sheath channels PR,L/2 is, applying Poise- while and necessary to carry out calculations tem.
ations tem. Of course, with suitable conversion
uille's law,
32RL2
PR 'L/2 = -n ?JRVR (13)
Here n = 22 is the number of channels in
the sheath and d = 0.152 in. is the hydrauli-
cally equivalent diameter of the channels of
0.25-in. diameter; R= 1.555 in., and L=
230 ft. When nominal load is applied, the
largest radial-pressure difference is 5.7 psi.
The corresponding product -qRVR = 1.94. 10-7
poise in./sec and the axial-pressure difference
PR'L/2 = 0.09 psi. This is 1.6% of the radial-
pressure difference and, generally, the ratio
of the axial- and radial-pressure differences
is of this order of magnitude for the sheath
channels of the Harspranget cable. With
the aid of the analogous calculations, the
axial-pressure differences were found to be
about 100 times smaller in the conductor
channel than in the sheath channels.
Mr. Morello is correct in pointing out that
a term has to be added to equations 6 and
7 or to the simplified equation 13, con-
sidering oil flow due to thermal-volume
changes of the oil in the channels themselves.
The vclumes of oil in conductor, insulation,
and sheath channels are 3.95, 48.0, and 7.0
in.3/ft, respectively, and the axial-pressure
difference is about 17/48 times the previously
calculated value; that is, 0.105 psi. This
pressure difference is very small compared
with 5.7-psi radial-pressure difference.
Hence, neglecting the axial pressure differ-
ences in this case seems justified, and the
radius xo is practically constant along the
whole cable length.
There is a large literature on the calcula-
tion of axial-pressure differences in oil-
filled cables for cases when it was generally
permissible to neglect radial-pressure differ-
ences. Conditions in the Harspranget cable
are opposite and offered the opportunity to
study pressure-variations in cable insulations
when they are influenced by radial-flow proc-
esses only.
When both axial- and radial-pressure dif-
ferences are significant, calculations will be
very involved and, as follows from Mr.
Buller's discussion, it might become worth-
Vernier Motor and Its Design
C. H. LEE
SENIOR MEMBER IEEE
Summary: A vernier motor is an unexcited
inductor synchronous motor in which a
small displacement of the rotor produces
a large displacement of the axes of per-
ineance. It runs at a slow speed as if it
were geared down from the speed of the
rotating field set up by the stator. To
design a vernier motor is equivalent to
designing a polyphase reluctance motor
with an odd-shaped rotor so that the air-
gap permeance distribution is a displaced
triangular wave.
JUNE 1963
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on computers, taking account also of changes
of impermeability with pressure.
Dr. Gazzana-Priaroggia questions our
statements with respect to the magnitude
of radial-pressure drops. We consider 1-
psi pressure drop as small, when compared
with those in cables with high-imperme-
ability papers, or when compared with the
pressure drop which lead to breakdown
of the Toronto cable. However, the radial-
pressure drop cannot be disregarded in the
1935 220-kv Paris cable, where the working
pressure is 15 psi and where the radial-
pressure drop could become much larger than
1 psi in sections exposed to low ambient
temperatures. We were interested to read
about the first oil-filled cable, designed and
installed by Emanueli. We do not under-
stand Dr. Gazzana-Priaroggia's statement
that fluted lead sheaths were abandoned,
since the cable discussed in this paper and
several other of the highest voltage cables
installed in recent years in Sweden are of the
fluted-sheath type.
We were pleased that Mr. Merrell en-
larged on various reasons which speak in
favor of using fluted sheath in oil-filled
cables.
Mr. Williams asked for the derivation of
the relation for the impermeability
x= 11.10-.6tc
t being the Gurley-second value of the paper
tape and c the tape in. thickness. In the
Gurley test, Q= 100 cm3 of air passes
through A = 1 in.2 paper, of thickness c,
in time t, owing to a pressure difference of
4.9-in. water column. As Q==Avt, the
impermeability x, by equation 1, is
xpAt
Qc
(14)
Replacing the values for p, A, and Q and
=183.10-6 poise for air at 18 C, the nu-
merical relation for x is obtained. Mr. Wil-
liams is right in assuming that we calculated
pressures in dynes/cm2. This was con-
venient because viscosity is given in poise,
in the cgs (centimeter-gram-second) sys-
A VERNIER MOTOR is an unexcited
*4&* (or reluctance-type) inductor syn-
chronous motor. It is so named because
it operates on the principle of a vernier.
The peculiar feature of this kind of motor
is that a small displacement of the rotor
produces a large displacement of the axes
of maximum and minimum permeance.
When a rotating magnetic field is intro-
duced in the air gap of the machine, the
Lee- Vernier Motor and Its Design
coefficients, results can be obtained directly
in psi.
We cannot agree with Mr. Morello's inter-
pretation of short-circuit processes. On the
sudden application of Joule heat to the
conductor for only a fraction of a second,
pressure in the oil of the conductor can
increase substantially. In consequence, oil
will flow axially to the tanks and radially
towards the sheath. The rate of flow
Ps
Rf
p5 being the pressure increase due to the
short circuit and Rf the resistance to flow.
Assuming the worst case for axial flow, that
all excess oil flows from the middle of the
cable length in two directions, by Poise-
uille's law
64L =
Rf =a- 21,900
dC2
in cgs units, d, being the diameter of the
oil-flow channel in the conductor. On the
other hand, the flow resistance of the insula-
tion for distributed radial flow along one half
of the cable is
m
Z r_ =26107
v
7rL
n =1
rn
in cgs units. As the radial-insulation-flow
resistance is more than 1,000 times larger
than the axial-flow resistance, flow occurs
practically only axially and the sheath is
not affected by the pressure increase.
Conditions are similar when a sudden heat
pulse is applied to the sheath, but the pres-
sure increase will be smaller with fluted
than with smooth sheath, the former per-
mitting rapid discharge of the excess oil.
Mr. Morello doubts the practical value of
radial-pressure-difference calculations. We
hoped to show that these pressure differences
are small when fluted sheaths are used; they
can, however, become impermissibly high
when the sheath of the oil-filled cables is
smooth.
rotor will rotate slowly, and at a definite
fraction of the speed of the rotating field.
This rotating field can be produced either
by feeding polyphase current to the stator
winding or by exciting the stator coil
groups in sequence. As the rotor speed
Paper 63-13, recommended by the AIEE Rotating
Machinery Committee and approved bv the AIEE
Technical Operations Department for presentation
at the IEEE Winter General Meeting, New York,
N. Y., January 27-February 1, 1963. Manuscript
submitted August 30, 1962; made available for
printing October 20, 1962.
C. H. LEE resides at Monroeville, Pa.
The author wishes to thank the Reliance Electric
& Engineering Company for perniission to publish
the design and tested data of the sample vernier
motor. The motor was designed by the author
while he was associated with the Reliance Electric
& Engineering Company in 1956. The detailed
design method was developed recently.
343

