Chapter 1 : MATTER

1.1 Atoms and Molecules

1.2 Mole Concept
1.3 Stoichiometry

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 1.1 Atoms and Molecules
(1 hour)

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 Learning Outcome
At the end of this lecture, students should be able :

(a) Describe proton, electron and neutron in terms

of the relative mass and relative charge.
(b) Define proton number, Z, nucleon number, A
and isotope.
(c) Write isotope notation.
(d) Define relative atomic mass, Ar and relative
molecular mass, Mr based on the C-12 scale.
(e) Calculate average atomic mass of element
given the relative abundances of isotopes or a
mass spectrum.

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 Introduction
• Definition of Matter
Anything that occupies space and has mass.
e.g; air, water, animals, trees, atoms, …..
• Matter may consists of atoms, molecules or ions.

Three States of Matter

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Definition of Atom
• An atom is the smallest / basic unit of a chemical element/compound.
• Example: Na, Li ,Ne

Definition of Molecule
• A unit consist of two or more atoms that are chemically bonded together
• There are two types;
 diatomic molecule : Cl2, F2, HCl, O2
 polyatomic molecule : H2O, CO3

Definition of Element
• A substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by
chemical means.
• Element consist of only one kind of atom.
• Element can exist as atom or molecule.
• Example: Na, Li, F2, Ne, Cl2
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 ACTIVITY – 1
Categorize the followings:
F2, Na2SO4, O2, CO, Li, and CO2 as;

ATOM : Li
MOLECULE : F2, O2, CO, CO2
ELEMENT : Li, F2, O2
COMPOUND : Na2SO4, CO, CO2
ION : Na2SO4,

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 Subatomic particles
An atom is made up,
Proton (p)
Packed in a small nucleus
Neutron (n)
Electron (e) Move rapidly around the nucleus of
an atom

Atom is
e
electrically
neutral

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 Note : Describe subatomic particles in terms of the relative
mass and relative charge.

Particle Mass Charge Charge

(gram) (Coulomb) (Unit)
Electron (e) 9.10 x 10-28 -1.6 x 10-19 -1

Proton (p) 1.67 x 10-24 +1.6 x 10-19 +1

Neutron (n) 1.67 x 10-24 0 0

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 PROTON NUMBER (Z)

Also known as atomic number

Number of protons in the nucleus of each atom.
In neutral atom,
number of protons = number of electrons
EXAMPLE:
ELEMENT No. of protons No. of electrons
hydrogen (H) 1 1
oxygen (O) 8 8
sodium (Na) 11 11
argon (Ar) 18 18
 1.1-15

What is proton number?

Elements are arranged in the

order of proton number
in the periodic table
 NUCLEON NUMBER (A)
Also known as mass number
Total number of protons and neutrons
present in the nucleus of an atom.
Nucleon number = Proton Number + Number of Neutrons
(A) (Z) (n)

A = 13 A = 90 A = 61
 Isotopes
• Are atoms of the same element , having the same
number of protons in their nucleus but different
number of neutrons.

1 2H 3H
1 H 1 1
238
235
92 U 92 U
• Therefore, isotopes of an element:
have same proton number
have different number of neutrons

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 Isotope Notation
• An atom can be represented by an isotope notation
( atomic symbol )

A= Nucleon Number of X
= Z+n
element
Z = Proton Number of X symbol
= p

Note : X can be atom or ion

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EXAMPLE:

35
17 Cl
Number of protons = proton number (Z) = 17

Number of electrons = 17
Number of neutrons = 35 - 17 = 18
Nucleon number (A)
= number of protons + number of neutrons
= 17 + 18 = 35
 ACTIVITY – 3
Write the A X notation for each atomic depiction:
Z
 Ans: ACTIVITY – 3
A
Z X notation

Z=6 Z = 40 Z = 28
A=6+7 A = 40 + 50 A = 28 + 33
= 13 = 90 = 61
90 61
28 Ni
13
6C 40 Zr
 ACTIVITY – 4
How many protons, neutrons, and electrons
are in:

a) 14
6 C
b) 116 C
 Ans: ACTIVITY – 4
How many protons, neutrons, and electrons
are in:
Proton(p) neutron(n) electron(e)
a) 14 6 14 – 6 = 8 6
6 C
b) 116 C 6 11 – 6 = 5 6
 ION
• Atom or group of atoms that has positive or negative
charge.

Cation Anion
a positive charge ion formed a negative charge ion
when a neutral atom loses an formed when a neutral
electron(s). atom gains an electron(s).

