Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science &

Technology

COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPARTMENT

Total Marks: 4

Obtained Marks:

Introduction to Computing

Assignment 2

Submitted To: Ms. Maryam Sajjad

Student Name: Mark Ilyas

Reg Number: 1980139

ITC BS(SE)-1B SZABIST-ISB

 Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science &
Technology

COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPARTMENT

Q1: Describe the inner working details of CPU and memory, their types and
organizations.
A central processing unit (CPU), also called a central processor or main processor, is the electronic
circuitry within a computer that carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing the
basic arithmetic, logic, controlling, and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions. The
computer industry has used the term "central processing unit" at least since the early 1960s. Traditionally, the
term "CPU" refers to a processor, more specifically to its processing unit and control unit (CU), distinguishing
these core elements of a computer from external components such as main memory and I/O circuitry. The
central processing unit consists of two parts: The control unit and the arithmetic/logic unit. Each part has a
specific function.
The Control Unit
The control unit (CU) is a component of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) that directs the operation of
the processor. It tells the computer's memory, arithmetic and logic unit and input and output devices how to
respond to the instructions that have been sent to the processor. It directs the operation of the other units by
providing timing and control signals. Most computer resources are managed by the CU. It directs the flow of data
between the CPU and the other devices. The control unit of the CPU contains circuitry that uses electrical signals
to direct the entire computer system to carry out, or execute, stored program instructions.
The Arithmetic/Logic Unit
An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a combinational digital electronic circuit that performs arithmetic and bitwise
operations on integer binary numbers. This is in contrast to a floating-point unit (FPU), which operates on floating
point numbers. An ALU is a fundamental building block of many types of computing circuits.
Registers: Temporary Storage Areas
A processor register is a quickly accessible location available to a computer's central processing unit (CPU).
Registers usually consist of a small amount of fast storage, although some registers have specific hardware
functions, and may be read-only or write-only. Registers are typically addressed by mechanisms other
than main memory, but may in some cases be assigned a memory address e.g. DEC PDP-10, ICT 1900.
Registers are temporary storage areas for instructions or data. They are not a part of memory; rather they are
special additional storage locations that offer the advantage of speed. Registers work under the direction of
the control unit to accept, hold, and transfer instructions or data and perform arithmetic or logical

ITC BS(SE)-1B SZABIST-ISB

 Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science &
Technology

COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPARTMENT

Comparisons at high speed. The control unit uses a data storage register the way a store owner uses a cash
register-as a temporary convenient place to store what is used in transactions.

Computers usually assign special roles to certain registers, including these registers:

● An accumulator, which collects the result of computations.

● An address register, which keeps track of where a given instruction or piece of data is stored in
memory. Each storage location in memory is identified by an address, just as each house on a street
has an address.
● A storage register, which temporarily holds data taken from or about to be sent to memory.
● A general-purpose register which is used for several functions.

ITC BS(SE)-1B SZABIST-ISB

 Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science &
Technology

COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPARTMENT

Q2: Perform the following base conversions.
A:
1. (100000001)2 (257) 10

2. (11000110)2 (198) 10

3. (04231)5 (301) 10

4. (981)10 (1725) 8

Q3: How many types of software are there? Explain your answer by providing atleast five examples of

each type?

A: There are two types of software:

1. System Software
2. Application Software

System Software

Systems software includes the programs that are dedicated to managing the computer itself, such as the operating

system, file management utilities, and disk operating system (or DOS). The operating system manages the computer

hardware resources in addition to applications and data. Without systems software installed in our computers we

would have to type the instructions for everything we wanted the computer to do!

ITC BS(SE)-1B SZABIST-ISB

 Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science &
Technology

COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPARTMENT

Few examples of system software are:

 Utility software
 System servers
 Device drivers
 Operating system (OS)
 Windows/graphical user interface (GUI) systems

Application Software.

Application software, or simply applications, are often called productivity programs or end-user programs
because they enable the user to complete tasks, such as creating documents, spreadsheets, databases and
publications, doing online research, sending email, designing graphics, running businesses, and even playing
games! Application software is specific to the task it is designed for and can be as simple as a calculator application
or as complex as a word processing application.
Few examples of application software are:

 MS Word, WordPad and Notepad.

 Internet browsers like Firefox, Safari, and Chrome.
 Microsoft Power Point, Keynotes.
 Auto CAD.
 MySQL, Oracle, MS Access.
 Apple Numbers, Microsoft Excel.
 Real Player, Media Player.

ITC BS(SE)-1B SZABIST-ISB

 Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science &
Technology

COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPARTMENT

Q4: Consider your school friends are planning a trip in order to have a nice reunion after so many years. In

order to make trip successful and memorable; you have been assigned a task to look into the financial

matters i.e. the management of budget in an efficient manner.

How would you plan everything and communicate with other? Is there any software that could assist you in

this regards? Please elaborate your answer.

A: Many applications are present nowadays to keep a check at our budget, expenses and spending.

Recently an application named Hisaab kitaab has been launched to help us spend our money rightly. By

using such application softwares we will be able to complete the task assigned to us more efficiently. Even

though a very simple and a well-known software called Microsoft Excel can be used to keep a record in a

much better way. Communication nowadays is also not a big problem. A group can be made on any social

media platform such as creating a Whatsapp group and adding all the students into it. Information can be

easily transmitted and it’ll be a very efficient way to communicate and share information.

ITC BS(SE)-1B SZABIST-ISB

 Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science &
Technology

COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPARTMENT

ITC BS(SE)-1B SZABIST-ISB