Fig. 1. Vernier motor
steps down from the speed of the rotating
field, the motor torque steps up. A
vernier motor, therefore, works as an
electric gearing. This kind of motor is at-
tractive in applications which require low
speed and high torque, and where mechan-
ical gearing is undesirable.
Since the vernier motor is a synchron-
ous machine, useful torque is developed
only when it operates at synchronous
speed. To be capable of self-starting
without any auxiliary means, the rotor
must be pulled into synchronism within
the time of one-half cycle. The vernier
motor, therefore, must be designed to run
at a low speed [approximately 200 rpm,
(revolutions per minute) or less] and to
have a high torque-to-inertia ratio.
This paper explains the design method
of vernier motors operated on regular
polyphase source.
Principle of Operation
The stator of a vernier motor has slots
and a distributed winding just like the
stator of an ordinary polyphase induc-
tion motor. The rotor is a slotted iron
core without winding. To understand
other in the horizontal axis. The axis of
maximum permeance is now horizontal
and the axis of minimum permeance is
now vertical. Thus, a rotor movement of
one-half rotor slot pitch results in a 90-
degree displacement of the permeance
axes.
Suppose that a magnetic field is rotating
in the machine. Whenever the rotating
field rotates 90 degrees, the rotor will
rotate one-half of its slot pitch. When
the rotating field completes one revolu-
tion, the rotor will rotate through an
angle corresponding to two rotor slot
pitches. For the given example, the
rotor speed is one-fifth of the speed of
the rotating field.
Air-Gap Permeance Distribution
The first step in the design is to study
the permeance distribution along the air
gap. In the initial consideration, the flux
fringing from the edges of the teeth will
be neglected. In other words, the fluxes
in the air gap are assumed all in the radial
direction. The permeance of air space
between stator and rotor at any location
is inversely proportional to the radial
length of air space at that location. Since
the stator and rotor slot depths are much
larger in comparison with the air-gap
length, the permeance of air space can be
considered as zero, except where stator
tooth surface is facing rotor tooth surface.
The permeance distribution along the cir-
cumference of air gap, for the case of Fig.
1, is shown in Fig. 2(A). The widths of
rectangular blocks in Fig. 2(A) are the
widths of overlap between the stator and
rotor- teeth. These widths of overlap
vary linearly from a maximum to a mini-
mum and back to a maximum as shown in
Fig. 2(A). The area of overlap is maxi-
mum for the top and bottomn stator teeth
in Fig. 1 where the rotor teeth are directly
opposite. The area of overlap is reduced
a constant amount for each successive
curve as shown in Fig. 2(B) can be repre-
sented easily by mathematical function,
and will be used in the design. The axes
at which maximum and minimum perme-
ances occur are the direct and quadrature
axes respectively of the vernier motor.
The technique of replacing a permeance
curve of Fig. 2(A) by an equivalent perme-
ance curve of Fig. 2(B) is an accepted
practice in electric machine design. For
example, in the magnetic circuit calcula-
tion of electric machines, a slotted sur-
face is usually replaced by a smooth sur-
face by applying correction factor to
the length of air gap.
To compensate for the fringing perme-
ance from the edges of teeth, the widths
of teeth are increased by the Carter fring-
ing factor:
Wtoe = equivalent width of tooth surface
x
=- inch (1)
C
where X is the tooth pitch in inches, and C
is the Carter's coefficient. The curves or
formulas for calculating Carter's coeffi-
cient can be found in most electric ma-
chine design books.
The average air permeance per ulnit
area under one stator slot pitch is given
by:
3.19 Width of teeth surface overlap
P= X
g
lines per square inch per ampere turn (2)
The maximum and minimum permeances
per-unit area of the air gap are then given
by:
(Pmax. = (Wtoel or Wtoe2, whichever
gXl is smaller) (3)
lines per square inch per ampere turn
W