Na Na+ Cl Cl-
11 protons 11 protons 17 protons 17 protons
11 electrons 10 electrons 17 electrons 18 electrons
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 ACTIVITY – 5

Give the number of protons and electrons in each

of the following common ions:
K+, Mg2+, Fe3+, Br–, Mn2+, C4–, Cu2+.
(Refer to the periodic table)
 Ans: ACTIVITY – 5

Ion Number of protons Number of electrons

K+ 19 19 – 1 = 18
Mg2+ 12 12 – 2 = 10
Fe3+ 26 26 – 3 = 23
Br– 35 35 + 1 = 36
Mn2+ 25 25 – 2 = 23
C4– 6 6 + 4 = 10
Cu2+ 29 29 – 2 = 27
 Exercise 2– 6
ACTIVITY
• Write the appropriate notation for each of the
following nuclide :

Species Number of : Notation

Proton Neutron Electron for
nuclide
A 2 2 2
B 1 2 0
C 1 1 1
D 7 7 10
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 Exercise 2(answer)
Ans: ACTIVITY –6
• Write the appropriate notation for each of the
following nuclide :
Species Number of : Notation
Proton Neutron Electron for nuclide
A 2 2 2
B 1 2 0

C 1 1 1

D 7 7 10

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 MASS SPECTROMETRY
Technique used to determined relative atomic mass
and the relative abundance of isotopes

Different atoms / isotopes / molecules can be identified

by their characteristic pattern of lines (peak)
 MASS SPECTROMETER
instrument used to determined relative
atomic mass and the relative abundance
of isotopes
 1.1-26

④ magnetic field
① vaporization chamber

⑤ ion detector

③ accelerating chamber

② ionization chamber
 Mass Spectrum of Magnesium
• The line of mass spectrum
shows Mg consists of three
Relative abundance

isotopes:
24Mg, 25Mg and 26Mg.
63

• The height of each line is

9.1 proportional to the
8.1
abundance of each isotope.
24 25 26 m/e (amu)

• 24Mg is the most abundant of

the three isotopes
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Example: MASS SPECTRUM OF ISOTOPES
Note: relative intensity = relative abundance
Intensity of peaks

20
10
Ne (90.2%)

22
10
Ne (8.82%)
21
10
Ne (0.26%)
19 20 21 22
Atomic mass (amu)
 ATOMIC MASS
Mass of the atom in atomic mass unit (amu)
Also called atomic weight
Modern atomic mass standard is unit: amu = u
the C–12 atom

Mass one C–12 atom = 12 amu

1
1 amu = x mass of one C–12 atom
12
= 1.66054 x 10–24 g
 ACTIVITY – 7

With mass spectral data, the ratio of the mass of

16O to 12C is found to be 1.33291.

What is the mass of 16O atom (in amu) ?

 Ans : ACTIVITY – 7
Given,
Mass of one 16O atom = 1.33291
Mass of one 12C atom 1

Mass of one 12C atom = 12 amu

Mass of one 16O atom = 1.33291

12 amu 1
So, Mass of one 16O atom = 12 amu x 1.33291
= 15.9949 amu
 ACTIVITY – 8

What is the ratio of masses for 202Hg/12C,

if the isotopic mass of 202Hg is 201.970617 amu?

Mass of one 202Hg atom

=?
Mass of one 12C atom
 AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS
The average of mass of its naturally occurring
isotopes weighted according to their abundances
EXAMPLE: Natural lithium is:
7.42% 6Li (6.015 amu)
92.58% 7Li (7.016 amu)
Average ∑ abundance of isotope x mass of isotope
atomic =
mass ∑ abundance of isotope
= Qi M i
Qi
= (7.42% x 6.015 amu) + (92.58% x 7.016 amu)
100%
= 6.941 amu
 1.1-36

Average atomic mass (6.941)

 RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS(R.A.M), Ar
• A mass of one atom of an element compared to 1/12
mass of one atom of 12C with the mass 12.000
Relative atomic mass, Ar
Mass of one atom of element

1 X Mass of one atom of 12 C
12
EXAMPLE:
Atomic mass of Mg = 24 amu
Relative atomic mass of Mg = 24 amu
1/12 x 12 amu
= 24
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 Atomic mass = relative atomic mass (Ar)

Atomic mass Relative Atomic mass

Has unit (amu @ u) No unit

Example: Na Example: Na
Atomic mass = 23 amu Ar = 23 amu
(1/12 x 12 amu)
= 23

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How to calculate the relative atomic mass from
mass spectrum?

Qi M i
Ar 
Qi

Q= the relative abundance / percentage

abundance of an isotope of the element
M= the relative isotopic mass of the element

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EXAMPLE:
1. Fig 1.1 shows the mass spectrum of the element rubidium, Rb;

Relative abundance 18
7

85
87 m/e (amu)
a. What isotopes are present in Rb?
85Rb and 87Rb

b. What is the percentage abundance of each isotope?

