavior (z ¼ additional variables or competing variables that should be
4.46, p < .000). investigated [33]. This study establishes a foundation for the
need to investigate a multiple mediation model to further
explain the relationship between rap music use, perceived peer
Discussion behavior, and sexual initiation.
At baseline, perceived peer sexual behavior was significantly
To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the associated with rap music use. Specifically, students who
longitudinal relationship between rap music use and sexual listened to high amounts of rap music were more likely than
initiation and to examine the role of perceived peer sexual those who listened to low amounts of rap music or no rap music
behavior as a potential mediator of this relationship. Overall, as to believe that their peers were sexually active, and the per-
hypothesized, we found that high use of rap music in seventh centage of students who believed that their peers were sexually
grade is significantly associated with sexual initiation in ninth active increased as the use of rap music increased. This finding
grade and that this association is partially mediated by perceived may be due to rap music acting as a super peer for youth seeking
guidance on sexual behavior [14]. Based on this theorized
Table 3
mechanism, youth who listen to high amounts of rap music may
Univariate and multivariate analyses of variables at baselinea (seventh grade) personally identify with rap music culture and thus may be
predicting sexual initiation at 18-month follow-up (ninth grade) more likely to be influenced by its sexualized messages because
Variable Univariate Multivariate (n ¼ 443) they are either seeking peer approval of sexual behavior or
feeling pressure to conform to perceived sexual behavior within
nb Odds 95% p Odds 95% p
ratio confidence ratio confidence their peer networks. Furthermore, ethnic minority youth may
interval interval be more likely to identify with rap music imagery and to
Hours spent listening 490
perceive cultural messages about sex as truth, especially if there
to rap musicc are no alternative messages reflecting healthy sexual behavior
Low use 1.07 .46e2.49 .883 1.18 .46e3.01 .727 [34]. Additional longitudinal studies are needed to determine
High use 2.63 1.28e5.39 .009 2.23 .99e5.03 .053 the direction of the association between rap music use and
Genderd 509 1.57 1.01e2.31 .022 1.96 1.26e3.04 .003
perceived peer sexual behavior.
Race/ethnicitye 509
Black 1.39 .78e2.46 .266 1.02 .53e1.95 .960 At baseline, students who listened to more rap music differed
Hispanic 1.05 .60e1.85 .859 .89 .43e1.83 .752 significantly from those who listened to less or no rap music. For
Age at baseline 505 1.70 1.17e2.48 .006 1.81 1.18e2.79 .007 instance, high-use students were more likely than low-use and
Parent maximum 484 .93 .80e1.1 .394 .92 .74e1.15 .484 no-use students to be sexually active at baseline during the sev-
education
Perceived peer 477 2.56 1.86e3.51 .000 2.03 1.44e2.86 .000
enth grade. Although only 12% of students were sexually active
sexual behavior at baseline, the proportion of students who had initiated sex
increased as rap music use increased. Because this particular
Referent groups: cNo use, dFemale, and eOther (White, Asian/Pacific Island, and
Native American).
relationship is cross-sectional, the direction of the effect remains
a
Sample limited to those who reported “no sex” at baseline. unknown. Compared with high-use students, low-use and no-use
b
Only includes participants with data available on selected variables. students were mostly Hispanic, overwhelmingly believed that
 K.A. Johnson-Baker et al. / Journal of Adolescent Health 58 (2016) 317e322
their peers were not sexually active, and were more likely to have
parental music rules. In terms of race/ethnicity, rap music use
differed significantly between Hispanic and black students; black
students were more likely than Hispanic students to listen to 3 or
more hours of rap music per day. This finding is inconsistent with
previous findings indicating equal usage rates of rap music among
students from different racial/ethnic backgrounds [7,8]. It is un-
clear why black students consumed more rap music than Hispanic
students. Whether black youth are more likely than other ethnic
minority youth to identify with, seek out, and be influenced by rap
music culture because of the abundance of cultural imagery and
stereotypes warrants further study. In terms of parental music
rules, more than two thirds of the sample reported not having
parental rules about the type of music they could listen to.
