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Lineas de Transmision Propagacion
Lineas de Transmision Propagacion
1
H aˆ n E , and Z TEM .
Z TEM
sin t 1 n1 v p 2 2 1 r1
Snell’s law: and θ i =θ r
sin i 2 n2 v p1 1 2 r2
Er0 E
The reflection coefficient: Γ= and the transmission coefficient: τ= t 0
Ei 0 Ei 0
2 / cos t 1 / cos i n1 cos i n 2 cos t sin( t i )
/ cos / cos n cos n cos sin( )
2 t 1 i 1 i 2 t t i
2 / cos 2 n cos 2 cos sin t
2 t
1 i
i
2 / cos t 1 / cos i n1 cos i n 2 cos t sin( t i )
for perpendicular polarization (TE)
2 1
// 1 2
In case of normal incidence, 2 1
, where η 1 = and η 2 = .
2 2
1 2
//
2 1
R ( / m) , L ( H / m) , G ( S / m ) , C ( F / m)
Transmission line equations: In higher-frequency range, the transmission line model
is utilized to analyze EM power flow.
v(z z, t) v(z, t) i(z, t) v i
z
Ri(z, t) L
t
z Ri L
t
i(z z, t) i(z, t) Gv(z, t) C v(z, t) i Gv C v
z t z t
Set v(z,t)=Re[V(z)ejωt], i(z,t)=Re[I(z)ejωt]
dV d 2V ( z )
( R j L ) I ( z ) dz 2 ( R jL)(G jC )V ( z ) V ( z )
2
dz
2
dI d I ( z ) ( R jL)(G jC ) I ( z ) 2 I ( z )
(G j C )V ( z )
dz dz 2
where γ=α+jβ= ( R jL)(G jC ) V (z) V0 ez V0 ez , I (z) I 0 ez I 0 ez
V0 V R jL R jL
Characteristic impedance: Z 0 = 0
I0
I0 G jC G jC
Note:
1. International Standard Impedance of a Transmission Line is Z 0 =50Ω.
2. In transmission-line equivalent-circuit model, G≠1/R.
R j2108 L
(Sol.) 50 , 1.15×10-3+j0.8π= (R jL)(G jC) 50 (G j2108 C)
G j 210 C
8
0.8 1.15
C 80( pF / m) , G 10 3 2.3 10 5 ( S / m) ,
2 10 50
8
50
R 2500G 0.0575( / m) , L 2500C 0.2( F / m)
d 2V ( z ) d 2 I ( z)
RGV ( z ), RGI ( z )
dz 2 dz 2
(b) V ( z ) V0 e RG z
V0 e RG z
, I ( z ) I 0 e RG z
I 0 e RG z
R j L R jL 12 jC 1 2 R j L C
Z0 (1 ) (1 ) [1 ( )]
G jC G R G G 2 R G
L C C R
∵ Distortionless, ∴ L 1.11 10 2 H / m , R =0.01Np/m,
R G L Z0
C L
LC L 5.58rad / m , γ=α+jβ=0.01+j5.58
L Z0
Z 0V g 5 5
V0 j 5 , V0 0 , V ( z ) V0 e z ( j 5)e ( 0.01 j 5.58) z
Z0 Z g 3 3
5 10 0.01z
V ( z , t ) Re[V ( z )e j 8000t ] e cos(8000t 5.58 z 71.6)
3
V ( z, t ) 1
I ( z, t ) e 0.01z cos(8000t 5.58 71.6)
Z0 2 10
Relationship between transmission-line parameters:
G 12 12
( R jL)(G jC ) j LC (1 ) j (1 ) G/C=σ/ε
jC j
and LC=με
1 2 Rs R 1 f c
Two-wire line: I 2aJ s , P I ( ) R 2( s )
2 2a 2a a c
1 2 Rs 1 R
Coaxial-cable line: I 2aJ si 2bJ so , Pi I ( ) , Po I 2 ( s )
2 2a 2 2b
Rs 1 1 1 f c 1 1
R ( ) ( )
2 a b 2 c a b
36
2 b
Coaxial line: C , L ln( )
ln(b / a ) 2 a
b
ln( )
L a 4 10 7
a=0.6mm, Z 0 75 b=3.91mm
C 2 1 9
2.25 10
36
Parallel–plate transmission line:
E yˆ E 0 e z yˆ E y
E 0 z , j j ,
H xˆ e xˆH x
0
dV ( z ) d d
jJ su ( z )d j ( )[ J su ( z ) w] jLI ( z ) L ( H / m)
dz w
dH x d w w
H jE ,
