Coordinates: 39°32′35″N 76°04′32″W

Susquehanna River
The Susquehanna River (/ˌsʌskwəˈhænə/; Lenape:
Susquehanna River
Siskëwahane[6]) is a major river located in the northeastern and
mid-Atlantic United States. At 444 miles (715 km) long,[7] it is
the longest river on the East Coast of the United States. It drains
into the Chesapeake Bay. With its watershed, it is the 16th-
largest river in the United States,[8][9] and the longest river in the
early 21st-century continental United States without commercial
boat traffic.

The Susquehanna River forms from two main branches: the

"North Branch", which rises in Cooperstown, New York, and is Susquehanna River in Bradford County,
regarded by federal mapmakers as the main branch or Pennsylvania
headwaters,[10] and the West Branch, which rises in western
Pennsylvania and joins the main branch near Northumberland in
central Pennsylvania.

The river drains 27,500 square miles (71,000 km2), including

nearly half of the land area of Pennsylvania. The drainage basin
(watershed) includes portions of the Allegheny Plateau region of
the Appalachian Mountains, cutting through a succession of
water gaps in a broad zigzag course to flow across the rural
heartland of southeastern Pennsylvania and northeastern
Maryland in the lateral near-parallel array of mountain ridges.
The river empties into the northern end of the Chesapeake Bay at
Perryville and Havre de Grace, Maryland, providing half of the The Susquehanna watershed
Bay's freshwater inflow. The Chesapeake Bay is the ria of the
Susquehanna. Native name Siskëwahane
Location
Country United States
Contents States New York, Pennsylvania,
Maryland[1]
Geology Cities Harrisburg, PA (state
capital), Wilkes-Barre,
Course PA, Binghamton, NY,
North Branch Susquehanna Havre de Grace, MD,
West Branch Susquehanna Williamsport, PA,
Owego, NY,
Main Susquehanna flow Bloomsburg, PA, Port
Etymology Deposit, MD, Sunbury,
PA, Northumberland,
History PA, Pittston, PA
Bridges, ferries, canals and dams Physical characteristics
Environmental threats Source Otsego Lake
Recreation ⁃ location Cooperstown, Otsego
County, New York,
See also USA[2]
References ⁃ coordinates 42°42′02″N 74°55′10″W
Further reading ⁃ elevation 1,191 ft (363 m)[3]
Mouth Chesapeake Bay
External links
⁃ location Havre de Grace, Cecil
County / Harford County,
Maryland, USA[2]
Geology ⁃ coordinates 39°32′35″N 76°04′32″W
⁃ elevation 0 ft (0 m)
The Susquehanna River is one of the oldest existing rivers in the
Length 444 mi (715 km)[4]
world, being dated as 320–340 Mya,[11] older than the mountain
ridges through which it flows. These ridges resulted from the Basin size 27,500 sq mi
Alleghenian orogeny uplift events, when Africa (as part of (71,000 km2)
Gondwana) slammed into the Northern part of EurAmerica). The Discharge
Susquehanna basin reaches its ultimate outflow in the ⁃ location Conowingo Dam, MD
Chesapeake Bay. It was well established in the flat tidelands of ⁃ average 40,080 cu ft/s
eastern North America during the Mesozoic era[12] about 252 to (1,135 m3/s)
66 million years ago. This is the same period when the Hudson, ⁃ minimum 2,990 cu ft/s (85 m3/s)
Delaware and Potomac rivers were established.[12]
⁃ maximum 1,130,000 cu ft/s
(32,000 m3/s)June 24,
Course 1972[5]
Discharge
Both branches and the lower Susquehanna were part of ⁃ location Danville, PA
important regional transportation corridors. The river was ⁃ average 29,000 cu ft/s (820 m3/s)
extensively used for muscle-powered ferries, boats, and canal Basin features
boat shipping of bulk goods in the brief decades before the Tributaries
Pennsylvania Canal System was eclipsed by the coming of age
⁃ left Lackawanna River,
of steam-powered railways. While the railroad industry has been Mahanoy Creek,
less prevalent since the closures and mergers of the 1950s– Swatara Creek,
1960s, a wide-ranging rail transportation infrastructure still Conestoga River
operates along the river's shores. ⁃ right Oaks Creek, Unadilla
River, Chenango River,
Chemung River, West
Branch, Juniata River
North Branch
Susquehanna