11~H1D
I
z

1ll
the principle of operation of a vernier stator tooth until a minimum (or zero) is W

motor, refer to Fig. 1. Fig. 1 shows a reached. After that, the area of overlap a.
2-pole machine with 12 stator slots is increased successively back to the maxi- Tr Tr 3W 2TT
and 10 rotor slots. Small numbers of mum and the cycle repeats. 2 2
ANGULAR POSITION
slots are purposely chosen as an example A permeance distribution curve shown (A)
to facilitate the explanation. At the in Fig. 2(A) is not convenient to use be-
position shown in Fig. 1, the stator and cause it cannot be represented by a simple
w
rotor teeth are facing each other in the mathematical function. The equivalent C.)
z
vertical axis. The stator teeth are facing permeance distribution curve of Fig. 2(B)
rotor slots in the horizontal axis. At this is, therefore, introduced. Fig. 2(B) repre- W
0
position, therefore, the maximum perme- sents the periodic linear variation of 0 1T UT 3T 211
ance is along the vertical axis, and the permeance per-unit area from a maximum 2
ANGULAR POSITION
2
minimum permeance is along the hori- to a minimum and back to a maximum. (B)
zontal axis. When the rotor is rotated When the rotor rotates, this permeance
one-half of its slot pitch, the rotor slots wave rotates at a much faster speed Fig. 2. (A) Air-gap permeance distribution
will face stator teeth in the vertical axis. (five times the rotor speed for the machine of motor in Fig. 1. (B) equivalent permeance
The rotor and stator teeth will face each of Fig. 1). The permeance-distribution distribution
344 Lee Vernier Motor and Its Design JUNE 1963

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 Rotor speed Rotor slot pitch P
6'min. = - ( Wtoel + Wtoe2- X2) Rotating field speed mmf pole pitch N2
gXl
if ( Wtoel + Wtoe2X-2)> 0 (4A) (7)
lines per square inch per ampere turn or
or
120f
Rotor speed= - rpm (8)
(Pmin. = 0 if ( Wtoei + Wtoe2X- 2) < 0 (4B)
where Wtoe is given by equation 1. The and
subscripts 1 and 2 refer to quantities
pertinent to the stator and rotor, respec- Electric gear ratio= N (9)
tively.
The perneance function of Fig. 2(B) It can be seen from equation 8 that the
can then be expressed as:
rotor speed is independent of the number
of poles of the machine. When the speed
6' = (Pmax. - ( 6max. - 6)mia. )X of the rotating field is reduced by increas-
ing the number of poles of the machine,
it cannot be expected that the speed of
(5A)
2~~~~~~
the rotor be reduced proportionately
because when P is increased, the differ-
(P 6'min. +(6'max. -6)i.
7r ence between N2 and NT, should also be
increased, and the electric gear ratio is
= 2 )minD-.-Wmvx. +2( (max-. (Imin-)x
-
reduced in the inversed proportion.
7r
Thus, the rotor speed is not affected by
72
2
< x,<,r (5B) the number of poles but depends on the
number of rotor slots.
where x is the angular position along the From the analysis of air-gap permeance
distribution in a vernier motor, it follows
air-gap periphery. All (Ps are in lines
per square inch per ampere turn.
that the design of a vernier motor is equiv-
alent to the design of an ordinary poly-
phase reluctance motor with an odd-
Design of Vernier Motor shaped rotor so that the air-gap permeance
distribution is a displaced triangular wave
In a polyphase reluctance motor, the as that shown in Fig. 2(B). The main
rotor (or the air-gap permeance wave) has step in design is to calculate the direct-
the same number of poles as the stator and quadrature-axes reactances Xd and
mmf (magnetomotive force) wave. Xa*
Similarly, in a vernier motor, the air-gap
Xd = Xl+Xad (1OA)
permeance wave should have the same
number of poles as the stator mmf wave. Xq=Xl+Xaq (lOB)
Therefore, the numbers of stator and rotor
slots should have the following rela- where xl is the stator leakage reactance;
tion: and xad and xaq are the direct- and quadra-
ture-axes reactances of armature reaction.