dz
jE y
dz 0 H x dx j E y dx
0
dI ( z ) w w
jE y ( z ) w j ( )[ E y ( z )d ] jCV ( z ) C ( F / m)
dz d d
dV d 2V ( Z ) 1 1
j LI 2 LCV ( z ) LC , v p
dz dz 2 LC
2
dI jCV d I ( z ) 2 LCI ( z ) V ( z) L d d
dz dz 2 Z0
I ( z) C w w
w
Lossy parallel–plate transmission line: G C
d
Et E f c
Surface impedance: Z s z c Rs jX s (1 j )
Js Hx c
1 2 1 2 1 R 1
P Re( J su Z s ) J su Rs I 2 ( s ) I 2 R
2 2 2 w 2
Rs 2 f c
R 2( ) ( / m)
w w c
Eg. Consider a transmission line made of two parallel brass strips σ c =1.6×107S/m
of width 20mm and separated by a lossy dielectric slab μ=μ 0 , ε r =3, σ=10-3S/m of
thickness 2.5mm. The operating frequency is 500MHz. (a) Calculate the R, L, G,
and C per unit length. (b) Find γ and Z 0 .
2 f 0 w
(Sol.) (a) R 1.11( / m) , G 8 10 3 ( S / m)
w c d
d w
L 0 1.57 10 7 ( H / m) , C 2.12 10 10 ( F / m)
w d
R jL
(b) γ= (R jL)(G jC) =18.13∠-0.41°, ω=2π×500×106, Z 0 = =27.21∠0.3°
G jC
Eg. Consider lossless stripline design for a given characteristic impedance. (a)
How should the dielectric thickness d be changed for a given plate width w if the
dielectric constant ε r is doubled? (b) How should w be changed for a given d if ε r
is doubled? (c) How should w be changed for a given ε r if d is doubled?
L d
(Sol.) Z 0
C w
w
(a) 2 d 2d , (b) 2 w
2
(c) d 2d w 2 w
PL ( z )
Attenuation constant of transmission line: α = , where P L (z) is the
2 P( z )
time-average power loss in an infinitesimal distance.
V 0 ( j ) z
Suppose no reflection, V ( z ) V0 e ( j ) z , I ( z ) e
Z0
2
1 V
P( z ) Re[V ( z ) I * ( z )] 0 2
R0 e 2z e 2z
2 2 Z0
P( z ) P ( z)
PL ( z ) 2P( z ) L
z 2 P( z )
Microstrip lines: are usually used in the mm wave range.
c 1 L p
p , ,
ff pC C f ff
60 h W
For W/h 1: ln 8 0.25 ,
ff W h
r 1 r 1 W
1 / 2 2
where ff h
1 12 0.041
2 2 W h
120
ff
For W/h 1:
W 1.393 0.667 ln W 1.444
h h
,
1 / 2
where ff
r 1 r 1 h
1 12
2 2 W
2h r 1 0.61
For W/h>2: W B 1 ln2 B 1 lnB 1 0.39 , where
2 r r
377
2 0 r
Case 2: t/h>0.005. In this case, we obtain W eff firstly.
Weff W t 2h
For W/h 1 : 1 ln
2 h h h t
W Weff t 4W
For W/h 1 :
1 ln
2 h h h t
And then we substitute W eff into W in the expressions in Case 1.
f 0 G z 0.3 , where h must be expressed in cm.
h r 1
r ff 1 tan dB
For a dielectric with low losses: d 27.3 ( )
ff r 1 cm
1/ 2
ff 1
dB
For a dielectric with high losses: d 4.34 ( )
ff r 1 cm
8.68 f
For W/h → ∞: c Rs , where Rs
W
8.68Rs P h h 4W t
For W/h 1 : c 1 ln
2 2 h Weff Weff t W
2
8.68Rs Weff
For 1 <W/h 2: c PQ , where P 1
2 2 h 4h
h h 2h t
and Q 1 ln
Weff Weff t h
For W/h 2:
2
Weff
W
8.68Rs Q eff 2 eff
W
W
c ln 2e 0.94
eff
h
h h 2h
h W
eff 2h 0.94
Eg. A high-frequency test circuit with microstrip lines.