Also called the Main Branch Susquehanna, the longer branch of

Susquehanna River at source, looking
at Otsego Lake.
the river rises at the outlet of Otsego Lake in Cooperstown, New
York. From there, the north branch of the river runs west-
southwest through rural farmland and dairy country, receiving the
Unadilla River at Sidney. It dips south into Pennsylvania briefly to
turn sharply north at Great Bend hooking back into New York. It
receives the Chenango in downtown Binghamton. After
meandering westwards, it turns south crossing the line again
through the twin towns of Waverly, New York and Sayre,
Pennsylvania and their large right bank railyard, once briefly
holding the largest structure in the United States devoted to the
maintenance and construction of railroad locomotives.[13]
A couple of miles south, in Athens Township, Pennsylvania, it
receives the Chemung from the northwest. It makes a right-angle
curve between Sayre and Towanda to cut through the Endless
Mountains in the Allegheny Plateau of Pennsylvania. It receives the Lackawanna River southwest of
Scranton and turns sharply to the southwest, flowing through the former anthracite industrial heartland in the
mountain ridges of northeastern Pennsylvania, past Pittston City (Greater Pittston), Wilkes-Barre,
Nanticoke, Shickshinny, Berwick, Bloomsburg, and Danville, before receiving the West Branch at
Northumberland.

West Branch Susquehanna

The origin of the official West Branch is near Elmora, Pennsylvania in northern Cambria County near the
contemporary junction of Mitchel Road (http://binged.it/1VGmbd8) and US Route 219[14] (locally Plank
Road). It travels northeasterly through the towns of Northern Cambria, Cherry Tree, Burnside, Mahaffey and
Curwensville (where the river is dammed to form a lake), into and through Clearfield, where it receives
Clearfield Creek.

The West Branch turns to the southeast and passes Karthaus (at Mosquito Creek), Keating (at
Sinnemahoning Creek), Renovo and Lock Haven, where it receives Bald Eagle Creek. It passes
Williamsport, then turns south, passing Lewisburg, before joining the North Branch flowing from the
northwest at Northumberland.

Main Susquehanna flow

Downstream from the confluence of its branches in

Northumberland, the river flows south past Selinsgrove,
where it is joined by its Penns Creek tributary, and cuts
through a water gap at the western end of Mahantongo
Mountain. It receives the Juniata River from the northwest at
Duncannon, then passes through its last water gap, the
Susquehanna Gap through the Blue Mountain Ridge, just
northwest of Harrisburg.

Downtown Harrisburg developed on the east side of the river,

which is nearly a mile wide here. Harrisburg is the largest city
located on the lower river, which flows southeast across South
Satellite photo of the river (upper left) where Central Pennsylvania, forming the border between York and
it empties into the Chesapeake Bay (center) Lancaster counties, and receiving Swatara Creek from the
northeast. It crosses into northern Maryland approximately 30
miles (48 km) northeast of Baltimore and is joined by
Octoraro Creek from the northeast and Deer Creek from the northwest. The river enters the northern end of
the Chesapeake Bay at Havre de Grace. Concord Point Light was built here in 1827 to accommodate the
increasing navigational traffic.[15]

Etymology
"Susquehanna" comes from the Len'api (or Delaware Indian) term Sisa'we'hak'hanna, which means "Oyster
River."[16] Oyster beds were widespread in the bay near the mouth of the river, which the Lenape farmed,
leaving oyster shell middens.[17]

The Len'api were a Native American people at Con'esto'ga ("Roof-place" or "town," modern Washington
Boro, Lancaster County), also called Ka'ot'sch'ie'ra ("Place-crawfish," modern Chickisalunga, Lancaster
County), or Gasch'guch'sa ("Great-fall-in-river," modern Conewago Falls, Lancaster County) as either
Minquas ("quite different"), or Sisa'we'hak'hanna'lenno'wak ("Oyster-river-people").[18] The Len'api also
called the area Sisa'we'hak'hanna'unk ("Oyster-river-place").[19]

Peoples of the mid-Atlantic Coast included coastal peoples who spoke Algonquian languages, such as the
Len'api (whose bands spoke three dialects of Lenape), and Iroquoian languages-speaking peoples of the
interior, such as the Eroni and the Five Nations of the Iroquois.[20] The English of Pennsylvania referred to
the Eroni people of Conestoga as "Susquehannocks" or "Susquehannock Indians," a name derived from the
Lenape term.[20] In addition, John Smith of Jamestown, Virginia, labeled their settlement as
"Sasquesahanough" on his 1612 map when he explored the upper Chesapeake Bay area.[21] In Virginia and
other southern colonies, Siouan-speaking tribes constituted a third major language family, with their peoples
occupying much of the middle areas of the interior. Iroquoian speakers, such as the Cherokee and Tuscarora,
generally occupied areas to the interior near the Piedmont and foothills.[22]

History
In the 1670s the Conestoga, or Susquehannock people,
succumbed to Iroquois conquest by the powerful Five
Nations based in present-day New York, and assimilated with
them. In the aftermath, the Iroquois resettled some of the
semi-tributary Lenape in this area, as it was near the western
boundary of the Lenape's former territory, known as
Lenapehoking.