N,= N2P Xad is the ratio of the fundamental com-
(6)
ponent of reactive armature voltage, pro-
where duced by the mutual flux due to the fun-
damental direct-axis component of arma-
N, =number of stator slots
N2 =number of rotor slots ture current, to this component under
P = number of poles of the rotating magnetic steady-state conditions and at rated fre-
field quency. Similarly, Xaq is the ratio of the
fundamental component of reactive arma-
As was explained before, when the ture voltage, produced by the mutual flux
rotor rotates through an angle correspond- due to the fundamental quadrature-axis
ing to one rotor slot pitch, the permeance
component of armature current, to this
wave rotates through an angle corre-
component of current under steady-state
sponding to one pole pitch. The pole conditions and at rated frequency.
pitch of the permeance wave is the same as
Xad can be calculated by the following
the pole pitch of the stator mmf wave, procedures:
because they have the same number of
poles. Also, in a reluctance machine, the Assume that the mmf drop along the
air gap is sinusoidal. This is approximately
speed of the permeance wave is the same correct for most cases with the exception of
as the speed of rotating mmf. There- some machines in which the iron cores are
fore: highly saturated. The air-gap flux distri-
JUNE 1963 Lee- Vernier Motor and Its Design
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bution is obtained by multiplying the
sinusoidal mmf wave and the triangular
permeance wave of Fig. 2(B). To calculate
Xad, consider the case when the mmf
wave and the permleance wave are in phase.
In this condition, the arniature current and
flux are along the direct axis. There is no
quadrature component of armature current
or flux. The resultant flux wave can be
resolved into a fundamental and a series
of harmonics. Since the wave form of the
resultant flux wave remains the same as it
rotates, it indicates that the harmonics
are rotating at the same speed as the funda-
mental, and induce multiple frequency har-
monic voltages in the stator winding. The
fundamental flux wave must induce a volt-
age in the stator winding equal to the ap-
plied voltage less the stator impedance
drop. Let B, denote the amplitude of the
fundamental flux wave. Then
2.25X 107PE
B, = DLf CK lines per square inch ( 11)
where
E = ( V-stator impedance drop) in volts. V
is the applied voltage per phase.
Lacking better information, E can be
taken as 0.96 V
D =motor air-gap diameter, inches
L =motor core length, inches
C = stator winding conductors in series per
phase
Kw= stator winding factor
The amplitude of the fundamental flux
produced by a sinusoidal mmf wave and
a permeance wave of Fig. 2(B) when they
are in phase is given in the Appendix as:
Bld = Mgd mx.+ min-)±
2
- (6',nax.-PiD.)]
7r
lines per square inch (12)
Equating the values of B, in equations
11 and 12, the air-gap mmf required to
produce enough fundamental flux to
counterbalance the applied voltage when
the mmf wave is in phase with the
permeance wave is given by:
B,
Mgd0.5( 6'max. + min. ) + 0.2( (Pmax.-(Pmin.)
ampere turns (13)
To calculate the ampere-turns drop in
the iron parts of the magnetic circuit,
harmonic fluxes are neglected for sim-
plicity. Let Mi be the total ampere-
turns drop across the stator teeth, stator
core, rotor teeth, and rotor core. The
calculation of Mi in a vernier motor is the
same as in an ordinary induction motor.
The magnetizing ampere turns per pole
with applied voltage V and when the
mmf is along the direct axis is then
Md = Mgd+M amnpere turns per pole (14)
The fundamental-frequency direct-axis
345
reactance of armature reaction can then tween mmf and permeance axes would
be calculated: contain appreciable harmonics. Actual
tests showed that was not the case. The
0.45mCKwE harmonics are neglected in torque calcula- 1.100 .39
Xad
MdP
ohms per phase (15)
tions in this paper. .531 - 0