5-2 Wave Characteristics of Finite Transmission Line
Z L Z 0 tanh
Eg. Show that the input impedance is Z i = ( Z ) z 0 Z 0 .
z ' Z 0 Z L tanh
(Proof) , Z0
I ( z ) I 0 e z I 0 e z .....(2) I0 I0
VL V0 e V0 e 1
V0 2 (VL I L Z 0 )e
V0 V0
I
L e e V 1 (V I Z )e
Z 0 Z 0 0 2
L L 0
IL ( z )
V ( z ) 2 [( Z L Z 0 )e ( Z L Z 0 )e ( z ) ]
I ( z ) I L [( Z L Z 0 )e ( z ) ( Z L Z 0 )e ( z ) ]
2Z 0
IL z '
V ( z ) 2 [( Z L Z 0 )e ( Z L Z 0 )e ]
' z '
V ( z ' ) I L ( Z L cosh z ' Z 0 sinh z ' )
IL
I ( z ' ) I L [( Z L Z 0 )e z ' ( Z L Z 0 )e z ' ] I ( z ' ) Z ( Z L sinh z ' Z 0 cosh z ' )
2Z 0 0
Vg Vg
Note: In the high-frequency circuit, the input current I i = : the
Z g Zi Zg ZL
value in the low-frequency case. And the high-frequency I i is dependent on the length
l, the characteristic impedance Z 0 , the propagation constant γ of the transmission line,
and the load impedance Z L . But the low-frequency I i is only dependent on Z 0 and Z L .
Eg. A 2m lossless air-spaced transmission line having a characteristic impedance
50Ω is terminated with an impedance 40+j30(Ω) at an operating frequency of
200MHz. Find the input impedance.
4
(Sol.) , R0 50 , Z L 40 j 30 , 2m
vp 3
4
(40 j 30) j 50 tan( 2)
Z i 50 3 26.3 j 9.87
4
50 j (40 j 30) tan( 2)
3
Eg. Prove that a maximum power is transferred from a voltage source with an
internal impedance Z g to a load impedance Z L over a lossless transmission line
when Z i =Z g *, where Z i is the impedance looking into the loaded line. What is the
maximum power transfer efficiency?
V Zi
(Proof) I i , Vi V
Zi Z g Zi Z g
2
1 Ri V
( Power ) out Re[Vi I i *]
2 2[( Ri R g ) 2 ( X i X g ) 2 ]
2 2
V 1 V ( Power ) out 1
In this case, ( Power ) out , Ps Re[VI i *] , e
4 Rg 2 2 Rg Ps 2
Transmission lines as circuit elements:
Z Z 0 tanh
Consider a general case: Z i = Z 0 L
Z 0 Z L tanh
1. Open-circuit termination (Z L →∞): Z i =Z io =Z 0 coth(γl)
2. Short-circuit termination (Z L =0): Z i =Z is =Z 0 tanh(γl)
1 Z is
∴ Z 0 = Z i 0 Z is , γ= tanh 1
Zi0
2
R0
3. Quarter-wave section in a lossless case (l=λ/4, βl=π/2): Z i
ZL
1 36020
tanh1 0.139 j 0.235 j
4 250 50
57.3 57.3
(b) R jL Z 0 58.5 j 57.3 , L 0.812( H / m)
c
8.76 10 4
G j C 24.5 10 5 j8.76 10 4 , C 12.4( pF / m)
Z0 c
Z 0Vg
For a lossless line, V(z)= e jz [1 e j 2 ( z ) ]
Z0 Z g
Eg. A 100MHz generator with V g =10∠0° (V) and internal resistance 50Ω is
connected to a lossless 50Ω air line that is 3.6m long and terminated in a
25+j25(Ω) load. Find (a) V(z) at a location z from the generator, (b) V i at the
input terminals and V L at the load, (c) the voltage standing-wave radio on the
line, and (d) the average power delivered to the load.