Parental music rules were inversely related to rap music use; the
percentage of students who had parental music rules decreased as
rap music use increased. Monitoring the music use of contem-
porary youth is highly challenging; however, such efforts are
needed because parents who have clear rules about the type and
amount of music their youth can listen to may help to limit their
exposure to music with sexually explicit content. Parental moni-
toring of media use has been found to be associated with positive
outcomes among adolescents [35]. However, additional research
is warranted because less is known about the relationship be-
tween parental music rules and sexually explicit media use, spe-
cifically rap music [19].
This study has some limitations. First, because the sample was
composed of mostly urban, ethnic minority youth, the findings
are generalizable only to minority adolescent populations in
large urban areas. Second, the sample was not large enough to
allow us to examine differences by gender and race/ethnicity;
thus, the extent to which gender and race/ethnicity affect the
relationship between perceived peer sexual behavior, rap music
use, and sexual initiation remains unknown. Much of the sexu-
ally suggestive themes in rap music are female focused [10], so it
could be that rap music is more likely to influence adolescent
females’ beliefs about peer sexual behavior than those of male
adolescents. However, we did not examine whether this gender
bias in lyrical content influences perceived peer sexual behavior
or the onset of sexual initiation differently for males than for
females. Moreover, we did not examine whether rap music in-
fluences black and Hispanic students equally. Third, the rap
music variable used did not specify type of rap music or rap
music media channel (e.g., radio, Internet, music videos), so it is
unknown if students were influenced by messages through
lyrical content or visual representation via videos. In addition,
this variable did not measure the level of sexually explicit con-
tent in rap music, although most mainstream rap music contains
sexually explicit content [9e11], so it was only assumed that this
variable was an adequate estimate of mainstream rap music
content. Because of the cross-sectional nature of the relationship
between rap music use and perceived peer behavior, the direc-
tionality of this relationship remains unknown. Whether
increased exposure to rap music influences an adolescent’s
perception of peer behavior, which, in turn, influences his or her
own sexual behavior is unclear. The study also did not control for
time spent alone, idle time, and other parental monitoring var-
iables. Further investigation should include multiple mediation
model that includes variable to account for time spent alone and
ensures that temporal precedence is established.
In conclusion, we found that, for ethnic minority youth, high
use of rap music in early adolescence is associated with sexual
321
initiation in late adolescence but that the strength of this associ-
ation decreases considerably when age, gender, and perceived
peer behavior are taken into account. In addition, we found that
this association is partially mediated by perceived peer sexual
behavior. These findings have important implications for sexual
health interventions and future research. Adolescent experiences
sexual development in a complex environment where individual
(e.g., impulsivity, self-efficacy, early pubertal onset, perceived peer
norms), interpersonal (e.g., infrequent parental monitoring);
community (e.g., STI rates, neighborhood trauma), and societal
(e.g., permissive norms, race, and gender) factors all influence
their sexual behavior trajectory [20,23,25]. It is understandable
that ethnic minority youth are more likely to initiate sex early due
to the fact that they are more likely to experience the aforemen-
tioned factors [20]. Intervening on several social determinants is
desirable but less feasible. Therefore, addressing perceived peer
behavior may prove to be a more achievable goal in the interim as
public health professionals work to develop and evaluate long-
term multilevel interventions to improve adolescent sexual
behavior. Rap music and forms of progressive hip-hop education
could be used as tools to deconstruct sexually explicit messages
adolescents receive. Parents can play a more proactive role by
having open conversations with youth regarding sexually explicit
themes in rap music while setting clear expectations for respon-
sible sexual and dating behavior. Interventionists and program
developers should consider adapting current adolescent sexual
health programs by providing youth opportunities to simulta-
neously challenge permissive sexual norms in rap music and
misperceptions about peer sexual behavior.
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