The net pullout torque is equal to the

where m = number of phases of stator developed pullout torque minus the
-L
.070 .101

winding. mechanical torque due to friction, wind- $0430 -{

The quadrature-axis reactance of arma- age, and high-frequency electrical losses. STATOR ROTOR

ture reaction can be calculated in a similar In a vernier motor, there is large relative
manner. When a sinusoidal mmf is 90 speed between the rotor and the rotating Fig. 3. Slot details
degrees out of phase with the permeance field. There will be added rotor core
wave of Fig. 2(B), the amplitude of the losses and stray load losses. The rotor
fundamental flux wave is given in the core losses are at a frequency of f(N2- The average accelerating torque is
Appendix as: P)/N2 cycles per second. 2
The wattless component of armature T p. .- Tp.o. (26)
Biq = GA[g( (Pmax. + (Pmin - current can be calculated as:
7r

Since the average rotor speed during

2 1
-( (§)max-W9M iD.)
lines per square inch (16)
The required air-gap mmf in this case is
0.5( (Pmax- + (Pmin.) 0.2( (Pmax.
- -
ampere turns per pole (17)
The magnetizing ampere turns per pole
with applied voltage V and when the
mmf is along the quadrature axis is
Mq Mgqq+Mi amnpere
= turns per pole
The fundamental-frequency quadrature-
axis reactance of armature reaction X0q is
then given by:
Xaq00.45mCKwE
MqP
ohms per phase
The formulas for calculating leakage
reactance xl can be found in most elec-
tric machine design texts and will not be
repeated here.
Then the developed pullout torque
neglecting harmonics can be calculated:
Tp.o.dev. = 0.287 V- XdXq
f XdXq
-[1 _rl(xd X2)1pound-foot (20)
XdXq
where r, is the stator resistance in ohms
per phase. Equation 20 is the same
formula used to calculate pullout torque
of ordinary polyphase reluctance motors.
The analysis of harmonics and their con-
tributions to the pullout torque in a
vernier motor is beyond the scope of this
paper. Since the permeance harmonics
have different numbers of poles from that
of the stator mmf, the reluctance torque
produced by these harmonics are small.
If the harmonics should contribute
appreciable torque, it would be expected
that the curve of torque versus angle be-
346
2V
1.=-~ anaperes (21)
Xd+Xq
The power component of current is
746 X horsepower output +
losses in watts
I= 3V amperes
(Pmin.)
(22)
The armature current per phase is
I Im2 lp2 amperes (23)
and
(18)
Power factor =IX100% (24)
The power factor of a vernier motor is
usually very low, in the order of 20-40%.
(19)
Pull-In Criterion
The developed torque of a vernier motor
is approximately a sinusoidal function of
the angle between the axis of the rotating
field and the corresponding axis of the
permeance wave.
T= Tp.o.dev. sin 20 (25)
This relation was verified experimentally.
Direct currents were fed into the three
phases of a vernier motor to simulate a
certain instant of the polyphase alter-
nating current. Torque values for differ-
ent rotor positions were measured. It
was concluded that, for practical pur-
poses, the torque can be assumed to vary
sinusoidally with the rotor position as
shown by equation 25.
If the motor is self-started, its rotor
must be pulled into synchronism within
the positive half of the sinusoidal torque
described by equation 25. Consider the
marginal case that the half sinusoidal
torque is just enough to accelerate the
rotor from zero to synchronous speed.
Lee- Vernier Motor and Its Design
acceleration is one-half the synchronous
speed, and the maximum relative angular
displacement between the rotor and the
rotating field is 90 degrees, the time for
acceleration for this marginal case is l/2f
second.
The maximum moment of inertia of the
rotor and load that can be pulled into
synchronism can then be determined by:
2-
7r
TP.0.
1
X-= 27rXsynchronous speed,
(i 2f
k32.2 revolutions per second (27)
or
J= 2Tp.o pound-feet2
N
(28)
1.22f2
In the actual case, when the motor is
energized, the rotating field is under a
transient oscillation. It is shown in
reference 4 that the maximum value of
the transient rotating field is larger than
the steady-state rotating field. In refer-
ence 5, it is also shown that the transient
starting torque- of an induction motor. is,
much larger than the steady-state starting
torque. The maximum inertia indicated
by equation 28, which is based on steady-
state pullout torque, is therefore a pessi-
mistic value. A complete analysis of the
transient phenomena in starting a vernier
motor is beyond the scope of this paper.
However, various tests seem to indicate
that multiplying the result of expression
28 by an empirical factor of 1.8 will give
satisfactory results. The maximum per-
missible rotor and load inertia for a vernier
motor is then given by:
Jmax.= pound-foot2 (29)
f2
Sample Design and Tests
The vernier motor given here as an
example utilized an existing stator and is
JUNE 1.963

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not an ideal design. It is not self- The net pullout torque is then 2 (5)ma .-\mn x2 x sin 2x cos 2x7r
M2(max. (Pmamin.) -+ +
started at 60 cycles, 440 volts (it is self- 7r 4 4 84
started at 30 cycles, 220 volts). A motor Tp o. = 16.6-1.1 = 15.5 pound-feet 2

of this size would be self-started with a The tested pullout torque is about 16
pound-feet. At an output torque of 2-M[ - (mrin.±j(-6max6)XMinO)+
60-cycle supply if the number of stator
and rotor slots are increased to 36 and 10.0 pound-feet: 1
38, respectively, and the magnetic load- Output = 460 watts
- ( (IPMaX. 6NnMi D.
7r
ing is also increased 25%. The design Losses (from test)=226 watts
data of this sample motor are as follows Power current = 686/3 X254 = 0.9 ampere = Mj (G'max[ (.min.)+
(all linear dimensions are in inches): Wattless current =2 X254/(91.1+ 50.0) =
3.60 amperes
Stator outside diameter=10.145 1= /3.602+0.902=3.71 amperes 7 2 4
Core length = 3.25 Power factor =0.90/3.71=24.3 %
Air gap =0.012 2. The mmf is along the quadrature axis.
Number of stator slots = 24 The tested current is 3.65 amperes.
Stator bore = 5.625 In this case, the permeance and mmf are
Rotor inside diameter= 1.94 (magnetic shaft)
Slot details as shown in Fig. 3
Number of rotor slots = 22
Appendix. Fundamental 2 tl
W=rnin.+<6Wmax.-(Prin.)X
~ ~ ~ ~ 0<,X&<
AA2
Stator winding = 20 turns per coil, 2/3 pitch Component of Flux Wave 2
7r

3-phase single-circuit Y 1. The mmf is along the direct axis. mmf = M Cos x
Synchronous speed = 120 X60/22 =327 rpm
Stator Carter's coefficient=2.05 The permeance wave is given by equation 5 and
Rotor Carter's coefficient= 1.73 in the paper. The mmf wave in this case
Wtioe=equivalence width of stator tooth is giveni by B(x) = M Cos X[6m. Gma.Gmn)X]
surface = 0.360
Wt2oe = equivalence width of rotor tooth mmf= M cos x
surface = 0.462
CKw = 266 The flux density at any location x can be 2
V=254 expressed as:
Because of symmetry, the Fourier series of
r = 0.97
E =244 (trial value) B(X) M cos x [6max. (- (max. (Pmin.)X] B(X) has cosine terms only.The amplitude
= - -
of the fundamental comiponent is
3.19 2rr
61max.
0.012 X 0.736 x 0.360 130
4co=24
O(% BIJB(x2
Bs- B(x) COS xdx
3.19 B(X) = M cos
0.012 XO.736
(0.360+0.462-0.800) = 8 X[2(Pmin.-(Pmax. +-( 6max*- 6'min*)X] rr