Z L 25 j 25 35.3645() ,
2 10 8 2
3.6(m) , (rad / m) , 2.4 (rad / m)
c 3 10 8 3
Z Z 0 (25 j 25) 50
L 0.4470.648 , g 0
Z L Z 0 (25 j 25) 50
Z 0V g
(a) V ( z ) e jz [1 e j 2 ( z ) ] 5[e j 2z / 3 0.447e j ( 2 z / 30.152 ) ]
Z0 Z g
Z L Z 0 50 j 50 Z g Z0
(Sol.) (a) Vg 110 j, j, g 0,
Z L Z 0 50 j 50 Z g Z0 4
Z 0V g
(c) V ( z ' ) e jz ' (1 e 2 jz ' ) j 55( e jz ' je jz ' ) ,
Z0 Zg
Vg
I ( z' ) e jz ' (1 e 2 jz ' ) j1.1( e jz ' je jz ' )
Z0 Z g
1 T
T 0
P V ( z ' 0, t ) I ( z ' 0, t ) 60.5 cos(2t ) , Pav Pdt 0
Eg. A sinusoidal voltage generator with V g =0.1∠0° (V) and internal impedance
Z g =Z 0 is connected to a lossless transmission line having a characteristic
impedance Z 0 =50Ω. The line is l meters long and is terminated in a load
resistance Z L =25Ω. Find (a) V i , I i , V L 錯誤! 尚未定義書籤。, and I L ; (b) the
standing-wave radio on the line; and (c) the average power delivered to the load.
ZL Z0 1 Z g Z0 0.1 1
(Sol.) (a) , g 0 , Vi V ( z ' ) (1 e 2 j )
Z L Z0 3 Z g Z0 2 3
0.1 1
I i I ( z ' ) (1 e 2 j )
100 3
0.1 j 1 1
V L V ( z ' 0) e (1 ) e j
2 3 30
0.1 j 1 1
I L I ( z ' 0) e (1 ) e
100 3 750
1 1
(b) S 2 , (c) Pav Re[V L I L *] 2.22 10 5 W
1 2
Eg. Consider a lossless transmission line of characteristic impedance R 0 . A
time-harmonic voltage source of an amplitude V g and an internal impedance
R g =R 0 is connected to the input terminals of the line, which is terminated with a
load impedance Z L =R L +jX L . Let P inc be the average incident power associated
with the wave traveling in the +z direction. (a) Find the expression for P inc in
terms of V g and R 0 . (b) Find the expression for the average power P L delivered
to the load in terms of V g and the reflection coefficient Γ. (c) Express the ratio
P L /P inc in terms of the standing-wave ratio S.
1 Vg
(Sol.) V ( z ) V0 e jz V0 e jz , I ( z ) (V0 e jz V0 e jz ) , Vinc ( z 0) V0 ,
R0 2
Vg
I inc ( z 0) I 0
2 R0
2
1
V0 Vg
2
(b) PL 1 Re[V ( z ) I * ( z )] 1 Re[(V0 e jz V0 e jz )(V0* e jz V0* e jz )] 1 {V0 2 V0 2 }
2 2 R0 2 R0
2
V0 2 Vg
2
2
{1 } {1 }
2 R0 8 R0
PL 2 S 1 2 4S
(c) 1 1 ( )
Pinc S 1 ( S 1) 2
Case 1 For a pure resistive load: Z L =R L
V ( z ' ) VL cos z ' jI L R0 sin z '
V ( z ' ) VL cos z '( R0 / RL ) sin z '
2 2 2
VL
I ( z ' ) I L cos z ' j R sin z ' I ( z ' ) I L cos 2 z '( RL / R0 ) 2 sin 2 z '
0
1 S 1
S , 1. Γ=0 S=1 when Z L = Z 0 (matched load)
1 S 1
n
If R L R0 0 0, z ' max , n 0,1,2,3....