The river has played an important role throughout the history

of the United States. In the 18th century, William Penn, the
founder of the Pennsylvania Colony, negotiated with the Looking upstream in Danville, Pennsylvania
Lenape to allow white settlement in the area between the
Delaware River and the Susquehanna, which was part of
Lenape territory. In late colonial times, the river became an increasingly important transportation corridor,
used to ship anthracite coal discovered by Necho Allen in its upper reaches in the mountains.

In 1779 during the American Revolutionary War, General James Clinton led an expedition down the
Susquehanna from its headwaters. His party had made the upper portion navigable by damming the river's
source at Otsego Lake, allowing the lake's level to rise, and then destroying the dam and flooding the river
in order for his flotilla to travel for miles downstream. James Fenimore Cooper described this event in the
introduction to his historical novel, The Pioneers (1823).

At Athens, Pennsylvania, then known as Tioga or "Tioga Point", Clinton met with General John Sullivan
and his forces, who had marched from Easton, Pennsylvania. Together on August 29, they defeated the
Tories and warriors of allied Iroquois bands at the Battle of Newtown (near present-day Elmira, New York).
This was part of what was known as the "Sullivan-Clinton Campaign" or the "Sullivan Expedition". They
swept through western New York, destroying more than 40 Seneca and other Iroquois villages, as well as the
stores of crops the people set aside for winter. Many of the Iroquois left New York and went to Canada as
refugees; casualties from exposure and starvation were high that winter.

Following the United States gaining independence in the Revolutionary War, in 1790 Colonel Timothy
Matlack, Samuel Maclay and John Adlum were commissioned by the Supreme Executive Council of the
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania to survey the headwaters of the Susquehanna river. They were to explore a
route for a passage to connect the West Branch with the waters of the Allegheny River, which flowed to
Pittsburgh and the Ohio River.[23] In 1792, the Union Canal was proposed in order to link the Susquehanna
and the Delaware rivers in Pennsylvania along Swatara and Tulpehocken creeks. In the 19th century, many
industrial centers developed along the Susquehanna, using its water power to drive mills and coal
 machinery, to cool machines, and as a
waterway for the transport of raw and
manufactured goods.

Pennsylvania and Connecticut both

claimed land from the colonial era in the
Wyoming Valley along the Susquehanna.
Connecticut founded Westmoreland
County here and defended its claim in the
Pennamite Wars. Under federal
arbitration, eventually the state ceded this
territory to Pennsylvania.

In the 1790s English Lake Poets Robert

Southey, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and
Harrisburg, with the Pennsylvania State Capitol dome, seen from Robert Lovell formulated the
Wormleysburg "Pantisocracy Plan" to marry three sisters
and move to the banks of the
Susquehanna River to start a socialist
experiment. They made the marriages but Southey moved to Lisbon, Portugal to visit an uncle, and they
abandoned the plan to move to the United States.

In 1833 John B. Jervis began a canal system to extend the Chenango River and connect the waters of the
Susquehanna from Chenango Point to the Erie Canal, which ran through the Mohawk Valley of New York,
ultimately connecting with Lake Erie through the Wood Canal. In October 1836, water from the
Susquehanna was connected to the Erie Canal at Utica, New York. Water travel was popular during that era,
and the Erie Canal dramatically expanded trade between communities around the Great Lakes and markets
in New York and Pennsylvania. With the expansion of construction of railroad lines, canal-transport became
unprofitable, as it could not compete in speed or flexibility.[24] Boats had to climb a net height of 1,009 feet
between basins, requiring the use of more than 100 water locks, which were too expensive to be maintained
under the new competition.[24]

The Susquehanna River figures in the history of the

Latter Day Saint movement. It holds that Joseph Smith
and Oliver Cowdery received the priesthood from
heavenly beings at a site along the Susquehanna and
performed their first baptisms of Latter Day Saints in
the North Branch of the river. Smith and Cowdery said
that they were visited on May 15, 1829, by the
resurrected John the Baptist and given the Aaronic
priesthood. Following his visit, Smith and Cowdery
baptized each other in the river. Later that year, they
said they were visited near the river by the apostles
Peter, James and John. Both events took place in
Looking downriver at Sunbury, Pennsylvania
unspecified locations near the river's shore in
Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania.