7r ~ x7
= 6'mn,i. J'Cos2xdx +
The required fundamental flux is, from
equation 11, 2 2 C2
-( (a.1 (PImin.) xcos2 Xd
Because of symmetry, the function B(X) has
- X

B, = 37,800 lines per square inch

cosine terms only. The amplitude of the
From equations 13 and 17: fundamental component is determined as
follows: 4 2M; x(in 2 xsxi
cos2
Mgd = 393 ampere turns 4 4 o
2
Bl=- §(B(X) cos xdx 2
Mg = 829 ampere turns 7r
((max
+(6mx-'mn)
4M[((PNa-}min.
2_±in OXX
(Pmin.
+~)
>
7r
The ampere turns for the iron portion on
the magnetic circuit is (Pmax. J cos2 xdx -
Mi= 104 ampere turns =4X(Pmir x.+s'in.2|>
x1 2 x sin 2xMcos 2x O C

7ro
From equations 15 and 19: 2M r2~~~~~~ S -S7r -(bmink
4 +-A7r Tmax-u TGMin )x M
Xad = 88.1 ohms 7r
{7r2 13
Xaqq=47.0 ohms \16 4)
It.5 - i) S xYX+
The stator leakage reactance is 3.0 ohms. 7r~~~~
2
= M [2((Pmax. +(Pmin.)-
Therefore:
Xd=91.1 ohms 2 ( (Pmax. -(qmin.)]
2M2 ( mx 2
.-Pmin2 8X2Cs d
xq = 50.0 ohins
From equation 20: 2M x isin
2x±
Tp.o.dev= 16.6 pound-feet (6max.'mi.)++ References
The friction, windage, and high-fre- 2Pa Pi ~4x2 +x
7r
sin 2x Cos 2x 2 +
4 80o 1. DIRIECT CURRENT MACHINIES FOR CONTROL
SYSTEMS (book), A. Tustin. The MacMillan
quency mechanical losses are estimated Company, New York, N. V., 1952.
to be 50 watts. Therefore, (2(Pmin. - max.) -x2 + MI4 si
+ 2. STEADY-STATE AND TRANSIENT SYNTHESIS OF
3-PHASE RELUCTANCE MOTORS (SYNCHRONOUS
Tmech. = 7.04 X 50/327 = 1.1 pound-feet 2 MOTfORS WILTHOUT FIEELD ]EXCITATION), M. E.

JUNE 1963 Lee- Vernier Motor and Its Design 347

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Talaat. AIEE Transactions, vol. 70, pt. II, 1951, i= 1, 2, 3. ..
pp. 1963-70.
3. THE THEORY AND DESIGN OF A VERY SLOW j=l1, A2...
SPEED RELUCTANCE MOTOR, C. H. Lee. Ibid.,
pt. III (Power Apparatus and Systems), vol. 78, It is sufficient to inspect only fundamental
1959 (Feb. 1960 section), pp. 1683-88. terms of slot waves. Thus, i=1, j=-1.
4. TRANSIENTS IN A-C MOTORS AND GENERATORS? Radial flux-density field harmonics result-
G. S. Smith. Ibid., vol. 65, 1946, pp. 61-69. ing from interaction of the fundamental
5. TRANSIENT STARTING TORQUES IN INDUCTION component of the stator current density
MOTORS, A. M. Wahl, L. A. Kilgore. Ibid., vol. 59, wave with P/2 repeatable sections are
1940, pp. 603-07.
given by
bij(0, t) Bij cos [2 +(iNs +jNr)}
= -
2jN
Discussion
r
1+_ ,] Wt+Vij :
O-S)
P/2 = number of repeatable sections of
stator
s = rotor slip as conventionally defined for
fundamental field
x = reactance
O=stator co-ordinate
co =line frequency, radians per second
s,r = superscripts for "stator" and "rotor"
REFERENCE
1. ON PRIMARY CHARACTERISTICS DETERMINING
NOISE INTENSITIES OF INDUCTION MACHINES (in
German), H. Frohne. Dissertation, Technische
Hochschule, Hannover, Germany, 1959.
(33)