2
n
If R L R0 0 , z ' min
2
n
If R L z ' max
2
R0 R Vmax I max R
Vmax VL , Vmin VL , I min I L , I max I L L , S L or
RL R0 Vmin I min R0
R L SR0 .
R0 R Vmax I max R
Vmin VL , Vmax V L , I max I L , I min I L L . S 0 or
RL R0 Vmin I min RL
R0
RL
S
Case 2 For a lossless transmission line, and arbitrary load:
R jR0 tan m
Z L = R0 m , z m ’+l m =λ/2
R0 jRm tan m
Find Z L =?
S 1
1. , 2. At θ Γ =2βz m ’-π, V(z’) is a minimum.
S 1
1 e j 1
3. Z L =R L +jX L = R0 j
R0
1 e 1
Eg. Consider a lossless transmission line. (a) Determine the line’s characteristic
resistance so that it will have a minimum possible standing-wave ratio for a load
impedance 40+j30(Ω). (b) Find this minimum standing-wave radio and the
corresponding voltage reflection coefficient. (c) Find the location of the voltage
minimum nearest to the load.
(Sol.)
Z L R0 40 R0 j 30 (40 R0 ) 2 30 2 1 2 1 dS 1
[ ] , S , 0 R0 50
Z L R0 40 R0 j 30 (40 R0 ) 30
2 2
1 dR0 3
Z L R0 10 j 30 1 1
S 2, 90 ,
Z L R0 90 j 30 3 3 2 2
1 3
z min ' ( ) , m
2 2 8 2 8 8
2
j
1 ()
R0 50, Z L 50 2 30 j 40 50 Rm j 50 tan m
j 50 jRm tan m
1 ( )
2
50
Rm 16.7()
3
Eg. A lossy transmission line with characteristic impedance Z 0 is terminated in
an arbitrary load impedance Z L . (a) Express the standing-wave radio S on the
line in terms of Z 0 and Z L . (b) Find the impedance looking toward the load at the
location of a voltage maximum. (c) Find the impedance looking toward the load
at a location of a voltage minimum.
1 e 2zmin ' Z0
Z ( z min ' ) Z 0 2z min '
1 e S ( z min ' )
j
Z L R0 Z / R 1 z 1 1 1 e
e j L 0 L r ji z L r jx
Z L R0 Z L / R0 1 zL 1 1 1 e j
1 r2 i2 2 i
r , x 2
(1 r ) 2 i2 (1 r ) 2 i
r 2 1 2 1 1
(r ) i2 ( ) : r-circle, ( r 1) 2 ( i ) 2 ( ) 2 : x-circle
1 r 1 r x x
Several salient properties of the r-circles:
1. The centers of all r-circles lie on the Γ r -axis.
2. The r=0 circle, having a unity radius and centered at the origin, is the largest.
3. The r-circles become progressively smaller as r increases from 0 toward ∞,
ending at the (Γ r =1, Γ i =0) point for open-circuit.
4. All r-circles pass through the (Γ r =1, Γ i =0) point.
Salient properties of the x-circles:
1. The centers of all x-circles lie on the Γ r =1 line, those for x>0 (inductive reactance)
lie above the Γ r –axis, and those for x<0 (capacitive reactance) lie below the
Γ r –axis.
2. The x=0 circle becomes the Γ r –axis.
3. The x-circle becomes progressively smaller as |x| increases from 0 toward ∞,
ending at the (Γ r =1, Γ i =0) point for open-circuit.
4. All x-circles pass through the (Γ r =1, Γ i =0) point.
Summary
1. All |Γ|–circles are centered at the origin, and their radii vary uniformly from 0 to
1.
2. The angle, measured from the positive real axis, of the line drawn from the origin
through the point representing z L equals θ Γ .
3. The value of the r-circle passing through the intersection of the |Γ|–circle and the
positive-real axis equals the standing-wave radio S.