% abundance 85Rb % abundance 87Rb
= 18 x 100 = 7 x 100
25 25
= 72 % = 28 %

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c. Calculate the relative atomic mass of Rb.

QiMi
Average mass of Rb 
Qi
(18x85)  (7 x87)

25
 85.56 amu
85.56 amu
A r of Rb 
1 x12.00 amu
12
 85.56

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 Differences between average atomic mass and relative
atomic mass

Average atomic mass Relative atomic mass

 Formula = Ar  Qi M i  Formula = Q Mi i

Qi Qi

 Qi = isotopic  Qi = isotopic
abundances abundances
 Mi = relative isotopic  Mi = isotopic mass
mass  Unit = no unit
 Unit = amu @ u

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 Example 1
ACTIVITY – 9

Determine the relative atomic mass of an

element Y if the ratio of the atomic mass of
Y to carbon-12 atom is 0.45

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 Example 1
Ans: ACTIVITY – 9

Ar (Y) : Ar (Carbon-12)= 0.45 : 1

Ar (Y ) 0.45

Ar (carbon  12) 1
Ar (Y) =0.45 x Ar (carbon-12)
= 0.45 x 12
= 5.4

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 EXERCISE – 3
Naturally occurring chlorine is a mixture of
two isotopes. In every sample of this element
75.77 % of the atoms are 35Cl and 24.23 % are
atoms of 37Cl. The accurately measured atomic
mass of 35Cl is 34.9689 amu and that of 37Cl is
36.9659 amu.
From these data,find the average atomic mass of
chlorine.

ANS:35.45 amu
 EXERCISE – 4

The relative atomic mass of

6Li and 7Li are 6.01 and 7.02 .
3 3
What is the percentage
abundance of each isotope
if the relative atomic mass
of Li is 6.94?

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 EXERCISE – 5
An iron nail is composed of four isotopes with
percentage abundance and atomic masses
given in the table below.
Calculate the average atomic mass of iron.
Isotopes Percentage Atomic Mass
Abundance (%) (amu)
54Fe 5.80 53.9396
56Fe 91.72 55.9349
57Fe 2.20 56.9354
58Fe 0.28 57.9333
ANS:55.85 amu
 Ans: EXERCISE – 5
Average atomic mass of iron: ∑QiMi
∑Qi

= % of 54Fe x atomic mass of 54Fe

+ % of 56Fe x atomic mass of 56Fe
+ % of 57Fe x atomic mass of 57Fe
+ % of 58Fe x atomic mass of 58Fe

5.80 91.72
= x 53.9396 amu + x 55.9349 amu
100 100
2.20 0.28
+ x 56.9354 amu + x 57.9333 amu
100 100
= 55.85 amu
 EXERCISE – 6

Naturally occuring iridium, Ir is

composed of 2 isotopes 191Ir and 193Ir
in the ratio of 5:8 . The relative mass of
191Ir and 193Ir are 191.021 and 193.025
respective ly. Calculate the relative atomic
mass of iridium.
(Ans :192.254)

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 RELATIVE MOLECULAR MASS(R.M.M),Mr
• A mass of one molecule of a compound
compared to 1/12 mass of one atom of 12C with
the mass 12.000
Relative molecular mass, M r
M ass of one molecule
of a compound

1 X M ass of one atom of 12C
12
 The relative molecular mass of a compound is
the summation of the relative atomic masses
of all atoms in a molecular formula.
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 Example 1
ACTIVITY – 10

Calculate the relative molecular mass of H2O,

Ar H = 1.0
Ar O = 16.0

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ANSWER:
Mr = 2(Ar of H) + 1(Ar of O)
= 2(1.0) + 1(16.0)
= 18.0

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 Example 1
ACTIVITY – 11
Calculate the relative molecular mass of C5H5N,
Ar C = 12.01
Ar H = 1.01
Ar N = 14.01

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ANSWER:
Mr = 5(Ar of C) + 5(Ar of H) + Ar of N
= 5(12.01) + 5(1.01) + 14.01
= 60.05 + 5.05 + 14.01
= 79.11

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 Example 1
ACTIVITY – 12

Calculate the relative molecular mass of C12H22O11

Ar C = 12.0
Ar H = 1.0
Ar O = 16.0

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 ANSWER:
Mr = 12(Ar of C) + 22(Ar of H) + 11(Ar of O)
= 12(12.0) + 22(1.0) + 11(16.0)
= 342

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 Molecular mass = relative molecular mass (Mr)

Atomic mass Relative Atomic mass

Has unit (amu @ u) No unit

Example: CO2
Example: CO2 Ar = 44 amu
molecular mass = 44 amu (1/12 x 44 amu)
= 44

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