with C. H. Lee: The author wishes to thank

W. K. Koch (University of California,
Berkeley, Calif.): This appears to be a
particularly interesting paper, since it pro-
vides useful data on an experimental design.
There is, doubtlessly, much demand for
gearless motors with shaft speeds below 500
rpm, and many potential users may be pre-
pared to pay 200%<o more than the ordinary
horsepower price for it. This motor, how-
ever, has an enormous weight to power ratio,
about 30 times that of 4-pole induction
motors of the same power, less gears.
In order to examine whether this ratio
can be substantially improved, this dis-
cusser has chosen a viewpoint different from
the author's, which will be presented here.
The vernier motor can be understood as a
polyphase reltuctance machine, running on
the harmonic permeance wave of mutual
stator and rotor slotting. This wave re-
volves with a constant speed determined by
the lower one of a pair of possible "beat"
slips, nanmely,
INs NrX
s= i1+ NrJ
s=1+1/11 yields -327 rpm, s=-1-
1/11 yields 2X3,600+327=7,527 rpm.
It might be checked as to whether the experi-
mental motor would indeed lock in at 7,527
rpm, in a direction opposite to that with
327. With the high speed, windage and
other losses would probably have to be
supplied over the rotor shaft.
The bases for the following concepts,
formulas, and constants are given in refer-
ence 1, a recent dissertation compiling char-
acteristics and vibrational effects of virtually
all harmonic air-gap fields in induction
motors. The permeance per-unit area,
partly periodic due to stator slots, can be
expressed by
o1
110'
AO (31)
6lgKcsKcr
The permeance under consideration of both
stator and rotor slots, as viewed from the
stator, for the rotor speed designated as
usual by slip s, is a function of time and
position 0:
co co
(Sii(O. t) = lo + E S tij X
i =1 j = *1
cos [(iNs+iNT)o-jNr'( 1-s)t+2Pi7j (32)
348
B13=i-(-1)+j(Kcs- 1)(K rT- 1)KisK rBfs
Bf', the amplitude of the fundamental stator
flux density wave, is limited by saturation
of motor yokes and teeth. PYij is the other
key quantity, determining the realizable
torque of the vernier motor. It can be
derived from equation 34 as follows. The
P-pole B f-field interacts with a 2P-pole
permieance wave, equation 31, generating
the 3P-pole harmonic B-wave familiar from
noise analysis, equation 33. In a possible
state, the total local flux density can be
found to be
b==Bf'-Bi, i=l,j=-1
=Bf 1- x -(mn
/ existing rotor slot die, and conventional air
2 (Saverage
= B/ (1 -_____
CPO
There results
6p iB7j
Before substituting equation 34, one has to
mention that Ki and Kr depend upon the
ratios of slot width (opening) to tooth pitch
for stator and rotor. Both are 0.5 for the
machine under discussion.
Pij Prnax. -Pmin.
PO Pmax. +Pmia.
(Ks_ 1)(K,r_ 1)KisK (36)
The Carter coefficents K,8 and K,r are taken
from the paper. The result is 30% below
the more accurate value, found by the
author, arranged in the fornm
Xad -Xaq
=X0.3
Xad +Xaq
Ki and Kj 1 for closed stator and
approach
rotor slots, respectively, but so do K,8 and
K,,, unfortunately! This fact illustrates the
limits put on this key figure, given by equa-
tion 37, 35, or 36, and accordingly limits the
realizable motor torque per-unit volume in
an electrical reluctance vernier "gear."
NOMENCLATURE
g = air gap
K =,Kj=amplitude coefficients of harmonic
fields
K,= Carter coefficient
N= number of slots
Lee- Vernier Motor and Its Design
W. H. Koch for presenting a different
viewpoint in the analysis of a vernier
motor.
(34) The sample motor discussed in this paper
is a frame 254 U motor with no squirrel-cage
winding, and weighs 165 pounds. If the
rated torque is 50% of the pullout torque,
the sample motor will be noted as a 1/2-hp
(horsepower) motor, 327 rpm. A regular
1/2-hp 1,730-rpm open-type 3-phase induc-
tion motor (frame size 56B) weighs about
23.5 pounds. Therefore, the weight of the
sample motor is seven times that of a 4-pole
induction motor of the same power, less gear.
The gear unit usually is larger, heavier, and
more expensive than the corresponding in-
duction motor. It should be pointed out
here that the sample motor is not an opti-
mum design. It utilized an existing stator,
gap and shaft for induction motor of that
frame size for economical reasons. A well-
designed vernier motor could have somewhat
smaller weight-to-hp ratio.
The most accurate method of designing a
vernier motor is to use the flux-plot tech-
nique, which requires a large amount of
work. Another approach is by method of
(35) harmonic analysis, as presented by Mr.
Koch. The permeance wave, including both
stator and rotor slot openings as derived
by Alger (reference 1, p. 281) is
Pg=Pol + Pr2 {cos [(N2 -Nl)x-N2ntI+
cos VN2 +ND)x-Nnt]} +
Ps eos NIx±+p cos N2( x-nt)J (38)
j
Po Po
where
Pg = resultant air-gap permeance
Po= average permeance
Ps= half amplitude of pernieance variation
due to stator slot openings
(37)
Pr =half amplitude of permeance variation
due to rotor slot openings
x = angular position of the rotor, measured
in mechanical radians from the center
of a stator tooth
n=rotor speed, in mechanical radians per
second
t=time in seconds
For the sample motor, the second term of
equation 38 represents the 2-pole permeance
wave. The third term of equation 38 repre-
sents a 46-pole harmonic (23rd harmonic)
permeance wave which would lock in with
the fundamental mmf wave at a rotor speed
of 7,527 rpm, as indicated by Mr. Koch.
For a traveling wave represented by
JUNE 1963