During the Civil War's 1863 Gettysburg Campaign, the commander of the Department of the Susquehanna,
Union Major General Darius N. Couch, resolved that Robert E. Lee's Confederate Army of Northern
Virginia would not cross the Susquehanna. He positioned militia units under Maj. Granville Haller to protect
key bridges in Harrisburg and Wrightsville, as well as nearby fords. Confederate forces reached the river at
several locations in Cumberland and York counties but were recalled on June 29 when Lee chose to
concentrate his army to the west.[25]
In 1972 the remnants of Hurricane Agnes stalled over the New York-Pennsylvania border, dropping as much
as 20 inches (510 mm) of rain on the hilly lands. Much of that precipitation was received into the
Susquehanna from its western tributaries, and the valley suffered disastrous flooding. Wilkes-Barre,
Pennsylvania, was among the hardest-hit communities and the capital Harrisburg was flooded. The
Chesapeake Bay received so much fresh water that it altered the ecosystem, killing much of the marine life
that depended on saltwater.

The Mid-Atlantic Flood of June 2006, caused by a stalled jet stream-driven storm system, affected portions
of the river system. The worst affected area was Binghamton, New York, where record-setting flood levels
forced the evacuation of thousands of residents.

In September 2011 the Susquehanna River and its communities were hit by Tropical Storm Lee, which
caused the worst flooding since Agnes in 1972.

Bridges, ferries, canals and dams

The Susquehanna River has
played an important role in the
transportation history of the
United States. Prior to the 1818
opening of the Port Deposit
Bridge, the river formed a
barrier between the northern
and southern states, as it could
be crossed only by ferry. The
earliest dams were constructed
to support ferry operations in
low water. The presence of
many rapids in the river meant
that while commercial traffic
An aerial view looking south over the Wrights Ferry Bridge (front) and the could navigate down the river
Veterans Memorial Bridge (behind). Columbia, PA is located off the eastern in the high waters of the spring
side of the river (left) and Wrightsville,PA is located on the western side (right). thaws, nothing could move up.

The Susquehanna was improved by navigations

throughout the 1820s and 1830s as the Pennsylvania
Canal. Together with facilities of the Allegheny Portage
Railroad, loaded barges were transferred from the canal
and hoisted across the mountain ridge into the Pittsburgh
area with access to the Monongahela, Allegheny Rivers
and their confluence into the Ohio River flowing
southwestwards towards the Mississippi River. The 82-
mile Union Canal was completed in 1828 to connect the
Schuylkill River (flowing southeast towards the
Delaware River at Philadelphia) at Reading westwards to
the Susquehanna River above the state capital of Monument at the site of Gen. Clinton's dam at the
river's source at Otsego Lake in Cooperstown,
Harrisburg.[26] Competition from faster transport via the
New York
railroad industry by the 1850s resulted in reducing the
reliance on the river for transport.[27]
Two different canal systems were constructed on the lower
Susquehanna to bypass the rapids. The first was the Susquehanna
Canal, also called the Conowingo Canal or the Port Deposit Canal,
completed in 1802 by a Maryland company known as the Proprietors
of the Susquehanna Canal. The second was the much longer and more
successful Susquehanna and Tidewater Canal. The canals required
additional dams to provide sufficient canal water and navigation
pools.
A bridge crosses the Susquehanna
As the industrial age progressed, bridges replaced ferries, and at Owego, New York
railroads replaced canals. The railroads were often constructed on top
of the canal right-of-way along the river. Many canal remnants can be
seen in Havre de Grace, Maryland, along US Route 15 in Pennsylvania, and in upstate New York at various
locations. These latter remnants are parts of the upstream divisions of the Pennsylvania Canal, of privately
funded canals, and of canals in the New York system.

Today 200 bridges cross the Susquehanna. The Rockville Bridge, which crosses the river from Harrisburg to
Marysville, Pennsylvania, was the longest stone masonry arch bridge in the world when it was constructed,
a distinction that it continues to hold. It was built by the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1902, replacing an earlier
iron bridge. Two seasonal ferries continue to operate across the Susquehanna. The Millersburg Ferry at
Millersburg, Pennsylvania is a practical ferry for up to four vehicles and 50 passengers, while the Pride of
the Susquehanna],[28] based at Harrisburg, provides a passenger-only pleasure cruise.

Most of the canals have been filled in or are partially preserved as a part of historical parks. Dams generally
are used to generate power or to provide lakes for recreation.