Application of Smith Chart in lossless transmission line:
j
V ( z' ) 1 e j 2 z ' Z i ( z ) 1 e j 2 z ' 1 e
Z i ( z' ) z0 [ ] , z ( z ' ) when
1 e j 2 z ' 1 e j 2 z ' 1 e j
i
I ( z' ) Z0
2z '
keep |Γ| constant and subtract (rotate in the clockwise direction) an angle
4z '
2z ' from θ Γ . This will locate the point for |Γ|ejφ, which determine Z i .
Increasing z’ wavelength toward generator in the clockwise direction
A change of half a wavelength in the line length z ' A change of
2
2 (z ' ) 2 in φ.
Eg. Use the Smith chart to find the input impedance of a section of a 50Ω lossless
transmission line that is 0.1 wavelength long and is terminated in a short-circuit.
(Sol.) Given z L 0 , R0 50() , z ' 0.1
1. Enter the Smith chart at the intersection of r=0 and x=0 (point Psc on the
extreme left of chart; see Fig.)
( OP sc =1)
3. Draw the straight line OP2 and extend it to P 2 ’ on the periphery. Read
0.22 on “wavelengths toward generator” scale. = 21 ,
e j 0.6021 .
(b) The 0.60 circle intersects with the positive-real axis OPoc at r=S=4.
(c) To find the input impedance:
1. Move P 2 ’ at 0.220 by a total of 0.434 “wavelengths toward generator,” first to
0.500 and then further to 0.154 to P 3 ’.
(d) In going from P 2 to P 3 , the 0.60 circle intersects the positive-real axis
∴ We can not simply move close the |Γ|-circle; auxiliary calculation is necessary for
the e-2αz’ factor.
6. Mark on line OP3 a point P i such that OPi / OP3 e 2 0.89 .
Eg. A signal generator is to feed equal power through a lossless air transmission
line of characteristic impedance 50Ω to two separate resistive loads, 64Ω and
25Ω. Quarter-wave transformers are used to match the loads to the 50Ω line. (a)
Determine the required characteristic impedances of the quarter-wave lines. (b)
Find the standing-wave radios on the matching line sections.
RL 2 R02' 25 50 1 2 1 0.33
2 0.33 , S 2 1.99
RL 2 R02 25 50
'
1 2 1 0.33
Application of Smith Chart in obtaining admittance:
ZL 1 1
YL 1 / Z L , z L , where y L YL / Y0 Y0 / G0 R0YL y jb
R0 R0 YL y L
1
Yi YB YS Y0 1 y B y S , where y B =R 0 Y B , y s =R 0 Y s
R0
∵ 1+jb s = y B , ∴ y s =-jb s and l B is required to cancel the imaginary part.
1. Enter z L on the Smith chart as P1 . Draw a –circle centered at O with radius OP1 .
2. Draw a straight line from P1 through O to P ' 2 on the perimeter, intersecting the –circle at
P2 , which represents y L . Note 0.109 at P' 2 on the “wavelengths toward generator” scale.
S S
S-parameters: S 11 12 for analyzing the high-frequency circuits.
S 21 S 22
1
Define a x V x Z 0 I x , bx 1 V x Z 0 I x
2 Z0 2 Z0
b1 l1 S 11 a1 l1 S 12 a 2 l 2 , b2 l2 S 21a1 l1 S 22 a2 l2
b l b l
b1 l1 S11 S12 a1 l1 , where S11 1 1 a2 l2 0 , S 21 2 2 ,
a1 l1 a1 l1
a2 l2 0
b2 l2 S 21 S 22 a2 l2
b2 l 2 b1 l1
S 22 , and S12 .
a2 l 2 a2 l 2
a1 l1 0 a1 l1 0
j 2 j j 2 j
S '11 S '12 S11e 1 S12 e 1 2 S11 S12 S '11 e 1 S '12 e 1 2
S ' S ' = j j 2
and = j j 2
21 22 S 21e 1 2 S 22 e 2 S 21 S 22 S '21 e 1 2 S '22 e 2
1 S 22
a1 l1 T11 T12 b2 l 2 T11 T12 S 21 S 21
T-parameters:
, where T T S
b1 l1 T21 T22 a 2 l 2 21 22 11 S12
S11 S 22
S
21 S 21
T21 T21T12
T22
S S T T11
and 11 12 11
S 21 S22 1 T12
T
11 T11