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cos [(N2+ Ni )x-NV2ntl, the ratio of traveling
wave and rotor speeds is given by:
Speed of permeance wave N2
Rotor speed N2 + N1
If this harmonic permeance wave is to lock
in with the fundamental mmf wave at
3,600 rpm, the rotor speed should be:
Rotor speed= N X3,600
N2
24 ±22
22 X3,600= 7,527 rpm
It is obvious that this high operating speed
has academic interest only. As mentioned
On the Response of
Transformer Windings to
A. PEDERSEN
Summary: The high series capacitance
theory for the response of interleaved trans-
former windings to surge voltages is criti-
cized from the point of view that an increased
series capacitance as a result of interleaving
is incompatible with the concept of a pure
capacitive initial voltage distribution. A
new theory is proposed according to which
the distributed earth capacitances are
charged up during an initial period by heavy
currents flowing into the winding through
surge impedances formed by the coils as a
result of interleaving. Formulas are derived
for the initial voltage distribution and for
the maximum axial voltage gradient.
ZOR A TRANSFORMER winding with
Funiformly distributed earth capaci-
tance C and series capacitance K, and
the neutral directly grounded, the initial
electrostatic voltage distribution set up
instantaneously by a rectangular wave of
amplitude E is given by
sinh (ax) (1)
() =E
sinh (a)
where a =\ C/K and x is the ratio be-
tween the axial distance from the neutral
and the axial length of the winding, and
e(x) is the voltage to earth at the point
Paper 63-17, recommended by the AIEE Trans-
formers Committee and approved by the AIEE
Technical Operations Department for presentation
at the IEEE Winter General Meeting, New York,
N. Y., January 27-February 1, 1963. Manuscript
submitted April 30, 1962; made available for
printing October 22, 1962.
A. PEDERSEN is with the Technical University of
Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
JUNE 1 963 Pedersen-Response of Transformer Windings to Surge Voltages
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by Mr. Koch, external power would probably
have to be supplied over the rotor shaft to
maintain that rotor speed.
Equation 38 includes only fundamental
terms of slot waves. In calculating motor
torque, two components should be included.
The main component of torque comes from
the interaction between the 2-pole perme-
ance wave and the 2-pole mmf wave. The
other component of torque comes from the
interaction between the 46-pole permeance
wave (the third term of equation 38) and the
23rd harmonic of the mmf wave. At a rotor
speed of 327 rpm backward, the speed of the
46-pole permeance wave for the sample
motor is
Interleaved
Surge Voltages
x. Maximum initial voltage gradient
occurs at the line end of the winding and
is approximately a times greater than it
would be for a uniform distribution. For
a conventional cylindrical disk-type wind-
ing the value of a normally lies between
10 and 20. A low a value requires a low
earth capacitance or a high series capaci-
tance, the latter being the only feasible
possibility for a disk-type winding. The
interleaved disk winding, which is the
subject of this paper, is one attempt at
achieving this. However, it will be shown
that the improved surge characteristic of
this type of winding can be explained
without recourse to the hypothesis of
an increased series capacitance.
The Interleaved Winding
In the interleaved disk winding two
consecutive electrical turns are separated
physically by a turn which is electrically
much further along the winding. Fig.
1(A) shows a cross section of a double-
section interleaved coil. It is wound as
a conventional double-section disk coil,
but with two wires in parallel. The
wires are transposed at the inside and the
appropriate wires joined together at the
outside, thus forming a single-circuit
double-section coil. Each electrical turn
may consist of two or more wires in par-
allel, as shown in Fig. 1(B).
The interleaved disk-type winding was
introduced in two papers1'2 by Chadwick,
Ferguson, Ryder, and Stearn in 1950.
Speed of 46-pole permeance wave
N2+N X(-327) =-156 rpm
-
and
Speed of 23rd mmf harmonic
-13,600
- 36
23
= _156 rpm
Therefore, these two waves will react and
produce useful reluctance torque.
REFERENCE
1. THE NATURE OF POLYPHASE INDUCTION
MACHINES (book), P. L. Alger. John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., New York, N. Y., 1951.
No quantitative theory was given. It
was merely assumed that a large increase
in the effective series capacitance was
obtained by interleaving the turns. It
was stated that interleaving of the turns
of a double section coil 5 feet in diameter
containing 24 turns increased the series
capacitance about 30 times. Later, the
principle of interleaving was discussed in
papers by Grimmer and Teague,3 Ferrari
Bardile,4 Brechna,5 Price,6 Zambardino,7
Gorio,8 and Jayaram.9
The High Series Capacitance Theory
Formulas for the calculation of the
effective series capacitance of interleaved
windings have been proposed in references
5, 8, and 9. They define the series capaci-
tance as the capacitance which, when
charged to the same voltage as the coil,
stores an electrostatic energy equal to
that stored in the interturn capacitances.
It is further assumed that the voltage will
be distributed uniformly between the
turns of each coil. These assumptions
lead to the following approximate formula
9 |l~~~~8|6 |1171| 5 116 |14 115 | 3 114 | 2 113 | 1 |
A
X~ ~~~I
IB
I I
Fig. 1. Section through an interleaved double-
section coil
A--n =24, p=1
B--n=12, p=2
349