Environmental threats
The environmental group American Rivers named the
Susquehanna "America's Most Endangered River for
2005" because of the excessive pollution it receives. Most
of the pollution in the river is caused by excess animal
manure from farming, agricultural runoff, urban and
suburban stormwater runoff, and raw or inadequately
treated sewage. In 2003 the river contributed 50% of the
freshwater, 44% of the nitrogen, 21% of the phosphorus,
and 21% of the sediment flowing into the Chesapeake
Bay.[31][32]

It was designated as one of the American Heritage Rivers

In March 2011, Crary Park in Shickshinny,
in 1997.[33] The designation provides for technical
Pennsylvania, was inundated with a flood when
assistance from federal agencies to state and local
the river rose above 27 feet at Wilkes-Barre.[29]
governments working in the Susquehanna watershed.
Six months later, the town was devastated by a
42-foot record flood.[30]
Another environmental concern is radioactivity released
during the 1979 Three Mile Island accident.[34] However,
extensive radionuclide studies over a 25-year period from
1979 through 2003, confirm that the Three Mile Island accident has not resulted in any harmful radiation
effects.[35] The areas in and along a 262-km length of the Susquehanna River in Pennsylvania were
monitored for the presence of radioactive materials. This study began two months after the 1979 Three Mile
Island (TMI) partial reactor meltdown; it spanned the next 25 years. Monitoring points included stations at
the PPL Susquehanna and TMI nuclear power plants. Monthly gamma measurements documented
 concentrations of radionuclides from
natural and anthropogenic sources.
During this study, various series of
gamma-emitting radionuclide
concentration measurements were
made in many general categories of
animals, plants, and other inorganic
matter, both within and near the river.
Sampling began in 1979 before the
first start-up of the PPL Susquehanna
power plant. Although all species
were not continuously monitored for
the entire period, an extensive
Three Mile Island on the Susquehanna River. database was compiled. In 1986, the
ongoing measurements detected
fallout from the Chernobyl nuclear
accident. These data may be used in support of dose or environmental transport calculations.

In 2015, a smallmouth bass with a rare, cancerous tumor was caught from the river, raising renewed
concerns about toxic materials and water pollution.[36][37] The Environmental Protection Agency reported,
"we do not have sufficient data at this time to scientifically support listing the main stem of the Susquehanna
as impaired."[36]

Recreation
The Susquehanna River has attracted boaters who watch or fish for its migratory species. Many tourists and
local residents use the Susquehanna in the summer for recreation purposes such as kayaking, canoeing, and
motor-boating. Due to the high volume of Smallmouth bass in the river, it is the host of numerous bass
fishing tournaments each year and is regarded by many as one of the premier bass fishing rivers in North
America. Canoe races are held annually on various sections of the river, such as the amateur race held in
Oneonta, New York.

Susquehanna rowing and paddling have a long history. Starting in 1874, rowers from Shamokin Dam,
Pennsylvania, raced men from Sunbury. The General Clinton Canoe Regatta, a 70-mile flat-water race, takes
place each year in Bainbridge, New York, on Memorial Day weekend. Binghamton University Crew and
Hiawatha Island Boat Club are also located on the river, in the Southern Tier of New York.

See also
List of crossings of the Susquehanna River List of Pennsylvania rivers
City Island (Pennsylvania) McCormick Island
Garrett Island (Maryland) Spades Wharf Island
Geography of Pennsylvania Three Mile Island accident
List of Maryland rivers List of parks in the Baltimore–Washington
List of New York rivers metropolitan area

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Further reading
Miller, Peter (March 1985). "Susquehanna: America's Small-Town River". National Geographic.
Vol. 167 no. 3. pp. 352–383. ISSN 0027-9358 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0027-9358).
OCLC 643483454 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/643483454).

External links
U.S. Geological Survey: PA stream gaging stations (http://waterdata.usgs.gov/pa/nwis/curren
t/?type=flow)
Susquehanna River Basin Commission (http://www.srbc.net/)
American Rivers article: Susquehanna River "Most Endangered" (https://web.archive.org/web/
20070310123844/http://www.americanrivers.org/site/News2?abbr=AMR_&page=NewsArticle&
id=7194)
History of the Susquehanna River Ark (https://web.archive.org/web/20080512201053/http://por
tdeposit.com/History/RiverArks.htm)
Hiawatha Island Boat Club – Owego, NY (http://www.hiawathaislandboatclub.org/)
Binghamton University Crew – Binghamton, NY (http://binghamtoncrew.org/)
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