Principles of sonar

July 4, 2010

Delft
Vermelding
Institute
onderdeel
of Earthorganisatie
Observation and Space Systems
 The near and far field

( L / 2) 2 + r 2 = r12

r12 − r 2 ( L / 2) 2 L2
r1 − r = = ≈
r1 + r r1 + r 8r

Fresnel or Rayleigh range

r1 – r = λ/8

λ L2 L2
Far field: Fraunhofer zone = rF =
8 8rF λ
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 Range resolution

cT
CW pulse ∆r =
2

∆r
T

Disadvantage of CW pulses: if more power is required:

longer pulses: decrease of resolution

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 Range resolution

To overcome the problems of CW signals, use is made of FM signals

1
Matched filtering results in an effective duration of the pulse of T=
B

c
∆r =
2B

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 Range resolution
Example

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 Range resolution
Example

FM sweep (T = 0.05 s,; f0 = 250 Hz, B = 200 Hz (left plots) and f0 = 300 Hz, B = 400 Hz (right plots)).
July 4, 2010 c 1500 c 1500 6
∆r = = ≈ 4m ∆r = = ≈ 2m
2 B 2 x 200 2 B 2 x 400
 Range resolution
Example

T = 0.05 s, B = 200-500 = 300 Hz, f0 = 350 Hz

Matched filter: gain in SNR: 2BT = 2x300x0.05=30.

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 Range resolution
Example

Two FM signals,
separated in time by
0.02 sec, pulse
length of 0.05 sec

c 1500 ∆T ⋅ c 0.02 x1500

∆r = = = 2.5 m << = = 15 m
2 B 2 x300 2 2

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 Source level
The intensity of the radiated sound at 1 m distance from
the source, relative to the intensity of a plane wave
with a 1 µPa rms pressure
2
p
SL = 1010 log rms
−12
= 120 + 1010 log prms (1) 2
10 P is the radiated acoustic
prms (r ) 2 power (Watt)
I (r ) =
ρc 4π / ( ρ c ) 4=
= π / (1000*1500 ) 8.38 x10−6

P = 4πr 2 I (r ) = 8.38 ⋅10 −6 prms (1)

2
For an omni-directional sound source:

1010 log P = −50.8 + 1010 log prms (1)

2

SL = 1010 log P + 50.8 + 120 = 1010 log P + 170.8

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Source Level
Typically 20-80 %.
Broadband sonars have
lower E
P
Efficiency of the projector: E=
Pe

with Pe the electrical power provided to the projector

Now:
SL =
170.8 + 10 10 log Pe + 10 10 log E
Or for a directional sound source:
SL =
170.8 + 10 10 log Pe + 10 10 log E + DI

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